Nuclear Fusion Reactor

Inst. of Advanced Energy, Kyoto Univ.1

Impact of Fusion Reactor on ElectriciImpact of Fusion Reactor on Electricity Gridsty Grids

Yasushi Yamamoto, Satoshi KonishiYasushi Yamamoto, Satoshi Konishi

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto UniversityInstitute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Japan-US Workshop on Fusion Power Plants and Related Advanced technologies with Participation of EU 　 Jan. 11-13, 2005


Nuclear Fusion ReactorNuclear Fusion Reactor

Nuclear fusion reactor is one of candidates for sustainable energy source Nuclear fusion reactor is one of candidates for sustainable energy source in the future without carbon dioxide emission. in the future without carbon dioxide emission.

In conceptual studies,In conceptual studies,fusion reactor is assumed to be used as a base load machine in indusfusion reactor is assumed to be used as a base load machine in indus

trial countries with unit capacity of > 1GWe, trial countries with unit capacity of > 1GWe, continuous operation with maximum powercontinuous operation with maximum power > 200MWe startup/operation power > 200MWe startup/operation power

Startup scenario with inductive current drive requires very large dP/dt valuStartup scenario with inductive current drive requires very large dP/dt value and large Qe and large Q

Our question isOur question is can the fusion reactor be installed in the small electric grid ?can the fusion reactor be installed in the small electric grid ?

→ → calculate the influence of startup power in the small electric gridcalculate the influence of startup power in the small electric grid


Energy flows in fusion reactorEnergy flows in fusion reactor

Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%Q=50, Pi=60MW → auxiliary power ratio = ~13%

Pc ＝ Pi+P

PlasmaQ

BlanketM

Generatore

Driving Systemd

Auxiliary System

anc

P= Pf / 5

Pi = d Pd

Pf + Pi

Pn

MPn

Pnet=(1-)Pe

Pe=ePth

Pth=Pc+MPn

Pd

Paux

Pcir=Pee

60MW0.5

1.13

120MW

3060MW

3372MW

0.41450MW

~5% 80MW

200MW

1250MW

Grid

Grid


Auxiliary power in power plantsAuxiliary power in power plants

Coal Oil Nuclear Fusion

Control system

Condensate water pump

Cooling water pump

Coal feeder Oil feeding pump

Coal crusher

Exhaust gas treatment system

Current drive / Auxiliary heating

Recirculation pumpMagnet cooling

Tritium handing

Others


Auxiliary power ratio of various systemAuxiliary power ratio of various system

SystemSystem Capacity Capacity [MW][MW]

utilization utilization of facilities of facilities

[%][%]

Auxiliary Auxiliary power ratio power ratio

[%][%]

FusionFusion 1,0001,000 7575 ~13.0~13.0

Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission 1,0001,000 7575 3.43.4

Oil thermalOil thermal 1,0001,000 7575 6.16.1

LNG thermalLNG thermal 1,0001,000 7575 3.53.5

Coal thermalCoal thermal 1,0001,000 7575 7.47.4

HydroHydro 1010 4545 0.250.25

geothermalgeothermal 5555 6060 7.07.0

wind powerwind power 0.10.1 2020 1010

PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic

utilityutility

homehome

1.01.0

0.0030.003

1515

1515

55

00

Source ：内山洋司；発電システムのライフサイクル分析，研究報告，（財）電力中央研究所 (1995)


Influence to the electric gridInfluence to the electric grid

Power demand in ITER standard operation scenario

Active power

P = ~300MW

dP/dt = ~230MW/s

Reactive power

Q > 600MVA

by on-site compensation

Qgrid = ~ 400MVA


Influence to the electric gridInfluence to the electric grid

Power generation is controlled byPower generation is controlled by

Time scale method Time scale method > ~10min ELD or manual > ~10min ELD or manual 3min< t < 10min AFC3min< t < 10min AFC < ~3min governor of each UNIT< ~3min governor of each UNIT (spinning reserve)(spinning reserve)

In Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is 3% of total generationIn Japan, usual value of spinning reserve is 3% of total generation


Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid

Calculation modelCalculation model

Thermal Generator

Demand

100km Transmission Line

Fusion Reactor

Hydroelectric Generator

10km

10km

Reference Capacity : 1000MVATransmission Voltage : 115kVSystem capacity : 7-15GWeImpedance per 100km : 0.0023+j0.0534[p.u.]Capacitance : jY/2 = j0.1076[p.u.]



Frequency fluctuationFrequency fluctuation

- 0.35

- 0.3

- 0.25

- 0.2

- 0.15

- 0.1

- 0.05

00 5 10 15 20 25 30

time(sec)frequency(Hz)

23MW/ sec77MW/ sec230MW/ sec


Influence to the power gridInfluence to the power grid Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 7GW grid

Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]

2323 7777 230230

Pe

ak Loa

d P

eak Lo

ad

[MW

][M

W]

130130 0.050.05 0.070.07 0.080.08

230230 0.080.08 0.150.15 0.160.16

330330 0.110.11 0.300.30 0.330.33

Maximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW gridMaximum Frequency Fluctuation [Hz] for 15GW grid

Load change rate [MW/s] Load change rate [MW/s]

2323 7777 230230

330330 0.030.03 0.050.05 0.060.06



The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup power of The grid capacity of 10-20GW is required to supply startup power of ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than the usual value ITER like fusion reactor. In the small grid, more than the usual value (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required (3% of total capacity) of spinning reserve is required

The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time The influence also depends on the grid configuration, as response time of each power unit is different.of each power unit is different.

Response speedResponse speed

HydroHydro fast 10~50%/minfast 10~50%/min

OilOil 5%/min 5%/min

CoalCoal slow 1%/min slow 1%/min

NuclearNuclear not allowed now in Japannot allowed now in Japan

Solar/WindSolar/Wind No responseNo response



8GW Grid with plant capacity ratio8GW Grid with plant capacity ratio

Nuclear:Thermal:Hydro = 28:58:14Nuclear:Thermal:Hydro = 28:58:14

- 1.2

- 1

- 0.8

- 0.6

- 0.4

- 0.2

00 20 40 60 80

time(sec)frequency(Hz)

230MW/ s77MW/ s23MW/ s

- 1.2

- 1

- 0.8

- 0.6

- 0.4

- 0.2

00 20 40 60 80

time(sec)

frequency(Hz)

230MW/ s77MW/ s23MW/ s

230MW230MW 330MW330MW


Electric Grid in JapanElectric Grid in Japan

Hokkaido5,345MW

579MW

Tokyo64,300MW

1,356MW

Chubu27,500MW

1,380MW

Hokuriku5,508MW

540MW

Kansai33,060MW

1,180MW

Chugoku12,002MW

820MW

Shikoku5,925MW

890MW

Kyushu17,061MW

1,180MW

Tohoku14,489MW

825MW

600MW

600MW

300MW

West Japan Grid60Hz, ~100GW

Utility NameUtility NameMax. demand (~2003)Max. demand (~2003)Largest Unit (Nuclear)Largest Unit (Nuclear)

DC connectionDC connection

East Japan Grid50Hz, ~80GW

Comb structure due to geographical reasonComb structure due to geographical reason


Demand change within the day Demand change within the day in the summer in the summer

De

ma

nd

(GW

)

HourHour

Grid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morningGrid capacity is almost a half of maximum at early morning


Frequency deviation and grid capacityFrequency deviation and grid capacity

Fre

que

ncy

de

via

tion

fro

m r

efe

renc

e (

mH

z)

(min)Variation period

West Japan (~100GW)

UCPTE(~270GW)

ERCOT (~50GW) Texas

Western Interconnection (~140GW)

Eastern Interconnection (~500GW)


ConclusionConclusion

The rate of change of active power requirement for additional heating The rate of change of active power requirement for additional heating is faster than the response time of electric grid. is faster than the response time of electric grid.

For a Fusion rector with 1GWe output, the grid capacity of 10~20GWe For a Fusion rector with 1GWe output, the grid capacity of 10~20GWe is required for safely supplying startup power. is required for safely supplying startup power.

By develop the slower increase of additional heating power (NBI, ECH, By develop the slower increase of additional heating power (NBI, ECH, ICRF …) and L-H transition scenario, which matches the response ICRF …) and L-H transition scenario, which matches the response time of electric grids, fusion reactor can be installed into more smaller time of electric grids, fusion reactor can be installed into more smaller grids.grids.

Developing above scenario also help the fusion reactor can be used Developing above scenario also help the fusion reactor can be used as middle load plants in the countries where there are many nuclear as middle load plants in the countries where there are many nuclear fission reactors for base-load plants.fission reactors for base-load plants.

In current calculation, reactive power is assumed to be supplied In current calculation, reactive power is assumed to be supplied locally. We will estimate the influence of it.locally. We will estimate the influence of it.

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Nuclear Fusion Reactor