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NRC CT-133 ACCESS II DATA ANALYSIS:-
GASEOUS, AEROSOL AND CONTRAIL
CHARACTERISTICS
A P Brown, Matthew Bastian, Mike Pryor, Per Talgoy,
Flight Research Laboratory, NRC
IFARNASA ACCESS II Data Workshop, Kissimmee, FL, 9th January 2015
Acknowledgements:-
NASA ACCESS II was notable in technical
content and international collaboration. The
support of Transport Canada (TC) under the
TC Clean Transportation Initiative for
National Research Council Canada (NRC)
participation, is acknowledged and
appreciated.
NRC CT-133 ACCESS II FLIGHT DATA
PRESENTATION:-DESCRIPTIONNRC CT-133 research aircraft
CT-133 research flights:-
- pre- & post-ACCESS contrail flights (April, June, Oct, Dec)
- ACCESS-II: against DC8, 3 x low sulphur JetA/HEFA, 1x med.S Jet
A; 2 x FA20 (DLR), HU-25 (NASA)
Flight profiles
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONWake vortex dynamics
Gaseous emissions
NOy
CO2
water vapour (discussed under contrail characteristics)
Particulate emissions, aerosols, >10nm
Contrail characteristics: ice particle number, mass; water vapour
EInICE & EIw; parameterisation of EI data-set
CONCLUSIONS
NRC CT-133 RESEARCH AEROPLANE, for EMISSIONS
FLIGHT RESEARCH
NRC CT-133 ACCESS II
FLIGHT PROFILES
(contrail conditions)
4-engine emissions, 1-15 nm length:-
DC8 at M0.8, 4 x thrust for level flight
1-engine (inboard)
emissions, 0.2-3 km
length:-
DC8 at M0.52, evel
flight
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
5
10
15
20
25
r m1/1
wC
Z m
/s
advance to vortex centre
recede from centre
poly fit
5-15m B-H, =64.3682 rC=0.5
Rankine, =76.2643 rC=0.52773
c.f. NRC Aviation Environmental
Emissions Measurement
(AEEM):-
B744
Upper jet wake
(UJW)
Trailing wake
vortex, TWV
Lower
viscous
wake LVW
DC8 on ACCESS M0.8 cruise contrail field:- ½ to 1 ½ nm UJW
contrail; 10-15 nm vortex contrail
1.2197 1.2198 1.2199 1.22 1.2201 1.2202
x 104
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
dsa-sum, based upon GS/TRK + mean winds
wc
w
a
w
Z
wc
wa
wZ
DC-8 trailing wake vortex characteristics, rC & VT:-– rC, small vortex cores, 0.5 to 2m radius
– VT, 15-70 m/s (circumferential vortex elements)
2.543 2.5435 2.544 2.5445 2.545 2.5455 2.546
x 104
-15
-10
-5
0
5
dsa-sum, based upon GS/TRK + mean winds
wc
w
a
w
Z
wc
wa
wZ
22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 23 23.1
1807
1807.5
1808
1808.5
1809
1809.5
1810
m
PS
core
, kP
a
22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 23 23.1
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
m
PS
core
, kP
a
22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 23 23.1 23.22054
2056
2058
2060
2062
2064
2066
2068
2070
2072
2074
m
PS
core
, kP
a
2.94 2.942 2.944 2.946 2.948 2.95 2.952 2.954 2.956 2.958 2.96
x 104
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
dsa-sum, based upon GS/TRK + mean winds
wc
w
a
w
Z
wc
wa
wZ
Trailing wake vortex charcatrtistics, rC & VT:-– LEFT, large rC & large separation (possibly local, long-
wave instability, excited by cross-track vorticity
– BELOW, small rC
– unusually strong axial
velocity characterisation
3.014 3.01413.01423.01433.01443.01453.01463.0147
x 104
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
dsa-sum, based upon GS/TRK + mean winds
wc
w
a
w
Z
wc
wa
wZ
3.1267 3.1268 3.1269 3.1269 3.1269 3.127 3.1271
x 104
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
dsa-sum, based upon GS/TRK + mean winds
wc
w
a
w
Z
wc
wa
wZ
annular
core
State
(non-
steady)
DC-8, trailing wake vortex,
strong influence on emissions:-– Characterising the NASA DC-8 wake vortices, M0.8 crz
– short wave, elliptical instability – funnels (core radius
changes, rC 0.5to 2m)
– Typical core venting – annular vorticity cores
– High velocity peaks (c.70 m/s);
– atypically strong axial flows (c.40 m/s)
– mild long-wave instab., linking at 15 nm on 10th May flight
– Large descent distance, 800-1000 ft
– no significant tertiary structures (e.g. helical vorticity)
– atypical close-spacing, bV 62-65% geometric span
– Greater entrainment => negligible Upper Jet Wake
(B763,A388 etc)
– climb, 1-5 nm length (15-40 sec, t*=0.2-1); cruise 1-16 nm
GASEOUS EMISSIONS:-
1. NOy
2. CO2
3. Water Vapour (will be discussed under
contrail ice characteristics)
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake NO & HONO concentrations, ppb, 5.0.5-15 nm nm wake length
-40 -20 0 20 40-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NOy PLUME CROSS-SECTIONAL PROFILES:-
LEFT – 4-engine, M0.8, TFLF (climb thrust at 35,000 ft)
BELOW, I/B engine plume
- Spatially integrate => NOy EI
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake NO & HONO concentrations, ppb, 0.05-0.5 nm wake length
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
x 10-6
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
NO, m3 at height z
heig
ht
ab
ove
/be
low
DC
8 pla
ne
, z D
C8 (
m)
NOy (1 Hz streaming) EI SUMMARY:-NOy EI expressed, using a non-std MW of 30 (EI ranges3-20 g/kg),
LEFT, plotted against engine gas temperature, BELOW, plotted against
altitude
Foe ACCESS DC8/CFM56, and
earlier NRC Falcon/CF700
100
101
102
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4x 10
4
NOY
EI g/kg
altit
ud
e (
ft)
JetA1,Flt #8,CLB
JetA1,Flt #6
60/40,flight #6
50/50,2014
JetA1,ARA
ReadiJet,ARA
Comparison,ARA
FA20,2014
B773,2014
JetA,ACCESS
HEFA,ACCESS
Preliminary
Over-estimates EIm_CO_trav = 4.1902 kg/kg
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
x 10-4
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
CO2, m
3
heig
ht
ab
ove
/be
low
DC
8 pla
ne
, z D
C8 (
m)
CO ppm Grand total minus CO2,ppb Background
CO2 CHARACTERISTICS,
CRUISE, 11km, M0.8, Low-sulphur
CO2:-
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake CO2 concentrations, ppb, 9-25 nm wake length
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake CO2 concentrations, ppb, 9-25 nm wake length
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 10-4
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
CO2, m
3
heig
ht
ab
ove
/be
low
DC
8 pla
ne
, z D
C8 (
m)
CO2 ppm Grand total minus CO
2,ppb Background
9th May, CRUISE, 11km, M0.8, 50%
HEFA:-– CO2 plume
– NOTE:- direct integration to give CO2 EI
– LEFT, ½-5nm, 4-engine plume
– BELOW, retention of peak CO2 concentrations in
vortices
¼-5 nm
EIm_CO2 = 2.9357
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake CO2 concentrations, ppb, 9-25 nm wake length
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CO2 EI SUMMARY:-Stand-alone derivation of CO2 EI, by integration of
holistic emissions plume, whether 4-eng or 1-eng
ACCESS II, JetA and HEFA combined
mean CO2 EI 3.26 kg/kg
(within 5% of nom.3.1 kg/kg)
with data-set σ = 0.42 kg/kg
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 52.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8x 10
4
CO2 EIm kg/kg
altit
ud
e (
ft)
JetA1,FA20,pre-ACCESS
JetA1,B773,pre-ACCESS
JetA,ACCESS
HEFA,ACCESS
NRC,HEFA
B763,A343,A388
Preliminary
AEROSOL EMISSIONS:-
1. Climb M0.5, UJW, TWV, LVW
2. Cruise, M0.8 – TWV regime dominates,
as for gaseous & contrail species
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake FSSP concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.5-17 nm nm)
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake FSSP Mean Diameter, short wake length 5.5-17 nm nm)
-20 -10 0 10 20
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5x 10
-6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 106
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
CRUISE, 11km height, M0.8, Low-sulphur
1-15nm length plume re-construction:-
– Height is trailing vortices-referenced
– Absence of an Upper Jet Wake (UJW)
– Thus, lack of contrail cirrus
– Implications of aircraft design
– BELOW, engine no.3 at 200 m
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake CN concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.5-17 nm nm)
-40 -20 0 20 40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
EIn_CN_trav = 6.4265e+14
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake CN concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.0.5-15 nm nm)
-20 -10 0 10 20-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
10-1
100
101
1014
1015
1016
1017
CN
app
rox.
em
issio
n i
nd
ex,
no./
kg
fu
el b
urn
t
wake age, tW
(min.)
CN EIn Grand total minus Backgd Conc, CNdydz-CNATMOS
dydz
B772,Backgd = 250cm-3
B744,Backgd = 250cm-3
B773,Backgd = 230cm-3
A388,Backgd = 61cm-3
B764,Backgd = 100cm-3
A343,Backgd = 150cm-3
B763,Backgd = 600cm-3
B788,Backgd = 408cm-3
FA20
DC8,ACCESS II
DC8,ACCESS.HEFA
CN EIn SUMMARY:-• Contains both 4-eng, M0.8 holistic plumes, & 1-eng
(I/B), M0.5 plumes. All low-sulphur JetA
• For ACCESS II data, ΔCN_Ein -57% with σ<13%
(i.e. includes physical effects,
altitude & thrust-setting
variations)
ACCESS DC8
NRC FALCON
HEAVY JETS
Preliminary
CONTRAIL CHARACTERISTICS:-
Ice & water vapour
Cruise, M0.8
‘Holding’, M0.5
1. 4-eng
2. 1-eng
CRUISE, 11km, M0.8, Low-sulphur
FSSP-100 (>0.5μm):-
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake FSSP concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.5-17 nm nm)
-20 -10 0 10 20 30
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
5
10
15
20
25
y (m)z (
m)
DC8 wake FSSP concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.5-17 nm nm)
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
x 107
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x 108
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
FSSP, cumulative no.
heig
ht
ab
ove
/be
low
DC
8 pla
ne
, z D
C8 (
m)
FSSP,n./m3 Grand total
FSSP,n./m3 Background
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake, PDP filtered activity, wake length 0.5-15 nm)
-40 -20 0 20 40
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
CRUISE, 11km, M0.8, Low-sulphur:- NRC PDP output signal (excellent
for bulk ice particles (no sizing); negligible for solid particles) :-
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake, PDP filtered activity, wake length 0.5-15 nm)
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake, PDP filtered activity, wake length 0.5-15 nm)
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
PORT ..... vortex core sizing ...... STBD
DC-8, I/B engine contrail sampling:-– Distance, nom. 200 m to 3000 m
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake FSSP concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.0.5-15 nm nm)
-10 -5 0 5 10
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
x 10-6
length of wake (km)
ME
D (
m)
EIn_FSSP_trav = 1.1761e+13 #/kgy (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake Water Vapour m,ment, g/m3, short wake 0.05-1 nm nm)
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
EIm_H2O_trav = 7.7412e+08 μg/kg
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10-5
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
WV, ppt
heig
ht
ab
ove
/be
low
DC
8 pla
ne
, z D
C8 (
m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x 108
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
FSSP, no./m
heig
ht
ab
ove
/be
low
DC
8 pla
ne
, z D
C8 (
m)
I/B engine, 8th May:-– FSSP-100 & LICOR 840A – data complementation
– Also, validated cross-sectional plume re-construction (as
different probe positions)
ANOTHER CASE:- I/B engine, 8th May, JetA:-– FSSP-100 ice particle count & close-downstream development,
spectrum (left) at 428 m (10 b), median size (left below), ratio of N conc
to CN conc (right)
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5x 10
-6
length of wake (km)
ME
D (
m)
i.e., sublimating over the length range
Of 0.2-2 km, unlike a persistent pre-
ACCESS B773 contrail (N of Ottawa):-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x 10-6
0
50
100
150
ice particle bin size (m)
ice p
art
icle
co
un
t in
each
bin
CT-133 FSSP-100 near-field ice particle spectra
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
wake (plume) length (m)
ratio
on
ice n
o.
de
nsit
y /
CN
den
sit
y
ratio on ice no. concentration to CN concentration
y (m)
z (
m)
B773 wake FSSP concentrations, no./cm3, short wake length 5.5-17 nm nm)
-20 0 20 40
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 5 10 15
x 109
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
B773 contrail, N of Ottawa:-11th April 2014, 6-17 nm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 105
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8x 10
-6
mea
n vo
lum
etric
dia
met
er (
m)
Water vapour measured:-– the measured plumes from the FSSP-100 & the LICOR 840A comparatively highlight
maxima (ice>0.5 μm and WVap, respectively) in opposing parts of the emitted plumes
=> implies a limited uncertainty in WVap m’ment for DC-8 in Sierra Nevada UTLS
y (m)
z (
m)
DC8 wake FSSP concentrations, no./cm3, wake length 19-26 nm)
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
y (m)
z (m
)
DC8 wake RHw
, wake length 5.0.5-15 nm nm)
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
dWAKE
(m)
alt (
m)
DC8 wake NCONC
conc., wake length 0.05-0.5 nm)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
-5
0
5
10
15
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
dWAKE
(m)
alt (
m)
DC8 wake RHW
conc., wake length 0.05-0.5 nm)
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
FFSP-100 EIn, environmental parametric variation:-– With local background atmosphere, RHW, RHi, TS, ∂RHw/∂z, CN
40 50 60 70 80 90 10010
9
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
background RH at survey vortex height (%)
FS
SP
-10
0 E
In n
o./
kg
FSSP-100 EIn ~ RHback
FA20,JetA1,7/4/14
JetA,B773,11/4/14
JetA,ACCESS DC8
HEFA,ACCESS DC8
JetA,B763,25/6/14
JetA,A388,4/12/14
JetA,ACCESS DC8,I/B
HEFA,ACCESS DC8,I/B
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.210
9
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
RH/zV
at survey vortex height (%)
FS
SP
-10
0 E
In n
o./
kg
FSSP-100 EIn ~ [RH/zV
]back
FA20,JetA1,7/4/14
JetA,B773,11/4/14
JetA,ACCESS
HEFA,ACCESS
JetA,B763,25/6/14
JetA,A388,4/12/14
ONE 4-eng M0.8contrail survey
1-5
&
10-16
nm
5-10 nm
DC8Preliminary
Preliminary
FSSP-100 Ice EIn, Power-Law normalisation:-– With local background atmosphere, RHi, TS, ∂RHw/∂z
– for a relation EIn=ATsbRHi
cd (-∂RHw/∂z ) – use an error minimisation
parameter-model estimator (Matlab®) for A, b, c & d estimation
109
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
109
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
FSSP EIn (#/kg)
FS
SP
EI
= A
TSb
RH
ic d
(-R
Hg)
Power-Law normalisation of FSSP EIn
JetA,DC8,FA20,A343/388,B777/763
HEFA,4/1-eng
JetA,DC8,4/1-eng,
mean-JetA
mean-HEFA
mean-JetA-DC8
linear regression to all data pts
- Thus, corrects for
changes in these
background
environmental
conditions:-
– suggests a 47% reduction
in ice >0.5μm EIn, but
this is <σ, for HEFA
blend c.f. JetA for
DC-8/CFM-56, MaxEff,
For the wake vortex-
dominated DC8 contrail
Water Vapour measured EI:-– Combining integrated WVap plumes, for 4-eng & I/B 1-eng
– Taylor series i/d for Ts, RHi, ∂RHw/∂z, CN_EI (similar par.I/D as ice part.)
– then normalised to 223 K, 100% RHi, avg RH gradient & actual CN-EI:-
Suggests 20% (1σ) increase in WVap for HEFA50% c.f. JetA low sulphur
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x 109
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
WVap EI (g/kg)
WV
ap
EI=
a 0+
a1R
Hi1
/4-a
2(d
RH
/dz)1
/4+
a3E
I CN
, fo
r R
H i=
10
0%
Taylor Series normalisation of WVap EI, varying atmos. conditions
JetA,4-eng&I/B-eng
HEFA,4-eng&I/B-eng
– Higher WVap EI = lower IW EI
(however experimental σ
quite large)
- thus, this model is
consistent with the
FSSP ice EIn
CONCLUSIONS & future work:-NRC T33 ACCESS II emissions data, measured holistically
across 4-eng emission plumes at M0.8 & 1-eng plumes at M0.52;
- aerosols, bulk CN >10 nm (7610 CNC)
- 57% reduction in EI from JetA to HEFA blend, which is 4σ, for a data-set
standard deviation , σ, of 13%
- NOy (Thermo 42I) measured NO EI values in the range 3-15 g/kg (MW, 46),
increasing with engine temp (thrust), with an overall data-set σ of 29%
- CO2 (Licor 840A), EI derived independently (using holistic plume integration)
- Successful estimation of CO2 EI, mean EI of 3.26 kg/kg, with σ of 11%
- Contrail microphysics (0.2-30 km), when normalised using power-law or Taylor
series functions for variations in background Ts, RH, RHi, RH lapse rate
- >0.5 μm ice particle EI reduction of 47%, but that is < ½ σ
- Water vapour EI increase of 20% from JetA to HEFA blend, but σ also 20%
- CONCLUDE:- Other than CN, the JetA to HEFA comparisons all are of the order,
or less, than experimental error, therefore they are not, as yet statistically relevant
- Thus further HEFA & other alternative fuels emissions flight data is
warranted.
QUESTIONS?