ii

xøwmsarsegçççb eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCnkm<úCa

raCrdæaPi)alkm<ú<<<<<úCa)aneFVIkarebþCJacitþedaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCn edayEp¥¥kelIkmμviiFIskmμPaB rbs;snññiñiñsITGnþrCatisþIBIRbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_EdlRtUv)anerobcMMMeFVIeLIgenATIRkugEKrnaqñaM1994 nig Ep¥kelIesckþIEksRmYlelIkm μviFIenHEdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIgCabnþbnÞab;. GaRs½yehtuenH raCrdæaPi)al km<ú<<<<<úCa TTYlsÁÁÁal;nUvtYnaTId¾sMxan;énesvasuxPaBbnþBUC karbgálkçN³[®sþImanlT§PaBkñúgkarsMerc citþnana tamry³PaBesμ IKñakñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarGb;rMnigtYnaTIenAkñúgsßab½nsaFarN³ nigtamry³kar pSarP¢ab;KñarvagPaBRkIRknigkMeNInRbCaCnelOn.

1 TidæPaBTUeTAénkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdlRkCageKenAkñúgtMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_ . lT§PaB

TTYl)annUvkarEfrkSasuxPaB nigkarGb;rMkMritbzmnigmFümsikSaEdlRbkbedayKuNPaBl¥¥ sMrab; RkumRbCaCnRkIRk PaKeRcInenACnbT sßitenAkñúgkMritTabCaxøaMg. lT§PaBsþÜcesþIgkñúgkarpþþl;esva sMxan;²sMrab;suxPaBkumar KWCaktþamYykñúgcMeNamktþaCaeRcIn EdlrYmcMENkeFVI[GRtamrNPaB rbs;kumarnig GRtamrNPaBrbs;mþaymankMritx<s; . ebIKittamkarEfrkSasuxPaBbnþBUC tMrUvkar viFIBnüarkMeNItnig esvaBnüarkMeNItmYycMnYnFM minRtUv)aneqøIytb.

2 sßanPaBRbCasa®sþnigplb:HBal;rbs;vacMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_ enAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCatiGas‘an elIkElgEtRbeTsLavecj bc©úb,nñ km<úCamanGRtakMeNIn

RbCaCnx<s;CageK ¬2/49°¦. TnÞwmnwgenH km<úCa)anqøgkat;karFøak;cuHKYr[kt;sMKal;énlT§PaBpþl; kMeNItcab;taMgBITsvtSqñaM1960. enAcenøaHrvagTsvtSqñaM1980nigcugTsvtSqñaM1990 CamFüm cMnYnkUnEdl®sþImñak;)anbegáIt )anfycuHBI 6mk4nak;.

km<úCaRtUv)ankt;sMKal;edaylkçN³dUcxageRkam³ • GRtax<s;énmrNPaBmata • GRtax<s;énmrNPaBTark nig

• GRtax<s;énmrNPaBkumarGayueRkamR)aMqñaM

kñúgcMeNam®sþIR)aMnak;kñúgv½ybnþBUC ¬14-49qñaM¦ man®sþImñak;søab;edaysarkarmanépÞeBaHb¤ bBaðaepSg²EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarmanépÞeBaH . GRtamrNPaBTarknigkumarGayueRkamR)aMqñaM sßitkñúg

iii

kMritmYyEdleFVI[mankarRBYy)armÖ. kñúgcMeNamTark10nak; manTarkmñak;søab;munGayumYyqñaM ehIybnÞab;BIenH kñúgcMeNamkumar8nak; mankumarmñak;søab;enAkñúgcenøaHGayuBImYyqñaMdl;R)aMqñaM. tYelxcugeRkayenH manTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§CamYynwgkMritx<s;énkgVHGaharUbtßßmÖ nigkgVHmIRkUsar-CatienAkñúgcMeNamkumarTaMgLay EdlRtUv)anvas;EvgeTAtamkRmiténPaBRkin Tm¶n;minRKb;eFobnwg km<s; Tm¶n;minRKb;eFobnwgGayu nigkRmiténkgVHCatiEdk .

enAkñúgGtItkal km<úCa)anCYbRbTHnwgkareFVIbMlas;TIkñúgRsuknigGnþrCati EdlCalT§pl éns®gÁam karRbQmmuxdak;KñaedayGMeBIhigSa nigGesßrPaBneya)ay . kareFVIbMlas;TIkñúgeBl sBVéf¶enH GacmanlkçN³viC¢manCag edayvaeFVI[manTMnak;TMngrvagshKmn_CnbT nigesdækic©Edl eRbIrUbiyvtßúenAtMbn;TIRkug k¾dUcCavaeFVI[manTMnak;TMngrvagkalanuvtþPaBeRcInCagmun nigPaBRbesIr CagmunénRKYsarCnpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA . eTaHbIy:agdUecñHkþI kareFVIbMlas;TIecjBItMbn;CnbT GaceFVI[man karxatbg;nUvFnFansgÁmnigFnFanmnusSenAkñúgshKmn_ nignaMeTAdl;vdþd¾GaRkk;mYyénplitPaB TabenACnbT.

kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs; kumarnigyuvCnRsUbyksmamaRtmYyy:agFM ehIyeyag tamCMerOnqñaM1998 Cag40°énRbCaCnkm<úCa manGayueRkam15qñaM. sßanPaBenHtMrUv[mankar vinieyaKeRcIneTAelIkarGb;rMkMritbzmnigmFümsikSa k¾dUcCaeTAelIsuxPaBbnþBUCrbs;yuvCn. bBaða EdlritEtmansar³sMxan;CagenHeTotenaH KWkarKitKUrdl;karrIkraldaléneraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_. enA GasuI km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYy EdlTTYlrgeRKaHxøaMgCageKedayeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds__ edaymanGRta eRbv:aLg; 2/6° naeBlbc©úb,nñ eTaHbIkm<úCa)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkareFVI[xøÜnkøayCaRbeTsTIbI Edl )anTb;sáat;karrIkraldaléneraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_k¾eday.

kMeNInRbCaCnnigrcnasm<½n§rbs;RbCaCn kMNt;elIRbePTnigTMhMénesvasuxPaBnigGb;rM Edl RtUvkar. kMeNIny:agelOnénRbCaCnmYyEdlmancMNIGaharminRKb;RKan;nigminFn;nwgCm¶W begáIny:ag xøaMgnUvbnÞúkeTAelIRbB½n§suxaPi)al. RbB½n§suxaPi)alsaFarN³rbs;km<úCa K μanlT§PaBrYceRsceTA ehIykñúgkarbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;RbCaCn dUcEdlGacbBa¢ak;)antamry³kMritx<s;énPaBEdlgayeFVI [søab;edaysarCm¶W mrNPaB niglT§PaBpþl;kMeNIt. GVIEdleyIIgRtUvkarenaHKW karpþl;karEfTaM suxPaBEdlRtUv)aneFVI[RbesIreLIgsMrab;RbCaCnnaeBlbc©úb,nñ rYmmanesvasuxPaBbnþBUC Edl nwgGaceFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvsßanPaBsuxPaBTUeTAnigkMritCIvPaBrs;enAénRbCaCnsMrab;eBlbc©úb,nñ nig eBlGnaKt.

iv

\LÚvenH km<úCaminmanFnFanmnusSnighirBaØvtßúRKb;RKan; edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarelIkarGb;rM rbs;RbCaCnenAeLIy. ninñakarbc©úb,nñénkMeNInRbCaCnnigrcnasm<½n§rbs;RbCaCn eFVI[ekIneLIgnUv tMrUvkarelIkarGb;rMTaMgenAkMritbzmsikSa mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa.

rhUtmkTl;eBlenH RbB½n§Gb;rMRtUv)ankt;sMKal;edaylkçN³dUcxageRkam ³ • kgVHmeFüa)ayGb;rMnana nigkgVHRKU • kareTAcUlerontamfñak;mankMritTab edaysarcm¶ayq¶aynigPaBRkIRk nig

• karcuHeQμaHcUleronrbs;ekμgRsImankMritTab

kareqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarelIkarGb;rMrbs;ek μgRbusnigek μgRsI Edl)anekItrhUtmkTl;sBV éf¶enH TamTar[mankarbegáInnUvvinieyaKeTAelIkarbegáItfñak;eron nigkarbNþúHbNþalRKU.l. kMeNIn RbCaCnelOnEdlbnþmanteTAeTot nwgeFVI[mankarekIneLIgy:agxøaMgéntMrUvkareTAelIvis½yGb;rMmYy EdlkMBugEtCYbkarlM)akrYcCaeRsceTAehIy.

kMeNInRbCaCnelOn k¾Gacnwgmanplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIbrisßanpgEdr. ksikm μenAEtCa vis½ymYyEdlRsUbykkargareRcInCageKenAkm<úCa GaRs½yehtuenH kMeNInRbCaCnnwgmanplb:H Bal;edaypÞal;eTAelIbrisßan. ebIKittam»kaskargar kMeNInRbCaCnelOn mann½yfa manmnusS CaeRcInEfmeTot EdlEsVgrkR)ak;cMNUlnigkargarenAkñúgeBlGnaKt. kMeNInenAkñúgkmøaMgkargar EbbenH nwgGaceFVI[mankarekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal;mYyenAkñúgvis½yksikmμsMrab;ciBa©wmxøÜnÉg Edl nwgminrYmcMENkdl;kMeNInesdækic©nigkarGPivDÆn_RbkbedaycirPaB.

CaTUeTA rdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;faGRtakMeNInRbCaCnx<s;EdlbnþmanteTAeTot nwgGacbegáIt karlM)akxøaMg enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kmμviFIsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©Rbkb edaycirPaB. CamYyKñaenH bBaðaGaTiPaBEdlBak;B½n§CamYynwgRbCaCn RtUv)ankMNt;sMrab;karBRgwg karxitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ ³

• kMeNInRbCaCnx<s; • lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s; • mrNPaBx<s; • karrIkraldaléneraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ • kareFVIbMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgTMhMFMM ninñakar nigsmasPaBmYyEdlraraMgdMeNIrkarénkar

GPivDÆn_

v

• GtulüPaBenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§GayunigePT

• cMnYnénGñkRkIRkeRcIn EdlCaplvi)akmYyénPaBgayrgeRKaHEpñkRbCasa®sþ • kMritTabénkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS • vismPaBeynD½r nig

• sm<aFRbCaCneTAelIFnFanFmμCati

3 karRbwgERbgrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCn tamry³EpnkaryuT§sa®sþénvis½ysuxaPi)al 2002-2007 rbs;RksYgsuxaPi)al raCrdæa-

Pi)al)anTTYlsÁal;fakm μviFIBnüarkMeNItCaeKalneya)aycMbgmYYy edIm,IkarBarsuxPaBmþaynig Tark EdleTIbnwgekIt nigedIm,Ibnßyel,ÓnkMeNInRbCaCn. eKalneya)aymYysþIBIkarBnüarkMeNIt RtUv)anerobcMeLIgnigRtUv)anGnum½tykenAkñúgqñaM1994 ehIyeKalneya)aymYyeTotsþIBImatuPaB K μaneRKaHfñak; RtUv)anerobcMeLIgnigRtUv)anGnum½tykenAkñúgqñaM1997. elIsBIenHeTot Epnkar GPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©5qñaMelIkTI2 TTYlsÁal;falT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s;eFVI[b:HBal;dl;suxPaB nigGaharUbtßmÖrbs;mþaynigkUn.

cMeBaHbBaðahIuv¼eGds_ raCrdæaPi)al)anbegáIteLIgnUvGaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nigCm¶WeGds_ EdledIr tYnaTIsMrbsMrYlmYyenAkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgkarrIkraldalénCm¶WenH. cMeBaHbBaðasmaPaBeynD½r nigkarbgálkçN³[®sþImanlT§PaBkñúgkarsMerccitþnana raCrdæaPi)al)anERbkøayrdæelxaFikardæan kic©karnarI [køayeTACaRksYgkic©karnarInigGtItyuT§Cn.

4 eKalkarN_ eKaledA nigTisedAéneKalneya)aysMrab;RbCaCn tamry³eKalneya)ayenH raCrdæaPi)alsUmeFVIkarbBa¢ak;Cafμ ImþgeTotGMBIkarTTYlsÁal; nig

karKaMRTcMeBaHsiT§irbs;KUsVamIPriyanigbuKÁlTaMgGs; [mansiT§iCamUldæankñúgkarsMerccitþedayesrInig edayTTYlxusRtUvelIcMnYnkUnnigkarBnüarkMeNIt nig[manlT§PaBTTYl)annUvBt’man karGb;rM esva nigmeFüa)ayedIm,IeFVIkargarenH.

5 viFankareKalneya)ay eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;;RbCaCnkMNt;nUvviFankareKalneya)ay edIm,I³

vi

• KaMRTdl;KUsVamIPriyanigbuKÁlmñak;²[eFVIkarsMerccitþedayesrI nigedayTTYlxusRtUvelI cMnYnkUnnigkarBnüarkMeNIt ehIy[TTYl)annUv Bt’man karGb;rM esvakmμnana nigmeFüa )ay edIm,IGnuvtþkarsMerccitþxagelI

• kat;bnßyGRtax<s;énlT§PaBpþl;kMeNItnigbegáInkareRbIR)as;esvaBnüarkMeNIt

• kat;bnßyGRtaénPaBmanCm¶WEdleFVI[søab; nigGRtamrNPaBrbs;Tark kumar nigmþay • kat;bnßyplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manénkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenABICnbTmkTIRkug • CMruj[mansmPaB nig smFm’eynD½r nigelIkMBs;karGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS • lubbM)at;plb:HBal;énsm<aFRbCaCneTAelIbrisßannigFnFanFmμCati • BRgwgbEnßmeToteTAelIkarTb;sáat; karrIkraldalénhIuv¼eGds_ nig

• bBa©ÚlGefrRbCaCneTAkñúgeKalneya)ayesdækic© nigsgÁmkic© Epnkarnigkm μviFInanaenA RKb;kMritTaMgGs;.

6 karerobcMsßab½nsMrab;karGnuvtþn_ nig karBinitütamdaneKalneya)ayCati sMrab;RbCaCn bBaðaRbCaCnGacRtUv)anedaHRsay luHRtaEtmanskm μPaBrYmKñarvagsßab½nnana. edayman

kic©shkarBIsgÁmsIuvilnigEpñkÉkCn raCrdæaPi)alfñak;kNþalnigfñak;mUldæanmankarTTYlxusRtUv cMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayenHtamrebobmYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaB.

bnÞab;BIkarGnum½telIeKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn EpnkarskmμPaBmYyEdlehAfa yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCnnwgRtUv)anerobcMeLIg. eKaledATaMgLayényuT§sa®sþenHnwgsIusgVak;Kña CamYynwgTisedACaGaTiPaB Edl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©5qñaMelIkTI2 yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigr)aykarN_sþIBIeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSrbs;km<úCa.

vii

matika GarmÖkfa ......................................................................................................................................... i xøwmsarsegçççb ............................................................................................................................... ii

matika ........................................................................................................... …………………..vii

sTÞanuRkm .................................................................................................................................... ix

esckþIepþIm ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1 karBinitüeLIgvijénkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© .................................................. 2

2 sßanPaBRbCasa®sþ nigplb:HBal;cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_ ............................................ 6

2>1 karBinitüeLIgvijénninñakarRbCasa®sþ ........................................................................... 7

2>1>1 lT§PaBpþl;kMeNIt nigmrNPaB ...................................................................................... 7

2>1>2 karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nignKrUbnIykmμ ................................................................................. 8

2>1>3 rcnasm<½n§Gayu ............................................................................................................. 10

2>1>4 emeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ .................................................................................................... 11

2>2 GnþrTMnak;TMngrvagRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_ .............................................................. 12

2>2>1 kMeNInRbCaCn nig karGPivDÆn_esdækic© ........................................................................ 12

2>2>2 RbCaCn GaharRKb;RKan; nigsßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖ ............................................................ 12

2>2>3 kMeNInRbCaCn nigesvasuxPaB .................................................................................... 14

2>2>4 kMeNInRbCaCn nigkarGb;rM ............................................................................................ 14

2>2>5 RbCaCn nigbrisßan ...................................................................................................... 15

2>2>6 RbCaCn nigkargar ....................................................................................................... 16

2>2>7 RbCaCn nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬RbB½n§KmnaKmn_saFarN³ karpÁt;pÁg;Twk nig GKÁisnI¦ ..... 17

2>3 bBaðaKnøwHrbs;RbCaCn .................................................................................................... 18

3 kic©xitxMRbwgERbgedaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCnrbs;raCrdæaPi)al ................................... 19

3>1 EklMGkarRbmUlTinñn½y nigkarbNþúHbNþal .............................................................. 19

3>2 kat;bnßylT§PaBpþl;kMeNIt nigmrNPaB ................................................................. 19

3>3 kmμviFIsMrab;yuvCn nigmnusScas; .............................................................................. 21

viii

3>4 karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgemeraKhIuvnigCMgWeGds_ ................................................................ 22

3>5 elIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½r .............................................................................................. 23

4 eKalkar eKaledA nigTisedAéneKalneya)aysMrab;RbCaCn ........................ 24

4>1 eKalkarENnaM ................................................................................................................ 24

4>2 eKaledA ........................................................................................................................... 25

4>3 TisedA .............................................................................................................................. 25

5 viFankaréneKalneya)ay ............................................................................................ 26

5>1 KaMRTdl;KUsVamIPriyanigbuKÁlmñak;²[eFVIkarsMerccitþedayesrI nigedayTTYl xusRtUvelIcMnYnkUnnigkarBnüarkMeNIt ehIy[TTYl)annUv Bt’man karGb;rM esvakmμnana nigmeFüa)ay edIm,IGnuvtþkarsMerccitþxagelI .................................. 26

5>2 kat;bnßyPaBmanCMgW nigmrNPaBrbs;Tark kumar nigmata ................................... 27

5>3 kat;bnßyplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manénkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenArvagCnbTnigTIRkug ............... 27

5>4 elIkkMBs;smPaB nigsmFm’eynD½r nigkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS ....................... 28

5>5 kat;bnßyplb:HBal;énsm<aFRbCaCneTAelIbrisßan nig FnFanFm μCati ................ 28

5>6 BRgwgbEnßmeTotnUvkarTb;sáat;karvilRtLb;eRkayvijénkarrIkraldalén emeraKhIuvnigCMgWeGds_ .................................................................................................. 29

5>7 bBa©ÚlGefrRbCaCneTAkñúgeKalneya)ayesdækic©-sgÁmkic©enARKb;kMritTaMgGs; énEpnkarnigkmμviFI ........................................................................................................ 30

6 karerobcMsßab½nsMrab;karGnuvtþn_ nigkarBinitütamdaneKalneya)ayCati sMrab;RbCaCn ................................................................................................................ 31

6>1 karerobcMsßab½n sMrab;karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn ...................... 31

6>2 karerobcMsßab½nsMrab;BinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn .. 33

ix

sTÞanuRkm

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) CMgWdegðImRsYcRsalAdult Reproductive Health (ARH): suxPaBbnþBUCmnusSeBjv½y Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) GRtalT§PaBpþl;kMeNIttamRkúmGayuCak;lak;Anti-natal munsMralkUnAsian South East Association Nation (ASEAN)

smaKmRbCaCatienAGasIuGaeKñy_

Asia-Pacific Population Conference 2002 (APPC)

snñisiTGasIu)a:sIuhVIksþIBIRbCaCnqñaM2002

Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS)

karGegát RbCasa®sþnigsuxPaBkm<úCa

Cambodia Millennium Development Goals Report (CMDGR)

r)aykarN_eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSenAkm<úCa

Cambodia Nutrition Investment Plan (CNIP) EpnkarvinieyaKGaharUbtßmÖenAkm<úCa Convention of Elimination all form of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;erIseGIgRbqaMg nwg®sþI

Fertility lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItHealth Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) EpnkaryuT§saRsþvis½ysuxaPi)al Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS)

GegátRbCasa®sþnigsuxPaB\NÐÚensIu

Infant mortality mrNPaBkumarInformation, Education and Communication (IEC)

Bt’man karGb;rM nigTMnak;TMng

Inter Agency Technical Working Group/ Population and Development Policy (IATWG/PDP)

Rkumkargarbec©keTsGnþrsßab½n¼eKalneya)ay RbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_

International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)

snñisiTGnþrCatisþIBIRbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_

Millennium Development Goals (MDG) eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtS Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MOEYS):

RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa

Ministry of Planning (MOP) RksYgEpnkarMinistry of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Rehabilitation (MoSALVY)

RksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþuúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nig yuvnItism,Ta

x

Ministry of Women's and Veteran Affairs (MWVA)

RksYgkic©karnarI nig GtItyuT§Cn

Mobility EdlGaceFVIclnaBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTotMortality mrNPaBNational AIDS Authority (NAA) GaC£aFrCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ National Centre for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs (NCHADS)

mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ CMgWesIEs,k

nigCMgWkameraK National Committee for Population and Development (NCPD)

KN³kmμaFikarCatiRbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_

National Institute of Statistics (NIS) viC¢asßanCatisßitiNational Population Policy (NPP) eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn National Population Strategy (NPS) yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn National Poverty Reduction Strategy (NPRS)

yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

National Reproductive Health Programme (NRHP)

km μviFICatisþIGMBIsuxPaBbnþBUC

National Safe Motherhood Policy (NSMP) eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;suvtßiPaBmata Population Analysis Unit (PAU) GgÁPaBviPaKRbCaCnPopulation and development Policy Support Team (PDPST)

RkumKaMRTeKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_RbCaCn

Reproductive Health (RH) suxPaBbnþBUCRoyal Government of Cambodia (RGC) raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRoyal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj Second Five Year Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDPII)

EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© 5 qñaMelIkTIBIr

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2

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3

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4

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5

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116

8

kumarGayueRkam 5qñaMKW 125nak; kñúg 1>000 kMeNIt11. bEnßmelIesaknadkm μ EdlbuKÁl)an qøgkat;GRtamrNPaBTarknigkumarx<s; GacnaMeTArkkarekIneLIgmYykñúglT§PaBpþl;kMeNItedaysar KUsVamIPriyanwgxitxMeFVIya:gNa [mankUneRcIn edIm,IFanafaGacenArs;xøHrhUtdl;eBjv½y. CMgWraKrUs CMgWrlakpøÚvdegðImRsYc nigCMgWEdlGackarBar)anedayeRbIvak;sauMgCamUlehtueFVI[Bak;kNþalénkumar GayueRkam 5qñaMsøab;. Cag10qñaMknøgmk mrNPaBrbs;Tarknigkumar)anekIneLIgvij. karsøab; eBleTIbsMral)anbnþicEdl)an)a:n;sμanbc©úb,nñKW 58nak; kñúg1>000kMeNIt KW)anekIneLIgbegáIt )anCaEpñkFMmYy ¬61°¦ énmrNPaBrbs;Tark ehIyCaGaTiPaBmYysMxan;EdlRtUvedaHRsay .

eyageTAtamkarGegátRbCasa®sþnigsuxPaBqñaM2000 sUcnakrTaMgGs;énmrNPaBeRkam Gayu5qñaM )anekIneLIgkñúgTsvtSqñaM 1990. ]TahrN_kñúgqñaM 1988 mrNPaBrbs;TarkKW 79nak; nig kñúgqñaM 1998 KW 95nak; kñúg 1>000kMeNIt. mrNPaBrbs;kumarGayueRkam5qñaM )anekIneLIgBI 115nak; eTA 124nak; kñúgry³eBldUcKñμa. KYrKUsbBa¢ak;famrNPaBeRkaysMral (Postnatal

mortality) )anekIneLIgBI 35 eTA 58nak; pÞúyeTAvijmrNPaBeBleTIbsMralkUnrYc )anfycuHBI 44 eTA 37nak; kñúgry³eBldUcKña12 EdlenHCaEbbEpnminRbRktImYy EdlRtUvkarkaresIubGegátnig RsavRCav.

2>1>2 karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nignKrUbnIykmμ tamry³lT§plCMerOnqñaM1998 RbCaCnkm<úCa 3/6 lannak; b¤ 31/5° RtUv)ancat;Tukfa

CaCnpøas;TIlMenAenAkñúgCIvitrbs;BYkeK ehIyCnpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAenHRtUv)anrab;enAkEnøgmYyxusBIkEnøg EdlBYkeK)anekIt. Cag 40°énGñkbMlas;TIlMenAkñúgRsuk )anmktaMglMenAkEnøgEdleKcuHsMPas_ taMgBI 10 eTA 19qñaMmunéf¶CMerOnqñaM1998mkemø:H. PaKeRcInénbMlas;TIlMenAenH KWeFVIeLIgBItMbn; CnbT eTAtMbn;CnbT ¬64/2°¦. karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenATaMgRKYsar ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarerobkar¦ man smamaRtFMCageK ¬50/2°¦ kñúgcMeNamkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenATaMgGs; kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaHkarpøas;bþÚr TIlMenAedaymUlehturkkargareFVImansmamaRtFMCageKTIBIr ¬22/6°¦13. PaKeRcInénGñkpøas;bþÚr TIlMenAecjBItMbn;CnbT KWbursv½yek μg. dUcenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_tictYcepSgeTot 11 viC¢asßanCatisßitiGKÁnaykdæansuxaPi)al ORC Macro karGegátRbCasa®sþnigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa2000 PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ TMB½r

121-123 12 viC¢asßanCatisßitiGKÁnaykdæansuxaPi)al ORC Macro karGegátRbCasa®sþnigsuxPaBenAkm<úCa2000 PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ TMB½r

121 13

viCa¢sßanCatisßiti CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998/ lT§plCMerOncugeRkay PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ 1999/ TMB½r 22-25

9

Edr ktþadéTeTot Edlman\T§iBlelIkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenArYmman sMBaFénRbCaCneTAelIdIFøI karvini- eyaKtictYc eTAelIvis½yksikmμ kar)at;bg;kmμsiT§idIFøI edaysarPaBRkIRknigbBaðaepSg²eTot.

karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA BMu)anP¢ab;CamYylkçN³viC¢man b¤GviC¢mandl;sgÁmeT. eTaHCadUecñHkþI bMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAenH man\T§iBldl;ninñakarRbCasa®sþ nigDINamicRbCaCn. Ca]TahrN_ karpøas;bþÚr TIlMenArbs;bursv½yek μgminTan;erobkarehIysßitkñúgGayukMBugeFVIkar GacbNþal[manGtulüPaB ePTenAtMbn;CnbT EdlGacman\T§iBleTAelIsmamaRténlT§PaBrbs;®sþIv½yekμgenACnbT kñúgkar EsVgrkédKUrerobGaBah_BiBah_. karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAEdlmanlkçN³RTg;RTayFMrbs;burs k¾Gac rYmcMENkeFVI[Ebk)ak;cMNgGaBah_BiBah_EdlmanrYmmkehIy nigBnüardl;karksagCaRKYsarf μ I. dUecñH karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAGacbnßylT§PaBpþl;kMeNItenAtMbn;CnbT nigGackat;bnßysMBaFRbCaCn eTAelIdIFøI. kñúgkrNIBiessenARbeTskm<úCa eKGacsegáteXIjfa kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMfμ I²knøgeTA enH karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenArbs;narIv½yek μgecjBItMbn;CnbTeTAtMbn;TIRkugmankarekIneLIg ¬CaBiesseTA eFVIkarenAkñúgeragcRkkat;edr¦. bEnßmelIenHeTAeTot Cnpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA CaBiesscMeBaHGñkEdl)an bþÚrTIlMenAcUleTAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug GacepJIR)ak;eTA[RKYsarrbs;eKenAtMbn;CnbT pþl;R)ak;EdlGacbegáIn plitPaBksikmμ ehIynigCaTUeTAbegáInkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©. kñúgcMNucmYyepSgeTot Cn pøas;bþÚrTIlMenAGackøayCabNþajTak;Tgy:agsMxan;rvagshKmn_CnbTnigesdækic©rUbiyvtßúenATIRkug. eTaHCadUecñHkþI bMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAecjBItMbn;CnbT k¾GacbNþal[)at;bg;FnFanmnusS nigsgÁmkñúg shKmn_Edr EdlGacbg¥ak;lT§PaBénkarGPivDÆn_ . karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA GacnaMeTArkxYb\tQb;Qr mYyénplitPaBTabenAtMbn;CnbT .

Ep¥ktamCMerOnqñaM1998 15/7°énRbCaCnTaMgGs; rs;enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug14. karekIneLIg y:agqab;rh½s énRbCaCnenAtMbn;TIRkugkñúgRbeTskm<úCaEdlbNþalmkBIkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA TMngCa eFVI[bNþabBaðaEdlmanrYcmkehIy EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½sénkartaMgTIlMenA beNþaHGasnñnigminRsbc,ab;kan;EtmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rEfmeTot. rYmbBa©ÚlCamYynwgkarxVHxatehdæa-rcnasm<½n§rUbvnþ½ dUcCaRbBn½§pÁt;pÁg;Twks¥at RbBn§½bgðÚrTwks¥úynigpøÚvfñl; karekIneLIgénkartaMgTI lMenAK μanreboberobry begáIt[manbriyakasmYyEdlbgálkçN³gayRsYldl;karrIkraldalCMgW b¤ karbegáIt[manGKÁIP½y GMeBIhigSa nigbBaðaepSg²eTot. edaysarfa km<úCaCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNam bNþaRbeTsEdlmanGRtaCMgWeGds_x<s;CageKenAkñúgTVIbGasIu karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAnwgCas<ancMlgkar 14 viCa¢sßanCatisßiti CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998/ lT§plCMerOncugeRkay PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ 1999/ TMBr½ 22

10

rIkraldalénCMgWenHBItMbn;TIRkugeTACnbT. mü:ageTot mCÄdæankNþaléntMbn;TIRkugenAkm<úCaBMuman lT§PaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvaGb;rM suxaPi)al nigKmnaKmn_ dl;tMrUvkarEdlmankarekIneLIg enHeT. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday kMeNInenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugEdlbNþalmkBIkarpøas;TIlMenA GacCacMNuc l¥kñúgkarRTRTg;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©enAtMbn;TIRkug edIm,Ibnþpþl;nUvFnFanBlkmμcaM)ac;.

cMNucd¾sMxan;EdlepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAenHKW CalT§plEdlepþIm ecjBIRbCaCnEsVgrkkalanuvtþPaB edIm,IeFVI[kMritCIvPaBmanlkçN³RbesIreLIg ehIyTnÞwmKña enaHEdr manbBaðaCaeRcInEdlTak;TgCamYyEdlmanlkçN³tulüPaB KWPaKeRcInénclnapøas;bþÚrenH man\T§iBlviC¢maneTAelIkarGPivDÆn_ EdlkñúgenaHplRbeyaCn_TaMgenHekItmancMeBaHGñkpøas;bþÚrTIlM enAmñak;² nigeFVI[ekIneLIgnUvesdækic©kñúgRbeTs. RbeTskm<úCa)anqøgkat;y:ageRcInTaMgkarpøas;bþÚr TIlMenAkñúgRsuk nigeRkARbeTstaMgBIqñaM1970mk b:uEnþPaKeRcInénbMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAenHbNþalmk BIs®gÁam karRbQmmuxnwgGMeBIhigSa nigGesßrPaBneya)ay. CaFmμta bMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAenHBMuman karTak;TgeTAnwgkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkalanuvtþPaBsMrab;buKÁlmñak;² nigRKYsarrbs;BYkeKehIyk¾ K μankarTak;TgCamYynwgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©Edr b:uEnþvaTak;TgeTAnwgkar)at;bg; karb:HTgÁic karrMxan nigkarGs;sgÇwmrbs;buKÁlnigRKYsarTaMgenaH. bBaðaenH)anekIteLIg eTAelIsßab½nshKmn_RbéBNI RTg;RTayFM EdlshkarCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgPUmiCaeRcInEdl)an)at;bg;RbCaCn nigmanRbCaCn eRcInelIslb; ¬RksYgEpnkar 2002¦. viFankaréneKalneya)ay ¬nigGMeBIhigSa¦ EdlbgçM[ RbCaCneFIVkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA EdlCakic©xitxMRbwgERbgeFVIkarGPivDÆn_rbs;km<úCaenAkñúgeBlfμ I²knøg eTAenH caM)ac;RtUvEteFVIkarsikSa.

2>1>3 rcnasm<½n§Gayu RbCaCnkm<úCamansmamaRtFMCakumar nigmnusSv½yCMTg;. RbCaCnPaKeRcInmanv½yek μg.

tamry³CMerOnqñaM1998 RbCaCn42/8° manGayueRkam 15qñaM ehIy18/2° manGayuBI 6 eTAdl;11qñaM15. sßanPaBenHTamTar[mankarvinieyaK[)aneRcInkñúgEpñkGb;rMkMritbzmsikSa nig mFümsikSa k¾dUcCasuxPaBbnþBUCrbs;mnusSv½yCMTg;. smamaRtd¾FMénkumar nigmnusSv½yCMTg;enH Gacbnßyel,ÓnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigbnþ[mankarvinieyaKkMritTabkñúgEpñkGb;rM nigsuxaPi)al EdlGacnaMeTArkkarekIneLIgnUvmnusSv½yCMTg;EdlK μanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; nigplitPaBtictYc enAeBlGnaKt. 15 viCa¢sßanCatisßiti CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998/ lT§plCMerOncugeRkay PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ 1999/ TMB½r 12-13

11

tamry³CMerOnqñaM1998 mnusSv½ycMNas; ¬GayuBI60qñaMeLIgeTA¦ manRbmaN 5/2° ¬4/6° kñúgcMeNamburs nig5/9° kñúgcMeNamRsþI¦. smamaRtenH RtUv)aneFVIcMeNalfa nwgekIneLIgdl; 5/8° kñúgcMnYnsrub ¬5/6° cMeBaHburs nig6/9°cMeBaH®sþI¦ kñúgqñaM201616. edaysarEtman karfycuHnUvlT§PaBpþl;kMeNIt karmanGayuEvgCagmun nigkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAecjBItMbn;CnbTrbs; mnusSv½yCMTg;edIm,IEsVgrkkargareFVITaMgenH nwgmanmnusSv½yCMTg;tictYcEdlrs;enACnbT edIm,IemIl EfrkSa«BukmþayEdlmanGayuEvg. PaKeRcInénmnusSv½ycMNas; nwgmankarTTYlxusRtUvEfrkSa ecAkMRBaeday«Bukmþayrbs;kumarTaMgenaHsøab;edaysar emeraKhuIv¼CMgWeGds_ b¤edaysarkarpøas;bþÚr TIlMenArbs;«Bukmþayrbs;eK. enAeBlxagmuxnwgmankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnmnusSv½ycMNas; ®sþIenAlIv b¤®sþIemm:ay EdlgayrgeRKaHedaysarkare)aHbg;ecal KμankarpÁt;pÁg;esdækic©BIRKYsarnigsgÁm.

2>1>4 emeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ emeraKhIuvRtUv)aneFVIeraKvinicä½yelIkdMbUgenAqñaM1991 . emeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ )anrIkraldal

y:agqab;rh½skñúgcMeNamRbCaCnEdl[eQ μaHfaCa {RkumhanIP½y (Risk groups)} eTaHbICaGRta eRb:v:aLg;énemeraKhIuv)anfycuHy:agqab;rh½sBI 3/3° b¤ 171>000 nak;enAqñaM1997 mkRtwm 2/6° b¤ 157>500nak; kñúgqñaM200217k¾eday. km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYyEdlrg\T§iBleRcInCag eKenATVIbGasIu EdlmanRbCaCnCag 78>000nak;rYcehIy)ansøab;edaysaremeraK hIuv¼CMgWeGds_. kareFVIcMeNalsßitibBa¢ak;fa kumarGayueRkam10qñaM 7>000nak; køayCaekμgkMRBa edaysarCMgWenH ehIycMnYnenHnwgekIneLIgdl; 48>000nak;enAqñaM2003. karCH\T§iBleTAelImnusSv½ycMNas;k¾man lkçN³KYr[RBYy)armÖEdr edaykar)at;bg;R)ak;snSMkñúgCIvitrbs;Kat;edIm,IcMNaykñúgkarEfrkSanig Büa)alkUnEdlrgeRKaHedaysaremeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ ehIyBYkKat;Canic©CakalCaGñkTIT½lRk nig RtUveKe)aHbg;ecal ehIykare)aHbg;ecalenHGacpÞúkCamYynUvkarTTYlxusRtUvEfrkSaecAkMRBa.

cMNayhirBaØvtßúeTAelIkarrIkraldalénemeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_mankMritx<s; RbEhl 24/7landuløa GaemrikenAqñaM1999 ¬1/6landuløaCacMNayedaypÞal; nig 23/1landuløa CacMNayRbeyal¦. fVIebIman\T§iBldUcxagelIk¾eday RbeTskm<úCa)ansMerceCaKC½yy:agsMxan;kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg karrIkraldalénemeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ tamry³karbBa©ÚleKalneya)ayeRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y

16 viCa¢sßanCatisßiti CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998/ lT§plCMerOncugeRkay PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ 1999/TMB½r 11-13 17 mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ esIrEs,k nigCMgWkameraK {r)aykarN_sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüemeraKhIuv 2002/

eqøIytbnwgkarviPaKkarrIkraldal emeraKhIuv¼CMgWeGds_ enAkm<úCa} PñMeBj km<úCa/ 2002

12

100°. RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsTIbIKt;kñúgBiPBelak Edl)aneFVI[ninñakarrbs;eRbv:aLg;emeraKhIuv mankarfycuH nig)anrkSa[karfycuHénGRtaeRbv:aLg;emeraKhIuvenHmanesßrPaBkñúgkMrit sUnü.

2>2 GnþrTMnak;TMngrvagRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_

2>2>1 kMeNInRbCaCn nig karGPivDÆn_esdækic© TMnak;TMngrvagkMeNInRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©RtUv)ansikSay:agTUlMTUlay. Psþútag

Edl)anBIkarsikSanana bgðajfa³ ¬k¦ kMeNInRbCaCnGacman\T§iBlviC¢manb¤GviC¢man b¤K μan\T§iBl eTAelIkMeNInesdækic© edayGaRs½yeTAnwgcritlkçN³esdækic©-sgÁmkic©énRbeTsmYy nig ¬x¦ kMeNInRbCaCnBMuman\T§iBlRKbdNþb;eTAelI)atuPUtsgÁmepSgeToteT.

manPsþútagEdlbgðajfa kMeNInRbCaCnqab;rh½sman\T§iBlGviC¢manenAkñúgRbeTskMBug GPivDÆn_CaeRcIn. CamYynwgkgVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§ PaBmankMriténsmtßPaBplit PaBK μankargareFVI nigPaBmankargareFVImineBjelj karpÁt;pÁg;esvakm μsuxaPi)alnigGb;rMminsmRsbeTAnwgtMrUvkar nig GRtakMeNInRbCaCnqab;rh½s GacraraMgdl;GRtakMeNInesdækic©. ]TahrN_ ebIKittamkMriténkar GPivDÆn_bec©kviC¢a cMNaykñúgkarbegáItkargarmYyenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_naeBlbc©úb,nñ mankMrit eRcIndgx<s;CagkarcMNayenARbeTsGPivDÆn_naedImstvtSmun.

enAkm<úCa bBaðaKnøwHEdlelcecjBIkMeNInRbCaCnqab;rh½s KWfaeFVI[mankarlM)akxøaMgCag munkñúgkarbegáInR)ak;cMNUlkñúgmnusSmñak; nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edayehtufa erogral;mnusSmñak; EdlekIneLIg TamTar[mankargareFVI nigkarvinieyaKeTAelIsalaeron mnÞIreBTü eRKÓgbrikçaeRbI-R)as; nigdIFøI. bBaðaBak;B½n§mYy KWfaetIRtUveFVIkaredaHRsayplb:HBal;EdlmankMritepSg²Kñaén kMeNInRbCaCnqab;rh½seTAelIRkumRbCaCnCak;lak;y:agdUcemþc. 2>2>2 RbCaCn GaharRKb;RKan; nigsßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖ

GaharUbtßmÖl¥KWCamUldæanEdleFVI[kumarGaceronsURt nigGPivDÆxøÜneTACamnusSmansuxPaB l¥ nigmanplitPaBx<s;. sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖl¥CYykat;bnßyCMgWEdlbNþal[søab; nigGRtamrN-PaB ehIymansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©. km<úCamaneRbva:Lg; x<s;énkgVHGaharUbtßmÖ nigkgVHmIRkUsarCatiCaBiesskñúgcMeNamRsþI nigkumarGayumuncUleron. kgVH GaharUbtßmÖbegáInnUvmrNPaBEdlbNþalmkBIemeraKmYycMnYn ehIyGacnaMmknUvGRtax<s;énmrN-

13

PaBkumar. elIsBIenHeTot kgVHGaharUbtßmÖKWmanTMnak;TMngKñaya:gCitsñiTeTAnwgCMgWRKuncaj; CMgW degðImRsYcRsal emeraKhIuv nigCMgWrebg EdlCabBaðasuxPaBsaFarN³d¾F¶n;F¶renAkm<úCa.

taragTI2 bgðajGMBIsUcnakrmYycMnYnénsßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumar nigRsþI. sUcnakr TaMgenaH Ep¥kelITinñn½yGMBIkMBs; TMgn; nigGayu. cMeBaHkarBiBN’naGMBIsUcnakrTaMgenH sUmGan GegátRbCasaRsþnigsuxPaBkm<úCaqñaM2000 ¬viC¢asßanCatisßiti DGH, ORC Macro, 2001 TMB½r 172-74¦. taragbgðajya:gc,as;GMBIsßanPaBTn;exSayénGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumarkm<úCa. ]TahrN_ 44/6° mankMBs;TabeFobnwgGayuebIEp¥keTAelIsnÞsSn_sþg;dar. sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;RsþIenA GayubnþBUCKWmanPaBTn;exSayEdlmanCagBak;kNaþlmanCMgWxVHQamRkhm ¬57/8°¦.

tarag 2 bgðajGMBICMerIssUcnakrmYycMnYnGMBIsßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumar nigRsþI .

tarag 2 ³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumarnig®sþI sUcnakr PaKry

kumarGayueRkam 5qñaM

Rkin 44/6 TMgn;minRKb;eFobnwgkMBs; 15/0 TMgn;minRKb;eFobnwgGayu 45/2 eRbva:Lg;énkarxVHCatiEdkeFVI[esøksøaMg 63/4 RsþIGayuBI 15-49 kgVHfamBlCaRbcaM 20/7 eRbva:Lg;énkarxVHQamRkhm 57/8 RbPB³ viC¢asßanCatisßiti GKÁnaykdæansuxPaBTUeTA GegátRbCasaRsþnigsuxPaB qñaM2000 PñMeBj km<úCa 2001

sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖTabRtUv)ancak;b¤senAkñúgsßanPaBCak;Esþg énesdækic©-sgÁmkic©km<úCa EdlPaBRkIRkmanenARKb;TIkEnøg ehIyGaharUbtßmÖminRtUv)anFanasMrab;RbCaCnPaKeRcIn. b:uEnþ eyageTAtambTBiesaFn_rbs;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_Tab RKYsarEdlmankUneRcInTTYlrgkar lM)akeRcInBIbBaðaGaharUbtßmÖCagRKYsarEdlmankUntic. dUcKñaenHEdr enAkMritfñak;ma:RkUkMeNIn RbCaCnx<s;GaceFVI[sßanPaBGsnþisuxes,ógkan;EtF¶n;F¶r dUecñHehIyeFVI[sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs; RbCaCnkan;EtGaRkk;.

14

2>2>3 kMeNInRbCaCn nigesvasuxPaB kMeNInRbCaCn nigrcnasm<½n§RbCaCnkMNt;nUvRbePT nigkMriténesvasuxPaBEdlRtUvkar.

TnÞwmnwgenH karEklMGkarpþl;karEfTaMsuxPaB GaceFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvsßanPaBsuxPaBrbs;RbCaCn EdlPaBRbesIrénsuxPaBGackat;bnßynUvtMrUvkaresvasuxPaBk¾dUcCakarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. kMeNIn RbCaCnkan;EtelOnCaBiesscMeBaHRbCaCn EdlmansuxPaBgayQWnigxVHGaharUbtßmÖGacbegáInnUv bnÞúkd¾F¶n;eTAelIvis½ysuxaPi)al. lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s;mann½yfa mancMnYnRsþIEdlmanépÞeBaH d¾eRcInEdlRtUvkaresvasuxPaBsmRsbkñúgkMLúgeBlmunkMeNIt eBlsMral nigeRkayeBlsMral. bnÞab;mkeTot karekIneLIgnUvcMnYnTark nigkumarGacbEnßmeTAelItMrUvkard¾eRcInénesva EfTaMsuxPaB kumar.

RbB½n§suxPaBsaFarN³enAkm<úCaKWminGaceqøIytb)anrYcCaeRsc eTAehIynUvesckþIRtUvkar rbs;RbCaCn edaymanRbCaCnCaeRcInbEgVreTArkesvaEfTaMsuxPaBBIGñkpþl;karEfTaMsuxPaBÉkCn EdlmantMéléfønigminmankarRtYtBinitü. GRtalT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s; GRtaCMgWEdlGacbNþal [søab; nigGRtamrNPaBenAkm<úCaEdl)aneBalxagelIbg¥ak;kic©xitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarsMerc)annUv sgÁmmYysmPaB yutþiFm’ nigsnþiPaB nigkñúgkarelIkkMBs;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;. mrNPaBx<s;KWmanTMnak;TMngCamYyPaBmanCMgW EdlGacbNþal[søab;x<s;EdlCakarraMgsÞHdl;kar eFVI[RbesIrnUvKuNPaBénCIvit nigplitPaBBlkmμ. dUecñH karkat;bnßymrNPaBbEnßmeTot Ca BiesscMeBaHmatanigkumarkñúgcMeNamRKYsarRkIRkKWCamUldæanedIm,ITTYleCaKC½yénkic©xitxMRbwgERbg sMedAkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa.

2>2>4 kMeNInRbCaCn nigkarGb;rM karGb;rMKWmansar³sMxan;sMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic© nigsgÁménRbeTs ehIyrYmcMENkdl; karEklMGCIvPaBrs;enA nigsuxumalPaBrbs;RbCaCn. km<úCahak;bIdUcCaminmanFnFanmnusS RKb;RKan;Edl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþal edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkarBiessénBlkmμsMrab;esvakmμnigplit km μTMenIb BIeRBaHtMrUvkarkarGb;rMrbs;RbCaCn nigRbeTsCaTUeTAenAminTan;)aneqøIytbenAeLIyeT naeBlbc©úb,nñenH. kMeNInRbCaCn nigrcnasm<½n§RbCaCnbegáInnUvesckþIRtUvkarkarGb;rMenAbzmsikSa mFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa. Cabc©½y kMeNInRbCaCnbEnßmbnÞúkf μIeToteTAelIvis½yGb;rMEdlkMBug EtmankarlM)ak. lT§PaBTTYl)ankarGb;rMsMrab;RbCaCnPaKeRcInKWenAmankMritedaysarPaBRkIRk.

15

elIsBIenHeTot RbeTskm<úCaxVHxatnUvmUldæansMPar³Gb;rM buKÁlik nigFnFanepSgeTot edaysar vinieyaKsaFarN³mankMritTabenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM18 .

eyagelIcMeNalRbCaCnEdlEp¥kelIkareFVICMerOnqñaM199819 RbCaCnkñúgGayu 6-11qñaM EdlRtUvcUleronenAbfmsikSanwgekInBI 2/2lannak;kñúgqñaM2003 eTA2/8lannak;enAqñaM2020. kMeNInsrubénRbCaCnsMrab;RkumGayu 12-14qñaM EdlRtUvcUleronenAmFümsikSabzmPUmi nwgekIn eLIg 247Ban;nak;kñúgry³eBldUcKña. TIbBa©b;RkumGayu BI 15-17qñaMnwgekIneLIg 237 Ban;nak; enAqñaM202020. eTaHbIGRtacuHeQ μaHeronsßitenAefrk¾edayk¾kMeNInRbCaCnenHnwgenAEtmansMBaF elIRbBn½§Gb;rM. bnÞúkry³eBlxøIsMxan;sMrab;km<úCanwgRtUvBak;B½n§eTAelIkarBRgIkkarGb;rMenAmFümsikSa bzmPUmi. karvinieyaKenHnwgpþl;plcMeNjdl;sgÁmry³eBlEvgBIeRBaHvamansar³sMxan; minRKan; EtsMrab;karGPivDÆn_Cati b:uEnþsMrab;karkat;bnßykMeNInRbCaCnpgEdrtamry³karGb;rMsMrab;RsþI. K μan sgÁmNaGacsgÇwmfaGackat;bnßyPaBRkIRk niglT§PaBpþl;kMeNItedaymineKarBsiT§iTTYlkarGb;rM sMrab;ek μgRsI nigRsþIv½yek μg)aneT.

2>2>5 RbCaCn nigbrisßan RbCaCnnigbrisßanmanTMnak;TMngKñaya:gCitsñiT§. enAeBlcMnYnRbCaCnekIneLIg sMNYreKal neya)ay)anecaTeLIg. ]TahrN_ etIRtUveRbIR)as;FnFanEdlmanRsab;ya:gdUcemþc ¬dInigTwk¦ edIm,IplitcMNIGaharsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña? etIRtUvelIkkMBs;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©RbkbedaycirPaB nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkya:gdUcemþcedIm,IeFVI[RKb;²KñaGacmanlT§PaBTTYlTan)an? etIRtUvedaHRsay plvi)akén]sSahkmμcMeBaHmnusS nigbrisßanya:gdUcemþc? karbMpøicbMpøajbrisßan minEmnRKan;Et xatbg;FnFanb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþKMramkMEhgcMeBaHktþaRTRTg;karGPivDÆn_mnusSeTotpg.

eK)anbgðaj[eXIjfa kMeNInRbCaCnmanplb:HBal;dl;brisßan nigFnFanFmμCatitamry³ karbegáInplitkmμ nigkMriténkareRbIR)as;. ninñakarbrisßanCaFmμtaman\T§iBlelICIvPaBrs;enA CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbT. brisßanEdlmanPaBricril nigRKb;RKgBMumannirnþrPaBeFVI[plb:HBal;dl; kMeNInRbCaCnkan;EtmanPaBF¶n;F¶reLIg. enAkñññññúgextþCaeRcInenAkm<úCa dMeNIrkarénkarfycuHdIman CICatiKWelcecjya:gc,as; edaysarkarricrilCICatiBiess²EdlbNþal[manTinñplTab. RbePT 18 RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk qñaM 2003-2005 PñMeBj/ km<úCa 2002/ TMB½r 95 19

viC¢asßanCatisßiti {cMeNalRbCaCn 2001-2020} viPaKlT§plCMerOnRbCaCn/ r)aykarN_TI6 PñMeBj/ km<úCa 2000a 20

eK)aneRbIemKuN Boers sMrab;kareFVIGaMgETb:ULasüúgRkumGayusikSaBiessenH.

16

RsUvEdlmanTinñplx<s;GacCMnYsRbePTRsUvkñúgRsuk b:uEnþmanhaniP½yénkar)at;bg;nUvBhuPaB CIvsaRsþksikmμ. elIsBIenHeTAeTot kareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥itmankarekIneLIg nigkareRbIR)as; minsmRsbénfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it ehIykaksMNl;rbs;vaenAkñúgRbB½n§eGkULÚsIu begáItnUveRKaHfñak;dl; suxPaB. mankarcg¥úlbgðajxøH²fa brimaNRtImankarfycuH nwgkat;bnßybrimaNRtIEdlGacrk)an sMrab;RKYsarenACnbT21 .

b:uEnþKWCakarsMxan;Nas;fa karsikSaEdl)aneFVIeLIgenAkEnøgepSg²eTotbgðajfa KWCakar sMxan;kñúgkarEbgEckxusKñarvag plb:HBal;kMeNInRbCaCneTAelIbrisßan nigplb:HBal;énkareFVI GaCIvkmμhYskMriténFnFanFmμCatiEdlsMedAbMeBjtMrUvkarbreTs. ]TahrN_ mankarkab;éRB eQIIxusc,ab; nigrIkraldalenAGasIu nigGaemrikLaTIn. bBaðaenHbNþal[mankarfycuHnUvFn FanéRBeQI k¾dUcCakarfycuHnUvCICatidI.

2>2>6 RbCaCn nigkargar kMeNInya:gelOnénR)ak;cMNUlnig»kaskargar mansar³sMxan;s®mab;karkat;bnßyPaB

RkIRk. s®mab;R)aMTsvtSxagmux karbegáItkargarRtÚvEtmankRmitx<s;CagGRtakMeNInénkmøaMgBlkmμ edIm,IeCosvagPaBK μankargareFVInigPaBmankargareFVImineBjelj. edayBinitüemIlelIEbbEpn RbCasa®sþenAkm<úCaEdlsMbUreTAedayRbCaCnmanv½yekμg kmøaMgBlkm μnwgekIneLIgya:gelOn. ksikm μ)anTajykmYyPaKFMCageKbg¥s;énkmøaMgBlkmμedayman 75°énRbCaCn EdleFVIkar enAkñúgplitkmμksikm μ. »kaskargarenAkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμnigesvakm μenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy manEt 8°enAkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμ ehIy18°enAkñúgvis½yesvakm μ22. enAcenøaHqñaM1998 nig 2000 GRtakMeNInmFüménkargarenAkñúgvis½yksikmμman 1/6°enAeBlEdlkMeNInénkmøaMg BlkmμenAtMbn;CnbTmankRmitx<s;Cag 3°RbcaMqñaM. eTaHCay:agenHkþI GVIEdlmansar³sMxan; CagenHenaH KWmanEt 15°b:ueNÑaHénRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlmankargareFVIEdleFVIkaredaymanR)ak;QñÜl EdlkñúgenaH 53°enAPñMeBjnig 11°enAtMbn;CnbT. 84°énkmøaMgBlkm μenACnbTCaBlkr ksikm μ. ksikmμKWCakargarFMCageKEtmYyenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnpgEdr ¬33°énkmøaMgBlkm μenAtMbn; TIRbCMuCn¦. eTaHbICa®sþIk¾dUcCaburseFVIkarenAkñúgkargarCaeRcInxus²KñaenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnk¾eday®sþI PaKeRcInbMputenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnRbkbkargarEdlminsUvmanCMnajdUckargarrbs;burseT. kñúgcMeNam

21 RkumRbwkSaGPivDÆn_sgÁmkic© :yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 2003-2005 : PñMeBj/ km<úCa 2002/ TMB½r iii 22 viCa¢sßanCatisßiti CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998/ lT§plCMerOncugeRkay PñMeBj/ km<úCa 1999/ TMB½r22

17

Blkr®sþIenAtMbn;TIRbCMuCnman39°CaBlkrksikm μ 22°CaBlkr GñkbeRmIesvanigGñklk;dUr ehIy 16°Rbkbkargargay²23.

RbCaCn nigtRmÚvkarkñúgkarbegáItkargarmanTMnak;TMngya:gCitsñiT§CamYyKñ μaeTAvijeTAmk.

GñkTaMgLayNaEdlnwgcUlrYmenAkñúgkmøaMgBlkm μenAkñúgry³eBlRbEhl 15qñaMxagmux)anekItrYc eTAehIy. ehtuenH eTaHbICaGRtakMeNInRbCaCn)anfycuHenAkñúgdMNak;kalenHk¾edayGRtaén kMeNIn kmøaMgBlkm μnwgminmankarfycuHeT ehIysmtßPaBénesdækic©kñúgkarbegáItcMnYnkargarRKb; RKan;ya:gqab;rh½senaH KWmanlkçN³exSay. edIm,IsMerc)annUvtulüPaBrvagkMeNInRbCaCn nig kMeNInénkMlaMgBlkm μnary³eBlyUrGEgVgenaH KWcaM)ac;RtUvmankarvas;EvgsMrab;karkat;bnßykMeNIn RbCaCn BIeBlenHeTA.

enAkm<úCa dg;sIuetRbCaCnmankMritTabenACnbT b:uEnþkarenAEtekIneLIgénRbCaCnya:gqab; enACnbT CalT§plnwgBRgIkvis½yksikmμsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit EdlnwgnaMeGaymanPaBRkIRk nig RbeTscuHexSay. GRtakMeNInRbCaCnTab nwgnaMmknUvnirnþrPaBénkarkan;kab;dIenAkñúgRbeTsRbkb edayplitPaB. CamYynigbribTénkarciBa©wmCIvitedayRbB½n§ksikm μ kMeNInya:gqab;rh½sénRbCaCn nwgBMu)anCYydl;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©eLIy.

2>2>7 RbCaCn nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬RbB½n§KmnaKmn_saFarN³ karpÁt;pÁg;Twk nig GKÁisnI¦ manTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmky:agCitsñiT§rvag karGPivDÆn_RbCaCn tMrUvkarnigkarpÁt;pÁg;ehdæa-

rcnasm<½n§saFarN³dUcCa RbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnsaFarN³ Twk GKÁisnI. kñúgkrNIEdlmankMeNInRbCaCn y:agqab;rh½s vaKWCakarlM)akbMputsMrab;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkarekIneLIgénkar pÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI Twk nigRbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnsaFarN³. eTaHbICaenAkñúglkçxNÐEdlesdækic©mankarGPivDÆn_ KYr[kt;sMKal; kMeNInRbCaCnqab;rh½sGachYsBIsmtßPaBrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarBRgIkehdæarcna sm<½n§. mYyEpñkFMénRbCaCnkm<úCa minmanlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥atnigGnam½y GKÁisnI nigkardwk CBa¢Ún. ]TahrN_ manEt 23/7° énRKYsarCnbTEdlmanlT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at. dMeNaH RsaycMeBaHkgVHxatTaMgGs;enAkñúgbribTénkMeNInRbCaCnqab;rh½s nigsßanPaBminGMeNayplén karGPivDÆn_esdækic©enH nwgCYbkarlM)akkan;EtxøaMgeLIg. TnÞwmnwgenH kgVHxatehdærcnasm<½n§Gacman plvi)akEpñkneya)ayy:agF¶n;F¶r. ]TahrN_ kgVHxatpøÚvfñl;nigRbB½n§dwkCBa¢Ún KYbpSMnwgkMeNIn

23 viC¢asßanCatisßiti/ kMlaMgBlkmμ nigkargar/ viPaKlT§plCMerOn/ r)aykarN_TI3/ PñMeBj/ km<úCa/ 2000b/ TMB½r 27

18

RbCaCnqab;rh½s GaceFVI[mankarekIneLIgénshKmn_Éeka EdlGaceFVI[manCMelaHsIuvIledaysar EtPaBminrwgmaMénTMnak;TMngsgÁmnigesdækic©.

GRtakMeNInRbCaCnRbkbedaycirPaB EdlsmRsbeTAnwgkarvinieyaKeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ saFarN³ nwgeFVI[manPaBgayRsYlsMrab;raCrdæaPi)alkñúgkarsMerc)annUveKaledAGPivDÆn_sMxan;² Edl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©elIkTI2 nigyuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßyPaB RkIRk.

2>3 bBaðaKnøwHrbs;RbCaCn raCrdæaPi)alTTYlsÁal;faGRtakMeNInRbCaCnx<s;EdlbnþmanteTAeTot nwgGacbegáItkarlM)ak

xøaMg enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_kmμviFIsRmab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsMrab;karGPivDÆn_esdækic© Rbkbeday cirPaB. RbCaCnmancMnYneRcIn mann½yfa RtUvTamTar[mantMrUvkarnUves,ógGahar nigesva saFarN³CaeRcInbEnßmeTot dUcCa Gb;rM nig EfTaMsuxPaB. GRtakMeNInRbCaCnx<s;bnþeq<aHeTArkkar ekIneLIgsmamaRténmnusSv½yek μgsißtenAkñúgbnÞúkeRcIn EdleFVI[raraMgdl;karrIkcMerInesdækic©. kar ekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½sénTIRbCMuCn naM[mankarbMpøicbMpøajbrisßany:agF¶n;F¶r. ehtudUecñHehIy raCrdæaPi)al)ankMNt;nUvbBaðaTMnak;TMngRbCaCnCaGaTiPaBTaMg10 Edlbcñúb,nñb:HBal;dl;kic©xitxM RbwgERbgGPivDÆn_ nigcaM)ac;RtUvedaHRsayRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB³

• kMeNInRbCaCnx<s; • lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s; • mrNPaBx<s; • karrIkraldalénhIuv¼eGds_ • karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgTMhM ninñakar nigsmasPaBmYy EdlraraMgdMeNIrkarénkarGPivDÆn_ • GtulüPaBenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§GayunigePT

• cMnYnénGñkRkIRkeRcIn EdlCaplvi)akmYyénPaBgayrgeRKaHEpñkRbCasa®sþ • kMritTabénkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS • vismPaBeynD½r nig

• sm<aFRbCaCneTAelIFnFanFmμCati

19

3 kic©xitxMRbwgERbgedaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCnrbs;raCrdæaPi)al

cab;BIqñaM1993 raCrdæaPi)al)aneFVIkarya:gCitsñiT§CamYyédKUGnþrCati nig)aneFVIeKalkarN_ ENnaMmYycMnYnTak;TgbBaðaRbCaCndUcCa³

3>1 EklMGkarRbmUlTinñn½y nigkarbNþúHbNþal bBaðaRbCaCnBMuRtUv)anbBa©ÚlCak;c,as;enAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©elIkTI1 qñaM

1996-2000 eRkAEtBIbBa©Úlkar):an;RbmaNTMhMRbCaCn nigkMeNInCamUldæan. kñúgGMLúgTsvtSqñaM 1990 raCrdæaPi)al)aneFVIkarRbmUlTinñn½yKnøwHmYycMnYn énbBaðaRbCaCnedaymanCMnYymUlniFiBI RbeTspþl;CMnYynana CaBiessCMerOnRbCaCnqñaM1998 nigGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© qñaM1993-1994 1997 nigqñaM1999 k¾dUcCaGegátRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000. munCMerOnRbCaCnqñaM1998 Edl )aneFVIedayviC¢asßanCatisßitiénRksYgEpnkar BMumanGegátRbCasa®sþNamYyRtUv)aneFIVeTcab;taMgBIqñaM 1962 mk. CMerOnRbCaCnenH KWCasmiT§ipld¾RtcHRtcg;rbs;raCrdæaPi)alEdlCYydl;raCrdæaPi)al xøÜnÉg nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanasMrab;erobcMEpnkar nigkmμviFICamUldæan. lT§plénCMerOnnigTinñn½y epSg²eTot pþl;RKwHmYysMrab;karbBa©ÚlktþaRbCaCneTAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_. enATsvtSqñaM1990 smtßPaBrbs;sßab½nRtUv)anBRgwgenARksYgEpnkar nisSit)aneFVIkarbNþúHbNþalBIbBaðaRbCaCnenA saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj nigbNþam®nþIraCkark¾RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAeFVIkarbNþúHbNþalsþIBIbBaðaRbCaCn enAeRkARbeTs nigmYycMnYneTottamry³kmμviFIsikSaEdlerobcMedaysalaPUminÞrdæ)al.

3>2 kat;bnßylT§PaBpþl;kMeNIt nigmrNPaB enAkm<úCaBMumankarCMTas;cMeBaHkmμviFIBnüarkMeNIt b¤karENnaMCak;c,as;GMBIsuxPaBbnþBUC

nigesvaEpnkarRKYsareT ehIyk¾BMuman]bs½KÁpøÚvc,ab;kñúgkarpþl;viFIbgáarkMeNItdl;yuvCnEdlBMuTan; erobGaBah_BiBah_enAeLIyEdr. lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s; eRkABIRtUv)ankt;sMKal;faCacMNucKnøwHEdl b:HBal;dl;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© nigk¾RtUv)ankMNt;faCacMNucraMgsÞHdl;karkat;bnßyPaB RkIRkenAkm<úCa dUcmanEcgenAkñúgyuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. skmμPaBCaGaTiPaBkñúgn½yenH KWedIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgkarBnüarkMeNIt nigkat;bnßylT§PaBpþl;kMeNItkñúgcMeNamCnRkIRk eday eFVIkarpþl; nigCMrujkareFVIEpnkarRKYsar nigesvasuxPaBbnþBUC. TaMgGs;enHsgÇwmfanwgman\T§iBl edaypÞal;dl;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRktamry³karbRgÜmTMhMRKYsar EdlnwgrYmcMENkpþl;suxumalPaB dl;RKYsarRkIRk. lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItfycuHnwgCYykat;bnßykMeNInRbCaCnpgEdr nigkat;bnßyGRta

20

mnusSEdlsßitkñúgbnÞúkRKYsar nigk¾CYykat;bnßypgEdrnUvGRtamrNPaBrbs;mata nigkumareday eFVIkarbegáInesvasuxPaBdl;matanigkumar. k¾b:uEnþKYrcgcaMMfa GefrRbCaCn RKan;EtCaEpñkmYyb:ueNÑaH énPaBRkIRk ehIykarpøas;bþÚreTAelIesdækic©-sgÁmkic© nigrdæ)alk¾mansar³sMxan;Edr.

raCrdæaPi)al tamry³ :EpnkaryuT§saRsþvis½ysuxaPi)al qñaM2002-2007} rbs;RksYg suxaPi)al )anRbkaseRbIkm μviFIBnüarkMeNItEdlCaeKalneya)aycMbgsMrab;EfrkSasuxPaBrbs; matanigkumareTIbekItfμ I² nigCYykat;bnßykMeNInRbCaCnEdlmanel,Ónd¾elOnenaH. Epnkar GPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© qñaM2001-2005 )anTTYlsÁal;falT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s;Edlb:HBal;dl; suxPaB nigGaharUbtßmÖrbs;matanigTark nigBRgIkvisalPaBdl;lT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s; nigkMeNIn RbCaCnqab;rh½s. RksYgsuxaPi)aleFVIkarbegáIteKalneya)aysMxan;BIr nigbegáItc,ab;mYyTak;Tin nigmatuPaBK μaneRKaHfñak; nigsuxPaBbnþBUC. eKalneya)ayTImYy KWeKalneya)ayCatisþIBIkar BnüarkMeNIt Edl)anbegáItenAqñaM1994 RsbeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdrk¾)aneFVIkarpSBVpSaykmμviFICati sþIBIsuxPaBbnþBUC Edltamry³enaHesvaBnüarkMeNItmanpþl;CUnsMrab;bursnigRsþI sMrab;karsMerc citþpÞal;rbs;BYkeKkñúgkarmankUn.

eKalneya)ayTIBIr KWeKalneya)ayCatisMrab;matuPaBKμaneRKaHfñak; Edl)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1997 ehIyeBlenaHmNÐlsuxPaBpþl;esvaBnüarkMeNItcMnYnCit 900kEnøgRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenA TUTaMgRbeTs. karelIkkMBs;esvasuxPaBbnþBUC nigsuvtßiPaBeBlekIt nwgCYykat;bnßydl;GRtasøab; rbs;mþay. eKaledAcMbgrbs;eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;matuPaBK μaneRKaHfñak;KWedIm,IBRgwg nigBRgIk karkarBar nigesvaKaMBarenARKb;kMritEdleFVIkarcab;epþImBIRKYsarshKmn_ mNÐlsuxPaB nigmnÞIr eBTübEg¥k. c,ab;BnøÚtkUnRtUv)anGnum½teLIgenAExvicäika qñaM1997 edIm,ICYysMrYldl;karGnuvtþn_ karBnøÚtkUn. eyagtamc,ab;enH karrMlUtkUnKWRtUv)anGnuBaØatEtcMeBaHm®nþIsuxaPi)alenAmNÐl suxPaBEdlmankarGnuBaØat nigmuns)aþh_TI12 énkarmanKP’ Edlya:gticmankarBnøÚtkUnmYykrNI enAeBlbnÞab;. enAExkBaØa qaMñ2002 RksYgsuxaPi)al )aneFVIkarENnaMedIm,IeKarBc,ab;rMlUtkUn nigpþl;karbNþúHbNþaldl;GñkEfrkSasuxPaBsMrab;suvtßiPaBénkarrMlUtkUn.

enAqñaM2001 mUlniFishRbCaCatisMrab;RbCaCn )anpþl;karKaMRTcMeBaHyuT§saRsþRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_ nig)anerobcMsikçasalamYysMrab;GñkerobcMeKalneya)ay Edl)anBinitüeLIgvijnUv km μviFIsuxPaBbnþBUC nigeKalneya)ay nigpþl;Gnusasn_edIm,IeFVIkarEklMGeKalneya)ayenaHeGay kan;EtmansuRkwtPaBEfmeTot edaymanbBa©ÚlRkumyuvv½y. tamry³RksYgsuxaPi)al raCrdæaPi)al

21

)anRbkan;ykyuT§saRsþmYycMnYn edIm,Ikat;bnßyGRtamrNPaB. kmμviFICaGaTiPaBrYmman ¬1¦ pþl; esvasuxPaBCamUldæancMeBaH RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;CamYynigkarcUlrYmy:ageBjTMhwgBIshKmn_ ¬2¦ pþl;GaTiPaBcMeBaHkarkarBar nigRtYtBinitüCMgWqøg nigminqøgTaMgGs; ¬3¦ pþl;GaTiPaBcMeBaH KuNPaBesvasuxPaBdl;mþaynigTark ¬4¦ elIkkMBs;y:agskmμnUvsuxumalPaB nigGakb,kiriya KitKUrBIsuxPaBsmRsbsMrab;RbCaCn nig ¬5¦ begáInsmPaBénkarTTYl)anesva CaGaTiPaBnana CaBiesscMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRk.

3>3 kmμviFIsMrab;yuvCn nigmnusScas; RksYgmYycMnYn)aneFVIkargarsþIBIbBaðayuvCn. RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa BMumanyuT§saRsþCa rYmeT EdlTak;TgnigyuvCn eTaHbIfatamry³eKalneya)ayTaMgenaH dUcCasklkmμkarGb;rMmUldæan 9 qñaM nigkarGPivDÆn_yuvCn nigkILatamEpñk )anepþatcMeBaHRkummnusSekμg². RksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta dwgBItYnaTIrbs;xøÜnsMrab; :RKb;RKgekμgGayuBI 7 dl; 18qñaM EdlmanbBaðacMeBaHc,ab; rWcUlrYmbTelμ Is nigeFVIkarGb;rMnigEkERbnigCYyeKedIm,I eGaykøayCaBl rdæl¥} RksYgsuxaPi)almanTMnYlxusRtUvsMrab;karpþl;esvasuxPaBl¥ nigFana[)anfaRbCaCnman lT§PaBbg;éføcMNayEfrkSasuxPaB)an. cMeBaHmCÄmNÐlsMrab;hIuv¼eGds_ BMumanyuT§saRsþCaTUeTA sMrab;suxPaBrbs;yuvCneT mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nigCMgWeGds_ esIEs,k nigCMgWkameraK )anKitfa yuvCnCaRkumd¾mansar³sMxan; dUcEdlRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn)aneFVI. enAkm<úCa BMuman eKalneya)ayrbs;raCrdæaPi)alcMeBaHsuxPaBbnþBUCrbs;mnusSeBjv½yeT (ARH) ehIyRksYgsuxa Pi)alk¾)anCYyKaMRTbNþaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYycMnYnsþIBIesvasuxPaBbnþBUC rbs;mnusSeBjv½y ehIy RksYgmYycMnYncab;epþImKitKUrdl;bBaðaEdlmanplb:HBal;dl;yuvCndUcCa siT§ikumar eRKOg ejon nighIuv¼eGds_.

raCrdæaPi)alBMuTan;maneKalneya)ay rWkmμviFIsMrab;mnusScas;enAeLIy CamYyenaHRksYg sgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta KWkMBugerobcMeKalneya)ay nigkm μviFIEdl nwgpþl;dMeNaHRsaydl;;bBaðasuxPaB/ lkçxNÐesdækic©/ karcUlrYmkñúgsgÁm nigsuxumalPaBTUeTArbs; mnusScas;. RksYgk¾)anbegáItsmaKmn_mnusScas; edIm,IelIkTwkcitþkarcUlrYmrbs;mnusScas;kñúgkar tak;EtgeKalneya)ay nigkmμviFIenaH.

22

3>4 karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgemeraKhIuvnigCMgWeGds_ kñúgkic©shRbtibtþikarCamYyPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCati raCrdæaPi)al)anbegáItRkumkargar hIuv¼eGds_ edIm,IeqøIytbya:gqab;rh½scMeBaHkarrIkraldalénhIuv¼eGds_enAkm<úCa. GaCJaFrCati RbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ KWCaGñksMrbsMrYlya:gsMxan;kñúgCYrraCrdæaPi)alkñúgkareqøIytbnigkarrIkraldal énCMgW. kargarKnøwHrYmman karbBa©ÚleKalneya)ayCaGnusasn_ nigskmμPaBfñak;Cati nigkarpøas;bþÚr Bt’man nigkarTMnak;TMng. mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§nigCMgWeGds_ esIEs,knigkameraKénRksYgsuxa-Pi)alTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRbB½n§tamdankarvivDÆn_kñúgkMriténEpnkaryuT§saRsþsMrab;hIuv¼eGds_ nigkar karBarnigBüa)al STI qñaM 2001-2005.

Rkbx½NÐyuT§saRsþCati sMrab;kareqøIytbedayR)adkRbCa nigBhuvis½ycMeBaHCMgWhIuv¼eGds_ )anbegáIteLIgedayGaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nigCMgWeGds_. ckçúvis½yrbs;GaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nigCMgWeGds__ KWBwgEp¥keTAelIkarsegátBIyuT§viFIBIr EdlbMeBjKñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgkarCYykat;bnßyPaBgayrgeRKaH edayCMgWhIuv eGds_ enAkMritbuKÁl/ shKmn_ nigvis½ynana. yuT§viFITImYy KWepþatcMeBaHkarCH\T§iBl eTAelImnusSmañk;² sMrab;yl;dwgBIsuvtßiPaBpÞal;xøÜn KWCaCMerIsd¾l¥ nigyuT§viFITIBIr KWepþateTAelIbMlas; bþÚrénbribTesdækic©-sgÁmkic© sMrab;KaMRTdl;mnusSmñak;² edIm,IkarBarxøÜneKBIkarcMlgénemeraKhIuv nigeFVIkaredaHRsayBIhIuv¼eGds_. yuT§saRsþrbs;GaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nigCMgWeGds_tMrUveGaymankar pøas;bþÚrskm μPaBbc©úb,nñBIlkçN³minRbmUlpþMú ehIyEdlepþatEteTAelIsuxPaB nigrebobBIfñak;elIcuH eRkameGayeTACarebobmYyEdlmanlkçN³GPivDÆn_rYm EdlKitKUrBIeynD½r ykRbCaCnCaFM ehIy EdlepþatkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHkarpþl;GanuPaBdl;mnusSmñak;² shKmn_ nigsgÁmTaMgmUl.

CMerOnenAqñaM1998 )anbgðajBIRbCaCnBIrRkumFM² EdlenaHCaekμgmanGayuBI 5-9qñaM nig 10 dl; 14qñaM24. enHKWmann½yfa tMrUvkarsuxPaBbnþBUCénkarrYmePT KWekIneLIgya:gelOnBIeRBaHcMnYn d¾eRcInényuvv½y)anQancUlv½ybnþBUC nigkMBugeBjcMNg;pøÚvePT. xN³eBlEdlmankarrIkraldal énhIuv¼eGds_ eKKYrEteFVIkarGb;rMtMrg;eq<aHeTArkyuvv½y nigekμg² eGay)anxøaMgkøaGMBIBiiesaFn_énCIvit edIm,IeGayBYkeKecHkarBarxøÜn.

24

viC¢asßanCatisßiti CMerOnTUeTAénRbCaCnkm<úCa 1998/ lT§plCMerOncugeRkay PñMeBj/ km<úCa 1999/ TMB½r14

23

3>5 elIkkMBs;smPaBeynD½r cab;taMgBIqñaM1995 mkraCrdæaPi)al)anxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IbegáIteGaymansmPaBnigsmFm’ rvagbursnigRsþItamry³karbegáItc,ab;nigviFankarTaMgLayCabnþbnÞab; edIm,IlubbM)at;karerIseGIg cMeBaHRsþI edIm,IkarBarsiT§iRsþI nigkarcUlrYmrbs;RsþIkñúgqakneya)ay esdækic© vb,Fm’ nigvis½y sgÁmkic©énsgÁmkm<úCa ehIynigedaHRsaynUvbT]RkidæénkarCYjdUrRsþInigkumar. karebþCJacitþrbs; raCrdæaPi)aleTAnigbBaðaTaMgenHRtUv)anbgðajtamry³kartMeLIgénrdæelxaFikardæankic©karnarII Edl )anbegáItenAqñaM1993 [eTACaRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§CnenAqñaM1998. RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn)anedIrtYsMxan;mYyCakMlaMgCMruj nigCaGñksMrbsMrYlkñúgkareqøIytbeTAnigbBaðaeynD½r kñúgEpñkCaGaTiPaBTaMgLay. karbegáItRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cnpþl;RkbxNнmYysMrab;kar BiPakSaxagmux nigkarcrcaCamYyRksYgBak;Bn½§eq<aHeTAkarerobcMEpnkarCatimYysMrab;elIkkMBs;tYnaTI nigsßanPaBénRsþIkm<úCa. raCrdæaPi)al)anGnum½teKalneya)aymYycMnYn nigyuT§saRsþsMrab; GPivDÆn_eynD½r kñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©5qñaMelIkTI2 ¬2001- 2005¦.

dUecñHraCrdæaPi)al)anGnuvtþviFIsaRsþepSg² edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaRbCaCnKnøwHEdl)aneRCIs erIs. Cak;EsþgraCrdæaPi)al)ankarykcitþTukdak;kan;EtxøaMgeLIgkñúgkarbBa©ÚlbBaðaRbCaCneTAkñúg Epnkar ehIybBaðaRbCaCnRtUv)anÉkPaBfaCabBaðasñÚlkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© 5qñaM elIkTI2 k¾dUcCakñúgyuTæsaRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. Epnkar)anTTYlsÁal;fa {snÞsSn_x<s;énPaB RkIRk KWTak;TgeTAnigkMeNInRbCaCnx<s; mrNPaBx<s; nigPaBmanCMgWx<s;}. b:uEnþ eCaKC½ymankMrit énviFankarxus²KñaEdlGnum½tykknøgmk tMrUveGaymanyuT§saRsþsMrbsMrYlmYytamry³eKal-neya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCnEdlmanlkçN³RKb;RCugeRCay. tMrUvkarCabnÞan;sMrab;eKalneya)ay enH)anbgðajenAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©5qñaMelIkTI2 Edl)anGHGagfa :eKalneya)ay RbCaCnmYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaBKWCakarcaM)ac;sMrab;karsMerc[)anTisedAénkarGPivDÆn_ }.

24

4 eKalkar eKaledA nigTisedAéneKalneya)aysMrab;RbCaCn

4>1 eKalkarENnaM kñúgkarerobcMeKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCnenH karTTYlsÁal;eBjeljRtUv)anpþl;eTAelI

karyl;dwgTaMgLaysMrab;eFVI[mankarERbRbYlEdlnwgRtUvBak;Bn½§eTAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay. eCaKC½yéneKalneya)ay nwgRtUvBwgBak;eTAelIkarpøas;bþÚrmYykñúg\riyabfbuKÁl nigkñúgGakb,kiriya eq<aHeTArkdMeNIrkarkñúgkareFVIesckþIsMerccitþenAkñúgRKYsar ehIyCaRbkarsMxan; eKalneya)ayenH )anEcgc,as;BIdMbUg faeKalneya)ayenHRtUv)anerobcMeday)anrkSanUvtMélvb,Fm’ nigTMenomTMlab; RbéBNIEx μr. eKalneya)ayenHk¾GnuelameTAtamrdæFm μnuBaØ CaBiesscMeBaHkarFananUvsiT§imnusS. tamry³eKalneya)ayenH raCrdæaPi)al)anbBa¢ak;Cafμ IBIkareKarB nigKaMRTdl;siT§irbs;KUsVamIPriya nigbuKÁlEdlmansiT§iCamUldæankñúgkarsMercedayesrI nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHcMnYnkUn nigry³eBl BnüarkMeNItrbs;xøÜn ehIymanlT§PaBTTYl)annUvBt’man karGb;rM esvakmμ nigmeFüa)ayepSg² edIm,IsMerc)andUcbMNg.

edaykarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayenHnwgBak;Bn§½eTAnigvis½yepSg² k¾dUcCaEpñkdéTeTotén sgÁm eKalneya)ayenHmanPaBsIusgVak;Kña nigbMeBjeGayeKalneya)ay nigEpnkarCatiepSg² eTot ¬]TahrN_ EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©elIkTI2 yuTæsaRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtS¦ ehIyK μanbMNgedIm,ICMnYsEpnkar b¤yuTæsaRsþTaMgenaHkñúgpøÚvNamYy eLIy.

PaBRkIRkTb;sáat;y:agxøaMgdl;CMerIsEdlRbCaCnman. pÞúyeTAvijsar³sMxan;mYyéneKal nya)aysMrab;RbCaCn KWedIm,IrYmcMENkdl;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. bBaðaRbCaCn PaBRkIRk nig nirnþrPaBénGPivDÆn_KWmanTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmk. dUecñHbBaðaRbCaCnKYrRtUv)anbBa©ÚlCaEpñkmYy éneKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_ nigkmμviFITaMgLay. eKalneya)aysMrab;RbCaCnmYyKWrab;bBa©Úl nigrYm mankarKitKUrCaeRcIn dUcCakarpøas;TIlMenA lT§PaBpþl;kMeNIt nigmrNPaB k¾dUcCa\Ti§Blén esdækic©-sgÁmkic© nigvb,Fm’. kareFVI[RbesIrsmPaBeynD½r nigkarpþl;GanuPaBdl;RsþI KWCatMrUvkar mUldæansMrab;karGPivDÆn_RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. dUecñHbBaðaTaMgenHKWCabBaðasñÚlsMrab;km μviFIRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_.

25

eKalneya)ayRbCaCnRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edayyl;eXIjBIeKalbMNgrbs;km<úCakñúgkar bMeBjkarebþCJacitþrbs;xøÜneTAnigTMrg;kar nigkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatinana. km<úCaKWCaRbeTshtßelxIén snñisITGnþrCatisþIBIRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_ (ICPD), (ICPD + 5), snñisITGasIu)a:sIuhVIksþIBIRbCaCnqñaM 2002 (APPC), esckþIRbkasshsvtS esckþIRbkasénkarebþCJacitþRbqaMgnighuIv eGds_ qñaM2001 sn§isBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;GMeBIerIseGIgRbqaMgnigRsþI (CEDAW) ehIynigesckþIRbkasCaskl sþIBIsiT§imnusS.

4>2 eKaledA eKaledArYméneKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCnenH KWedIm,InaMeTArkkarpøas;bþÚrkñúgninñakarRbCa-

CneFVIy:agNaedIm,I[TMhM smasPaB nigr)ayRbCaCnsmRsbCamYynigtMrUvkarénkarGPivDÆn_Rbkb edaynirnþrPaBsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaBénCIvitRbCaCnkm<úCa TaMgGs;. eKalneya)ay nigkm μviFITaMgGs;enHnwgCH\T§iBleTAelIRbCaCn RBmTaMgeqøIytbeTAnig bBaðarbs;RbCaCn.

4>3 TisedA TisedAcMbg²EdlnwgrYmcMENkedIm,IsMerc)annUveKaledArYmxagelImandUcteTA³ k¦ KaMRTdl;KUsVamIPriyanigbuKÁlmñak;²[eFVIkarsMerccitþedayesrI nigedayTTYlxusRtUvelI

cMnYnkUnnigkarBnüarkMeNIt ehIy[TTYl)annUv Bt’man karGb;rM esvakmμnana nigmeFüa )ay edIm,IGnuvtþkarsMerccitþxagelI

x¦ kat;bnßyGRtamrNPaB nigPaBmanCMgW rbs;Tark kumar nigmata K¦ kat;bnßyplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manénkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenArvagTIRkugnigCnbT X¦ elIkkMBs;smPaB nigsmFm’eynDr½ nigkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS g¦ kat;bnßyplb:HBal;énsm<aFRbCaCneTAelIbrisßan nigFnFanFm μCati c¦ BRgwgkarTb;sáat;karvilRtLb;mkvij énkarrIkraldalénemeraKhuIv nigCMgWeGds_ q¦ bB©ÚalGefrRbCaCneTAkñúgeKalneya)ayesdækic©nigsgÁmkic© enARKb;kMritTaMgGs;én

Epnkarnigkm μviFI

26

5 viFankaréneKalneya)ay

yuT§saRsþlMGit nigskmμPaBsMxan;²EdlnwgRtUvTTYlyksMrab;karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay CatisMrab;RbCaCn rYmTaMgeKalneya)aynana Edl)anGnuvtþrYcmkehIynwgRtUverobcMCalMGitenAkñúg Epnkarskm μPaBEdlmaneQ μaHfa yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn. yuT§saRsþEdlRtUvdak;ecjenAkñúg Epnkarskm μPaBnwgkMNt;c,as;EpnkarCak;lak; nigdak;eGayRbtibtþikar)annUvviFankareKalneya-)ayTaMgLayEdl)anpþl;Gnusasn_ enATIenHedIm,IsMercedayeCaKC½ynUveKaledAcMbgnImYy² TMag7 enH.

5>1 KaMRTdl;KUsVamIPriyanigbuKÁlmñak;²[eFVIkarsMerccitþedayesrI nigedayTTYl xusRtUvelIcMnYnkUnnigkarBnüarkMeNIt ehIy[TTYl)annUv Bt’man karGb;rM esvakmμnana nigmeFüa)ay edIm,IGnuvtþkarsMerccitþxagelI

eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaB PaBEdlGacTTYl)an nigPaBEdlGacrk)anénesvaEfrkSa suxPaBbzmrYmmanesvasuxPaBbnþBUC nigesvaEpnkarRKYsareTAdl;RbCaCnTaMgmUleday tMrg;eq<aHeTArkRkumRbCaCn nigtMbn;EdlBMuTan;manesvaRKb;RKan;.

BRgIkRbB½n§pþl;esvasuxPaBbnþBUC¼BnüarkMeNItenAtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;CMuvijTIRkug EdlenA TIenaHkarmineRbIR)as;viFIBnüarkMeNItsMrab;EpnkarRKYsarmankMritx<s; ehIykarpþl;esvaman kMritTab.

BRgIkkEnøgBüa)aleraK nigkarEbgEckeTAshKmn_nUvmeFüa)ayBnüarkMeNIt edIm,IFana CMerIsénkarBnüarkMeNIteGay)anTUlMTUlay.

elIkTwkcitþdl;karpþl;nUvkarGb;rMBIsuxPaBbnþBUC eTAkñúgkmμviFIsikSaenAmFümsikSanigtam-ry³km μviFIeRkAsalasMrab;yuvv½ynigRsþIEdlmankarGb;rMtictYc.

begáItesvasuxPaBbnþBUCsMrab;cMNUlcitþmnusSeBjv½y. begáItkm μviFIedIm,ICMrujburscUlrYmkñúgkmμviFIEpnkarRKYsar. elIkkMBs;PaBTTYlxusRtYv nigPaBCaédKUrbs;burskñúgsuxPaBbnþBUCenAkMritRKYsar nig

shKmn_

27

5>2 kat;bnßyPaBmanCMgW nigmrNPaBrbs;Tark kumar nigmata eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvKuNPaB PaBEdlGacTTYlnigPaBGacrk)annUvesvaEfrkSasuxPaB

bzm kñúgenaHrYmmanesvaCMuvijkMeNItkUnmunnigeRkaysMralkUn nigesvasuxPaBbnþBUCeTAdl; RbCaCnTaMgmUl eFVIy:agNaedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBQWnigkarsøab;rbs;Tark kumarGayueRkam5qñaM nigmata edaykMNt;tMbn;nigRkumsgÁmEdlmin)anTTYlesvaRKb;RKan;.

sMerceGay)anCaGtibrmanUvTisedAEpnkarkmμviFIGaharUbtßmÖ nigBRgIkkmμviFIedIm,IRtYt BinitüCMgWEdlGackarBar nigBüa)al)an ¬dUcCaCMgWRKuncaj;¦ nigCMgWqøgénkumar.

elIkTwkcitþkarpþl;karRtYtBinitükarBüa)al nigkarGnuvtþn_karEfrkSasuxPaBBak;Bn½§eTAnig karsMralkUn nigkarciBa©wmkUn.

CMrujkare)aHbg;ecalnUvkarGnuvtþn_EdleFVIeGayxUcsuxPaB

5>3 kat;bnßyplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manénkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenArvagCnbTnigTIRkug eFVIkarviPaKGMBIbMlas;bþÚrTIlMenArvagTIRkugnigCnbT nigeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgPaBGacrk)anén

Tinñn½ysþIBIbMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgRsuk rYmmanbBaðadUcCa TMhM nigsmasPaBénCnpøas;bþÚr TIlMenA.

begáInCMerIsepSgeTotsMrab;kaeFVIbMlas;bþÚrTIlMenAecjBItMbn;CnbTeTAeRkAtamry³karpþl;nUv esvasgÁm ehdæarcnasm<½n§ TIpSar nig»kassMrab;kargarkñúgtMbn;CnbTkñúgRkbx½NÐyuT§saRsþ nigkm μviFITaMgLaysMrab;GPivDÆn_CnbT.

begáIttMbn;CayRkug TIRbCMuCn nigpSar edIm,IbEgVrCnEdlmanbMNgpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeTAkan; TIRkugFM²b¤bEgVreGayecjBItMbn;TIRkugEdlkksÞH.

KaMRTkarbegáItkarpSarP¢ab;esdækic© nigsßab½nrvagTIRkugnigCnbTedIm,IRTRTg;karGPivDÆn_ CnbT.

GnuvtþKMeragsMrab;kareFVIbnøas;TIlMenArbs;ksikrEdlKμandIFøI CnRkIRkenACnbTBItMbn;dIksi-km μEdlmandg;sIuetx<s; nigGñkRkIRkBItMbn;TIRkugeTAtMbn;dIksikmμEdlminTan;eFVIksikm μ nig pþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§caM)ac; ¬pøÚv salaeron esvakmμsuxaPi)al .l.¦ dl;GñkTaMgenaH.

kat;bnßy]bs½KÁ ehIynigpþl;eGay)anRKb;RKan;nUvehdæarcnasm<½n§TIRkug nigesvakmμsMrab; karekIneLIgnaeBlGnaKténRbCaCnenATIRkug. BRgwgsßab½nRkug yuT§saRsþRKb;RKgTIRkug nigeFVIeGayRbesIreLIgkarpþl;esvaenATIRkug. elIkTwkcitþdl;skm μPaB nigplRbeyaCn_ dl;RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug ¬TaMgshKmn_nigEpñkÉkCn¦.

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bnþkargare)assMGatmIn edIm,Ipþl;lT§PaBdl;EpnkarbegáItshKmn_enAtMbn;RBMEdnEdlman dg;sIuetRbCaCnTab.

5>4 elIkkMBs;smPaB nigsmFm’eynD½r nigkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS KaMRTnigsMrYldl;viFankarEdlmaneKaledACYy[RsþI nigek μgRsIGacbegáInCMenOTukcitþelIxøÜn

Ég nigGacsMerc)annUvsmtßPaBeBjeljedayxøÜnÉgtamry³karelIkkMBs;sar³sMxan;én karGb;rMekμgRsI karlubbM)at;ral;GMeBIerIseGIg vismPaB nigGMeBIhigSaEdlEp¥kelIeynD½r elIkTwkcitþkarGnuvtþn_ RbkbedayRbsiT§PaBc,ab;EdlkarBarsiT§irbs;RsþIehIynigbegáIn tMNagrbs;RsþIkñúg tMENgeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ.

CMruj[mankaryl;dwgBIeynD½r nigsar³sMxan;énGanuPaBrbs;RsþIkñúgcMeNambursnigRsþI nig kñúgcMeNamGñkeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ.

elIkTwkcitþ[man\riyabfviC¢manéneynD½r nigkarKitKUrBicarNaenAkñúgRKYsarnigkñúgsgÁm TUeTArYmmankñúgcMeNamtYnaTIeFVIesckþIsMerccitþ.

CMrujkm μviFIsMrab;bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³nigkarrkcMNUlsMrab;®sþI bBa©Úlkaryl;dwgBIeynD½rkñúgkmμviFIsikSa CMrujkarsMerceGay)ankarTTYlnUvsklkmμénkarGb;rMmUldæan 9qñaM RbkbedayKuNPaBtam

ry³kareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgKuNPaB PaBGaccUlrYm)an PaBGacrk)an nigPaBsMbUrEbbén karGb;rM BiesskñúgcMeNamRkummnusSEdlGn;fykñúgsgÁm.

5>5 kat;bnßyplb:HBal;énsm<aFRbCaCneTAelIbrisßan nig FnFanFm μCati FananirnþPaBbrisßantamry³karerobcMd¾TUlMTUlay nigkarbBa©ÚlyuT§saRsþTaMgLayEdledaH

RsaybBaðaRbCaCn karplitnigEbbEpncMNaydac;edayELkBIKñak¾dUcCaGnþrTMnak;TMng rbs;va.

KaMRTdMeNIrkaredIm,IsMerceGay)annUvGRtakMeNInRbCaCnmYy EdlsmRsbKñaCamYynig karkarBar nigkareRbIR)as;edayTTYlxusRtÚvnUvFnFanFm μCatiCamYyTsSn³mYyedIm,Ikar sMerc)annUv nirnrþPaB brisßan.

EklMGPaBEdlGacrk)annUvTinñn½ysþIBIplb:HBal;énsm<aFRbCaCnelIbrisßan nigFnFan FmμCati ehIynigelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgBIkarkarBarbrisßankñúgcMeNamRbCaCn.

29

FanarkSatulüPaBTMhM nigkMeNInRbCaCneGaysmRsbCamYynigkarTTYl)annUvTwks¥at nig Gnam½y nigRbBn§½RbmUlkaksMNl;.

elIkTwkcitþdl;kardaMéRBenAkEnøgEdlsm<aFRbCaCnkMBugeFVIeGayxUcxatdl;tMbn; Edlman éRBeQIFmμCati.

BRgwgkarGnuvtþc,ab;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkmμsiT§irYmrbs;shKmn_ nigEdlTak;TgeTAnwgsiTi§ kñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFanFm μCatiEdlGaceRbIR)as;)anCasaFarN³ ¬]TahrN_ dIsaFarN³¦.

epþatkarxitxMRbwgERbgpþl;esvaBnüarkMeNItenAtMbn;CnbT EdlmanlT§PaBpþl;kMeNItx<s; edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRknigsm<aFRbCaCnelIdIFøI

kat;bnßysMBaFRbCaCnenAtMbn;CnbTEdlmandg;sIuetx<s;tamry³ karpSBVpSayviFIsa®sþ RbBlvb,kmμdl;ksikrCam©as;dI.

5>6 BRgwgbEnßmeTotnUvkarTb;sáat;karvilRtLb;eRkayvijénkarrIkraldalénemeraK hIuv nigCMgWeGds_ KaMRTGnþraKmn_EdlmanRsab;edIm,IkarBarkarrIkraldalénemeraKhIuvnigCMgWeGds_ nigeFVI

eGayRbesIreLIgkarEfrkSaGñkEdlqøgCMgWrYmman karTTYl)ankarBüa)aledaykarRbqaMg nwgkarrIkraldalénvIrus (Anti Retroviral Therapy).

CMrujeGaymankmμviFIsgÁmkic© BiesssMrab;GñkqøgemeraKhIuvnigCMgWeGds_dUcCa kumarkMRBa nigcas;Cra

bnþelIkTwkcitþdl;karkMNt;RkumCngayrgeRKaHedayELk² dUcCayuvCn RsþInigRbCaCn cl½tkñúgkarerobcMEpnkar nigkm μviFIsMrab;hIuv¼eGds_.

eFVIeGayGñkneya)ay nigsaFarN³CnRCYtRCabBIeRKaHfñak;énemeraKhIuvnigCMgWeGds_. EckrMElkBt’mansþIBIbBaðaRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_CamYysßabn½raCrdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn

nigsgÁmsuIvilsMrab;karerobcMKMerageGaymanRbsiT§PaBxøaMg nigsMrab;karGnuvtþn_eKal neya)ay nigkmμviFIhIuv¼eGds_.

eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgPaBGacTTYl)an nigPaBGacrk)anBt’mansþIBIRbCaCn ¬]TahrN_ pþl;karGb;rMEdlmancMeNHdwgeRcInvis½ydl;Rkum IEC nigRbBn§½pSBVpSayBt’man¦ eFVIy:ag NaedIm,Ipþl;karrYmcMENkeGay)anTUlMTUlay sMrab;dMeNaHRsayEdlepþatelIRbCaCn sMrab;skmμPaBhIuv¼eGds_ EdlepþatelIkarpþl;GanuPaBdl;buKÁl shKmn_ nigsgÁm.

30

bnþKaMRTdl;km μviFIeRsamGnam½y ¬bEnßmeTAelIeCaKC½yénkm μviFIeRbIR)as;eRsamGnam½y 100 °¦.

KaMRTkarbegáItnigeRbIR)as;Bt’manCayuT§saRsþ rYmmankarXøaMemIlCMnan;TIBIr nigvaytMél plb:HBal;edaysarhIuv¼eGds_ sMrab;karEsVgrkmtiKaMRTedayEp¥kelIPsþútag.

5>7 bBa©ÚlGefrRbCaCneTAkñúgeKalneya)ayesdækic©-sgÁmkic© enARKb;kMritTaMgGs; énEpnkarnigkmμviFI

elIkkMBs;smtßPaBbec©keTsénmRnþIkñúgsßab½nraCrdæaPi)alenARKb;kMritmYycMnYn nigenARKb; Epñk GMBIviFIsaRsþnigyuT§viFIsMrab;kareFVIEpnkar nigkm μviFIEdlbBa©ÚlrYmKñanUvbBaðaRbCaCn kar GPivDÆn_ nig eynD½r

KaMRTkarxitxMRbwgERbg edIm,ICMrujkarbBa©ÚlbBaðaRbCaCneTAkñúgkmμviFIsaFarN³. eFVIeGaysPanigGñkeFVIeKalneya)ayRCYtRCab GMBIsar³sMxan;énkarbBa©ÚlGefrRbCaCneTA

kñúgeKalneya)ayEpnkar nigkmμviFI. CMrujkarRbmUlviPaK nigpSBVpSayTinñn½ysþIBIRbCaCn nigBt’manBIRbCaCnehIypSarP¢ab;rvag

RbCaCn PaBRkIRk nigkarGPivDÆn_. CMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;sgÁmsIuvilkñúgral;rUbPaBénkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayRbCaCn.

31

6 karerobcMsßab½nsMrab;karGnuvtþn_ nigkarBinitütamdaneKalneya)ayCati sMrab;RbCaCn

eKalneya)ayRbCaCnmanplb:HBal;tamRKb;rUbPaBeTAelIesdækic© nigCIvPaBsgÁm. Esþg ecjBIGnþrTMnak;TMngrvagRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_ mtimYy)anbgðaj[eXIjfaninñakarRbCasa®sþCa GñkkMNt;karGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© CamYyKñaenHEdrmtimYyepSgeTotk¾)anbBa¢ak;fakarGPivDÆn_ esdækic©-sgÁmkic©CaGñkkMNt;ninñakarRbCasa®sþ. Cakarsarvnþ½ bBaðaRbCaCnGacedaHRsay)aneday kic©shkarKñarbs;Gnþrsßab½n. raCrdæaPi)alfñak;CatinigmUldæan RBmCamYynwgkic©shkarrbs;sgÁm sIuvil nigEpñkÉkCnTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ay[manRbsiT§PaB nigRbkbedayKuN RbeyaCn_.

6>1 karerobcMsßab½n sMrab;karGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn KN³kmμaFikarCatiedIm,IRbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_ ¬K>C>b>G¦ Edlmannaykrdæm®nþICaRbFan nig

fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;RksYg¼sßab½nCasmaCik CaGgÁPaBmanParkic©RtYtBinitükarerobcMnigkarGnuvtþn_ eKalneya)aynigyuT§saRsþnanasMrab;RbCaCn.

K>C>b>G Fanakic©shRbtibtþikarnigsMrbsMrbEdlsmRsb kñúgkarGnuvtþn_nUveKalneya)ay nig km μviFITaMgLayEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaðaRbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_. K>C>b>G RtYtBinitünigvaytMél eKalneya)aynigkm μviFITaMgLayEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgCIvPaB karGPivDÆn_ karbgáarnigkareFVI[RbesIr eLIgsuxumalPaBnigkarcUlrYmBIRbCaCn.

RksYgEpnkar nwgshkarerobcMesckþIRBagyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCnEdlCaEpnkarskm μPaB sMrab;GnuvtþeKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn. yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCnnwgrYmbBa©ÚlyuT§sa®sþCa lMGitsMrab;GnuvtþviFankarneya)ay kMNt;eKaledACak;lak; nigkMNt;sßab½nEdlnwgTTYlxusRtUvkñúg karGnuvtþn_skmμPaBsMxan;². karerobcMsßab½nsMrab;kMNt;yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCnnwgRtUv)an eRKagbegáIteLIg nigsMrbsMrYledayRksYgEpnkar. KN³kmμaFikarsMrab;tak;Etg nigkMNt;;erobcM sßab½nnwgGeBa¢IjRKb;sßab½nEdlrYmcMENkGnuvtþnigBinitütamdanTaMgGs; edIm,IeFVICasmaCikcUlrYmkñúg karBiPakSaeGay)anskm μ nigRBagyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn sMrab;karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarkMNt; yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCnkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcMyuT§saRsþ. tamry³enH Gacbgðaj[eXIjnUvPaBCa

32

GñkdwknaMfñak;Cati PaBCam©as;nigmanmUldæanTUlMTUlayeTAelIdMeNIrkarcUlrYm ehIyk¾Gackat;bnßy haniP½ynigbraC½yPaBkñúgdMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_ .

sßab½nrYmcMENkEdlnwgBak;Bn§½eTAnwgkarerobcMnigGnuvtþn_yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCnmandUcCa³ RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT RksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa RksYgbrisßan RksYgsuxaPi)al RksYgBt’man RksYgmhaépÞ RksYgyutþiFm’ RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykm μ nigsMNg; RksYgEpnkar

o viC¢asßanCatisßiti o GKÁnaykdæanEpnkar¼GgÁPaBviPaKRbCaCn

RksYgsaFarNkar nigdwkCBa¢Ún RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT RksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Ta RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn RksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ RksYgeTscrN_ GaCJaFrCatiRbyuT§nwgCMgWeGds_ KN³kmμaFikarCatisMrab;RbCaCn nigkarGPivDÆn_ saklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj-mCÄmNÐlsMrab;sikSaBIRbCaCn GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al-sgÁmsIuvil shKmn_Gñkpþl;CMnYy

33

6>2 karerobcMsßab½nsMrab;BinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn KN³km μaFikarCatiedIm,IRbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_

KN³kmμaFikarCatisMrab;RbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_nwgBinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn. RksYgEpnkarnwgpþl;r)aykarN_BIPaBeCOnelOnRbcaMqñaMdl;KN³km μaFikarCatisMrab;RbCa- Cn nigkarGPivDÆn_sMrab;eKalbMNgBinitütamdan Edlnwgpþl;lT§PaBdl;KN³km μaFikarCatisMrab; RbCaCnnigkarGPivDÆn_yl;dwgBIkarsMerccitþepSg² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚrnanakñúgkarGnuvtþn_ yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn.

RksYgEpnkar Ep¥kelImUldæanyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn GgÁPaBviPaKRbCaCnénRksYgEpnkar nwgshkar

erobcMkMNt;eKaledAedayeFVIkarRbwkSaCamYyKN³km μaFikarerobcMyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn Edl TamTar[mankarBinitütamdanBIPaBeCOnelOntameBlevla sMedAsMerc[)anTisedArbs;eKal neya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn. karkMNt;eKaledAKYrEt[manlkçN³Ktiyutþi nigGacsMerc)anCamYy nigFnFanEdlmanBIkñúgRsuk nigshKmn_pþl;CMnYy. eKaledAKYrEtmanlkçN³RsbKñaCamYybNþa GaTiPaBCati Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic©elIkTI2 yuT§sa®sþCatikat;bnßy PaBRkIRk nigr)aykarN_BIeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSrbs;km<úCa. Tinñn½ysMrab;eKaledAenHnwg TTYl)anBIviC¢asßanCatisßiti bNþaRksYgBak;Bn§½ bNþaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigbNþasßab½nRsavRCav.

viC¢asßanCatisßitiénRksYgEpnkar TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarerobcMKMerag nigdMeNIrkareFVIGegát esdækic©-sgÁmkic© GegátRbCasa®sþnigsuxPaBCMerOn nigGegátGnþrCMerOn ehIyRsbeBlCamYyKña enaHGKÁnaykdæanEpnkar¼GgÁPaBviPaKRbCaCnénRksYgEpnkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarviPaKeKalneya- )ay. tamry³kareFVIGegát RksYgEpnkarnwgBinitütamdanBIkarrIkcMerInCaTUeTAénsuxumalPaBrbs; RbCaCnCaerogral;BIr b¤bIqñaMmþg. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalEpnkar nigsßitiénRksYgEpnkarnwg pþl;karbNþúHbNþal EpñkRbCasa®sþ nigkarsikSaGMBIRbCaCn.

RksYg-sßab½nBak;Bn§½ RksYgBak;B½n§TTYlxusRtUvGnuvtþkic©karerog²xøÜn nigBinitütamdanskm μPaBGnuvtþn_ ¬EpñkcUl¦

niglT§plEdlTTYl)an ¬Epñkecj¦. RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn nwgeFVIkar[)anCitsñiT§ CamYybNþaRksYgBak;Bn§½epSgeTot edIm,IFanafabBaðaeynD½rRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;.

34

GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al¼sgÁmsIuvil GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alTaMgfñak;CatinigGnþrCati Edlmanskm μPaBepþatelIbBaðaRbCaCn nig

bBaðaepSgeTotEdlTak;TgnwgRbCaCn suT§EtCaédKUd¾sMxan;kñúgkarBinitütamdanyuT§sa®sþCatisMrab; RbCaCn. GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alKYrEtpþl;Tinñn½ynigBt’manmanRbeyaCn_ nigkarviPaKBIsßanPaBén karsikSakMritmIRkUnigvaytMél.

viTüasßanRsavRCav sßab½n]tþmsikSa nwgBak;Bn§½kñúgkarBinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_eKalneya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn¼

yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn edaykarpþl;nUvr)aykarN_viPaKtamry³karerobcMRsavRCavBIRbCaCn nigsikSavaytMélBIplb:HBal;rbs;eKalneya)ayRbCaCn nigeKalneya)ayepSgeTotEdlTak; TgnwgRbCaCn .

RbBn§½pSBVpSay RbBn§½pSBVpSayKWCasßab½nd¾sMxan;mYysMrab;BinitütamdanedayRbeyal BIkarGnuvtþn_eKal

neya)ayCatisMrab;RbCaCn¼yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn. RbBn§½pSBVpSaypþl;nUvBt’manCaRbcaMBI bBaðaRbCaCn nigPaBeCOnelOnénkarGnuvtþn_yuT§sa®sþCatisMrab;RbCaCn. RbBn§½pSBVpSayRtUv)an rMBwgTukfanwgcUlrYmy:agskmμkñúgkic©RbCMu nigsikçasalananasþIBIbBaðaRbCaCnnigbBaðaEdlTak;Tgnwg RbCaCn nige)aHBum< pSayBIeKalbMNg niglT§plrbs;RBwtþikarN_TaMgenH.

rriss