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OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLESNOZZLES
Solid stream handline nozzles◦Attach proper size tip to shutoff◦Slowly open bail to bleed off air◦Slowly open and close the nozzle using the bail
OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLESNOZZLES
Solid stream master stream nozzles◦Position device for use◦Check for proper tip size for volume to be
delivered◦Make sure device is secured using supplied
attachment device ◦Have appliance charged◦Elevate and/or rotate nozzle slowly for
maximum reach and penetration
OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLESNOZZLES
Fog stream handline nozzle◦Check to make sure nozzle is set to desired
pattern and gallonage (if adjustable)◦Slowly open bail to bleed off air◦Slowly open the nozzle using the bail◦Adjust fog pattern as desired◦Slowly close the nozzle using the bail
OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLESNOZZLES
Fog master stream nozzles◦Position device for use◦Check for desired pattern and gallonage (if
adjustable)◦Make sure device is secured using supplied
attachment device◦Have appliance charged◦Elevate an/or rotate nozzle slowly for maximum
reach and penetration◦Adjust fog pattern as desired
OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLESNOZZLES
Broken stream nozzles◦Water curtain
Position device for use Secure in place Have appliance charged Adjust so that it is spraying on exposure to be
protected◦Cellar or distributor nozzle
Position nozzle for use Have device charged Check for proper placement and reach Secure or support in place so nozzle rotation does not
displace it
OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM OPERATION OF FIRE STREAM NOZZLESNOZZLES
◦Piercing nozzle Position nozzle for penetration Drive nozzle into position with a striking tool Open nozzle slowly
BROKEN STREAM BROKEN STREAM (SPECIAL PURPOSE) NOZZLES(SPECIAL PURPOSE) NOZZLES
VS 13-16
Broken/PenetratingNozzle
Distributor
Distributor(Cellar) Nozzle
ChimneyNozzle
USING A CHIMNEY NOZZLEUSING A CHIMNEY NOZZLEVS 13-18
A booster hose andnozzle are droppeddown the entirelength of the chimneyand then pulled backout. Mist from thenozzle turns to steam and chokes the fire.
USING A PIERCING NOZZLEUSING A PIERCING NOZZLEVS 13-19
Using a sledgehammer to Drive the Pointof the Piercing Nozzle Through the Obstruction
NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTSNOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS
Definition◦The force of nature that makes the nozzle
move in the opposite direction of the water flow. The nozzle operator must counteract the thrust exerted by the nozzle to maintain control.
NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTSNOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS
Solid stream◦ Flow rate is dependant on the velocity of the stream and
size of discharge opening◦ Increase of size of discharge orifice or velocity will
increase flow◦ Nozzle tip size should not be more than one-half the
diameter of the hose◦ The greater the discharge pressure, the greater the
reach◦ Maximum horizontal reach is attained at an angle of 32
degrees◦ Vertical reach into structures is best at a 70-75 degree
angle◦ Greatest vertical reach is a 90 degree angle◦ Wind will affect stream shape and reach
NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTSNOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS
Fog stream◦Flow rate is dependent on type of nozzle
(constant, adjustable gallonage, automatic) pressure and stream pattern)
◦The wider the fog pattern, the shorter the reach◦Once maximum reach has been attained,
increases in nozzle pressure have little effect on reach and limited increase in volume
◦Low nozzle pressure reduces velocity, reach and volume
NOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTSNOZZLE PRESSURE EFFECTS
◦Factors affecting reach: Gravity Water velocity Pattern of nozzle Friction of water against air Wind
NOZZLE REACTIONNOZZLE REACTION
Nozzle reaction: Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
The greater the nozzle discharge pressure, the greater the nozzle reaction
WATER HAMMERWATER HAMMER
Definition: Sudden stopping of water flow resulting in surge of energy in opposite direction
Effects: Broken pipes, hoses, pumps and hydrants
Prevention: Open and close valves slowlyCause: Rapid/sudden closing of nozzles or
valves
PROPER APPLICATION OF FIRE PROPER APPLICATION OF FIRE STREAMSTREAM
Fire “darkens” downThermal layer is maintainedVisibility is not decreased
HANDLING OF FIRE HOSEHANDLING OF FIRE HOSE
Watch for over-pressurizationOperate handlines with minimum of two
firefightersRemain aware of fire conditionsFollow personal safety procedures
PREVENTING DAMAGEPREVENTING DAMAGE
Methods of preventing damage◦Open nozzles and other appliances slowly◦Close nozzles and other appliances slowly◦Avoid dropping nozzles and appliances◦In cold weather, leave nozzles cracked open to
prevent freezing
GROUND COVER FIRESGROUND COVER FIRES
Types of ground cover fires (classified by fuel)◦Ground fuels (duff): small twigs, leaves and
needles◦Surface fuels: living surface vegetation
including grass, brush and other low vegetation.
◦Aerial fuels: Suspended and upright fuels physically separated from the ground fuels to the extent that air can circulate freely around the fuels causing them to burn more readily.
EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER FIRESFIRES
Perimeter control◦Control line may be established
Burning edge of the fire Next to the edge of the fire At a considerable distance from the fire
◦Attack methods Direct action is taken directly against the flames Indirect used at varying distances from the fire
EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER FIRESFIRES
◦Ten Standing Orders Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety first Initiate all action based on current and expected
fire behavior Recognize current weather conditions and obtain
forecasts Ensure instructions are given and understood Obtain current information of fire status
EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER EXTINGUISHING GROUND COVER FIRESFIRES
Remain in communication with crew members, your supervisor and adjoining forces
Determine safety zones and escape routes Establish lookouts in potentially hazardous
situations Retain control at all times Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively
WAYS FOAM EXTINGUISHESWAYS FOAM EXTINGUISHES
Separation of fuel and heat source
Cooling the fuel and surrounding surfaces
Suppression of flammable vapors
TS 13–1
HYDROCARBON FUELSHYDROCARBON FUELS
Petroleum based Float on water Examples
◦ Crude oil◦ Fuel oil◦ Gasoline◦ Benzene◦ Naphtha◦ Jet fuel◦ Kerosene
TS 13–2
POLAR SOLVENT FUELSPOLAR SOLVENT FUELS
Flammable liquidsMix with waterExamples
◦Alcohols◦Esters◦Acids◦Acetone◦Lacquer thinner◦Ketones
TS 13–3
SPECIALIZED FOAM FIRESSPECIALIZED FOAM FIRESAcid spills
Pesticide fires
Confined- or enclosed-space fires
Deep-seated Class A fires
Unignited hazardous materials spills
TS 13–4
VS 13–2
FOAM TETRAHEDRONFOAM TETRAHEDRON
MechanicalAgitation
Mechanical
Agitation
Foam
Concentrate
Foam
Con
cent
rate
Water
Water
Air
Air
ELEMENTS OF FIRE FIGHTING FOAMELEMENTS OF FIRE FIGHTING FOAM
Foam concentrate
Water
Air
Mechanical agitation
TS 13–6
FOAM GENERATION METHODFOAM GENERATION METHOD
Water is mixed with foam concentrate to form a foam solution.
The foam solution passes through the hoseline to a foam maker.
The foam maker aerates the foam solution to form finished foam.
TS 13–7
VS 13–3
COMPONENTS OF FOAM COMPONENTS OF FOAM PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
FoamProportioner
WaterFoam
Solution
Finished Foam
FoamConcentrate
COMPONENTS OFCOMPONENTS OFFOAM PRODUCTIONFOAM PRODUCTION
Concentrate — Raw foam liquid in storage container
Proportioner — Device that introduces correct amount of foam concentrate into water stream
Solution — Mixture of foam concentrate and water
Foam (finished foam) — Completed product after air is mixed with solution
TS 13–8
FOAM EXPANSION TERMSFOAM EXPANSION TERMSProportioning — Mixing concentrate with water
by means of a proportioning system
Aeration — Mixing solution with air by means of the nozzle or expansion device
Foam expansion — Increase in volume of a foam solution when it is aerated
Expansion ratio — Ratio of air to solution. Example: If foam production yields 20 units of foam for every unit of foam solution, then the foam is being produced at a 20:1 expansion ratio.
TS 13–9
FACTORS THAT AFFECTFACTORS THAT AFFECTFOAM EXPANSIONFOAM EXPANSION
Type of foam concentrate used
Accurate proportioning of the foam concentrate in the solution
Quality of the foam concentrate
Method of aspiration
TS 13–10
FOAM EXPANSION RATIOSFOAM EXPANSION RATIOSVS 13–4
Low-Expansion – Up to 20:1 • To Extinguish Hydrocarbon & Polar Solvent Fuels • For Vapor Suppression on Unignited Spills
Medium-Expansion – 20:1 to 200:1 • For Fuel Liquids Not Exceeding 250°F (121°C)
High-Expansion – 200:1 to 1000:1 • For Filling Space in Basements, Mine Shafts, Subterranean Areas
Air/Solution Ratios
VS 13–5
HOW AFFF WORKSHOW AFFF WORKS• Water drained from foam blanket floats on hydrocarbon fuel spills.• This “light water” send an air-excluding film ahead of foam blanket.• AFFF can be used with fresh or salt water.• AFFF is ideal for crash rescue involving spills.
Foam
Fuel
AqueousFilm
VS 13–6
FOAM APPLICATION RATESFOAM APPLICATION RATESAFFFFFFP
Protein/FluoroproteinFoam
ATC
0.10 gpm/ft2 (4.1 L/min/m2)for Ignited Hydrocarbons
0.16 gpm/ft2 (6.5 L/min/m2)
0.24 gpm/ft2 (9.8 L/min/m2) for Ignited Polar Solvents
FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING FOAM APPLICATION RATESFOAM APPLICATION RATES
Type of foam concentrate used
Whether or not the fuel is on fire
Type of fuel (hydrocarbon/polar solvent) involved
Whether the fuel is spilled or in a tank (If the fuel is in a tank, the type of tank will have a bearing on the application rate)
Whether the foam is applied via a fixed system or portable equipment
TS 13–14
VS 13–7
FOAM PERCENT CONCENTRATIONSFOAM PERCENT CONCENTRATIONSFire fighting foam is 90 to 99% water.
Hydrocarbon Fires:
Polar Solvent Fires:
Medium- to High-Expansion Foams:
+
1%
3%2%1.5%
6%
6%3%concentra
te
concentrate
concentrate
concentrate
concentrate
concentrate
concentrate
PROPORTIONING CONCENTRATIONSPROPORTIONING CONCENTRATIONS
3% foam = 97 parts of water + 3 parts foam concentrate
The unit of measure does not matter as long as both water and concentrate are measured in the same units.
Class B foams are normally mixed in proportions of 1% to 6%.
Class A foams can be mixed across a wider range of proportions than Class B foams.
TS 13–15
FOAM PROPORTIONING METHODSFOAM PROPORTIONING METHODS
Induction
◦ Pressure energy in the water stream drafts concentrate into the fire stream.
◦ Generally used with hoselines.
Injection
◦ An external pump or head pressure forces concentrate into the fire stream.
◦ Generally used with apparatus-mounted or fixed fire protection systems.
TS 13–18a
PROPORTIONER CLASSIFICATIONSPROPORTIONER CLASSIFICATIONS
Portable
◦In-line foam eductors
◦Foam nozzle eductors
Apparatus-mounted
TS 13–19
VS 13–8
IN-LINE EDUCTOR MECHANICSIN-LINE EDUCTOR MECHANICS
Foam Concentrate Container
PickupTube
Water/FoamSolution
HoselineIn-Line EductorHoseline
Water6 Feet (2 m)
or Less
EDUCTOR DISADVANTAGESEDUCTOR DISADVANTAGESIn-line foam eductors — Venturi principle limits
how far above concentrate the eductor can be placed.
Foam nozzle eductors
◦ The concentrate must be moved when the nozzle is moved.
◦ Firefighters are restricted in their movements and speed of movement.
◦ The concentrate may have to be abandoned if a retreat is required.
TS 13–20
BASIC PROPORTIONING BASIC PROPORTIONING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Induction — Uses eductor and pressure energy in stream of water to (induct) draft foam concentrate into fire stream
Injection — Uses external pump or head pressure to (inject) force concentrate into fire stream
TS 13–21
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING A PROPORTIONERSELECTING A PROPORTIONER
Foam solution flow requirements
Available water pressure
Cost
Intended use (from apparatus, fixed, or portable system)
Agent to be used
TS 13–22
VS 13–9
FOAM NOZZLESFOAM NOZZLESFog Nozzle
(Fixed-Flow or Automatic)Solid Bore Foam
Air-Aspirating Foam
Water-Aspirating(High-Expansion) Foam Tube
FOAM DELIVERY DEVICESFOAM DELIVERY DEVICES
Handline nozzles
◦ Solid bore nozzles
◦ Fog nozzles
◦ Air-aspirating foam nozzles
Medium- and high-expansion foam generating devices
◦ Water-aspirating type nozzle
◦ Mechanical blower generator
TS 13–23
FOAM NOZZLE USESFOAM NOZZLE USES
Solid bore nozzle — Generation of maximum-reach stream for certain types of Class A applications
Fog nozzle — Generation of low-expansion, short-lasting foam for use on Class A fires or on hydrocarbon fuels with alcohol-resistant AFFF foams
Air-aspirating foam nozzle — Generation of low-expansion foam for use with protein and fluoroprotein foams and Class A foams on wildland fires
TS 13–24a
FOAM NOZZLE USES (cont.)FOAM NOZZLE USES (cont.)
Water-aspirating nozzle — Generation of medium- to moderately high-expansion foam with relatively low air volume
Mechanical blower generator — Generation of high-expansion foam with high air volume
TS 13–24b
FOAM PROPORTIONING METHODS FOAM PROPORTIONING METHODS (cont.)(cont.)
Batch-mixing
◦ Concentrate is poured into water source reservoirs.
◦ Used with apparatus water tank or portable water tanks and mostly on Class A fires.
Premixing
◦ Premeasured portions of water and concentrate are mixed in a container.
◦ Used in portable and wheeled extinguishers or vehicle-mounted tank systems.
TS 13–18b
FOAM AS AN EXTINGUISHING FOAM AS AN EXTINGUISHING AGENTAGENT
Components of foam◦Air◦Water◦Concentrate
Type of foam concentrate◦Class B
Protein Fluoro-protein Film forming fluoroprotein ATC
◦Class A Formulation of hydrocarbon surfactants
EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
Foam equipment◦Eductors
In line Bypass
◦Nozzles Low expansion Medium expansion Fog
EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
◦Compressed air foam systems (CAFS) Used for Class A foams
◦Foam application Bank-in or roll on
◦Direct foam stream on the ground before fire and roll onto fire
◦Continue application until entire surface of fuel is covered and fire is extinguished
◦Use only on a pool of liquid fuel on the open ground (spill or fire)
EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
Bank-back, bounce-off, bank-down, or deflection◦Foam stream is banked off a wall or other object and
rolls down or back onto the spill or fire◦Continue application until entire surface of fuel is
covered and fire is extinguished◦Uses primarily in dike fires and around damaged or
overturned transport vehicles
EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR FOAM APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
Rain-down or snowflake◦Foam is sprayed high in the air and floats down onto
spill or fire◦Continue application until entire surface of fuel is
covered and fire is extinguished◦Used when other two methods are not feasible◦Primary manual application technique for above ground
storage tanks
VS 13–10
ATTACKING A CLASS B ATTACKING A CLASS B FIRE WITH FOAMFIRE WITH FOAM
Roll-On
Rain-Down
Bank-Down
ROLL-ON METHOD ROLL-ON METHOD OF APPLYING FOAMOF APPLYING FOAM
Used on ignited or unignited pool of liquid fuel on open ground
Applied on ground near leading edge of spill, with foam flowing over the surface until the spill is covered and the fire is extinguished
TS 13–26
BANK-DOWN METHOD BANK-DOWN METHOD OF APPLYING FOAMOF APPLYING FOAM
Used in dike fires and fires involving spills around damaged or overturned tank vehicles when an appropriate structure is available
Directed against a structure above the fuel and allowed to run down onto the fire
TS 13–27
RAIN-DOWN METHOD RAIN-DOWN METHOD OF APPLYING FOAMOF APPLYING FOAM
Used on large area fires
Directed into the air over the fire and allowed to float down onto the involved area
TS 13–28
VS 13–11
APPLYING PROTEIN FOAMAPPLYING PROTEIN FOAM• Get close.• Apply gently.• Apply indirectly, allowing to spread over fuel.• Do not plunge into fuel.
VS 13–12
SUBSURFACE FLUOROPROTEIN SUBSURFACE FLUOROPROTEIN INJECTIONINJECTION
Fluoroprotein Foam –• Will shed hydrocarbon fuels.• Is suited for plunge application.• Can be applied from a distance, and• Can be injected at base of storage tank.
Product Line
Foam Pumper
Hydrant
FOAM USE HAZARDSFOAM USE HAZARDS
Health
◦Foams may irritate skin and eyes
◦Vapors may be harmful if ingested or inhaled
◦Foams may obstruct vision or affect footing
Equipment damage — Foams may corrode equipment that has come into contact with foam or foam components
Environmental — Foam residue may reduce oxygen while degrading
TS 13–29