Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner1 Beta-Beams Elena Wildner, CERN 1 2010-09-07

1Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

Beta-Beams

Elena Wildner,

CERN

12010-09-07

2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 2

Outline

The Beta Beam concept A Beta Beam scenario The challenges Other studies Conclusion

22

2010-09-07 3Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

Beta Beams

3

The aim is to produce (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta

decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring with long straight sections (Zuchelli, 2002).

Energy of neutrinos Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV Accelerate ions to relativistic gmax

Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: E n 2gQ Forward focusing of neutrinos: 1/g Two different parent isotopes to produce n and anti-n respectively

4

Choice of radioactive ion species Beta-active isotopes

Production rates Life time Dangerous rest products Reactivity (Noble gases are good)

Reasonable lifetime at rest If too short: decay during acceleration If too long: low neutrino production Optimum life time given by acceleration scenario In the order of a second

Low Z preferred Minimize ratio of accelerated mass/charges per neutrino

produced One ion produces one neutrino. Reduce space charge problems

NuBase

t1/2 at rest (ground state)

1 – 60 s1ms – 1s 6He and 18Ne

8Li and 8B

42010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 5

High Energy Beta beam Design Studies

2010-09-07

Eurisol design Study, EC FP6, 2005-2009 6He and 19Ne, ISOL Baseline: Frejus Gamma: 100, Low-Q ~ 3.5 MeV 18Ne production, ISOL, 20 times below requirements No beam stability studies Decay Ring RF HW not studied Low energy part of acceleration not studied

EUROnu Project, EC FP7, 2008-2012 8Li and 8B, Production Ring, Ion collection Baseline: Canfranc / Gran Sasso Gamma: 100, High-Q ~ 16 MeV 19Ne production intensified, experiments for 6He Low energy part of acceleration studied Intense beam stability studied (Collective Effects) Decay Ring HW for RF System Studied Costing

7Li6Li

7Li(d,p)8Li6Li(3He,n)8B


Some scaling, high Q or high ?g Accelerators can accelerate ions up to Z/A × the proton

energy.

L ~ <En > / Dm2 ~ gQ , Flux ~ L−2 => Flux ~ Q −2

Cross section ~ <En > ~ g Q

Merit factor (Flux * Cross-section) for an experiment at the atmospheric oscillation maximum: M= g /Q

Remember: ion lifetime ~ g , therefore we need longer straight

sections in the decay ring to give the same flux for the same number of stored ions in the accelerator.


Beta beam to different baselines

8Neutrino 2010 (Athens): Beta Beams, Elena

Wildner 88

The EURISOL scenario boundaries Based on CERN boundaries

Ion choice: 6He and 18Ne Based on existing technology and machines

Ion production through ISOL technique Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac Rapid cycling synchrotron Use of existing machines: PS and SPS

Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions SPS allows maximum of 150 (6He) or 250 (18Ne) Gamma choice optimized for physics reach

Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory

Achieve an annual neutrino rate of 2.9*1018 anti-neutrinos from 6He 1.1 1018 neutrinos from 18Ne

The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euron we will study 8Li and 8B

EURISOL scenario

top-down approach

8(*)

(*)

Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena WildnerFP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS

9

Beta Beam scenario 6He/18Ne

Neutrino

Source

Decay Ring

ISOL target

Decay ring

Br ~ 500 Tm

B = ~ 6 T C = ~ 6900 m Lss= ~ 2500 m 6He: g = 100 18Ne: g = 100

SPS

RCS

n-beam to Frejus

Linac, 100 MeV/n

60 GHz pulsed ECR

Existing!!!

450 GeV p

Ion production 6He/18Ne

PS

Super Proton Linac


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Beta Beam scenario 6He/18Ne

Neutrino

Source

Decay Ring

ISOL target

Decay ring

Br ~ 500 Tm

B = ~ 6 T C = ~ 6900 m Lss= ~ 2500 m 6He: g = 100 18Ne: g = 100

SPS

RCS

n-beam to Frejus

Linac, 100 MeV/n

60 GHz pulsed ECR

Existing!!!

450 GeV p

Ion production 6He/18Ne

PS

Super Proton Linac

18Ne Isotopes is not

possible to produce with

ISOL technology:

New Ideas are needed!!!


DR Design by A. Chance, CEARCS Design by A. Lachaize, CNRS

2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 11 European Strategy for Future

Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner

New approaches for ion production“Beam cooling with ionisation losses” – C. Rubbia, A Ferrari, Y. Kadi and V.

Vlachoudis in NIM A 568 (2006) 475–487

“Development of FFAG accelerators and their applications for intense secondary particle production”, Y. Mori, NIM A562(2006)591

Studied withinFP7 ”Euro ”n (*)

FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu

(Grant agreement no.: 212372)

(*)

Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber

7Li6Li

7Li(d,p)8Li6Li(3He,n)8B

Ring lattice, target modeling and cooling simulations: E Benedetto, M. Schaumann, J. Wehner

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Beta Beam scenario 8Li/8B

Neutrino

Source

Decay Ring

ISOL target, Collection

Decay ring

Br ~ 500 Tm

B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m Lss= ~2500 m 8Li: g = 100 8B: g = 100

SPS

RCS, 1.7 GeV

n-beam to GranSasso/Canfranc

Linac, 100 MeV

60 GHz pulsed ECR

Existing!!!

280 GeV

Ion productionPR

Ion Linac 25 MeV, 7 Li and 6 Li

8B/8Li

PS



PR: Gas Jet Targets and Cooling (GSI)

We need 10 19 cm-2 !!


Challenge: collection device

Status: The collection device is under test, results expected end summer 2010 for 8Li. Tests for 8B will follow.

Semen MitrofanovThierry DelbarMarc Loiselet


X-sections, Energies and Angles, Li and B

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8B production experiments are being planned at Legnaro (2010)

Inverse kinematic reaction proposed:

(heavy ion beam on light target): 7Li + CD2 target Ebeam=25 MeV

Due to problems with gas jet target we will start simulations with normal kinematics.

Liquid target challenges:

energy deposition, collection angles, beam cooling…

INFN-LNL: M. Cinausero, G. De Angelis, G. Prete, E Vardaci


ECR (60 GHz) Source (1)

16 16

7 T 4.6 T 3.5 T

2.1 T ECR zone

7 T 4.6 T 3.5 T

2.1 T ECR zone

Valve

Flowmeter

Deionized water inlet

Flexible pipes

Deionized water outlet

Flexible power cables

Magnetic measurement systems

Flexible power cables

The SEISM Collaboration:

Challenges:Produce stripped ions (more difficult for high A ions)Adapted pulse lengthOptimize for further acceleration: RFQ & LinacThe source is developed for He, Ne, B and LiNew stripping conditions: fully stripped-> 1+ !Efficiency of source: 50% ? Need margins ?

Status:Magnetic tests scheduled for mid 201060 GHz gyrotron for mid 2011


Recent Research: 19F(p, 2n) 18Ne T. Stora, P. Valko

The ne beam needs production of 2.0 1013 18Ne/s

Theoretically possible with 10 mA 70 MeV protons on NaF

We need measurements of the cross section

19F(p, 2n)18Ne !

Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

Options for production

2010-09-07 18

Type Accelerator Beam Ibeam

mA

Ebeam

MeV

Pbeam

kW

Target Isotope FluxS

-1

Ok?

ISOL & n-converter

SPL p 0.1 2 103 200 W/BeO 6He 5 1013

ISOL & n-converter

Saraf/GANIL d 15 40 600 C/BeO 6He 5 1013

ISOL Linac 4 p 6 160 700 19FMolten NaF loop

18Ne 1 1013

ISOL Cyclo/Linac p 10 70 700 19FMolten NaF loop

18Ne 2 1013

ISOL LinacX1 3He > 170 21 3600 MgO80 cm disk

18Ne 2 1013

P-Ring LinacX2 7Li 0.160 25 4 d 8Li ?1 1014

P-Ring LinacX2 6Li 0.160 25 4 3He 8B ?1 1014

Experimentally OK

On paper may be OK

Not OK yet

PossibleChallenging

Courtesy T. Stora, P Valko

R & D !!!Needs some optimization

8Li can be produced by similar methods as 6He in good amounts


Recent Results for Production of 6He

5 1013 6He/s 600kW, 40 MeV deuteron beam 5 1013 6He/s 200kW, 2 GeV proton beam (ISOLDE 2008)

Can be used also for production of 8Li

M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G 35, 014042 (2008);T. Hirsh et al., PoS (Nufact08)090

N. Thiolliere et al., EURISOL-DS

T. Stora et al., EURISOL-DS, TN03-25-2006-0003

Aimed:

He 2.9 1018 (2.0 1013/s)


Radioprotection

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Residual Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate at 1 m distance from the beam line (mSv h -1)

RCS (quad - 18Ne)

PS(dip - 6He)

SPS DR (arc - 18Ne)

1 hour 15 10 - 5.4

1 day 3 6 - 3.6

1 week 2 2 - 1.4

Annual Effective Dose to the Reference Population (mSv)

RCS PS SPS DR

0.67 0.64 - 5.6 (only decay losses)

Stefania Trovati, Matteo Magistris, CERN

Not a show stopper

CERN-EN-Note-2009-007 STI EURISOL-DS/TASK2/TN-02-25-2009-0048

Yacin Kadi et al. , CERN


Activation and coil damage in the PS

M. Kirk et. al GSI

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The coils could support 60 years operation with a EURISOL type beta-beam


The need for duty factors

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E. Fernandez, C. Hansen

B and Li can be relaxed a factor 2


More challenges: Duty factor and RF

....

20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds

filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23

microseconds

1014 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for atm. background reduction!!!

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Erk Jensen, CERN


Hardware challenge: RF Cavities

....

20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds

filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23

microseconds

1014 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for background suppression !!!

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Graeme Burt, STFC

Collaboration Cockroft Institute(*) started

(*) Associated Institue to EUROnu Beta Beams


Energy deposition in Decay Ring

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Cosq design open midplane magnet

Superconducting Magnet: Manageable (7 T operational) with Nb -Ti at 1.9 K

Higher fields will be studied! New magnet design needs to

be shielded!

J. Bruer, E. Todesco, E. Wildner, CERN- 5 0

0

5 0

- 5 0 0 5 0

+

+-

-

Straight section

Straight section

Arc

Arc

Momentum

collimation

Momentum collimation (only preliminary studies):Challenging!


High Intensities, research and hard work!

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2010-09-07 Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 27 27

Other Beta Beams

Most present work on beta beams is going on within EUROnu

Other laboratories have also worked on beta beams INO, India (S. Choubey) Fermilab, USA (A. Janson) IPN, France (C.Volpe) University of Valencia, Spain (J. Barnabeu) …


Low energy Beta Beams

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Christina Volpe:A proposal to establish a facility for the production ofintense and pure low energy neutrino beams.

J Phys G 30 (2004) L1.

PS

SPSstorage

ring

nBASELINE

nclose detector

PHYSICS STUDIED WITHIN THE EURISOL DS (FP6, 2005-2009)

To off axis far detector


Where are the project risks Production of ions the (anti-) neutrino emitters

Good news: He (exp) and Ne (paper) can be produced! The production ring proposal is not feasible for the time being Other methods for B production ?

CERN Complex Can we accelerate the high intensity ion beams (all isotopes)? High-Q ions need even higher intensities in the machines

Can beta beams compete with neutrino factories? Cost and Physics reach to evaluate

Important: we need a suitable detector !!! Funding We do not have the manpower needed to conclude at

the end of the EUROnu project

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303030

Beta Beam: potential


Plots from M. Mezetto


Summary

EUROnu project ongoing (use CERN infrastructures) Still 2 years funding The beta beam baseline: 6He and 18Ne (CERN Frejus) Research for higher-Q ions (Longer baseline ~ 700 km) Challenges:

High intensity, short bunches for bkg suppression Protection against high radiation Costing is now an important issue

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Acknowledgements

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High g and decay-ring size, 6HeGamma Rigidity

[Tm]Ring length T=5 Tf=0.36

Dipole Fieldrho=300 mLength=6885m

100 938 4916 3.1150 1404 6421 4.7

200 1867 7917 6.2

350 3277 12474 10.9

500 4678 17000 15.6

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Example : Neutrino oscillation physics with a higher g b-beam, arXiv:hep-ph/0312068J. Burguet-Castell, D. Casper, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas, P.Hernandez, F.SanchezExamples of c

hallenges fo

r “greenfie

ld”

Documents

Now 2010: Beta Beams, Elena Wildner1 Beta-Beams Elena Wildner, CERN 1 2010-09-07