HEP03HEP03

Advanced Neutrino BeamsAdvanced Neutrino BeamsRob EdgecockRob Edgecock

RALRAL

Candidates…….Candidates…….

• Conventional super beamConventional super beam

• Neutrino FactoryNeutrino Factory

e ,

• Beta beamBeta beam

PS

SPSISOL target & Ion source

SPL

Cyclotrons

Storage ring and fast cycling synchrotron

Decay

Ring

Decay ring

Brho = 1500 Tm

B = 5 T

Lss = 2500 m

MeV 86.1 Average

MeV 937.1 Average

189

1810

63

62

cms

cms

E

eFeNe

E

eLiHe

ee ,

OutlineOutline

• Introduction

• Proton driver

• Target and capture

• Muon frontend

• Acceleration

• Storage ring

• Conclusions

• Emphasis on problems and R&D to be done

• Discussion of options being considered

IntroductionIntroduction

• Idea for a Neutrino Factory: muon collider

• Concept of a muon collider: Tinlot (1960), Tikhonin (1968), Budker (1969), Skrinsky (1971)

Neuffer (1979)

• Many advantages over electron collider:

• But…….luminosity!

• Fast cooling technique – ionisation cooling – invented 1981:Skrinsky and Parkhomchuk

• Another problem…….neutrino radiation!

207emm

Neutrino Factory!Neutrino Factory!

Enough neutrinos to be a problem

Must be enough to do physics

Muon ColliderMuon Collider

Three stage scenario:Neutrino FactoryHiggs Factory

Muon Collider

Recently, much interest in Neutrino Factory alone.

5 different layouts:BNLCERNFNALJ-PARC

RAL

RAL LayoutRAL Layout

RAL Neutrino RAL Neutrino Factory layoutFactory layout

Proton DriverProton Driver

• Main requirements: 4 MW beam power* 1 ns bunch length50Hz

• Two types:LinacRCS

• Range of energies: 2.2 to 50 GeV

• R&D: HIPPI

* = F1 GP

Proton DriverProton Driver

30 GeV Rapid Cycling

Synchrotron in the ISR tunnel

Proton DriverProton Driver

CERN CERN SSuper-conducting uper-conducting PProton roton LLinac inac

Most advanced……J-PARCMost advanced……J-PARC

J-PARC FacilityJ-PARC Facility

Construction2001 ～ 2006 (approved)

JAERI@Tokai-mura(60km N.E. of KEK)

(0.77MW)

Super Conductingmagnet for beam line

Near detectors@280m and@~2km

1021POT(130day)≡ “1 year”

JHFJHF

~1GeV beamKamiokaJAERI

(Tokaimura)

0.77MW 50 GeV PS

( conventional beam)

Super-K: 22.5 kt

4MW 50 GeV PS

Hyper-K: 1000 kt

Phase-I (0.77MW + Super-Kamiokande)Phase-II (4MW+Hyper-K) ~ Phase-I 200

Plan to start in 2007

Kobayashi

JHF SuperbeamJHF Superbeam

Kobayashi

ProtonBeam

Target FocusingDevices

Decay Pipe

Beam Dump

,K

“Conventional” neutrino beam

TargetHornsDecay Pipe

Far Det.“Off-axis”

TargetTarget

Proposed rotating tantalum target ring

Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture

Replace target between bunches:

Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target

Stationary target:

RAL

CERN

Liquid Mercury TestsLiquid Mercury Tests

Tests with a proton beam at

BNL.

• Proton power 16kW in 100ns Spot size 3.2 x 1.6 mm

• Hg jet - 1cm diameter; 3m/s

0.0ms 0.5ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 2.0ms 3.0ms

Dispersal velocity ~10m/s, delay ~40s

Magnet TestsMagnet Tests

Tests with a 20T magnet at Grenoble.

B = 0T

1cm

Mercury jet (v=15 m/s)

B = 18T

Jet deflection Reduction in velocity Reduction in radius

Smoothing

Pion CapturePion Capture

20T 1.25T

Horn CaptureHorn Capture

Protons

Current of 300 kA

To decay channel

Hg target B1/R

B = 0

Target FacilityTarget Facility

Pion Production ExperimentsPion Production Experiments

The Hadron Production Experiment

Data taking:2001-2002

Proton energy:2-15 GeV

Targets:H2-Pb 2, 5, 100% Xo

X-section to few %

Optimise beam energy and target material for NF

Pion Production ExperimentsPion Production Experiments

Main Injector Particle Production Experiment

Data-taking:2003-200?

Proton energy:5-120 GeV

Targets:NuMI Be, C,H2, N2, Be, C,Cu, Pb

Re-use existing detectors

Phase RotationPhase Rotation

Beam after drift plusadiabatic buncher – Beam is formed intostring of ~ 200MHz bunches

Beam after ~200MHz rf rotation;Beam is formed into string of equal-energy bunches;matched to cooling rf acceptance

Transverse CoolingTransverse Cooling

• Cooling >10 increase in muon flux

• Existing techniques can’t be used ionsation cooling

RLEm

xdz

dE

Edz

d

3

2NN,

2

MeV/c6.13

• Cooling is delicate balance:

beam in

beam out

Transverse CoolingTransverse Cooling

• Cooling cells are complex

• R&D essential: MuCool, MuScat and MICE

Transverse CoolingTransverse Cooling

• Recent development: ring coolers

Main advantages:shorterlongitudinal cooling

Tetra Ring Quadrupole RingRFOFO Ring

S = solenoid, A = absorber, 36 cavities in blocks of 3

RAL Ring

• Main problem: kicker!

MuScatMuScat

• Measurement of muon multiple scattering:only relevant data – e- scattering, Russia, 1942

• Input for cooling simulations and MICE

• First (technical) run at TRIUMF summer 2000, M11 beam

• Run2: April 2003

MuCoolMuCool

• Design, prototype, test all cooling cell components

• High beam-power test of a cooling cell

• Preparations for MICE

NCRF cavities with sufficient gradient in multi-T fields

Be windows

Up to kW power deposition in absorbers

Safety considerations

Low non-absorber thickness in beam: - Absorber windows- Safety windows- RF windows

Cost effective design and construction

MuCoolMuCool

Absorber window development

200MHz cavity development

MuCool Test Area

MuCoolMuCool

Original area Stage 2 construction

What it will look like when it is finished

MICEMICEMICEMICE

T.O.F. IIIT.O.F. IIIPrecise timingPrecise timing

Electron IDElectron IDEliminate muons that decay Eliminate muons that decay

Tracking devices: Tracking devices: He filled TPC-GEM (similar to TESLA R&D)He filled TPC-GEM (similar to TESLA R&D)or sci-fior sci-fiMeasurement of momentum angles and positionMeasurement of momentum angles and position

T.O.F. I & IIT.O.F. I & IIPion /muon Pion /muon IDIDprecise precise timingtiming

201 MHz RF cavities

Liquid H2 absorbersor LiH ?

SC Solenoids;Spectrometer, focus pair, compensation coil

Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment

MICEMICEMuon AccelerationMuon Acceleration

• Needs to be fast – muon lifetime

• Needs to be a reasonable cost – not linacs all the way

• Baseline: Recirculating Linear Accelerators

• Other possibilities……FFAGs & VRCS

MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs

• Fixed Field Alternating Gradient magnets not ramped

krB ~

• Cheaper/faster RLAs/RCSs

• Large momentum acceptance

• Large transverse acceptance less cooling required!

MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs

Proof Of Principle machine built and tested in Japan.

50keV to 500keV in 1ms.

150MeV FFAG under construction at KEK.

MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs

Staging in JapanStaging in Japan

Staging

• High Power Proton Driver– Muon g-2

• Muon Factory (PRISM)– Muon LFV

• Muon Factory-II (PRISM-II)– Muon EDM

• Neutrino Factory– Based on 1 MW proton beam

• Neutrino Factory-II– Based on 4.4 MW proton beam

• Muon Collider

Physics outcomesat each stage

MICEMICEFFAGsFFAGs

R&D:

• Injection and extraction

• Magnets – 10-20 GeV ring (120m radius): 6T SC

• RF – low frequency (6.5MHz), 1MV/m

MICEMICEVRCSVRCS

• Fastest existing RCS: ISIS at 50Hz 20ms

• Proposal: accelerate in 37s 4.6kHz

• Do it 30 times a second

• 920m circumference for 4 to 20 GeV

Combined function magnets 100micron laminations of grain oriented silicon steel 18 magnets, 20T/m

Eddy currents iron: 100MW 350kW Eddy currents cu : 170kW

RF: 1.8GV @ 201MHz; 15MV/m

Muons: 12 orbits, 83% survival

MICEMICEStorage RingStorage Ring

Main requirement: Main requirement: underground lab(s) at large distancesunderground lab(s) at large distances

Longyearbyen ~ 3520km Pyhasalmi ~ 2290km Tenerife ~ 2750km

15 degrees for straight sections

MICEMICEConclusionsConclusions

• Neutrino oscillations: one of most important physics results

• Many new experiments conceived

• New beam neutrino facilities required :- Superbeams

- Neutrino Factory- Beta beams

• All require extensive R&D

• For Neutrino Factory:- proton driver- target- frontend (MuCool, MICE)- acceleration

• World Design Study (WDS1) planned