Nouns and Case Endings Making Sense of Verb Tenses Understanding Different Moods Those Pesky...
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Review of Greek Grammar Nouns and Case Endings Making Sense of Verb Tenses Understanding Different Moods Those Pesky Participles and Irritating Infinitives
Nouns and Case Endings Making Sense of Verb Tenses Understanding Different Moods Those Pesky Participles and Irritating Infinitives
Nouns and Case Endings Making Sense of Verb Tenses
Understanding Different Moods Those Pesky Participles and
Irritating Infinitives
Slide 2
Nouns and Case Endings Eight cases in the Greek grammar system:
Nominative The case of designation Typically the subject of the
sentence oJ a[nqrwpoV ginwvskei (The man knows.) Genitive (of) The
case of description (often describing a possessor) Attributes
quality to the word it modifies oJ oi\koV tou: ajnqrwvpou (the
house of the man or the mans house)
Slide 3
Nouns and Case Endings Ablative (from) Often combined with the
Genitive case Uses the same form as the Genitive case The case of
separation oJ a[vnqrwpoV pevmpei tou;V douvlouV tou: oi[kou (the
man sends the slaves from the house) Dative (to) Case of interest
Used often to express the indirect object of a verb oJ ajpovstoloV
levgei lovgouV toi:V ajnqrwvpoiV (The apostle says words to the
men.)
Slide 4
Nouns and Case Endings Locative (in) Often combined with the
Dative case Uses the same form as the Dative case The case of
location or position oJ a[nqrwpoV didavskei tw/: oi[kw/ (The man
teaches in the house.) Instrumental (with or by) Often combined
with the Dative case Uses the same form as the Dative case The case
of means oJ a[nqrwpoV didavskei lovgoiV (The man teaches with
words.)
Slide 5
Nouns and Case Endings Accusative The case of limitation It
marks the limit or end of an action Mainly used as the direct
object of a verb oJ a[nqrwpoV levgei lovgouV (The man says words.)
Vocative The case of address ajdelfev, blevpw oi\kon (Brother, I
see a house.)
Slide 6
Nouns and Case Endings There are three declensions in the Greek
language: 1 st Declension - a sound predominates 2 nd Declension -
o sound predominates 3 rd Declension consonant stems predominate A
Greek noun is identified in three ways: Case Gender (masculine,
feminine, neuter) Number (singular or plural) Ex. Nominative
masculine singular (NMS)
Slide 7
Nouns and Case Endings 1 st Declension Nouns Singular Feminine
Nouns Masculine Nouns day glory voice disciple young man Nom.
hJmevra dovxa fwnhv maqhthvV neanivaV Gen. hJmevraV dovxhV fwnh:V
maqhtou: neanivou Dat. hJmevra/ dovxh/ fwnh:/ maqhth:/ neaniva/
Acc. hJmevran dovxan fwnhvn maqhthvn neanivan Voc. hJmevra dovxa
fwnhv maqhtav neaniva
Slide 8
Nouns and Case Endings 1 st Declension Plural Feminine Nouns
Masculine Nouns days glories voices disciples young men N & V
hJmevrai dovxai fwnaiv maqhtaiv neanivai Gen. hJmerw:n doxw:n
fwnw:n maqhtw:n neaniw:n Dat. hJmevraiV dovxaiV fwnai:V maqhtai:V
neanivaiV Acc. hJmevraV dovxaV fwnavV maqhtavV neanivaV
Nouns and Case Endings 2 nd Declension Masculine SingularPlural
Nom. oJ a[nqrwpoV (on)oiJ a[nqrwpoi (a) Gen. tou: ajnqrwvpoutw:n
ajnqrwvpwn Dat. tw/: ajnqrwvpw/toi:V ajnqrwvpoiV Acc. to;n
a[nqrwpon (on) tou;V ajnqrwvpouV (a) Voc. a[nqrwpe a[nqrwpoi
*Neuter endings are in brackets (def art. to [sing.] and ta [pl.])
* Feminine nouns take the feminine definite article, but take the
same noun endings as the masculine nouns ( hJ oJdovV the way).
Slide 11
Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension Most difficult of the
declensions to master. It contains over thirty paradigms.
Characteristics of the 3 rd declension: Gen. sing. ends in -V (-oV
most frequently] Dat. sing. ends in i Nom., Voc., Acc. pl. end in
-V (-eV and -oV most frequently] Gen. pl. ends in wn Dat. pl. ends
in si(n)
Slide 12
Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension Singular Masc./Fem.
Neuter Nom. -V, nonenone Gen. -oV-oV Dat. -i-i Acc. -a or -n
none
Slide 13
Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension Plural Masc./Fem.Neuter
Nom. -eV-a Gen. -wn-wn Dat. -si-si Acc. -aV-a
Slide 14
Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension (paradigm examples) oJ
a[rcwn (stem is ajrcont- ) (Masculine) SingularPlural Nom.
a[rcwna[rconteV Gen. a[rcontoVajrcovntwn Dat. a[rcontia[rcousi(n)
Acc. a[rcontaa[rcontaV
Slide 15
Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension (paradigm examples) hJ
savrx (stem is sark- ) (Feminine) SingularPlural Nom. savrxsavrkeV
Gen. sarkovVsarkw:n Dat. sarkivsarxiv(n) Acc. savrkasavrkaV
Slide 16
Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension (paradigm examples) to;
sw:ma (stem is swmat- ) (Neuter) SingularPlural Nom. sw:maswvmata
Gen. swvmatoVswmavtwn Dat. swvmatiswvmasi(n) Acc. swvmaswvmata
Slide 17
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Identifying Verbs (Parsing) Tense
Tense is the quality of a verb that deals with action. Verbs have
time of action (past, present, future). Verbs have kind of action
(linear or punctiliar). Voice Voice is the indicator of
relationship between verb and subject Three types of voice: active,
passive, middle
Slide 18
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Identifying verbs (cont.) Mood Mood
helps to discover the relations of action to reality. Action is
either actually taking place or is potential. Person (first,
second, third) Number (singular or plural) * 1 st person singular
Aorist active indicative (1sAAI)
Slide 19
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Present Indicative The present
tense indicates progressive action at the present time. The
indicative mood relates the reality of action from the viewpoint of
the speaker. Present Active Indicative of luvw SingularPlural luvw
I loose/am loosing luovmen We loose luveiV you loose luvete you
loose luvei he, she, it looses luvousi they loose
Slide 20
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Present Middle/Passive Indicative
of luvw Notice the middle and passive forms are the same. Function
will be determined by context. SingularPlural luvomai I loose
myself I am being loosed luovmeqa We loose ourselves We are being
loosed luvh/ - you loose yourself you are being loosed luvesqe you
loose yourself you are being loosed luvetai he looses himself he is
being loosed luvontai they loose themselves they are being
loosed
Slide 21
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Indicative Formation of the
future indicative: Future active indicative: primary stem + s +
primary endings = Future lu + s + w = luvsw Future passive
indicative: primary aorist stem + s + pass. personal endings = FPI
luqh + s + omai = luqhvsomai
Slide 22
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Active Indicative
SingularPlural luvsw I will loose luvsomen we will loose luvseiV
you will loose luvsete you will loose luvsei he, she, it will loose
luvsousi they will loose
Slide 23
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Middle Indicative
SingularPlural luvsomai I will loose myself lusovmeqa we will loose
ourselves luvsh/ - you will loose yourself luvsesqe you will loose
yourselves luvsetai he will loose himself luvsontai they will loose
themselves
Slide 24
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Passive Indicative
SingularPlural luqhvsomai I will be loosed luqhsovmeqa we will be
loosed luqhvsh/ - you will be loosed luqhvsesqe you will be loosed
luqhvsetai he will be loosed luqhvsontai they will be loosed
Slide 25
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Indicative The imperfect
is continuous action in past time. It is best illustrated by a
single line (). The imperfect is signified by the syllabic augment
- e If the verb begins with a vowel, the word take the temporal
augment, where the original vowel is lengthened: e lengthens to h (
ejgeivrw h[geiron ) o lengthens to w ( ojfeivlw w[feivlon ) a
lengthens to h ( ajkouvw h[kouon )
Slide 26
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Active Indicative augment
+ present stem + secondary active endings SingularPlural e[luon I
was loosing ejluvomen we were loosing e[lueV you were loosing
ejluvete you were loosing e[lue(n) he, she, it was loosing e[luon
they were loosing
Slide 27
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Middle & Passive
Indicative augment + primary stem + secondary mid/pass. end.
SingularPlural ejluovmhn I was loosing myself / I was being loosed
ejluovmeqa we were loosing ourselves we were being loosed ejluvou
you were loosing yourself / you were being loosed ejluvesqe you
were loosing yourselves you were being loosed ejluveto he was
loosing himself / he was being loosed ejluvonto they were loosing
themselves they were being loosed
Slide 28
Making Sense of Verb Tenses The function of the imperfect
tense: Progressive past action (Descriptive) he was speaking
Attempted past action (Conative) he tried to speak Repeated past
action (Iterative) he kept on speaking Beginning past action
(Inceptive) he began to speak
Slide 29
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Aorist Active Indicative (First
& Second) This is a tense that speaks of past time. The kind of
action is punctiliar (snapshot). The aorist is written in the
simple past tense. Like the imperfect, it takes the augment (the
augment rules apply just as in the imperfect).
Slide 30
Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Active Indicative
Augment + present stem + sa + secondary endings SingularPlural
e[lusa I loosed ejluvsamen we loosed ejluvsaV you loosed ejluvsate
you loosed e[luvse he, she, it loosed e[lusan they loosed
Slide 31
Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Middle Indicative
Augment + first aorist active stem + secondary mid./pass. end
SingularPlural ejlusavmhn I loosed myself ejlusavmeqa we loosed
ourselves ejluvsw you loosed yourself ejluvsasqe you loosed
yourselves ejluvsato he loosed himself ejluvsanto they loosed
themselves
Slide 32
Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Passive Indicative
Augment + present stem + passive voice morpheme + secondary active
endings SingularPlural ejluvqhn I was loosed ejluvqhmen we were
loosed ejluvqhV you were loosed ejluvqhte you were loosed ejluvqh
he was loosed ejluvqhsan - they were loosed
Slide 33
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Indicative Second
Aorist functions the same as first aorist. The second aorist does
not take the s past tense morpheme. The stem changes in the second
aorist. This happens in the English past tense: preach becomes
preached teach becomes taught
Slide 34
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Active Indicative of
leivpw (I leave) Augment + Aorist stem + secondary endings
SingularPlural e[lipon I left ejlivpomen we left e[lipeV you left
ejlivpete you left e[lipe(n) he left e[lipon they left
Slide 35
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Middle Indicative
Augment + aorist stem + secondary middle ending SingularPlural
ejlipovmhn I left for myself ejlipovmeqa we left for ourselves
ejlivpou you left for yourself ejlivpesqe you left for yourselves
ejlivpeto he left for himself ejlivponto they left for
themselves
Slide 36
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Passive Indicative of
ajpostevllw Augment + Aorist stem + secondary active endings
SingularPlural ajpestavlhn I was sent ajpestavlhmen we were sent
ajpestavlhV you were sent ajpestavlhte you were sent ajpestavlh he
was sent (she, it) ajpestavlhsan they were sent
Slide 37
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Indicative This is the
Greek tense of completed action with a resulting state of being (
). The primary emphasis is the resulting state of being. The
perfect is easy to spot because of the reduplicated stem. Also, the
perfect tense sign is k.
Slide 38
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Active Indicative
reduplicated stem + ka + secondary active endings SingularPlural
levluka I have loosed leluvkamen we have loosed levlukaV you have
loosed leluvkate you have loosed levluke(n) he has loosed luluvkasi
they have loosed
Slide 39
Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative
reduplicated stem + primary middle/passive personal endings
SingularPlural levlumai I have loosed myself I have been loosed
leluvmeqa we have loosed ourselves we have been loosed levlusai you
have loosed yourself you have been loosed levlusqe you have loosed
yourselves you have been loosed levlutai he has loosed himself he
has been loosed levluntai they have loosed themselves they have
been loosed
Slide 40
Making Sense of Verb Tenses The Pluperfect Indicative It
represents the past tense of the perfect. Because it is past, it
takes an augment. The pluperfect is seldom used in the NT (John
9:22). Pluperfect Active Indicative SingularPlural ejleluvkein I
had loosed ejleluvkeimen we had loosed ejleluvkeiV you had loosed
ejleluvkeite you had loosed ejleluvkei he had loosed ejleluvkeisan
they had loosed
Slide 41
Understanding Different Moods Summary of the Various Moods
Indicative The child runs Subjunctive If the child should run
Expresses action not really taking place, but is objectively
possible. The child has the ability to run. Of the three potential
moods, this one is nearest to reality. Optative Oh, that the child
would run Expresses action not really taking place, but is
subjectively possible. This is the mood furthest removed from
reality.
Slide 42
Understanding Different Moods Imperative Run, child! Expresses
action that is not really taking place, but is volitionally
possible. It is two steps from real action of the indicative mood.
Indicative is the only mood which speaks of real action. The other
three moods are those of potential action.
Slide 43
Understanding Different Moods The Subjunctive Mood Forms of the
Subjunctive This mood occurs rarely in the perfect tense. Besides
the rare cases in the perfect tense, this mood occurs only in the
present and aorist tenses. Good News!! The subjunctive mood is the
most regular of all the moods. This means that the endings are the
same throughout each conjugation.
Slide 44
Understanding Different Moods Present Active Subjunctive of
luvw present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary endings
SingularPlural luvw I should loose luvwmen we should loose luvh/V
you should loose luvhte you should loose luvh/ - he, she, it should
loose luvwsi(n) they should loose
Slide 45
Understanding Different Moods Present Middle/Passive
Subjunctive of luvw present stem + lengthened connecting vowel +
primary mid/pass endings SingularPlural luvwmai I should loose
myself I should be loosed luwvmeqa we should loose ourselves we
should be loosed luvh/ - you should loose yourself you should be
loosed luvhsqe you should loose yourselves you should be loosed
luvhtai he should loose himself he should be loosed luvwntai they
should loose themselves they should be loosed
Slide 46
Understanding Different Moods Further notes on the subjunctive
The first aorist active and middle subjunctive is based on the same
endings with the added s after the primary stem ( luvsw, luvsh/V,
luvsh/, etc.) The first aorist passive subjunctive is formed by
adding the q to the present stem plus the primary endings with the
circumflex accent ( luqw:, luqh:/V, luqh/:, etc.). The second
aorist is built on the stem change of the second aorist with no s
plus the primary and middle endings. There is no augment in the
subjunctive mood.
Slide 47
Understanding Different Moods Various expressions of the
subjunctive: Hortatory Subjunctive used in first person plural
e[lqwmen eijV to;n oi\kon (1pAAS) Let us go into the house.
Prohibitive Subjunctive used in the aorist second person; forbids
the beginning of an act eijV peirasmo;n mh; eijsenevgkh/V hJma:V
(2sAAS) Lead us not into temptation. Dont ever lead us into
temptation.
Slide 48
Understanding Different Moods Deliberative Subjunctive used to
express a question whether rhetorical or real tiv ei[pw uJmi:n
(1sAAS) What shall I say to you? Emphatic Negation Subjunctive
employs double negative ouj mh; ejkquvgwsin (3pAAS) They shall be
no means escape. Final Subjunctive use of subordinate clause to
express purpose e[rcomai i{na ei[pw aujtw:/ I come in order that I
may speak to him.
Slide 49
Understanding Different Moods Probable Future Condition
Subjunctive This is used in conjunction with eja;n. Expresses
action that is not really taking place but which probably will take
place in the future. jEa;n ei[pwmen If we say.
Slide 50
Understanding Different Moods The Imperative Mood Introduction
Appears in the present and aorist tenses only There is no first
person in the imperative mood The third person in the imperative
must be translated with a permissive idea in mind let him...
Slide 51
Understanding Different Moods Forms of the Imperative Present
Active Imperative Present Middle / Passive Imperative
SingularPlural lu:e you continue loosing luvete you continue
loosing luevsqw let him continue loosing luevswsan let them
continue loosing SingularPlural luvon you loose yourself you be
loosed luvesqe you loose yourself you be loosed luevsqw let him
loose himself let him be loosed luevsqwsan let them loose
themselves let them be loosed
Slide 52
Understanding Different Moods First Aorist Active Imperative
First Aorist Middle Imperative SingularPlural lu:son you loose
luvsate you loose lusavtw let him loose lusavtwsan let them loose
SingularPlural lu:sai you loose yourself luvsasqe you loose
yourselves lusavsqw let him loose himself lusavsqwsan let them
loose themselves
Slide 53
Understanding Different Moods First Aorist Passive Imperative
Second Aorist Active Imperative SingularPlural luvqhti you be
loosed luvqhte you be loosed luqhvtw let him be loosed luqhvtwsan
let them be loosed SingularPlural livpe you loose livpete you loose
lipevtw let him loose lipevtwsan let them loose
Slide 54
Understanding Different Moods Second Aorist Middle Imperative
Second Aorist Passive Imperative SingularPlural lipou: - you leave
yourself livpesqe you leave yourself lipevsqw let him leave himself
lipevsqwsan let them leave themselves SingularPlural ajpostavlhqi
you be sent ajpostavlhte you be sent ajpostalhvtw let him be sent
ajpostalhvtwsan let them be sent
Slide 55
Understanding Different Moods Functions of the Imperative The
imperative is the mood which expresses action which is to be
realized by the exercise of the will of one person upon that of
another. Like the subjunctive, the time of action is lost in the
imperative mood. The present imperative is action which is in
progress lu:e aujtovn continue loosing him The aorist imperative is
action which is not yet started lu:son aujtovn loose him
Slide 56
Understanding Different Moods Various expressions of the
imperative mood Cohortative a positive command Prohibitive a
negative command (only in the present) mh; lu:e aujtovn stop
loosing him mh; levgete tau:ta stop saying these things Entreaty
expression of a request as opposed to a command pavter a{gie,
thvrhson aujtou;V ejn tw/: ojnovmativ sou. Holy Father, keep them
in thy name. Permissive third person imperative luevtw to;n
a[nqrwpon let him continue loosing the man lusavtw to;n a[nqrwpon
let him loose (start loosing) the man
Slide 57
Understanding Different Moods The Optative Mood Formation of
the Optative Mood There are only 67 instances of the optative mood
in the Greek NT. This is our third mood of potential. The letter
combinations of oi, ai, and ei are frequent in the optative mood.
Like the other moods of potential, the augment is not present in
the aorist.
Slide 58
Understanding Different Moods Function of the Optative Mood
This is the mood which is the furthest removed from reality. The
indicative mood declares something to be. The subjunctive mood
expresses a feasible action. The imperative mood expresses a
command and is contingent upon the volition of the one receiving
the command. Hewett stated in his grammar, ... the optative
expresses a polite request without any connotation of anticipated
realization; it has an air of perplexity or possibility; it always
has a remoteness with regard to whether or not the action might
come into being (p. 194).
Slide 59
Understanding Different Moods The optative can be translated
into English using various words that convey the idea of
remoteness: (may, can, might, should, could, would) The optative of
wishing: plhrwvsai uJma:V pavshV cara:V kai; eijrhvnhV may he fill
you with all joy and peace (Rom. 15:13) oJ qeo;V th:V eijrhvnhV
aJgiavsai uJma:V oJlotelei:V may the God of peace sanctify you
entirely (1 Thess. 5:23) mh gevnoito may it never be (Rom. 6:2, 15;
7:7) (God forbid)
Slide 60
Understanding Different Moods The potential optative Potential
of perplexity - mhvpote aujto;V ei[h oJ CristovV (PAopt.) whether
he should be the Christ. (Luke 3:15) Potential of possibility - tiv
a]n poihvsaien tw:/ jIhsou: (AAopt.) what they might do to Jesus
(Luke 6:11) The fourth class condition optative: 1 Peter 3:14 ajll
j eij kai; pavscoite (PAopt.) but if you should suffer