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Nouns

Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

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Page 1: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns

Page 2: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Abstract v. Concrete nounsConcrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not have such physical attributes:

ConcreteAbstract

bière (f)beauté (f)

bonbon (m)bonheur (m)cadeau (m)bonté (f)carte (f)

patience (f)disque (m)mœurs (fpl)église (f)

savoir (m)livre (m)

silence (m)mannequin (m)soif (f)

Page 3: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Abstract v. Concrete nounsAbstract nouns in French are usually accompanied by a definite article where in English there is none:

La patience est une qualité qui se fait rare

Je cherche le bonheur

However, when the abstract noun refers to a particular example (e.g. when modified by an adjective) we use the indefinite article:

Il a fait preuve cette fois d’une patience impressionnante

Un bonheur en vaut un autre

Page 4: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Collective nounsCollective nouns refer to collections of people or things:

comité (m)équipe (f)foule (f)gouvernement (m)main-d’œuvre (f)peuple (m)vaisselle (f)

When a collective noun is the subject of a clause the verb is usually singular e.g.Le gouvernement a (NOT ‘ont’) décidé d’interdire la publicité pour les cigarettes

Page 5: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Proper nounsProper nouns are names of people or places. With people there is usually no article:

Marie viendra demain

However, in some cases the definite article is used in informal/affectionate speech:

Tu aurais dû voir la tête qu’il faisait le Jérôme!

When referring to a family e.g. The Jones family a plural definite article is used but the name isn’t pluralised:

J’ai invité les Martin a venir manger dimanche

Page 6: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Proper nounsWhen a person’s title is used it is usually accompanied by the definite article:

Je vous présente le Professeur Bodin

When proper nouns are preceded by an adjective they require a definite article:

Le petit Jules

Regions and countries usually take the definite article:

J’ai visité la NormandieNous survolons la Belgique

Page 7: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

An/année, Jour/journée, Matin/matinée, Soir/soirée

In general, the ée form is used to describe the length of time an activity takes rather than the frequency e.g.

Je travaille chaque matin/soir/jour…

J’ai travaillé toute la matinée/soirée/journée…

However there are cases which are simply convention:

au début de la matinée… en fin de matinée…

l’an 2000Les années 70le nouvel an L’année prochaine/passéeBonne Année! par une belle matinée

Page 8: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and Gender

Nouns in French are either masculine or feminine but there are no simple rules to predicting which are which. However, there are some patterns to follow but remember there are always exceptions!!

The following slides outline a few of these patterns with some exceptions. The lists are by no means comprehensive and you should always check in the dictionary if you are unsure. The more vocabulary you use the more you will learn by heart.

Page 9: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderMany nouns whose singular written form ends in a consonant are masculine:-c: un franc, un lac, le public etc.-d: le bord, le fond, le pied etc.-g: un camping, un parking, un shampooing etc.-l: un détail, le travail, le soleil etc.-r: le fer, l’hiver, un couloir etc.-t: le chocolat, le climat, un jouet, un poulet, le ciment etc.

Some exceptions:

une maison, une cuiller, la mer, une tour, une fois, une dent, une nuit, une croix

Page 10: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns ending in -on are usually masculine:

un poissonun sillon

Some exceptions:

une maison, une chanson

Nouns ending in -aison, -(s)sion, -tion or -xion are usually feminine:

une comparaison, une liaison, une raison, une saisonune décision, la tension, une vision, une émissionl’information, une illustrationune connexion

Some exceptions:un bastion

Page 11: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns ending in -eur are usually masculine:

un ordinateur, le bonheur

Some frequently used exceptions:

la chaleurune couleurune erreurune fleurla largeur (+ la longueur, la profondeur)la peur

Page 12: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderMany nouns whose singular written form ends in -ai or -oi are masculine:

un délai un emploiun essai un roiSome exceptions:

la foi, une loi, une paroi

Many nouns whose singular written form ends in -é are masculine:

le caféun fosséle marchéle thé

Some exceptions:

une clé

Page 13: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderMany nouns whose singular written form ends in -eau are masculine:

un couteauun marteaule niveaule réseauun tableau

Some exceptions:

l’eau, la peau

Page 14: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderMany nouns whose singular written form ends in -i are masculine:

l’abriun criun pariun pliun raccourci

Many nouns whose singular written form ends in -ou are masculine:

un bijouun caillouun clouun genoule hibou

Page 15: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderMany nouns whose singular written form ends in -e are feminine:

l’audaceune fontaine

la façadeune ambulance

une saladeune flèche

une baieune thèse

la haieune grève

une douzaineune bougie

Some exceptions:

See following slides for the many exceptions…

Page 16: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderSome common exceptions:

un grade un incendiele mercure

un stade un cimetièrele murmure

un groupe un magazineun gramme

le monde un pare-briseun mètre

le capitaine un intervalleun litre

le domaine le rebelleun parapluie

le silence un chêneun parachute

un musée un gorillele parapente

un lycée un portefeuilleun trophée un squeletteun génie un renne

Page 17: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns ending in -isme are masculine:

le romantisme le tourismeun fantasme un idiotismeNouns ending in -ède, -ège or -ème are usually masculine:

un intermède un poèmeun cortège le thèmeun piège le systèmeun stratègeSome exceptions:

la crème

Page 18: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderMany nouns ending in -age are masculine:

le courageun garageun messageun stageun voyage

Some exceptions:

une cage, une image, une page, une plage, la rage

Page 19: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderSome nouns can refer to either males or females simply by changing the determiner:

un/une adulteun/une enfantun/une artisteun/une fonctionnaireun/une bibliothécaire un/une interprèteun/une camarade un/une journalisteun/une chimiste un/une libraireun/une collègue un/une locataireun/une compatriote un/une maladeun/une conviveun/une partenaireun/une dentisteun/une secrétaireun/une élèveun/une touriste

Page 20: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and Gender

Some nouns change form depending on if they refer to males/females.

Nouns ending in -i, -é, -u, -l take an extra -e but the pronunciation stays the same:

un ami - une amieun employé - une employéeun rival - une rivale

Page 21: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns ending in -d, -t, -ois, -ais, -er, -ier take an extra -e and the previous consonant is now pronounced:

un marchand - une marchandeun candidat - une candidateun avocat - une avocateun bourgeois - une bourgeoiseun boulanger - une boulangèreun berger - une bergèreun fermier - une fermièreun caissier - une caissièreun romancier - une romancière

Page 22: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns ending in -ien, -on, -an, in or -ain take an extra -(n)e and the final vowel is pronounced as an oral vowel rather than a nasal vowel:

un chien - une chienneun lion - une lionneun paysan - une paysanneun gitan - une gitaneun voisin - une voisineun Africain - une Africaine

Page 23: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderSome nouns add -esse:

un âne - une ânesseun comte - une comtesseun drôle - une drôlesseun hôte - une hôtesseun maître - une maîtresseun ogre - une ogresseun pauvre - une pauvresseun prêtre - une prêtresseun prince - une princesseun tigre - une tigresse

Page 24: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns ending in -eur which are not derived from a French verb change -eur to -rice:

un ambassadeur - une ambassadriceun directeur - un directriceune empereur - une impératrice

Those ending in -eur which are derived from a French verb change -eur to -euse:

un chanteur - une chanteuseun menteur - une menteuseun voleur - une voleuse

Page 25: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderSome nouns have different meanings when they are masculine and when they are feminine. Look these up:

un aide/une aide un moule/une mouleun chèvre/une chèvre un pendule/une penduleun crème/une crème le physique/la physiquele crêpe/la crêpe un poêle/une poêleun critique/une critique un poste/la posteun espace/une espace un somme/une sommeun livre/une livre un tour/une tourun mémoire/la mémoire un vase/la vaseun merci/la merci un voile/une voileun mode/une mode

Page 26: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and Gender

Some nouns are pronounced the same way but are spelt differently and have different meanings and genders. Look them up and practise the pronunciation:

un faîte/une fêteun rai/une raie

le foie/la foile sel/une selle

le maire/la mer/la mère le sol/une soleun pet/la paie/la paix

un tic/une tiquele poids/la poix/un pois le vice/une vis

Page 27: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderCountries are generally masculine unless they end in -e:

le Canada la Chinele Danemark la Finlandele Japon la Libyele Koweït la Norvègele Liban la Mauritaniele Maroc la RoumanieLe Nigéria la Suissele Portugal la Syrie

Exceptions:le Cambodge, le Mexique, le Mozambique, le Zaïre, le Zimbabwe

Page 28: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderTowns are generally masculine except for some which end in -e.

Islands are usually feminine:

la Sardaignela Crètela Nouvelle-Zélande

Exception: le Groënland

Rivers are generally masculine unless they end in -e:

le Rhin la Sâone

le Tarn la Seine

le Cher la Tamise

Exception: le Rhône

Page 29: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderDépartements are usually masculine unless they end in -e:

le Calvados la Haute-Garonne

le Gers la Marne

le Jura la Vendée

Exception: le Finistère

States and regions are generally masculine unless they end in -e:

le Berryla Normandie

le Limousin la Bretagnele Périgord

la Champagnele Massachussetts la Louisianele Nevada

la Californiele Texas

la Floride

Exceptions: British counties are mostly masculine:le Kent, le Perthshire, le Yorkshire

Page 30: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and Gender

Makes of vehicles follow the gender of the general name for the vehicle:

• Voiture is feminine so makes of car are feminine• Camion is masculine so makes of lorry are masculine• Avion is masculine so makes of plane are masculine…

Page 31: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Nouns and GenderNouns which are only masculine or only feminine but can refer to both men and women:

un architecte une personneun auteur une recrueun chefune sentinelleun compositeur une star/vedetteun ingénieur une victimeun jugeun médecinun peintreun professeurun témoin

Page 32: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Gender of Compound nouns

Adjective + noun compounds normally take their gender from the noun:

un arc-boutantune basse-courun bas-côtéune belle-filleun cerf-volantun coffre-fortun grand-parentun rond-pointException: un rouge-gorge

Page 33: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Gender of Compound nounsNoun + noun compounds take their gender from the more important noun:

un bateau-mouche une auto-écoleun bateau-citerne une idée-forceun chou-fleurune pause-caféun homme-grenouille une porte-fenêtreun hôtel-Dieuune voiture-restaurantun mot-cléun oiseau-mouchedu papier-toiletteun wagon-lit

Page 34: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Gender of Compound nounsAdverb + noun compounds usually take their gender from the noun:

l’arrière-plan (m) une arrière-penséeun demi-tarifune contre-offensiveun hors-bordune demi-bouteilleun haut-parleur une mini-jupeun sans-travail

Exceptions:

l’après-guerre (m), un en-tête, le sans-gêne

Page 35: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Gender of Compound nounsNoun + prepositional phrase compounds usually take their gender from the first noun:

un aide-de-camp une langue-de-chatun arc-en-cielune pomme de terreun chef d’œuvre la main d’œuvre un coup d’œilun coup de piedun mont-de-piétéun pot-de-vin

Exceptions:

un tête-à-queue, un tête-à-tête

Page 36: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Gender of Compound nounsVerb + noun compounds are usually masculine:

un abat-jour un ouvre-boîtesun appui-tête un pare-briseun casse-noisettes un pare-chocsun coupe-papier un porte-bagagesun couvre-lit un soutien-gorgeun cure-dents un taille-crayonsun essuie-mains un tire-bouchonsun gratte-ciel un trompe-l’œil

Verb + noun compounds are masculine:

le manque-à-gagner le qu’en dira-t-onle on-dit un faire-partle ouï-dire un laisser-passerun m’as-tu-vu le savoir-faire

Page 37: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural nounsRegular plural nouns add an -s to the singular (not pronounced in speech):

un drap - des draps une voiture - des voituresun chat - des chats une remarque - des remarquesun enfant - des enfants une maison - des maisonsun chandail - des chandailsun éventail - des éventailsPlurals of nouns ending in -s, -x, -z:

un pois - des poisune croix - des croixun bras - des bras un prix - des prixun as - des as un nez - des nezun corps - des corps

Page 38: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural nounsPlurals of nouns ending in -eu, -au, -eau add an -x:

un cheveu - des cheveux un manteau - des manteauxun tuyau - des tuyaux l’eau - des eaux

Plurals of nouns ending in -ou add -s:

un fou - des fous un trou - des trous

Exceptions:

un bleu - des bleus un landau - des landausun pneu - des pneus

Exceptions:

un bijou - des bijoux un hibou - des hibouxun caillou - des cailloux un joujou - des joujouxun chou - des choux un pou - des pouxun genou - des genoux

Page 39: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural nounsMost nouns ending in -al form their plural with -aux:

un bocal - des bocaux un journal - des journauxun cheval - des chevaux un mal - des mauxun idéal - des idéaux un terminal - des terminaux

Irregular plurals of nouns ending in -ail:

un bail - des baux un soupirail - des soupirauxun corail - des coraux le travail - les travauxun émail - des émaux un vitrail - des vitraux

Exceptions which form their plural with -s:

un bal - des bals un festival - des festivalsun carnaval - des carnavals un récital - des récitalsun cérémonial - des cérémonials un régal - des régals

Page 40: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural nounsExamples of nouns which exist only in plural form:

MasculineFeminineaux alentours des annalesdes arrérages des archivesdes bestiaux des arrhesdes environs des condoléancesdes honoraires des fiançailles

des fringues (colloquial)

des funérailles

des obsèques

des intempéries

des mœurs

Examples of nouns with irregular plurals:un os - des os un œuf - des oeufsun œil - des yeux un bœuf - des bœufs un ciel - des cieux

Page 41: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural compound nouns

For adjective + noun compounds both elements become plural:

un bas-côté - des bas côtés un coffre-fort - des coffres-fortsune belle-fille - des belles-filles

Exceptions:

une auto-école - des auto-écolesun bain-marie - des bains-marieun hôtel-Dieu - des hôtels-Dieu

For noun + noun compounds both nouns become plural:

un bateau-mouche - des bateaux-mouchesun chou-fleur - des choux-fleursune pause-café - des pauses-cafés

Page 42: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural compound nounsFor adverb + noun compounds the noun alone become plural:

une arrière-pensée - des arrière-penséesune contre-offre - des contre-offresun demi-tarif - des demi-tarifsun haut-parleur - des haut-parleursun non-lieu - des non-lieux

Exception:

un sans travail - des sans-travail

For noun + prepositional phrase compounds only the first noun becomes plural:

un aide-de-camp - des aides-de-camp un pot-de-vin - des pots-de-vinun chef d’œuvre - des chefs d’œuvre

Exceptions:

un pot-au-feu - des pot-au-feu un tête-à-tête - des tête-à-têteun tête-à-queue - des tête-à-queue

Page 43: Nouns. Abstract v. Concrete nouns Concrete nouns refer to entities with physical attributes which can be seen, heard, touched etc. Abstract nouns do not

Plural compound nounsFor verb + noun compounds there are three possibilities:

1) The form remains invariable:des abat-jour des essuie-mainsdes gratte-cieldes ouvre-boîtes des porte-monnaie

2) The second word becomes plural:des tire-bouchons des couvre-lits

3) The first word becomes plural:des appuis-tête des soutiens-gorgeVerbal phrase compounds don’t generally have a different plural form