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Projects and strategies for recruitment, iden3fica3on and worldwide
development of talent
Roel Vaeyens
Seminario internazionale PROGETTO TALENTO:
RICERCA, INDIVIDUAZIONE E SVILUPPO
SEARCHING FOR TALENT: AN IMPOSSIBLE TASK?
raw material
????
end product
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
ELITE ATHLETE: A DREAM!?
IMPORTANCE TALENT IDENTIFICATION • Spor3ve success progression from youth to adult elite
level
• Evolu3ons in society search for talent / ‘excellence’ e.g., Idol tv formats
performance-‐driven evalua3on sport = business
• New world power / Economic crisis / Small countries decreasing compe33veness with financially stronger countries
smaller talent pool
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
WHAT IS TALENT? • Defini3on: no consensus
• Gagné (1999): Talent = superior mastery of systema3cally developed abili3es (competencies) in any field of human ac3vity to a level that the individual belongs to the top 10% of peers ac3ve in that field
• Nature-‐nurture debate: combina3on of genes and environment
• Complex item ‘poten3al’ to become expert
• Different stages (Russel, 1989; Williams & Reilly, 2000)
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
STADIA
Talent SELECTION:
on-‐going process of selec3ng most appropriate (group of) individual(s)
Talent DEVELOPMENT:
suitable learning environment to realise poten3eal
Talent IDENTIFICATON:
poten3al elite athletes within soccer popula3on
Talent DETECTION:
poten3al elite athletes who are currently not involved in soccer
ST vs. LT best individuals vs. best team
Adapted from Williams & Reilly (2000) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
DETERMINANTS & INFLUENCES • Differen3ated Model of Gigedness and Talent (Gagné):
Gagné (2005) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
DETERMINANTS & INFLUENCES • Differen3ated Model of Gigedness and Talent (Gagné): natural abili3es via developmental process
systema3cally developed skills
• Clear dis3nc3on between ‘gigedeness’ = cons3tuing elements talent = end product of development
• Trio of catalysts intrapersonal environment
chance
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
PROBLEMS IN TID & TDE
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
TALENT = COMPLEX • Performance ~ great number of factors
Exper3se = sum of various components
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
POTENTIAL PREDICTORS OF TALENT
Anthropometric predictors Length, weight, body dimensions, circumferences, muscle, somatotype, growth, body fat%
Physical performance predictors
aerobic capacity, anaerobic endurance, anaerobic power
Support of parents, socio-‐economical background, educa3on, coach-‐child interac3on, hours prac3ce, cultural background
Sociological predictors
perceptual-‐cogni3ve skills: aken3on, an3cipa3on, decision-‐making
Personality: selfconfidence, mo3va3on, controle of fear
Psychological predictors
Poten3al predictors of
talent
Adapted from Williams & Franks (1998) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
TALENT = COMPLEX • Performance ~ great number of factors
Exper3se = sum of various components
Exper3se can be achieved through individual or unique ways through different combina3ons of skills cf. compensa3on phenomenon (Bartmus et al., 1987) >< e.g., TIPS e.g., discipline, type, playing posi3on
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
≠ TYPES, DISCIPLINES?
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
TALENT = COMPLEX • Performance ~ great number of factors
Exper3se = sum of various components
Exper3se can be achieved through individual or unique ways through different combina3ons of skills cf. compensa3on phenomenon (Bartmus et al., 1987) >< e.g., TIPS e.g., discipline, type, playing posi3on
• Abscence of objec3ve performance characteris3cs e.g., 3me or distance
• More difficult to evaluate individual performance in team sports
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
HOW EVALUATE/IDENTIFY PLAYER? • Evalua3on (iden3fica3on) based on observa3on during
game (scou3ng) • Game is ideal environment to evaluate player
BUT… numerous influences team mates opponents system of play, tac3cs, playing forma3on
‘game-‐to-‐game variability’ prac3ce history …
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
MATURITY ~ PERFORMANCE • Large inter-‐individual differences in growth, development
and training cause unstable, non-‐linear development of performance-‐related capaci3es (e.g., Malina et al., 2004)
GHENT YOUTH SOCCER PROJECT (Vaeyens et al., 2006) maturity ~ speed, strength, endurance and technique unique development and evolu3on of skills in func3on of 3ming
and tempo of growth spurt
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
INTER-‐INDIVIDUAL ≠ IN GROWTH
Age
Cm/year
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
ANTHROPOMETRY
height
weight APHV = 13.8 years
Philippaerts et al. (2006) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
(An)aerobic endurance
Strength & Speed
Flexibility
DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO GROWTH
Philippaerts et al. (2006) Chronological age (years)
Increase in length (cm/year)
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
MATURITY ~ PERFORMANCE • Large inter-‐individual differences in growth, development
and training cause unstable, non-‐linear development of performance-‐related capaci3es (e.g., Malina et al., 2004)
GHENT YOUTH SOCCER PROJECT (Vaeyens et al., 2006) maturity ~ speed, strength, endurance and technique unique development and evolu3on of skills in func3on of 3ming
and tempo of growth spurt early vs. late mature players
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
CA = 12.0 yrs SA = 9.0 yrs
Ht = 143.1 cm
CA = 12.6 yrs SA = 13.5 yrs
Ht = 165 cm
EARLY vs. LATE MATURE
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
EARLY vs. LATE MATURE
62% skeletal age > chronological age Philippaerts et al. (2004)
Skeletal age (years)
Chronological age (years)
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
?
NATIONAL LEVEL
Philippaerts et al. (2004)
Skeletal age (years)
Chronological age (years) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
?
PROVINCIAL LEVEL
Philippaerts et al. (2004)
Skeletal age (years)
Chronological age (years)
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
?
REGIONAL LEVEL
Philippaerts et al. (2004)
Skeletal age (years)
Chronological age (years) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
MATURITY ~ PERFORMANCE • Large inter-‐individual differences in growth, development
and training cause unstable, non-‐linear development of performance-‐related capaci3es (e.g., Malina et al., 2004)
GHENT YOUTH SOCCER PROJECT (Vaeyens et al., 2006) maturity ~ speed, strength, endurance and technique unique development and evolu3on of skills in func3on of 3ming
and tempo of growth spurt early vs. late mature players
rela3ve age effect
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Vaeyens et al. (2005)
RELATIVE AGE EFFECT
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Vaeyens et al. (2005)
RELATIVE AGE EFFECT
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Vaeyens et al. (2005)
RELATIVE AGE EFFECT
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Mujika et al. (2009)
RELATIVE AGE EFFECT
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
TALENT IS DYNAMIC ISSUE • Talent ID = predic3on on LONG TERM BUT… mainly based on CURRENT performances
assump3ons youth sport = adult sport ???
retainment of characteris3cs through puberty (e.g., growth, training)??? cf. eternal promising players
physical advantage disappears
shigs in task demands e.g., rule changes (judo, gymnas3cs) or game characteris3cs (increased game demands)
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
RECOMMENDATIONS • TID test bakery: useful complementary advice
• Inclusion of other parameters e.g., technical & tac3cal skills
• Development of game-‐based approach
• Individualized approach taking into account (biological) maturity & training history profile
• Repe33ve profiling of young athletes is essen3al Iden3fica3on vs reference values Iden3fica3on strengths & weaknesses Monitoring progression & development
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
REPETITIVE PROFILING
Vaeyens et al. (2008)
It’s not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent or skilled, but the one most responsive to the environment”
(Charles Darwin, 1859) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
SUCCESS RATE OF TID PROGRAMMES • Few scien3fic studies have examined the efficiency &
efficacy of TID programmes Schumacher et aI. (2001): ca. 30% successful
Menaspa et al. (2010): physiological variables do not predict professional career of young cyclists
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Low to moderate success ra3os in German and Russian TID & TDE programmes (e.g., Riecken et al., 1993; Güllich et al. 2005, 2008) Majority of early recruited and supported children never become successful senior athletes
Many interna3onal successful senior athletes have not been supported in ins3tu3onal TDE programmes at young age
SUCCESS RATE OF TID PROGRAMMES
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
Athens 2004 Olympic Organising Comikee
STARTING AGE OF OLYMPIC ATHLETES
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Time
Number of essen3al components Open vs closed skills
PREDICTION ACCURACY
Vaeyens et al. (2008) Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
NEED FOR LONGITUDINAL APPROACH • Vandorpe et al. (2010): two-‐year follow-‐up of 7-‐year-‐old
female gymnasts 35 selected: elite
27 not selected: sub-‐elite
• MQKTK (Kiphard & Shilling, 1974)
• Elite (135) > Sub-‐elite (127) > Control (98)
• Retrospec3ve regression analysis: 29% of total variance of compe33on result is explained by MQ score of -‐2 years
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• TID research group Dept Movement & Sports Sciences Makhieu Lenoir
Renaat Philippaerts Dieter Deprez Job Fransen S3jn Makhys Johan Pion Joric Vandendriessche Barbara Vandorpe
Roel Vaeyens CONI Rome 2011