Notes - Springer978-1-935704-00-3/1.pdf · CHAPTER 2 NOTES | 211 Broadcast Meteorology” in , Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919–1995 (Boston: Ameri- can Meteorological Society,

209

CHAPTER 1

1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Radio and Television Dis-semination Issue Study (May 1981).

2. Sharon O’Malley, “Weather Watch,” RTNDA Communicator 53, no. 12 (1999), 32. 3. P. J. Bednarski, “The Weather’s Frightful,” Broadcasting & Cable 133, no. 49 (8

December 2003), 33.4. CNN, “Barbara Walters opens up to Larry King” (13 May 2008), http://www.

cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/books/05/12/lkl.barbara.walters/index.html, accessed 6 July 2009.

5. “Weathercasters Shine News in Survey,” Television/Radio Age (16 September 1985), 48.

6. Jerry Adler, “A Case of Morning Sickness,” Newsweek (13 March 1989), 61.7. “Fair and Wet,” TV Guide (4 February 1956), 12.8. Glenn Garelik, “The Weather Peddlers,” Discover (April 1985), 24.9. Sean Potter, e-mail to author, 26 July 2009.10. Patrick Hughes, American Weather Stories (Washington: U.S. Department of

Commerce, 1976), 26.11. Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620–1660 (Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1961), 227.12. Lucy Brown, Victorian News and Newspapers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985),

253–54.

Notes

210 | CHAPTER 1 NOTES

13. Edwin Emery and Michael Emery, The Press and America, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice–Hall, 1978), 119.

14. Emery and Emery, The Press and America, 222.15. George H. Douglas, The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting (Jefferson, N.C.: Mc-

Farland, 1987), 98.16. Thomas C. Mulvoy Jr., “City Weekly,” Boston Globe (6 April 2003), 2.17. James C. Fidler, “Popularizing the Weather Broadcast,” Bulletin of the American

Meteorological Society 19, no. 9 (1938), 312–13.18. Joseph Carey, “Those Weatherstars Stay Cool and Breezy,” New York Daily News

(12 July 1981), 5.19. Cobbett Steinberg, TV Facts (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985), 85.20. Steinberg, TV Facts, 401.21. Mitchell Charney, News by Radio (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 253–54.22. Don Fitzgerald, “Louis Allen: Forecasting’s Vicissitudes,” Washington Star (9

March 1976), A1. 23. Martin Weil, “Louis Allen, WTOP Weather Newsman,” Washington Post (10

May 1976), B6.24. John Clinton Youle, phone interview with author, 3 January 1989.25. John Clinton Youle, interview by Cliff Utley, 30 December 1949, “Camel News

Caravan,” U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.26. Eugene Dodson, “The Professional Broadcast Meteorologist as Seen by Manage-

ment,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 49, no. 4 (1968), 366–67.27. Steinberg, TV Facts, 85.28. Steinberg, TV Facts, 401.29. “Tricky Weather,” Newsweek (22 April 1957), 72.30. Gilbert Seldes, “Weather Reports (Review),” TV Guide (3 March 1963), 5.31. Sean Potter, “He’s Not a Weatherman . . . But He Plays One on TV,” Weatherwise

61, no. 1 (2008), 26–31.32. K. H. Jehn, “Recognition of Competence in Weathercasting: The AMS Seal of

Approval Program,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 45, no. 2 (1959), 85.

33. Francis Davis, “Weather Is No Laughing Matter,” TV Guide (23 July 1955), 10.34. “Tricky Weather,” 72.35. K. H. Jehn, “Radio and Television Weathercasting—The Seal of Approval Pro-

gram after Five Years,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 45, no. 8 (1964), 491–92.

36. “An Improvement in TV Weather Forecasts,” TV Guide (18 July 1959), inside front cover.

37. Francis K. Davis, “Weather and the Media,” paper presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the AMS (20 January 1976), Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 57, no. 11 (1976), 1332.

38. “They’ve Made TV Weather a Laughing Matter,” Philadelphia Inquirer (14 Sep-tember 1975), K1.

39. Dave Murray, phone interview with author, 12 February 1989.40. Roy Leep, “The American Meteorological Society and the Development of

CHAPTER 2 NOTES | 211

Broadcast Meteorology,” in Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919–1995 (Boston: Ameri-can Meteorological Society, 1996), 495.

41. Frank Batten with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, The Weather Channel: The Improbable Rise of a Media Phenomenon (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002), 92.

42. Andrew Hampp, “Weather Has Big Media Players Chatting Up a Storm,” Ad-vertising Age 79, no. 1 (2008), 4.S.

43. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, “The State of the News Media 2009,” Local TV, Audience, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narra-tive_localtv_audience.php?media=8&cat=1#1 (accessed 3 May 2009).

44. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, “Median Age of Evening News Viewers,” http://www.journalism.org/node/1312 (accessed 31 May 2009).

45. Bob Ryan, “Bob Ryan’s Global Warming Discussion,” NBC Washington (9 March 2009), http://www.nbcwashington.com/weather/stories/Bob-Ryans-Global-Warming-Discussion.html, accessed 22 May 2009.

46. Michael Scott, “Cleveland-area TV meteorologists disagree with prevailing attitude about climate change,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, 3 December 2008 (http://www.cleveland.com/plaindealer/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/1228296644266240.xml&coll=2), accessed 20 September 2009.

47. Lance Morrow, “The Wonderful Art of Weathercasting,” Time (17 March 1980), 61.

CHAPTER 2

1. Chris Paterson, “News, Local and Regional,” in Encyclopedia of Television, ed. Horace Newcomb (Routledge, 1997), 1161.

2. Television Bureau of Advertising, Media Trends Track, “TV Basics: Number of Commercial Stations,” http://www.tvb.org/rcentral/mediatrendstrack/tvbasics/28_CommercialTVStations.asp (accessed 8 February 2010).

3. “History of WRAL Digital,” 22 November 2006, http://www.wral.com/wral-tv/story/1069461 (accessed 31 May 2009).

4. Neil Hickey, “TV on Steroids,” Columbia Journalism Review 42, no. 6 (2004), 44.

5. “John Coleman,” KUSI, http://www.kusi.com/about/bios/weather/1838191.html (accessed 16 May 2009).

6. Mark Johnson, “Broadcast Meteorology—Television Weather Survey Results of 2008,” 36th AMS Conference on Broadcast Meteorology (29 June 2008) http://ams.confex.com/ams/36Broadcast/techprogram/paper_140417.htm (accessed 28 April 2009).

7. Sharon O’Malley, “Weather Watch,” RTNDA Communicator 53, no. 12 (1999), 32.8. Bob Papper, “Winning Weather,” RTNDA Communicator 56, no. 11 (2002), 20.9. Michael Malone, “Beyond the Sea,” Broadcasting & Cable 137, no. 17 (2007), 13.10. Kim Standish, “More News in the Morning,” RTNDA Communicator 47, no. 6

(June 1993), 28–30.


11. Pew Research Center, Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism, “The State of the News Media 2009,” Local TV, Audience, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_localtv_audience.php?media=8&cat=1#1 (accessed 31 May 2009).

12. Kris Wilson, “Television Weathercasters as Potentially Prominent Science Com-municators,” Public Understanding of Science 17, no. 1 (2008), 77.

13. Jeffrey A. Lazalier, “A Report on the Results of a Television Weather Survey,” National Weather Digest 3, no. 3 (1982), 5–10.

14. William Gildea, “Weathermen: Putting a Freeze on Humor,” Washington Post, 31 January 1977.

15. Richard F. Shepard, “TV Notes: Role of Weathercasters,” New York Times, 1 March 1984.

16. “Eliminating the Weatherman,” TV Guide (9 April 1977), A4.17. Dave Murray, phone interview with author, 12 February 1989.18. Broadcast Resume Videos, Lyndon State College Meteorology, http://meteorology.

lyndonstate.edu/main/index.php/resume-videos (accessed 16 May 2009).19. William R. Davie, Phillip J. Auter, and Lucian F. Dinu, “Identifying the Goals of

Weather Instruction: Toward a Model Approach for Broadcast Meteorology,” Journal-ism & Mass Communication Educator 61, no. 2 (2006), 162.

20. Scott Leith, “They’re Hot: Mississippi State Graduates Take the TV Weather Industry by Storm,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 20 August 2006.

21. Doug Gillham, e-mail to author, 12 October 2009.22. Doug Gillham, e-mail to author, 14 May 2009.23. C. L. Hosler, “Weather Forecasting at Penn State,” in A Few Recollections of a

Life in the 20th Century (2006), unpublished manuscript, Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University.

24. “Weather World History,” Pennsylvania State University, http://www.ems.psu.edu/WeatherWorld/welcome/wwhistory.html (accessed 7 June 2009).

25. Broadcast Meteorology Program, “History of Program,” Mississippi State Uni-versity, http://www.distance.msstate.edu/geosciences/BMP/about.html (accessed 7 February 2010).

26. K. H. Jehn, “Recognition of Competence in Weathercasting: The AMS Seal of Approval Program,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 45, no. 2 (1959), 85.

27. K. H. Jehn, “Radio and Television Weathercasting—The Seal of Approval Pro-gram after Five Years,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 45, no. 8 (1964), 489.

28. “Seal of Approval Program,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 63, no. 8 (1982), 914.

29. Ibid.30. “The Radio and Television Seal of Approval Program of the Society: Policies and

Procedures,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 64, no. 1 (1983), 11.31. Kerry D. Teverbaugh and John G. Bernier, “Purposes of the National Weather

Association Committee on Television and Radio Weathercasting,” National Weather Digest 7, no. 1 (1982), 5–6.

32. R. C. Showalter, “Dear Editor,” NWA Newsletter (August 1992), 1.


33. Eugene Dodson, “The Professional Broadcast Meteorologist As Seen by Man-agement,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 49, no. 4 (1968), 366.

34. “Paul Dellegatto,” WTVT-TV, http://www.myfoxtampabay.com/dpp/about_us/personalities/Paul_Dellegatto_Bio (accessed 29 April 2009).

35. Andrew Bowser, “Weather Fronts Local News: The W-factor in Waco,” Broad-casting & Cable 127, no. 44 (1997), 60.

36. David Laskin, “A Change in the Weather,” New York Times, 18 February 1996.37. Jim Willi, phone interview with author, 8 June 2009.38. Kris Wilson, “Television Weathercasters as Potentially Prominent Science Com-

municators,” Public Understanding of Science 17 (2008), 78.39. Tom Rosenstiel, Marion Just, Todd Belt, Atiba Pertilla, Walter Dean, and Dante

Chinni, We Interrupt this Newscast: How to Improve Local News and Win Ratings, Too (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 39.

40. Andrew Freedman, “Seal of Approval,” Weatherwise (January/February 2006), 30.

CHAPTER 3

1. Jeffrey K. Lazo, Rebecca E. Morss, and Julie L. Demuth, “300 Billion Served: Sources, Perceptions, Uses, and Values of Weather Forecasts,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90, no. 6 (2009), 788.

2. Roy Popkin, The Environmental Science Services Administration (New York: Praeger, 1967), 60.

3. John Baker, Farm Broadcasting: The First 60 Years (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1981), 18.

4. Baker, Farm Broadcasting, 18.5. Bert Laverne Nelson, “The First Fifty Years of Weather Broadcasting” (master’s

thesis, University of Utah, 1971), 2.6. Baker, Farm Broadcasting, 18.7. William Peck Banning, Commercial Broadcasting Pioneer: The WEAF Experiment

1922–26 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1946), 85–86.8. Baker, Farm Broadcasting, 18.9. James C. Fidler, “Popularizing the Weather Broadcast,” Bulletin of the American

Meteorological Society 19, no. 9 (1938), 315.10. Karl Compton, Report to the Secretary of Agriculture by the Committee on Rela-

tions Between the Weather Bureau and Private Forecasting Services (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1940); radio-television file, NWS Office of Constituent Affairs, Silver Spring, Maryland, accessed 1989.

11. Fidler, “Popularizing the Weather Broadcast,” 312.12. Robert Henson, “Top Secret Weather,” The Weather Notebook (10 July 2002),

http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2002/07/10.html (accessed 22 August 2009).

13. James Fidler, personal communication, 14 October 1994.14. Ibid.


15. Ibid.16. James C. Fidler, “Dial WLW for Weather,” Bulletin of the American Meteorologi-

cal Society 38, no. 2 (1957), 59.17. James Fidler, personal communication, 14 October 1994.18. Bernard Mergen, Weather Matters: An American Cultural History since 1900

(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 98.19. U.S. Department of Commerce, “Weather is the Nation’s Business” (1 December

1953), 33–34.20. David Spiegler, “A History of Private Sector Meteorology,” Historical Essays on

Meteorology 1919–1995 (Boston: American Meteorological Society, 1996), 438.21. Francis Davis, quoted in Jon Nese and Glenn Schwartz, The Philadelphia Area

Weather Book (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002), 14.22. Ibid.23. Don Kent, personal communication, 15 June 1989.24. Francis Davis, “The Professional Meteorologist in Radio,” Bulletin of the Ameri-

can Meteorological Society 30, no. 3 (1949), 87.25. R.G. Stone, “The Weatherman Eyes Television,” BAMS, Vol. 30, no. 1 (1949),

35.26. Frank Field, phone interview with author, 28 June 1989.27. Roy Leep, “The American Meteorological Society and the Development of


28. U.S. Department of Commerce, “Weather is the Nation’s Business,” 35.29. F. W. Reichelderfer to House Committee on Small Business, 4 May 1954, radio-

television file, NWS Office of Constituent Affairs.30. Complaint quoted by Carl Davis to Harold Corwin, 28 April 1954, ra-

dio-television file, NWS Office of Constituent Affairs.31. Reichelderfer to House Committee, 4 May 1954.32. Ibid.33. Paul Royster to Kenneth McClure, 29 June 1954, radio-television file, NWS

Office of Constituent Affairs.34. F. W. Reichelderfer, circular letter No. 27–54, 25 August 1954, radio-television

file, NWS Office of Constituent Affairs.35. J. S. Myers to assistant, 21 October 1954, radio-television file, NWS Office of

Constituent Affairs.36. Department of Commerce, NOAA Directives Manual, 16 February 1971, sec-

tion 27-13.37. Harry Feehan to Robert Carnahan, 3 August 1972, radio-television file, NWS

Office of Constituent Affairs.38. Department of Commerce, NOAA Directives Manual, 16 January 1975, section

27-13.39. “The Fact of the Matter Is, Our AccuWeather Forecast Is Almost Always Right,”

advertisement for WPVI-TV in TV Guide, reprinted in P.D.Cue (June–July 1978), 17.40. Department of Commerce, NOAA Directives Manual, 1978.


41. Department of Commerce, NOAA Directives Manual, 16 January 1975.42. William Hallstead to Richard Frank, 24 November 1978, radio-television file,

NWS Office of Constituent Affairs.43. Richard Hallgren to NWS staff, 24 June 1981, radio-television file, NWS Office

of Constituent Affairs.44. National Research Council, Fair Weather: Effective Partnership in Weather and

Climate Services (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003), 16–17.45. Roger Pielke Jr., “Public-Private Provision of Weather and Climate Services:

Defining the Policy Problem,” in Fair Weather, 199.46. NWS, Vision 2005: National Weather Service Strategic Plan for Weather, Water

and Climate Services 2000–2005, August 1999; updated December 2001, http://www.weather.gov/sp/strplan.htm (accessed 2 July 2009).

47. NRC, Fair Weather, 3.48. NOAA, Policy on Partnerships in the Provision of Environmental Information,

section 4 (original wording 1 December 2004), http://www.noaa.gov/partnershippolicy/dec2004.html (accessed 2 July 2009).

49. NOAA, Policy on Partnerships in the Provision of Environmental Information, section 7 (original wording, 1 December 2004), http://www.noaa.gov/partnershippolicy/dec2004.html (accessed 2 July 2009).

50. Commercial Weather Services Association, “Commercial Weather Services As-sociation Responds to New NOAA Policy,” statement issued January 2005, http://www.weatherbank.com/cwsa/CWSA%20Responds%20to%20New%20NOAA%20POLICY -010305.pdf (accessed 2 July 2009).

51. Lloyd A. Calhoun, “A Community TV Weather Service,” Weatherwise 14, no. 6 (1961), 245–47.

52. ESSA, Application of CATV to Public Weather Dissemination, ESSA Techni-cal Memorandum WBTM SR-43, radio-television file, NWS Office of Constituent Affairs.

53. NWS Western Region, Interim Report, Great Falls Cable TV Experiment (1 Janu-ary 1974); radio-television file, NWS Office of Constituent Affairs, 1–3.

54. NWS Western Region, Interim Report, Great Falls Cable TV Experiment, 7–10.

55. NOAA, “Comments on ‘Proposed Clarification to NOAA’s Policy on Partner-ships in the Provision of Environmental Information’, ” 16 January 2006, http://www.noaa.gov/partnershippolicy/#policy (accessed 2 July 2009).

56. NOAA, “Comments on ‘Proposed Clarification to NOAA’s Policy on Partner-ships in the Provision of Environmental Information,’ ” 4 August 2005, http://www.weather.gov/partnershippolicy/ppclarificationcomments.pdf (accessed 2 July 2009).

57. Jon Nese and Glenn Schwartz, The Philadelphia Area Weather Book (Philadel-phia: Temple University Press, 2002), 17.

58. Edward Johnson, phone interview with author, 29 April 2009.59. Library of Congress, The National Weather Services Duties Act of 2005, in-

troduced 14 April 2005, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:s786 (accessed 2 July 2009).


60. Commercial Weather Services Association, “Pending Legislation Affecting the National Weather Service,” statement issued April 2005, http://www.weatherbank.com/cwsa/SB-786-CWSA-BACKGROUNDER-042905.pdf (accessed 2 July 2009).

61. Jeff Masters, “National Weather Service forecasts to be banned?,” Dr. Jeff Masters’ Wunder Blog, 26 April 2005, http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/archive.html?year=2005&month=04 (accessed 2 July 2009).

62. Ken Kerschbaumer, “Storm Clouds over Washington,” Broadcasting & Cable 135, no. 42 (2005), 23.

63. Robert P. King, “Feds’ weather information could go dark,” Palm Beach Post, 21 April 2005.

64. NOAA, Policy on Partnerships in the Provision of Environmental Information, sec-tion 4 (revised wording, 16 January 2006), http://www.noaa.gov/partnershippolicy/#policy (accessed 2 July 2009).

65. NRC, Fair Weather, 2.66. Barry Lee Myers, phone interview with author, 19 May 2009.67. NWS, “Guidelines for Support of Special Events,” NWS Operations Manual

Letter 04-00, 17 July 2000, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/im/pub/a06oml4.pdf (accessed 22 August 2009).

68. NWS, “NWS Support for Special Events,” NWS Instruction 10–1806, 14 July 2009, http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01018006curr.pdf (accessed 29 Janu-ary 2010).

69. Edward Johnson, phone interview, 29 April 2009.

CHAPTER 4

1. James C. Fidler, “Popularizing the Weather Broadcast,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 19, no. 9 (1938), 313.

2. James Fidler, “Weather via Television,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 29, no. 6 (1948), 330.

3. Francis Davis, “The Role of the Meteorologist in Radio and Television,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 29, no. 12 (1948), 516.

4. Harold Taft interview, 1982, cited in J. M. Dempsey, “Harold Taft and the Amer-ican Meteorological Society Seal of Approval: Laying the Foundation for Weather Broadcasting,” East Texas Historical Journal 39, no. 2 (2001), 52.

5. R. G. Stone, “The Weatherman Eyes Television,” Bulletin of the American Meteo-rological Society 30, no. 1 (1949), 34.

6. Stone, “Weatherman,” 34–35.7. Roger Turner, “Laughing at the Weather? The Serious World of Weather Car-

toons,” Newsletter of the History of Science 38, no. 1 (2009), http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2009/January2009Turner.html (accessed 22 August 2009).

8. Stone, “Weatherman,” 34.9. Interview with Lola Hall, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oral History Program

(23 September 1991), 19–20.10. “Tex Antoine Returns to Tube,” New York, 12 December 1977.


11. “Tex Antoine Dies: TV Weather Forecaster,” New York Times, 13 January 1983.12. “Fair-Weather Friends,” Time (12 April 1968), 83.13. “Weather Work for Women,” Life (28 March 1955), 10.14. “Tricky Weather,” Newsweek (22 April 1957), 72.15. Tom Skilling, phone interview with author, 22 May 2009.16. Glenn Garelik, “The Weather Peddlers,” Discover (April 1985), 29.17. Elliot Abrams, phone interview with author, 13 August 2009.18. “Fair-Weather Friends,” Time, 83.19. Pam Proctor, “All They Do Is Talk About the Weather,” Parade (7 September

1975), 13.20. “Francis Davis,” Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia, http://www.broadcastpioneers.

com/francisdavis.html (2006), accessed 10 June 2009.21. “Carol Reed, 44, TV Weather Girl,” New York Times, 5 June 1970.22. Oklahoma Almanac, Oklahoma Department of Libraries, (2005–06), http://

www.odl.state.ok.us/almanac/2005/5-colorsec.pdf (accessed 10 June 2009).23. “America’s Weather Wackies Take Their Forecasting with a Vane of Salt,” People

(7 September 1981), 27.24. David Shaw, “Weather: Everyone’s No. 1 Story,” Los Angeles Times (1 March

1981), 1.25. Melvin Durslag, “TV Weathermen,” TV Guide (24 March 1973), 7.26. Durslag, “TV Weathermen,” 8.27. Lance Morrow, “The Wonderful Art of Weathercasting,” Time (17 March 1980), 61.28. Edna Gundersen, “Puffy Little Cloud: Retired ‘Toast of El Paso’ leads dog life,”

El Paso Times, 5 February 1985, http://elpasotimes.typepad.com/morgue/2009/04/speaking-of-puffy-the-weather-dog.html (accessed 10 June 2009).

29. “Bob the Weather Cat,” http://www.platypuscomix.net/fpo/history/weathercat.html (accessed 11 June 2009).

30. “Willard Scott May Soon Feel Heat from a Frisky Competitor—Oregon’s Bob the Weather Cat,” People (18 July 1988), 77.

31. “‘Doppler the weather dog’ passes away . . .”, KREM (3 August 2007), http://www.krem.com/aboutkrem/bios/stories/krem_091504doppler_the_dog.11e054aa7.html (accessed 10 June 2009).

32. Dan Trigoboff, “K.C. Weather: Windy Today, Gary Tomorrow,” Broadcasting & Cable 129, no. 8 (1999), 38.

33. “Weather Work,” Life, 8.34. Gerry Davis, The Today Show: An Anecdotal History (New York: William Mor-

row, 1987), 81–83.35. “Morgus the Weather Ghoul,” TV Guide (21 November 1959), 6–7.36. “Fair-Weather Friends,” Time, 82.37. Andrew Bowser, “Weather Fronts Local News,” Broadcasting & Cable 127, no.

44 (1997), 60.38. Bob Papper, “Winning with Weather,” RTNDA Communicator 56, no. 11 (2002),

21.39. Jim Willi, phone interview with author, 8 June 2009.40. Mish Michaels, phone interview with author, 31 May 2009.


41. Bob Ryan, interview with author, Washington, D.C., 27 February 1989.42. L. Michael Trapasso, Randy Bowman, and Laura Daniel, “TV Weather Forecast-

ers,” RTNDA Communicator (December 1985), 17.43. Durslag, “TV Weathermen,” 7–8.44. Jim Willi, phone interview with author, 8 June 2009.45. Ibid.46. Harold E. Brooks, Arthur Witt, and Michael D. Eilts, “Verification of Public

Weather Forecasts Available via the Media,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, no. 10 (1997), 2167.

47. “Certified TV Stations,” WeatheRate, http://www.weatherate.com/stations.html (accessed 15 October 2009).

48. “ABC’s 2 Degree Guarantee,” WMAR, http://www.abc2news.com/content/con-tests/twodegree-rules.aspx (accessed 12 June 2009).

49. “Three Degree Guarantee,” WRCB, http://www.wrcbtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=8072926&nav=menu1406_9 (accessed 12 June 2009).

50. “5-Degree Guarantee Rules,” WSVJ, http://wsjv.images.worldnow.com/images/incoming/Rules/5-DegreeGuaranteeRules.pdf (accessed 12 June 2009).

51. Dave Jones, phone interview with author, 18 May 2009.52. Ann Posegate, “Station Scientists: Beyond the Daily Forecast,” Weatherwise 61,

no. 6 (2008), 20–21.53. Kris Wilson, “Television Weathercasters as Potentially Prominent Science Com-

municators,” Public Understanding of Science 17, no. 1 (2008), 82.54. Mish Michaels, phone interview with author, 31 May 2009.55. Susan Morris, “Trials and Tribulations of an Outdoor Weatherman,” RTNDA

Communicator 44, no. 12 (December 1990), 17.56. Paul Stueber, “Apocryphal Now,” Tying My Shoes: Anecdotes from a Life in TV

News (19 February 2008), http://tyingmyshoes.blogspot.com/2008/02/apocryphal-now.html, accessed 14 September 2009.

57. Adam Platt, “The Rain Man,” Mpls.St.Paul Magazine (November 2003), http://www.mspmag.com/features/features/67120.asp (accessed 20 September 2009).

58. Howard Rosenberg, “It’s Raining Television Weathermen/Comics!”, Los Angeles Times (8 July 1985), 6–8.

59. Mike Celizic, “Gore, TODAY Spread Green Message,” MSNBC, 5 November 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21637195 (accessed 10 June 2009).

60. Wilson, “Television Weathercasters,” 82.61. Phil Foster, “The New England Weather Net,” Weatherwise 12, no. 3 (1959),

109–10.62. Harold Taft interview, 1982, cited in J. M. Dempsey, “Harold Taft and the Amer-

ican Meteorological Society Seal of Approval: Laying the Foundation for Weather Broadcasting,” East Texas Historical Journal 39, no. 2 (2001), 54.

63. Bob Burke, Friday Night in the Big Town: The Life of Gary England (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Heritage Association, 2006), 151–152.

64. John Merli, “Weathering the News,” RTNDA Communicator 51, no. 11 (Novem-ber 1997), 31.


CHAPTER 5

1. Tom Skilling, phone interview with author, 22 May 2009.2. Don Kent, interview with Mish Michaels (extended version), WBZ-TV, 22 May

2009.3. Harry Volkman, AMS/UCAR Tape-Recorded Interview Project, recorded 27

August 2004, 2.4. Volkman, AMS/UCAR, 3.5. Ken Kerschbaumer, “The Weather at a Flip of the Wrist,” Broadcasting & Cable

133, no. 30 (2003), 36.6. “Ira Joe Fisher,” CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/18/early-

show/saturday/main667554.shtml (accessed 2 July 2009).7. Ira Joe Fisher, e-mail to author, 5 July 2009.8. Roy Leep, “The American Meteorological Society and the Development of Broad-

cast Meteorology,” in Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919–1995 (Boston: American Meteorological Society, 1996), 494.

9. James C. Fidler, “Dial WLW for Weather,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 38, no. 2 (1957), 60–61.

10. Jon Nese and Glenn Schwartz, The Philadelphia Area Weather Book (Philadel-phia: Temple University Press, 2002), 17.

11. Bud Kraeling, phone interview with author, 22 March 1989.12. Television Facts and Statistics, “Television History—The First 75 Years,” http://

www.tvhistory.tv/facts-stats.htm (accessed 2 July 2009). 13. Mike Nelson, Colorado Weather Almanac (Boulder: Johnson Books, 2007), 301.14. George Winterling, phone interview with author, August 1988.15. “The Society’s Awards,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 69, no.

8 (1988), 915.16. Douglas Merritt, Television Graphics (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987),

44–45.17. George Winterling, phone interview with author, August 1988.18. Roy Leep, phone interview with author, August 1988.19. Frank Field, phone interview with author, 28 June 1989.20. A.B.C. Whipple, Storm (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982), 155–57.21. Eric Pinder, “An Interview with Meteorologist Don Kent,” http://www.ericpinder.

com/html/donkent.html (accessed 12 July 2009). 22. Roy Leep, “The American Meteorological Society and the Development of


23. Jim Willi, phone interview with author, 8 June 2009.24. Tom Skilling, phone interview with author, 22 May 2009.25. Matthew A. Lazzara, John M. Benson, Robert J. Fox, Denise J. Laitsch, Joseph

P. Rueden, David A. Santek, Delores M. Wade, Thomas M. Whittaker, and J. T. Young, “The Man computer Interactive Data Access System: 25 Years of Interactive Process-ing,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80, no. 2 (1999), 275.


26. Roy Leep, Hurricanes 1978, WTVT brochure, 4.27. Glen Dickson, “Small Scale for the Big Screen,” Broadcasting & Cable 138, no.

5 (2008), 20.28. Ray Ban, phone interview with author, 8 March 2006.29. Catherine Winslow, “Weathercasts Customized,” RTNDA Communicator 46,

no. 12 (December 1992), 25.30. John Merli, “Weathering the News,” RTNDA Communicator 51, no. 11 (Novem-

ber 1997), 29.31. Jerry Brown, “The Demands of Playing Chroma-Key,” RTNDA Communicator

45, no. 12 (December 1991), 18.32. David Shaw, “Weather: Everyone’s No. 1 Story,” Los Angeles Times, 1 March 1981,

1; Gary England, personal interview, Oklahoma City, July 1986.33. Eva Blinder, “Stations ‘Eye’ Storms with Doppler Radar,” Broadcast Manage-

ment/Engineering (December 1985), 33.34. Edmond Rosenthal, “Storm-Tracking Tech,” Broadcasting & Cable 129, no. 50

(1999), 72.35. Tom Skilling, phone interview with author, 22 May 2009.36. “Weather Anchors Ready for High-Def Launch,” Broadcasting & Cable 138, no.

32 (2008), 6.37. C. Catherine Winslow, “Virtually Real: New Weather Technology,” RTNDA

Communicator (December 1996), 10.38. Kristine Garcia, “Elemental Wizardry,” Broadcasting & Cable 129, no. 50 (1999),

68.39. Jim Willi, phone interview with author, 8 June 2009.40. Tom Skilling, phone interview with author, 22 May 2009.

CHAPTER 6

1. Mark Reynolds, Kathy Strebe, and Ada Monzon, “AMS Membership Survey Results: The Broadcast Meteorology Employment Field,” Bulletin of the American Me-teorological Society 89, no. 8 (2008), 1186.

2. Barbara Matusow, The Evening Stars (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), 65.3. Edward F. Taylor, “Joanne Simpson: Pathfinder for a Generation,” Weatherwise

37, no. 4 (1984), 182.4. George Maksian, “Forecasters Can Vary Like the Weather,” New York Daily News,

29 April 1980, 70.5. Brian Bell, “TV’s Weather Reporters,” The Washington Star Pictorial Magazine,

14 November 1954, 18–19.6. Lola Hall, interview with Rodger Harris, 23 September 1991, Oral History Pro-

gram, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, OK, 29.7. Marcia Yockey, phone interview with author, 10 July 1989.8. “Reliable Weathercasts,” Science News Letter 69 (1956), 174.9. Roger Turner, “Keeping Meteorology Masculine: The American Meteorological


Society’s Response to Television ‘Weather Girls’ in the 1950s,” Weather, Local Knowledge and Everyday Life: Issues in Integrated Climate Studies, eds. Vladimir Jankovic and Christina Barboza (Rio de Janeiro: MAST, 2009), 147–158.

10. Turner, “Keeping Meteorology Masculine,” 152.11. Davis, “Weather Is No Laughing Matter,” 11.12. “Fair and Wet,” TV Guide (4 February 1956), 12.13. “Tedi Thurman, Weathergirl Supreme,” TV Guide (19 October 1957), 5–6.14. Gilbert Millstein, “The Weather Girls Ride Out a Storm,” New York Times Maga-

zine (8 October 1961), 64.15. “As We See It,” TV Guide (18 July 1959), 2.16. “Carol Reed, 44, TV Weather Girl,” New York Times, 5 June 1970, 30.17. Steven Dick, “Marcia Yockey, A Force of Nature in Evansville, Indiana,” in In-

delible Images: Women of Local Television, eds. Mary E. Beadle and Michael Murray (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2001), 229–237.

18. Marcia Yockey, phone interview with author, 10 July 1989.19. Margaret A. LeMone and Patricia L. Waukau, “Women in Meteorology,” Bulletin

of the American Meteorological Society 63, no. 11 (1982), 1267.20. Lazalier, “A Report on the Results of a Television Weather Survey,” 5–6.21. June Bacon-Bercey, phone interview with author, 14 July 1989.22. Melvin Durslag, “TV Weathermen,” TV Guide (24 March 1973), 6.23. Pam Proctor, “All They Do Is Talk About the Weather,” Parade (7 September

1975), 13.24. Rebecca Reheis, phone interview with author, 22 March 1989.25. “About Rebecca,” Rebecca Kolls’ Seasons, http://www.rebeccakolls.com/

aboutrebecca.html (accessed 10 April 2010).26. Valerie Voss, phone interview with author, 17 February 1989.27. Ray Ban, phone interview with author, 28 July 1989.28. “Personalities,” The Weather Channel, http://www.weather.com/tv/personalities/

(accessed 31 January 2010). 29. Adrienne Jenkins, “Weather Channel Anchor Hillary Andrews Wins Bob

Stokes Sexual Harassment Lawsuit,” Associated Content, 8 May 2008, http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/755601/weather_channel_anchor_hillary_andrews.html?cat=3 (accessed 3 September 2009).

30. “2008 PAR Initiative Best Company The Weather Channel,” Women in Cable Telecommunications, http://www.wict.org/research/par/Pages/2008BestCompany WeatherChannel.aspx (accessed 15 August 2009).

31. “Personalities,” The Weather Channel, http://www.weather.com/tv/personalities (accessed 15 August 2009).

32. Vivian Brown, interview with author, The Weather Channel, 30 October 2008.

33. Ibid.34. Bob Papper, “Women in TV News at a Record High but Minorities Drop,”

RTNDA/Hofstra University 2009 Annual Survey, http://www.rtnda.org/media/pdfs/Women%20and%20Minorities%20Survey1.pdf (accessed 29 July 2009).


35. Kris Wilson, “Opportunities and Obstacles for Television Weathercasters to Report on Climate Change,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 40, no. 10 (2009), 1457–65.

36. Valerie Voss, phone interview with author, 17 February 1989.37. June Bacon-Bercey, “Is There a Future for Women Meteorologists in the Broad-

cast Field?” Proceedings, 12th Conference on Weathercasting, AMS, Seattle, WA (27 June 1982), 11.

38. Valerie Voss Crenshaw, phone interview with author, 26 April 2009.39. Lynette Rice, “On the Air: Warm Front,” Entertainment Weekly (11 May 2001),

64.40. “Jim Tilmon: About Jim,” http://jimtilmon.com/about.html (accessed 26 July

2009).41. June Bacon-Bercey, phone interview with author, 14 July 1989.42. Ibid.43. “About Janice Huff,” WNBC, 14 April 2009, http://www.nbcnewyork.com/

station/community/About-Janice-Huff.html (accessed 26 July 2009).44. Alan Sealls, phone interview with author, 4 June 2009.45. Ibid.46. Maclovio Perez, phone interview with author, 12 April 1989.47. Ibid.48. John Toohey-Morales, phone interview with author, 1 June 2009.49. Ibid.50. Frank Batten with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, The Weather Channel: The Improbable

Rise of a Media Phenomenon (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002), 182.51. Belinda Sym-Smith, quoted by Batten, The Weather Channel, 184.52. “Hispanic Programming: Mining the Market,” Broadcasting & Cable 133, no.

36 (2003), 26.53. Richard Ortner, e-mail to author, 24 August 2009.54. “Pam’s Journal: At It Again,” KMGH, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/health/

2726615/detail.html (accessed 29 July 2009).55. “Pam’s Journal: Tough Decisions,” KMGH, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/

health/2783514/detail.html (accessed 29 July 2009).56. “Pam Daale Scholarship,” NWA Newsletter, Vol. 4, no. 11 (2004), 7.57. “Award for Outstanding Service by a Broadcast Meteorologist,” Bulletin of the

American Meteorological Society 70, no. 8 (1989), 652.58. Stuart Tomlinson, “Jack Capell, the Forecaster who Predicted the Columbus Day

Storm, Dies,” The Oregonian, 15 June 2009, http://blog.oregonlive.com/weather/2009/06/jack_capell_the_forecaster_who.html (accessed 29 July 2009).

59. Jack Capell, phone interview with author, 28 June 1989.60. Ibid.61. Ibid.62. Bob Lynott, The Weather Tomorrow (Portland, Oregon: Gadfly Press, 1987),

157.63. Jim Little, letter to author, 30 June 1988.


CHAPTER 7

1. Tony Case, “The Early Shift,” MediaWeek 16, no. 22 (2006), SR4 –S45.2. Allen Pearson and Frederick P. Otsby, Jr., “The Tornado Season of 1974,” Weather-

wise 28, no. 1 (1975), 8.3. Gerald Clarke, “Battle for the Morning,” Time (1 December 1980), 62.4. Gerry Davis, The Today Show: An Anecdotal History (New York: William Mor-

row, 1987), 81.5. Ibid.6. William Gildea, “Weatherman: Putting a Freeze on Humor,” Washington Post,

31 January 1977, C1.7. Glenn Garelik, “The Weather Peddlers,” Discover (April 1985), 18.8. Harry F. Waters, “Morning Shows: ABC Tries Again,” Newsweek (17 November

1975), 112.9. John Coleman, phone interview with author, 28 June 1989.10. Ibid.11. Julie Wan, “On the Job: Gerard McNiff,” Weatherwise 62, no. 1 (2009), 43.12. George Maksian, “Forecasters Can Vary Like the Weather,” New York Daily

News, 29 April 1980, 70.13. Mark McEwen with Daniel Paisner, After the Stroke: My Journal Back to Life

(New York: Gotham Books, 2008), 171.14. “Farewell, Mark McEwen,” The Early Show, 18 October 2002, http://www.

cbsnews.com/stories/2002/05/16/earlyshow/bios/main509342.shtml (accessed 23 Au-gust 2009).

15. McEwen, After the Stroke, 228.16. “Alumni Profile: David Price, ILR ’87, Calm in the Eye of a Storm,” Cornell

University ILR School, audio interview with Bob Julian, 20 August 2005, http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/profiles/DavidPrice.html?play=1&track=4#player (accessed 23 August 2009).

17. Ed Gross, phone interview with author, 14 July 1989.18. NOAA Directives Manual, 16 January 1975, sec. 27–13.19. Denice Walker, personal interview, Boulder, Colorado, 29 July 1989.20. Joan Von Ahn, e-mail to author, 5 August 2009.21. Russell Baker, “How the Wind Blows,” The New York Times, 9 April 1996, A21.22. Cobbett Steinberg, TV Facts (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985), 89.23. John Coleman, phone interview with author, 28 June 1989.24. Frank Batten with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, The Weather Channel: The Improbable

Rise of a Media Phenomenon (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002), 41.25. Leonard Ray Teel, “The Weather Channel,” Weatherwise 35, no. 4 (1982),

158–59.26. Simon Applebaum, “Second Wind,” CableVision (14 November 1983), 44.27. Batten, The Weather Channel, 123.28. Batten, The Weather Channel, 134.29. Applebaum, “Second Wind,” 38.


30. “Format Polish Helps The Weather Channel,” Television/Radio Age (10 Novem-ber 1986), 60.

31. Applebaum, “Second Wind,” 38.32. Jeffry Scott, “Weather Channel turns to rock,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution,

3 July 2009, http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2009/07/03/weather channel0703.html (accessed 23 August 2009).

33. Batten, The Weather Channel, 153.34. Graham Wellington, “Edward St. Pé: He Broadcasts Success,” Metro Business

Chronicle (Jackson, MI; November 2004), 38.35. Edward St. Pé, personal communication, 19 August 2009.36. John Bobel, “Fill-In Meteorologists,” RTNDA Communicator 49, no. 9 (Sep-

tember 1995), 34.37. Michael Malone, “WCCO Vet Syndicates Weather,” Broadcasting & Cable 138,

no. 25 (2008), 4.38. Malone, Broadcasting & Cable, 26.39. Claire Atkinson, “Paul Iaffaldano,” Advertising Age 75, no. 39 (2004), S16.40. Anthony Crupi, “Playing with Time,” MediaWeek 16, no. 12 (2006), 8.41. Batten, The Weather Channel, 158.42. Lee Luchter, “Weather Channel to Shift Gears With One-Hour Hurricane Spe-

cial,” Multichannel News (27 July 1987), 24.43. Phil Kloer and Lori Robertson, “Neither Wind Nor Rain, Nor Hurricane . . .”

American Journalism Review 23, no. 6 (2001), 16.44. Kloer and Robertson, “Neither Wind Nor Rain,” 16.45. Tony Case, “Winds of Change,” MediaWeek 13, no. 23 (2003), SR10.46. Allison Romano, “Sunny, Warm—And Miserable,” Broadcasting & Cable 132,

no. 7 (2002), 20.47. Case, MediaWeek, SR10.48. Ibid.49. Paige Albiniak, “Taking the Country by ‘Storm,’ ” Broadcasting & Cable 138, no.

10 (10 March 2008), 9.50. Batten, The Weather Channel, 246.51. Bob Swanson and Doyle Rice, “Weather Channel Cuts Jobs in Tough Econ-

omy,” The Weather Guys, USA TODAY, 20 November 2008, http://blogs.usatoday.com/weather/2008/11/weather-channel.html (accessed 31 August 2009).

52. Andrew Freedman, “NBC Fires Weather Channel Environmental Unit,” Capital Weather Gang, 21 November 2008, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweather gang/2008/11/nbc_fires_twc_environmental_un.html (accessed 31 August 2009).

CHAPTER 8

1. Barbara Hammer and Thomas W. Schmidlin, “Response to Warnings during the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado: Reasons and Relative Injury Rates,” Weather and Forecasting 17, no. 3 (2002), 577.


2. Kathleen Sherman-Morris, “Tornadoes, Television and Trust—A Closer Look at the Influence of the Local Weathercaster during Severe Weather,” Environmental Hazards 6, no. 4 (2005), 201–210.

3. I. M. Cline, “Special Report on the Galveston Hurricane of September 8, 1900,” Monthly Weather Review 28, no. 9 (1900), 373.

4. Jack Williams and Bob Sheets, Hurricane Watch: Forecasting the Deadliest Storms on Earth (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 63–64.

5. Edward N. Rappoport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas, “The Deadliest Atlantic Tropi-cal Cyclones, 1492–1996,” NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC 47, updated 22 April 1997, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? (accessed 1 September 2009).

6. “Radios from Arctic to Help American Business,” Bulletin of the American Me-teorological Society 3, no. 6 (1922), 90.

7. Marvin Bensman, “The History of Broadcasting, 1920–1960; Radio Homes/1920s” https://umdrive.memphis.edu/mbensman/public/history1.html (accessed 4 September 2009).

8. Williams and Sheets, Hurricane Watch, 81–82.9. Roy Popkin, The Environmental Science Services Administration (New York:

Praeger, 1967), 31.10. Willie Drye, Storm of the Century: the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (Washington,

D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2002).11. A.B.C. Whipple, Storm (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982), 19.12. David Ludlum, New England Weather Book (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976),

42.13. Whipple, Storm, 25.14. William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 183.15. Whipple, Storm, 109.16. Robert Burpee, “Grady Norton: Hurricane Forecaster and Communicator,”

Weather Forecasting 3, no. 3 (1988), 249.17. Grady Norton, “Hurricane Forecasting (A Soliloquy),” unpublished manuscript,

1947, NOAA National Hurricane Center library.18. Burpee, “Grady Norton: Hurricane Forecaster and Communicator,” 253.19. Whitnaw, History of the U.S. Weather Bureau, 39–40.20. Timothy A. Coleman and Kevin J. Pence, “The Proposed 1883 Holden Tornado

Warning System: Its Genius and Its Applications Today,” Bulletin of the American Me-teorological Society 90, no. 12 (2009), 1791.

21. F. C. Bates, “Severe Local Storm Forecasts and Warnings and the General Pub-lic,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 43, no. 7 (1962), 288.

22. “Worldwide Tropical Cyclone Names,” National Hurricane Center, http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml (accessed 1 September 2009).

23. Errol LaBorde, “Analyzing the Televising: New Names, Old Faces Chart Car-men,” East Bank Guide (11 September 1974).

24. Dave Walker, “The One that Got Him Away,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 25 July 2006, http://www.nola.com/living/t-p/index.ssf?/base/living-6/1153805277312540.xml&coll=1 (accessed 1 September 2009).


25. Art Lake, phone interview with author, 7 July 1989.26. Ludlum, New England Weather Book, 43–45.27. Robert Simpson, interviewed by Edward Zipser, AMS-UCAR Tape Recorded

Interview Project, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 6 and 9 Sep-tember 1989, 26.

28. Ernest Zebrowski and Judith A. Howard, Category 5: The Story of Camille, Lessons Unlearned from America’s Most Violent Hurricane (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), 21.

29. Roy Leep, phone interview with author, August 1988.30. George Winterling, phone interview with author, August 1988.31. Dan Rather with Mickey Herskowitz, The Camera Never Blinks (New York:

William Morrow, 1977), 49.32. “Dan Rather: A Reporter Remembers,” CBS, 1 September 2006, http://www.

cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/07/broadcasts/main678628.shtml (accessed 2 September 2009).

33. Leslie Raddatz, “Television in the Nation’s Service,” TV Guide (26 June 1971), 6.

34. Bob Soper, phone interview with author, 24 January 1989.35. “The Flying Weathermen,” Broadcasting & Cable 133, no. 38 (2003), 6.36. “They Thought They Were Safe,” The Weather Channel Blog, 29 August 2005,

http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_7288.html (accessed 2 September 2009).37. Ibid.38. Arnie Cooper, “Whither Cantore?” Hemispheres magazine, United Airlines

(February 2008), 67.39. George L. Daniels and Ginger Miller Loggins, “Conceptualizing Continuous

Coverage: A Strategic Model for Wall-to-Wall Local Television Weather Broadcasts,” Journal of Applied Communication Research 35, no. 1 (2007), 62.

40. Phil Kloer and Lori Robertson, “Neither Wind Nor Rain, Nor Hurricane . . .” American Journalism Review 23, no. 6 (2001), 16.

41. Ibid.42. Bryan Norcross comments, WTVJ footage, 24 August 1992, http://www.

youtube.com/watch?v=Ma3r-zhny3k (accessed 2 September 2009).43. Bryan Norcross, Hurricane Almanac: The Essential Guide to Storms Past, Present

and Future (New York: Macmillan, 2007), 31.44. “Straight Talk: When Courage is Commonplace,” NWS Focus, National Weather

Service Communications Office, 26 September 2005, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/com/nwsfocus/fs20050926.htm (accessed 4 September 2009).

45. Urgent Weather Message, National Weather Service, New Orleans (Slidell, LA), 28 August 2005, http://www.srh.noaa.gov/data/warn_archive/LIX/NPW/0828_155101.txt (accessed 4 September 2009).

46. Kim Standish, “Covering the 500-Year Flood,” RTNDA Communicator 47, no. 9 (September 1993), 21.

47. “Flood of 2008—Video Archive,” KCRG, http://www.kcrg.com/floodwatch/video (accessed 12 September 2009).


48. Jeff Benkoe, “All Eyes on Mr. Hurricane!” Washington Post, 28 September 1985, G2.

49. Neil Frank, phone interview with author, 26 January 1989.50. “Robert Sheets: In the Eye of the Storm,” Commerce People (Washington, D.C.:

U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Public Affairs, February 1989), 11.51. “‘Mr. Hurricane’ Eyes TV,” USA Today, 18 February 1987, 2A.52. Mark Lorando, “Elena: An Exercise in Excess,” New Orleans Times-Picayune/

States-Item, 2 September 1985, C13.53. Claudia Kienzle, “Going with Their Gut,” TV Technology, 10 November 2004,

http://www.tvtechnology.com/article/13668 (accessed 2 July 2009).54. NWS Service Assessment: Hurricane Charley, August 9–15, 2004, U.S. Depart-

ment of Commerce, January 2006, 4.55. Claudia Kienzle, “Going with their Gut.”56. NWS Service Assessment: Hurricane Charley, 3.57. Ibid.58. Marlene Bradford, Scanning the Skies: A History of Tornado Forecasting (Nor-

man: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), 61.59. Raymond Parr, “83 Dead, 1000 Hurt at Woodward,” Daily Oklahoman, 11 April

1947, 1.60. Pat McDermott, “Flash—Tornado Warning!” Saturday Evening Post (28 July

1951), 17–18.61. Bradford, Scanning the Skies, 70.62. Pat McDermott, “Flash—Tornado Warning!” 53, 56.63. Gary England, Weathering the Storm: Tornadoes, Television, and Turmoil (Nor-

man: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 105.64. Bob Levey, “In Oklahoma, He Weathers Well,” Washington Post (27 April 1985),

A3.65. “Policy Statement: Tornado Forecasting and Warning,” Bulletin of the American

Meteorological Society 78, no. 11 (1997), 2661.66. Gary England, KWTV broadcast from 3 May 1999, cited in “Hunt for the Super-

twister,” NOVA, PBS (30 March 2004), http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3107_tornado.html (accessed 9 September 2009).

67. Harold E. Brooks and Charles A. Doswell III, “Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Okla-homa City Tornado from a Historical Perspective,” Weather and Forecasting 17, no. 3 (2002), 360.

68. NWS Service Assessment: Oklahoma/Southern Kansas Tornado Outbreak of May 3, 1999, U.S. Department of Commerce (August 1999), 11.

69. Harry Volkman, phone interview with author, 20 November 1988.70. Harry Volkman, interview by Robert Henson, AMS-UCAR Tape Recorded

Interview Project, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (27 August 2004), 24–26.

71. Bradford, Scanning the Skies, 116.72. Dick Smith, “We’ve Lost Our Picture,” TV Guide (1 June 1957), 27.73. Joseph Galway, phone interview with author, 5 June 1989.


74. H. Michael Mogil and Herbert S. Groper, “NWS’s Severe Local Storm Warning and Disaster Preparedness Programs,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 58, no. 4 (1977), 321–22.

75. Chris Hayes Novy, “SPC and its Products,” NOAA Storm Prediction Center, 13 November 2008, http://www.spc.noaa.gov/misc/about.html#Severe%20Weather%20Watches (accessed 10 September 2009).

76. Kathleen Kirby, “Emergency Info and the Hearing Impaired,” RTNDA Com-municator 56, no. 11 (December 2002), 38.

77. “Captioning Live Programs,” National Association of the Deaf, http://www.nad.org/issues/television-and-closed-captioning/captioning-live-programs (accessed 12 September 2009).

78. Vincent T. Wood and Robert A. Weisman, “A Hole in the Weather Warning System,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84, no. 2 (2003), 190.

79. “TV Stations Ordered to Reach Hearing-Impaired,” Weatherwise 53, no. 4 (2000), 11.

80. “Special Needs NOAA Weather Radio for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Persons,” NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory, http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/edu/safety/specialneeds.html (accessed 12 September 2009).

81. Vincent T. Wood, “Impact of Severe Weather on People with Hearing Loss,” Weather and Society Watch, Societal Impacts Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 20 July 2007, http://www.sip.ucar.edu/news/pdf/Weather_and_Society_Watch_July_2007.pdf (accessed 24 September 2009).

82. Weather Analysis and Forecasting: An Information Statement of the American Meteorological Society, 8 August 2007, http://www.ametsoc.org/POLICY/2007weather analysisforecasting.html (accessed 2 July 2009).

83. “Weather Watcher,” Television Age (1 August 1966), 46.84. Bradford, Scanning the Skies, 140.85. Raddatz, “Television in the Nation’s Service,” 8.86. Ibid.87. Richard Bedard, “Cumulus Cowboy,” Oklahoma Today (July/August 1994), 55.88. Edmond Rosenthal, “Storm-Tracking Tech,” Broadcasting & Cable 129, no. 50

(1999), 72.89. “Weather Warriors,” Broadcasting & Cable 136, no. 20 (2006), 5.90. Richard Bedard, In the Shadow of the Tornado: Stories and Adventures from the

Heart of Storm Country (Norman, OK: Gilco Publishing, 1996), 84.91. Roger Edwards and Chuck Doswell, “Irresponsible Media Storm Chase Prac-

tices,” http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/media.htm (accessed 12 June 2009).92. Scott Libin, “Weather Reporting as Beat Journalism,” Poytner Institute (25 May

2005), http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=82916 (accessed 12 June 2009).

93. Bob Burke, Friday Night in the Big Town: The Life of Gary England (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Heritage Association, 2006), 194–197.

94. Daniel J. Miller, Charles A. Doswell III, Harold E. Brooks, Gregory J. Stumpf, and Erik N. Rasmussen, “Highway Overpasses as Tornado Shelters: Fallout from the


3 May 1999 Oklahoma/Kansas Violent Tornado Outbreak,” National Weather Associa-tion, 24th Annual Meeting, Biloxi, MS, 15–22 October 1999, http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/papers/overpass.html (accessed 10 September 2009).

95. Edwards and Doswell, “Irresponsible Media Storm Chase Practices,” http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/media.htm (accessed 12 June 2009).

96. Paige Albiniak, “When It Snows, Weather Teams Shine,” Broadcasting & Cable 137, no. 8 (2007), 8.

97. Jon Nese and Glenn Schwartz, The Philadelphia Area Weather Book (Philadel-phia: Temple University Press, 2002), 70–73.

98. Deborah Potter, “Let It Snow,” American Journalism Review 24, no. 9 (2002), 68.

CHAPTER 9

1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Radio and Televi-sion Dissemination Issue Study, May 1981, radio-television file, NWS Office of Con-stituent Affairs, 14.

2. Dennis Hart, quoted in “Recalling a Media Pioneer: NBC Radio’s ‘Monitor,’ ” National Public Radio, 12 June 2005, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4700009 (accessed 18 September 2009).

3. Dennis Hart, Monitor (Take 2), (iUniverse, 2003), 129.4. Tedi Thurman, “Introduction,” Monitor (Take 2), xxi.5. Jack Gould, “Radio: NBC Monitor Scans All,” New York Times, 13 June 1955, 45.6. Thurman in Hart, Monitor (Take 2), xxi.7. Eric Zorn, “Radio News: Alive and Struggling,” Washington Journalism Review

(December 1987), 18.8. Marc Fisher, “Blackout on the Dial,” American Journalism Review 20, no. 5 (June

1998), http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=1327 (accessed 15 September 2009).9. Robert L. Hilliard and Michael C. Keith, The Quieted Voice: The Rise and De-

mise of Localism in American Radio (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005), 5.

10. Fisher, “Blackout on the Dial.”11. “WEBNews/Weather/Sports, News Services,” Westwood One, http://www.west

woodone.com/pg/jsp/tcservices/newsserv.jsp (accessed 19 September 2009).12. NOAA, Radio and Television Dissemination Issue Study, 14.13. Elliot Abrams, phone interview with author, 13 August 2009.14. “The Weather Channel Radio Network Partners,” The Weather Channel, http://

www.weather.com/aboutus/radio/partners/ (accessed 14 September 2009).15. “Radio Meteorologists,” The Weather Channel, http://www.weather.com/aboutus/

radio/personnel/ (accessed 14 September 2009).16. “Westwood One, Weather Channel Make a Deal,” Radio Ink, 3 September 2009,

http://www.radioink.com/Article.asp?id=1484132&spid=24698 (accessed 15 September 2009).


17. James C. Fidler, “Popularizing the Weather Broadcast,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 19, no. 9 (1938), 315.

18. “She Does Something about the Weather,” McCall’s (April 1956), 89–90.19. Peter Leavitt, phone interview with author, 27 July 1989.20. Robert A. Mamis, “Forecasting a Profit,” Inc. (April 1985), 119.21. Peter Leavitt, phone interview with author, 27 July 1989.22. “Television Industry’s Commercial Weather Reporting Firm Employs 31 Me-

teorologists,” P.D. Cue (June–July 1978), 14.23. Jim Candor, phone interview with author, 28 July 1989.24. “The AccuWeather Story,” AccuWeather, http://www.accuweather.com/phoe-

nix2/help/adc/company.htm (accessed 14 September 2009).25. Joel Myers, phone interview with author, December 1987.26. Elliot Myers, phone interview with author, 13 August 2009.27. “The Weatherman,” Small Market Radio Newsletter (24 March 1988), 7–8.28. Ibid.29. Norm Macdonald, phone interview with author, 7 July 1989.30. “The Society’s Awards,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 69, no.

8 (1988), 923.31. Gene Norman, “Hurricane Ike: Before, During & After,” 37th AMS Conference

on Broadcast Meteorology, Portland, Oregon, 22 June 2009 (http://ams.confex.com/ams/37Broadcast/techprogram/paper_153512.htm), accessed 24 September 2009.

32. K. H. Jehn, “Radio and Television Weathercasting—The Seal of Approval Program after Five Years,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 45, no. 8 (1964), 493.

33. Kirk Mellish, phone interview with author, 6 July 1989.34. “Sun or Storm, Listeners Get Coverage to ‘Depend On,’ ” Focus (Atlanta: Cox

Enterprises, 1987).35. Ibid.36. Kirk Mellish, phone interview with author, 6 July 1989.37. Kirk Mellish, e-mail to author, 24 August 2009.38. NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards brochure, updated October 2007, http://

www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/resources/NWR_Brochure_NOAA_PA_96070.pdf (accessed 2 July 2009).

39. Patrick Hughes, A Century of Weather Service (New York: Gordon & Breach, 1970), 74.

40. “ESSA VHF Weather Stations,” Weatherwise 22, no. 4 (1969), 157.41. H. Michael Mogil and Herbert S. Groper, “NWS’s Severe Local Storm Warning

and Disaster Preparedness Programs,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 58 (1977), 324–25.

42. Thomas J. Degregorio, “NOAA Weather Radio Needs Marketing!,” National Weather Digest 12, no. 3 (1987), 25.

43. Disaster survey team, Natural Disaster Survey Report: Southeastern United States Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak of March 27, 1994, U.S. Department of Commerce (August 1994), 29–30.

44. “Vice President Gore’s 1994 Initiative to Make Weather Radios as ‘Common as


Smoke Detectors’,” NWS, http://www.weather.gov/om/all-haz/all-haz3.htm (accessed 2 July 2009).

45. “Voices Used on NOAA Weather Radio,” NWS, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/newvoice.htm (accessed 2 July 2009).

46. “NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards,” http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr (accessed 2 July 2009).

47. Jeffrey K. Lazo, Rebecca E. Morss, and Julie L. Demuth, “300 Billion Served: Sources, Perceptions, Uses, and Values of Weather Forecasts,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90, no. 6 (2009), 788.

48. “NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards: On Alert for All Emergencies,” NWS Web site, http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/grounders/nwr.html (accessed 2 July 2009).

49. “Caledonia Tornado Event, National Weather Service, Jackson, Mississippi,” http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/CaledoniaHero.php (accessed 24 September 2009).

50. “‘America Is Safer When Our Schools Are Safer’: U.S. Schools Receive Life-Saving NOAA Public Alert Radios,” NOAA News, 19 August 2008, http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/20080819_schoolradios.html (accessed 24 September 2009).

51. NWS Dissemination Policy NWSPD 10-17, NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) All Hazards Specific Area Message Encoding (SAME) (12 February 2007), 3.

52. “Voices Used on NOAA Weather Radio,” NWS, http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/newvoice.htm (accessed 2 July 2009).

53. Degregorio, “NOAA Weather Radio,” 25.54. Roy Leep, “The American Meteorological Society and the Development of

Broadcast Meteorology,” Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919–1995 (Boston: Ameri-can Meteorological Society, 1996), 487.

55. Jay Sapir, “Radio Daze: Revisiting Deregulation,” RTNDA Communicator 49, no. 9 (September 1995), 132.

56. “Audio/Introduction, The State of the News Media 2009,” Pew Project for Ex-cellence in Journalism, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_audio_intro.php?media=10&cat=0 (accessed 14 September 2009).

57. “Audio/Audience, The State of the News Media 2009,” Pew Project for Excel-lence in Journalism, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_audio_audience.php?media=10&cat=2 (accessed 14 September 2009).

58. “Audio/Radio Content, The State of the News Media 2009,” Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_audio_con-tentanalysis.php?media=10&cat=1 (accessed 14 September 2009).

59. Todd Shields, “Satcasters Going Local,” MediaWeek 14, no. 2 (2004), 6.60. Deborah Potter, “A Challenge from the Sky,” American Journalism Review 26,

no. 5 (2004), 104.61. Zarek, “Catching Static,” 39.62. “XM Channel Lineup,” http://www.xmradio.com/onxm/full-channel-listing.

xmc (accessed 18 September 2009).63. Olga Kharif, “Sirius XM’s Subscriber Drain,” Business Week (7 May 2009), http://

www.businessweek.com/technology/content/may2009/tc2009057_956955.htm (ac-cessed 18 September 2009).


CHAPTER 10

1. Tom Brokaw, NBC Nightly News transcript, 5 February 1990, http://icue.nbcunifiles.com/icue/files/icue/site/pdf/1363.pdf (accessed 20 September 2009).

2. Jay Rosen, “Don’t Need a Weatherman?” Harper’s Magazine (April 1989), 35.3. Rosen, “Don’t Need,” 36.4. “The White House and the Greenhouse,” New York Times, 9 May 1989, A30.5. Horace M. Karling, Global Climate Change Revisited (New York: Nova Science

Publishers, 2007), 93.6. James Bennet, “Clinton Nudges TV Forecasters on Warming,” New York Times,

2 October 1997, A1.7. Richard Linnett, “Weather Channel, Politics Star in Film,” Advertising Age 75,

no. 23 (2004), 19.8. Linda Baker, “Just Say It’s Sunny,” Salon.com, 4 April 2006, http://www.salon.

com/news/feature/2006/04/04/weather/ (accessed 20 September 2009).9. Baker, “Just Say It’s Sunny.” 10. Bill Dawson, “Why Are So Many TV Meteorologists and Weathercasters Cli-

mate ‘Skeptics’?,” Yale Forum on Climate Change and the Media, 12 June 2008, http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2008/06/why-are-so-many-tv-meteorologists-and-weathercasters-climate-skeptics (accessed 20 September 2009).

11. Kris Wilson, “Television Weathercasters as Potentially Prominent Science Com-municators,” Public Understanding of Science 17, no. 1 (2008), 77.

12. Bud Ward, “Science Training for TV Weathercasters Leaves Them ‘Human’ on Climate Change,” Environment Writer (May 2003), http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/articles/0503_tvweathercasters.htm (accessed 24 September 2009).

13. Don Corrigan, “Global Warming Stirs a Storm for Weather Forecasters,” St. Louis Journalism Review (1 March 2009).

14. “Local Meteorologists Debate Global Warming,” KLTV.com, 8 November 2007, http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7332826 (accessed 20 September 2009).

15. Michael Scott, “Cleveland-area TV Meteorologists Disagree with Prevailing At-titude about Climate Change,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, 3 December 2008, http://www.cleveland.com/plaindealer/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/1228296644266240.xml&coll=2 (accessed 20 September 2009).

16. Heidi Cullen, “Junk Controversy Not Junk Science,” The Weather Channel Blog (21 December 2006), http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_11392.html (accessed 20 September 2009).

17. “100 Biggest Weather Moments,” The Weather Channel online video, http://www.weather.com/aboutus/television/100biggest (accessed 24 September 2009).

18. Stu Ostro, interview with author, 30 October 2008.19. “The Weather Channel Position Statement on Global Warming,” TWC Web

site (November 2007), http://www.weather.com/encyclopedia/global/ (accessed 24 September 2009).

20. Stu Ostro, e-mail to author, 23 September 2009.21. Ibid.22. Heidi Cullen, e-mail to author, 22 September 2009.


23. Andrew Freedman, “NBC Fires Weather Channel Environmental Unit,” Capital Weather Gang, washingtonpost.com, 21 November 2008, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/capitalweathergang/2008/11/nbc_fires_twc_environmental_un.html (accessed 24 September 2009).

24. Heidi Cullen, e-mail to author, 22 September 2009.25. AMS Council, Climate Change: An Information Statement, Bulletin of the

American Meteorological Society 88, no. 3 (2007), 418.26. Marc Morano, “Weather Channel Expert Calls for Decertifying Global Warm-

ing Skeptics,” The Inhofe EPW Press Blog, U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 17 January 2007, http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction =PressRoom.Blogs&ContentRecord_id=32abc0b0-802a-23ad-440a-88824bb8e528 (accessed 7 February 2010).

27. James Spann, “The ‘Weather Channel’ Mess,” ABC33/40 Weather Blog, 18 January 2007, http://www.jamesspann.com/wordpress/?p=650 (accessed 20 September 2009).

28. James Spann, e-mail to author, 18 August 2009.29. “Weather Channel Founder: Global Warming ‘Greatest Scam in History,’” ICE-

CAP, 11 November 2007, http://icecap.us/index.php/go/joes-blog/comments_about_global_warming (accessed 20 September 2009).

30. Bob Ryan and John Toohey-Morales, “Guest Editorial: Communicating Global Climate Change to the Public and Clients,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 8 (2007), 1164.

31. Bill Dawson, “Why Are So Many TV Meteorologists and Weathercasters Cli-mate ‘Skeptics’?”

32. Charles Homans, “Hot Air,” Columbia Journalism Review (January/February 2010), 28

33. Dan Satterfield, e-mail to author, 25 April 2009.34. Bud Ward, “15 Midwest TV Meteorologists, Weathercasters Weigh Climate Sci-

ence at Chicago’s Field Museum,” Yale Forum on Climate Change and the Media, 5 May 2009, http://www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2009/05/meteorologists-weathercasters -weigh-climate-science-chicago/ (accessed 24 September 2009).

35. Ann Posegate, “Station Scientists: Beyond the Daily Forecast,” Weatherwise 61, no. 6 (November/December 2008), 20–25.

36. Paul Gross, e-mail to author, 15 October 2009.37. Kris Wilson, “Opportunities and Obstacles for Television Weathercasters to

Report on Climate Change,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 40, no. 10 (2009), 1457–65.

38. Dave Jones, phone interview with author, 18 May 2009.39. “13 Climate Authority,” 13 Weather Authority Blog, WREX, http://addins.wrex.

com/blogs/weather/?cat=37, (accessed 10 October 2009).

CHAPTER 11

1. John Coleman, phone interview with author, 28 June 1989.2. Keith Flamer, “Eye of the Storm,” Broadcasting & Cable 130, no. 40 (2000), 84.


3. “Online New Forecast Calls for Traffic Spikes,” MediaWeek 9, no. 36 (1999), 86.4. Flamer, “Eye of the Storm,” 84.5. Abbey Klaassen, “Tracking web traffic: Upstarts trump titans,” Advertising Age

78, no. 19 (2007), 20.6. Michael Malone, “The Sky’s the Limit for Stations Online,” Broadcasting & Cable

137, no. 16 (2007), 46.7. “Welcome to the New WeatherTalk!,” ABC 33/40 Weather Blog (17 November

2004), http://www.jamesspann.com/bmachine/post/wxtalk/2/Welcome-To-The-New -WeatherTalk (accessed 11 October 2009).

8. Gary Lezak, e-mail to author, 11 October 2009.9. U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather is the Nation’s Business (1 December

1953), 28–29.10. Mark Rockwell, “Cold, Hard Facts Straight from the Cellphone,” Broadcasting

& Cable, 137, no. 8 (2007), 20.11. Jeffrey K. Lazo, Rebecca E. Morss, and Julie L. Demuth, “300 Billion Served:

Sources, Perceptions, Uses, and Values of Weather Forecasts,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90, no. 6 (2009), 788.

12. Glen Dickson, “Weather Reports Go Mobile,” Broadcasting & Cable, 136, no. 24 (2006), 22.

13. Don Kent, interviewed by Robert Henson, AMS-UCAR Tape Recorded Inter-view Project, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 28 September 2009.

14. Gary England, e-mail to author, 9 October 2009.

235

Index

AABC. See American Broadcasting

Company (ABC)Abrams and Bettes: Beyond the

Forecast, 141Abrams, Elliot, 72, 181, 183Abrams, Stephanie, 133, 141accuracy in weathercasting, 78–79AccuWeather, 51, 62, 99, 100, 204–205Advanced Weather Graphics, 101advertising, 143–145African Americans in weathercasting,

117, 119–124age of weathercasters, 119Alaska Weather, 56Albert the Alley Cat (WITI), 71Aldrich, Eric, 195Allen, Louis, 9, 50, 67–68almanacs, 83A.M. Weather, 56, 118, 129, 138–139American Association of Weather

Observers (AAWO), 82American Broadcasting Company

(ABC), 25, 133-135

American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), 54

American Journalism Review, 174American Meteorological Society

Certified Broadcast Meteorologist program, 38, 40–43, 76

founding of, 13–14Seal of Approval, 38–40, 115, 120,

122, 127, 132, 135, 198–199Seal of Approval for radio

weathercasters, 183–184American Morning (CNN), 136Amos, John, 120An Inconvenient Truth, 192–193, 196anchors, weather, 25animals, use of in weathercasting,

73–74animation, use of to illustrate weather,

68, 72–73, 90–91, 99–101Antoine, Tex, 69, 70, 72, 110Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 34Atmospheres (TWC), 80, 145Auter, Phillip, 34Aviation Weather, 55, 138

Avila, Lixion, 161AWS Convergence Technologies, 107

BBacon-Bercey, June, 115, 119, 120Baker, Russell, 138Ban, Ray, 62, 63, 99Barberie, Jillian, 119Barnes, Gordon, 136Baron Services, 100, 107Barrat, Maxine, 113Baskerville, Steve, 81, 121, 136Batten, Frank, 18, 140, 146Bell, Chuck, 26Bell, Steve, 134Berler, Richard, 30–31Bernier, Andre, 21Bernstein, Jim, 76Bettes, Mike, 141Bigler-Engler, Virginia, 115Binkley, Mark, 34Bjerknes, Wilhelm, 6Blair, Frank, 130–131, 134blizzard coverage, 172–174

236 | INDEX

“blobology”, 100blogs, 80, 195, 196, 202–203Bolaris, John, 174Bowman, Dennis, 81Broadcast Meteorology Program

(MSU), 32, 34–38, 41Broadcast Television Unit, 49Broadcasting & Cable, 2, 61, 105, 202Brokaw, Tom, 3, 189Brooks, Harold, 78Brown, Jerry, 102Brown, Vivian, 19, 117Bryan, Dale, 139Bulletin of the American Meteorological

Society, 14, 39, 48, 49, 78, 148Burke, Eugenia, 111Burpee, Robert, 150Bush, George H.W., 190

Ccable television, 24, 59, 118, 136Cage, Nicolas, 12Calvert, Edgar, 47Camel News Caravan, 9–10Cantore, Jim, 117, 145, 156Capell, Jack, 126–127Capell, Sylvia, 127Carell, Steve, 13Category 5, 153CBS. See Columbia Broadcasting

SystemCBS Morning News, 136CBS This Morning, 121certification, meteorological

AMS Certified Broadcast Meteorologist program, 38, 40–43

AMS Seal of Approval, 38–40, 115, 120, 122, 127, 132, 135, 198–199

AMS Seal of Approval for radio broadcasters, 183–184

Certificate in Broadcast Meteorology (MSU), 34–38

importance of, 43National Weather Service Seal of

Approval, 38, 40–41Chancellor, John, 130Christian, Spencer, 121, 133, 135chromakey, 91, 101–103

Clark, Noreen, 81Clark, Tom, 81climate change and weathercasting,

189–200Cline, Isaac, 148Clinton, Bill, 191clothing and weathercasting, 74–76,

113CNN, 118, 119, 136, 138, 158–159Coleman, John, 4, 25, 74, 131, 134,

139–140, 198, 201ColorGraphics Weather, 96Columbia Broadcasting System

(CBS), 25, 135–137community-access television

(CATV), 59CompuGraphics, 98Cooper, Anderson, 158–159Craig, Kelly, 159“crawls”, 89, 170Cullen, Heidi, 143, 192, 195–197CW Television Network, 25

DDaale, Pam, 125–126Dade, Grant, 195Dahl, Cindy, 87, 111Daly, Richard, 96Darby, Geoffrey, 142David, Laurie, 196David, William, 34Davis, Francis, 16, 50, 51, 66, 72, 182Davis, Gerry, 131Day After Tomorrow, The, 191–192Dean, Janice, 136Deshler, Steve, 136“dial up” radar, 94Dinu, Lucian, 34disabilities, physical, and

weathercasting, 125–127Discover, 72distance-learning for weathercasters,

34–38diversity, ethnic, 109–110, 117, 119–124Doocy, Steve, 136Doppler radar, 18, 103–104, 171Doswell, Charles, 172Douglas, Paul, 81, 101, 144Downs, Hugh, 130

DTN/Meteorlogix, 100Dussault, Nancy, 134

EEarly Show, The (CBS), 121Edwards, Roger, 172Eliot, Sonny, 72Elorza, Paola, 124Emergency Alert System (EAS), 183England, Gary, 17, 83, 166–167, 206Epic Conditions (TWC), 146ethnic minorities in weathercasting,

109–110, 117, 119–124Evening Edition (TWC), 141

FFacebook, 204Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in

Weather and Climate Services, 58–62

Fawbush, E.J., 165Fawbush-Miller tornado prediction

approach, 165–168Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA), 55, 138Federal Communication

Commission, 11, 69, 81Fessender, Aubrey, 46Fidler, Jim, 8, 182

and the Broadcast Training Unit, 49broadcasting style of, 66–67and deviations from official NWS

forecasts, 48and severe-weather coverage, 154and Today, 52–54, 130typical broadcast of, 7

Field, Frank, 28, 92Field, Kay, 111Field, Storm, 28Finley, J.P., 150, 165Fischbeck, George, 73Fisher, Ira Joe, 88flood coverage, 160Florida State University, 33Forbes, Greg, 36, 143Forecast Earth (TWC), 197forecast guarantees, 79Fox Network, 25, 119, 136, 158–159Fox NFL Sunday, 119

INDEX | 237

franchise forecasting, 144Frank, Neil, 161fronts, discovery of, 6Furness, Betty, 110

GGadomski, Fred, 37Gandy, Jim, 97Garroway, Dave, 53, 130Geostationary Operational

Environmental Satellites (GOES), 92–93

Gialanella, Linda, 73, 116Gilham, Doug, 35global warming, 20, 189–200Good Morning America (ABC), 3, 16,

28, 105, 116, 121, 131, 133–135, 139Goodloe, Paul, 105, 117Gore, Al, 186, 191, 192–193, 199Gould, Jack, 156graphics and weathercasting, 16–18,

23–24ABC use of, 133computer-generated, 94–95Doppler radar, 103–104early use of maps, 86–89, 90–91radar, 89–90resistance to high-tech graphics,

105–106satellites, 92–94use of local landmarks, 107VIPIR software, 107The Weather Channel (TWC) use

of, 99–101Gray, Richard, 149green screen, 16, 101–103greenhouse effect, 190Gross, Paul, 80, 200ground clutter, 90Grueber, Eugene, 184Gusty, 72–73

HHale, Elden, 81Hall, Lola, xi, 70, 111–112, 114Hansen, James, 190, 196“happy talk” formats, 13, 15–16, 28, 70,

133, 199–200Hart, Dennis, 156

Hartman, David, 134HD television, 105hearing loss, and severe weather

warnings, 169Hill, Doug, 106Hispanics in weathercasting, 122–124Hoff, P.J., 70Hogan, Marion, 180Holden, Edward, 150Holt, Alan, 35Homans, Charles, 198–199Hope, John, 142, 157Hosler, Charles, 36–37How’s the Weather, 182Huff, Janice, 118, 122Hurricane Almanac, 158hurricane coverage, 149, 151–159

Galveston (1900), 148–149Hurricane Audrey, 152–153Hurricane Camille, 155Hurricane Carla, 154-155, 160Hurricane Carol, 152Hurricane Charley, 162–164Hurricane Dora, 155Hurricane Gloria, 160Hurricane Hugo, 19Hurricane Isabel, 155Hurricane Katrina, 152, 155, 156Hurricane Rita, 155wall-to-wall coverage, 157–159

IIaffaldano, Paul, 192Imhofe, James, 196–197Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), 190, 194, 195, 196

Internet weathercasting, 80, 83, 202–204, 206

Isaac’s Storm, 148isobars, 93It Could Happen Tomorrow (TWC),

146

JJahelka, Craig, 81Jarvis, Liz, 117Jefferson, Thomas, 5Jerve, Steve, 164

Johnson, Edward, 61, 62, 63Johnson, Veronica, 26Jones, Dave, 79–80, 200Jones, Valerie Anne, 115

KKABC (Los Angeles), 73KARE (Minneapolis), 81Karins, Bill, 136KAUZ (Wichita Falls), 170Kavouras, 100, 101, 104, 105Kavouras, Steve, 100KCBS (Los Angeles), 122KCPQ (Seattle), 193KCRG (Cedar Rapids), 160KDAL (Duluth, Minnesota), 30–31Kelly, Terry, 96, 100Kent, Don, 29, 50, 51, 82, 93, 182, 206KFDA (Amarillo), 18KFMB (San Diego), 3KFOR (Oklahoma City), 41, 97, 172KGNS (Laredo), 30–31KGO (San Francisco), 135KGW (Portland), 126–127KHAS (Hastings, Nebraska), 184KHOU (Houston), 154, 161, 183, 198KHQ (Spokane), 88Kidman, Nicole, 13Kierein, Tom, 26KING (Seattle), 77KITV (Honolulu), 28KITV (Sioux City), 3KLTV (Texas), 195KMGH (Denver), 91, 125–126KMOX (St. Louis), 33KNBC (Los Angeles), 3, 115Knight, Paul, 37Kocin, Paul, 36, 143KOCO (Oklahoma City), 72KOKH (Oklahoma City), 111Kolls, Rebecca, 116KOMU (Columbia), 195KOTV (Tulsa), 88, 205KREM (Spokane), 74KSHB (Kansas City), 74, 203KSNW (Wichita), 172KSTP (Minneapolis), 104, 170KTUL (Tulsa), 72–73KTVX (Salt Lake City), 116

238 | INDEX

KTVY (Oklahoma City), 97, 166Kurtis, Bill, 170–171KUSI (San Diego), 25, 198KVEA (Los Angeles), 124KVIA (El Paso), 18KWTV (Oklahoma City), 17, 83, 104,

172, 205, 206KXXV (Waco), 41KYMA (Yuma, Arizona), 4Kyoto Protocol, 191KYTV (Springfield), 193KYW (Philadelphia), 121

LLake, Art, 152Lange, Kelly, 115language, use of in weathercasting, 72Larson, Erik, 148Laserfax, 93Laskin, David, 42Leep, Roy, 17, 51, 92, 93, 153, 187Letterman, David, 3Lezak, Gary, 74, 75, 203–204Libin, Scott, 172lightning displays, 103Little, Jim, 127Liveline I, 96–99Local AccuWeather Channel, 19

See also AccuWeatherlocal weathercasting, 24–28Lyndon State College (Vermont), 33Lynott, Bob, 127Lyons, Steve, 143, 157

MMaginnis, Karen, 118Man Computer Interactive Data

Access System (McIDAS), 95–96

Manchester, William, 149maps, 67, 86-89, 90-91Marciano, Rob, 136Marks, Judy, 111Martin, Steve, 12Masters, Jeff, 61Mayfield, Max, 158, 161McDermott, M.J., 193McEwen Mark, 121, 136–137McGee, Frank, 166

McNiff, Gerard, 135McPherson, Ronald, 193Mellish, Kirk, 183Mergen, Bernard, 50meteorology, university degrees in,

33–34, 114-115Metro Networks, 178Michaels, Mish, 77, 80, 83, 118–119,

145, 173Miller, Robert, 165Miss Monitor, 113, 156–157Mississippi State University, 32,

34–38, 41Mogil, Michael, 139Monitor (NBC), 113, 156, 176Monzón, Ada, 124Morales, Sal, 124Morning (CBS), 116Morning Joe (MSNBC), 136Morning Program, The (CBS), 136Morning Show (CBS), 4, 113Morrow, Lance, 20movies, and portrayal of

weathercasting, 12–13“moving weather”, 91MSNBC, 136, 155Murphy, John, 47Murray, Bill, 12Murray, Dave, 16, 81, 135Myers, Barry, 62–63Myers, Chad, 70Myers, Evan, 63Myers, Joel, 63, 180

NNagin, Ray, 159Nagler, Harvey, 178National Broadcasting Company

(NBC), 25, 130–133National Environmental Education

and Training Foundation, 79, 199–200

National Hurricane Center, 153, 154, 160–161, 162–164

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 54–55, 58–60, 61–62, 93, 185–187

National Severe Storms Laboratory, 166

National Weather Serviceand acknowledgement by

weathercasters, 60–61Certification of Television (or

Radio) Weathercasting, 38, 40–41

formation of, 5–6, 45and public versus private

weathercasting, 52–63National Weather Service Duties Act

(2005), 59–61NBC. See National Broadcasting

Company (NBC) NBC News at Sunrise, 77Nelson, Mike, 91Nese, Jon, 36network television

ABC, 25, 133–135CBS, 25, 135–137and female weathercasters,

116–118NBC, 25, 130–133

New York Times, 6, 81, 114, 138, 156New York World, 6NOAA Directives Manual, 55NOAA weather radio, 185–187Noe, Don, 4Norcross, Bryan, 157–158, 159Norman, Fred, 72Norman, Gene, 183, 198Norton, Grady, 150

OO’Brien, Conan, 27Oklahoma Publishing Company

(OPUBCO), 41Oklahoma Weather, 83Oliver, Dave, 18100 Biggest Weather Moments, 196Ortner, Richard, 125Ostro, Stu, 196, 197outdoor weathercasting, 81

PPaar, Jack, 113Pagliuca, Salvatore, 179–180Pennington, Joseph, 35Pennsylvania State University (PSU),

36–37

INDEX | 239

Perez, Maclovio, 122Perkins, Tony, 135Peronto, James, 56Pew Project for Excellence, 18, 29, 187Philadelphia Area Weather Book,

The, 50Philadelphia Inquirer, 16Pielke, Roger Jr., 57Potter, Deborah, 174Potter, Sean, 4, 12Price, Dave, 137Primer Impacto, 124Public Broadcasting Service, 25public education in weathercasting,

77–78public service, 80–81, 147–148Pulitzer, Joseph, 6puppets, use of in weathercasting,

69–71Putnam, Mike, 186

Rradar, 89–90, 94, 103–104, 154radio weathercasting, 6–8, 14, 175–188

AccuWeather, 179–181in-house weathercasters, 182–185local stations, 179–182Monitor (NBC), 113, 156, 176National Weather Network,

181–182NOAA weather radio, 185–187the radio template, 177–178satellite service, 188U.S. Weather Bureau forecasting,

45–49rainbow radar, 94Rather, Dan, 154, 155, 157, 161Ray, Nikki-Dee, 35Read, William, 161Reed, Carol, 33, 69, 72, 110, 111, 114Reheis, Rebecca, 116Reichelderfer, F.W., 53–54, 166–167Reichmuth, Rick, 136Reid, James, 182Reif, Jim, 162Revkin, Andrew, 196Ricks, Robert, 159Rideout, E.B., 7, 182Roberts, Nash, 152, 162

Roker, Al, 76, 81, 121, 130–133, 155Roker on the Road, 133Roosevelt, Franklin D., 6Rosen, Jay, 190Rossby, Carl-Gustav, 110round-the-clock weather, 28–29,

157-159Ryan, Bob, 18, 26, 77, 83, 131, 198

SSt. Pé, Edward, 181Sajak, David, 3Santorum, Rick, 59satellites and weathercasting, 92–94,

188Satterfield, Dan, 199Sawyer, Diane, 3, 115Science, 151Science News Letter, 112Scott, Willard, 4, 15, 26, 32, 74–76, 81,

121, 129, 130–133Sealls, Alan, 102, 122Segreto, Tony, 159Seidel, Mike, 155severe weather coverage, 147–174

floods, 160hurricanes, 151–161and National Hurricane Center

broadcasts, 160–161pre-television, 148–150tornadoes, 150–151, 164–170tropical cyclones, 155, 162–164wall-to-wall coverage, 157–159winter storms, 172–174

Shadow Broadcast Services, 178Sheets, Robert, 161Sherry, Don, 74Silicon Graphics, 101Simpson, Joanne (Malkus), 110Skilling, Tom, 25, 70, 85, 93, 104, 106Skywarn alerts, 130Smith, Shepard, 155, 159Snider, Dave, 193Sorreals, Don, 121Spann, James, 197–198, 203Speelman, Dave, 18Spencer Christian’s Weather Book, 135Spiegler, David, 50sponsorship, weathercasting, 90

Stanley, Ginger, 4station scientist, weathercaster as,

79–80Steele, Alexandra, 117storm chasers, 171–172Storm of the Century (1993), 173–174Storm Prediction Center (SPC), 168Storm Stories (TWC), 145–146Stueber, Paul, 81Sunday Today (NBC), 77

TTaft, Harold, 66, 82Tampa Television Company, 41Telecommunications Act of 1996, 19telephone, weather reports via,

204–205Television Age, 170Television and Infrared Observational

Satellite (TIROS I), 92television network weathercasting

See network televisiontelevision weathercasting, 1–22, 32–38

beginning of, 9–11and FCC freeze on station

licensing, 11, 69and financial crisis, 20and “happy talk” formats, 13,

15–16, 28, 70, 133, 199-200and improved graphics, 16–18,

23–24public versus private

weathercasting, 52–63training for, 33, 34–38and weathercasting as

entertainment, 11–13Television Weathercasting: A History,

xiiTemperton, Simon, 156Terry, Tom, 162The Weather Channel Latin America,

124The Weather Channel (TWC), 18–19,

28, 129and advertising, 143–145Atmospheres, 80, 145change in ownership, 146coverage of climate change,

196–197

240 | INDEX

and earthquake activity, 79Epic Conditions (TWC), 146Evening Edition (TWC), 141and flood coverage, 160Forecast Earth (TWC), 197on the future of weathercasting,

201–202history of, 137–146and hurricane coverage, 157It Could Happen Tomorrow

(TWC), 146and longer-form programming,

145–146and minorities, 110, 117, 121Storm Stories (TWC), 145–146use of graphics, 99–101use of HD, 105use of telephone weather reports,

204–205When Weather Changed History

(TWC), 146Your Weather Today (TWC), 141

Thurman, Tedi, 113, 156–157Tilmon, Jim, 120Time, 20, 76Tinker Air Force Base, 10, 165, 166Tirado, Roberto, 122Today (NBC), 3, 4, 19, 26, 28, 118, 134,

136, 166and Al Roker, 121, 132–133, 155and Janice Huff, 122and use of “crawls”, 89and weathercasting controversy

(1954), 52–54and Willard Scott, 32, 74–76,

131–132Today Show, The, 131Tonight Show (NBC), 113Toohey-Morales, John, 123–124, 193,

198tornado coverage, 147, 150–151,

164–170touch-screens, 86Triumph over Disaster: The Hurricane

Andrew Story, 158tropical cyclones, 155, 162–164Turner, Marilyn, 115Turner, Roger, 68–69, 112–113TV Guide, 14, 33, 113, 114

Twitter, 204Tyler, Janet, 74, 113Tynan, Cecily, 191

UUltraGraphics-32, 101Uncle Wethbee, 70–71University Corporation for

Atmospheric Research, 62University of Oklahoma, 34U.S. Army Signal Service, 45U.S. Weather, 83U.S. Weather Bureau

and radio broadcasting, 45–49and television broadcasting,

49–54USA Today, 4Utley, Cliff, 10

VVan Winkle, Robert, 162VIPIR software, 107voice-overs, television, 55voice-tracking, 183Volkman, Harry, 41, 88, 166–168Von Ahn, Joan, 118Voss, Valerie, 116, 119, 135-136

WWABC (New York), 15, 28, 74, 88, 113WABD (New York), 49Wake Up with Al, 121, 133Walker, Nick, 19Walters, Barbara, 3WARM (Scranton), 111Warren, Richard, 139Washington, George, 5watch-warning format (severe

weather), 168–169WBAP (Dallas-Ft. Worth), 66, 82WBBH (Ft. Myers), 162WBBM (Chicago), 70, 120, 121WBMA (Birmingham), 203WBZ (Boston), 80, 82, 118–119, 173,

206WBZ Weather Almanac, 83WCAU (Philadelphia), 174WCBS (New York), 33, 69, 110, 114, 178WCCO (Minneapolis), 90

WDAF (Kansas City), 74WDIV (Detroit), 80, 200WDSU (New Orleans), 152, 155Weather and Forecasting, 150Weather Central, 96, 98–99, 100, 105Weather Channel, The

See The Weather ChannelWeather Coalition, 62Weather is the Nation’s Business, 51weather maps, 67Weather Matters, 50weather observers, 82, 107Weather Plus, 19Weather Services Corporation

(WSC), 100Weather Underground, 61“weather wars”, 171Weather World, 37Weatherate, 78WeatherBrains, 197WeatherBug, 107weathercasting, national, 129–146

ABC, 133–135cable, 136CBS, 135–137CNN, 118, 119, 136, 138, 158-159NBC, 130–133See also The Weather Channel

(TWC) weathercasting, public versus private,

45–63effect of Fair Weather study, 58–62television weathercasting, 49–54U.S. Weather Bureau and radio,

45–49weathercasting styles, 65–83weathercasts, timing of, 25–26, 28–29weathergirls, 69, 109, 111, 112, 114, 116,

119, 135Weathernews, 205WEATHERproducer (WSI), 99, 101WeatherSTAR satellite system, 144WeatherVision, 96, 144Weatherwise, 12Weaver, Bob, 71WEEI (Boston), 182Weekend Today (NBC), 29Welch, Raquel, 3WFBM (Indianapolis), 171

INDEX | 241

WFGA (Jacksonville), 155WFIE (Evansville), 55, 112WFIL (Philadelphia), 49WFLA (Tampa), 164WFOR (Miami), 158WFTS (Tampa-St. Petersburg), 73WFTV (Orlando), 162WGN (Chicago), 85, 102, 106, 122When Weather Changed History

(TWC), 146WHNT (Huntsville, Alabama), 81WIBW (Topeka), 170Willi, Jim, 42, 76–77, 78, 93, 105Williams, Brian, 155Wilson, Kristopher, 43, 118, 194–195,

200winter weather coverage, 172–174Winterling, George, 91, 92, 153–154WISH (Indianapolis), 111Witte, Joe, 77WITV (Hollywood, Florida), 113WJLA (Washington), 102WJXT (Jacksonville), 154WKMG (Orlando), 137WKRC (Cincinnati), 88, 90WKRG (Mobile, Alabama), 122WKY (Oklahoma City), 10, 41, 97, 166WLBC (Municie, Indiana), 7, 66WLKY (Louisville), 3WLS (Chicago), 25, 74

WLTV (Miami), 123WLW (Cincinnati), 48, 54, 154, 182WLWI (Indianapolis), 3WMAJ (Pennsylvania), 36WMAQ (Chicago), 120WMAR (Baltimore), 49, 79WMEX (Boston), 50WNAC (Boston), 180WNBC (New York), 121, 122WNBT (New York), 7, 92, 104, 110, 121WNBW (Washington), 50WNEP (Scranton), 81WNET (New York), 56WOKY (Milwaukee), 111Women in Cable

Telecommunications, 117women in weathercasting, 109–119Wood, Lew, 131, 134Wood, Vincent, 169Woods, Don, 72–73Wooly Lamb, 7–8, 9World News This Morning (ABC), 116WPIX (New York), 122WPSX (Penn State), 36–37WPXI (Pittsburg), 81WRAL (Raleigh, North Carolina),

24, 105WRC (Washington), 26–27, 77, 79, 83,

121, 198WRCB (Chattanooga), 79

WREX (Rickford, Illinois), 200WSB (Atlanta), 183–185WSCV (Miami), 193WSI Corporation, 99, 101WSJV (South Bend, Indiana), 79WSM (Nashville), 3WSUN (Miami), 155WTAR (Norfolk), 47WTSB (Topeka), 55WTSP (Tampa-St. Petersburg), 73WTTG (Washington), 49, 111, 135WTTW (Chicago), 120WTVJ (Miami), 71, 158WTVT (Tampa), 17, 41, 83, 92, 93,

153, 158WTVW (Evansville), 112WTWO (Terre Haute), 171WWJ (Detroit), 72WWL (New Orleans), 162WXIA (Atlanta), 103WXYZ (Detroit), 115WYFF (Greenville), 119WZBN (Fort Myers), 162

YYale Project on Climate Change, 199Yockey, Marcia, 55, 112, 114Youle, John Clinton, 9–10Young, Lloyd Lindsay, 4, 73Your Weather Today (TWC), 141

This in-studio photograph shows Tom Skilling (WGN, Chicago) using the “green screen,” part of the chro-makey system that allows weathercasters to work with a wealth of images placed off-camera into each segment. (Courtesy Kenneth Dewey)

One of the nation’s longest-serving broadcast meteorolo-gists at a single station was Roy Leep (shown here in 1959). His tenure at Tampa’s WTVT extended from 1957 to 1997. (Courtesy WTVT FOX 13)

The sophistication of The Weather Channel’s computer graphics increased mark-edly from 1983 (top) to 1995 (middle) and 2006 (bottom). (Courtesy TWC)

A new studio, opened in 2008, was part of The Weather Channel’s $60 million invest-ment in high-definition broad-casting. (Robert Henson)

The Weather Channel’s Jim Cantore is one of the nation’s leading practitioners of on-the-scene storm coverage, which grew with the advent of satellite newsgathering technology in the 1980s. (Courtesy TWC)

Since 1997, Baron Servcies’ VIPIR software has allowed weathercasters to paint high-resolution, three-dimensional portraits of severe storms. (Courtesy Baron Services)

Dean Devore manages radio operations for AccuWeather, which provides radio seg-ments to many dozens of sta-tions. (Courtesy AccuWeather © 2009)

Thousands of Alaskans get their daily dose of TV weather from National Weather Service meteorologist James Peronto on Alaska Weather, a 30-minute program produced through a unique collabora-tion between the NWS and Alaska Public Telecommuni-cations. (Courtesy NOAA)

Many weathercasters, such as Gary Lezak (KSHB, Kansas City), supplement their chromakey presentations with appearances from the studios where they prepare their seg-ments. (Courtesy UCAR)

Three-dimensional treatments of weather features and forecast graphics are now provided by several firms, including AccuWeather. (Courtesy AccuWeather)

The Weather Channel’s diverse lineup of weather-casters includes Alexandra Steele, who earned degrees in art/architecture and journalism before studying meteorology and earning a seal of approval from the American Meteorological Society. (Courtesy TWC)

Broadcast meteorologists such as Alan Sealls (WKRG, Mobile) operate in studios far more technologically advanced than those of a generation ago. (Courtesy Alan Sealls, WKRG)

Weathercasters have played a key role in national morning news shows for decades. Pic-tured here is the cast of NBC’s Today circa 2001, including Al Roker (second from left). (Courtesy NBC)

Baron Services’s OMNI package combines a 3-D landscape with pop-up graphics that show city- and neighborhood-specific details. (Courtesy Baron Services)

Documents

Notes - Springer978-1-935704-00-3/1.pdf · CHAPTER 2 NOTES | 211 Broadcast Meteorology” in , Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919–1995 (Boston: Ameri- can Meteorological Society,