Notes

Chapter 2. I thank Columbia University Press for granting permission to quote Yang 1945:90, A Chinese Village. Taitou, Shandong Province.

Chapter 4. Grovel Atlantic, Inc. kindly granted permission to quote Arthur Waley, The Book o/Songs (copyright line 1937), Seventh Printing, 1978, page 161. Waley uses his own system of ordering the poems, listing them by topic; poem #279 also is referred to here as entry #156 (see Waley 1987:351).

Chapter 4. David Keightley generously granted permission to cite two helpful unpublished papers (Keightley 1975, 1985).

Chapter 4. I am grateful to Elizabeth Childs-johnson for permission to cite her useful, unpublished dissertation (Childs-Johnson 1988).

Chapter 5. The analysis for Dadunzi uses primarily Nanjing Museum 0964, 1%5). Burials reported in Nanjing Museum (981) from Dadunzi date to both the Early and Middle Regional Phases. Figures 5.8 and 5.28 do not include burials from Liulin or Dadunzi.

Chapters 5, 6, and 7. Jim Railey generously allowed me to cite results from his important dissertation on ceramic change in the Yuanqu basin of southern Shanxi (Railey 1999).

Chapter 7. I thank my sister, Emily Luchetti, a professional pastry chef, for leading me to Barbara Haber and Deborah Kelley-Milburn, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, who informed me about the web page men­tioning bronze cooking vessels at Hampton Court Palace. The web site address is: www.castingsfshusiness.co.uklwarning.htm

Chapter 7. I am very grateful to Dr. Fang Hui for helping me translate the section of the Zuo Zhuan (Yang 1981).

Chapter 7. I thank Dr. Isabelle Druc for her translation from the French (Biot 1975) of the Dong Guan Kao GongJi.

259

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Appendices

Tab

le A

.l.

Hyp

oth

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Abo

ut F

un

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ns

of

Lat

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Pot

tery

Ves

sels

, c.

41

00

-19

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B.C

.

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amic

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m (

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:142

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edia

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00 B

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(Pro

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ster

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: bo

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ups

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stew

s, a

nd

ser

ving

by

po

urin

g; p

ossi

bly

also

hea

ting

"w

ine"

(L

uan

1992

:250

, W

ang

1997

:183

-184

)

Soo

t o

n g

ui

legs

at

Che

ngzi

yai,

L

ongs

han

peri

od,

c. 2

600-

1900

B.C

. (C

hild

s-Jo

hnso

n 19

84:2

89-2

90;

Li

Chi

193

4:65

; L

i 19

56:1

17),

res

idue

fro

m

wat

er i

nsid

e so

me

gU

i ves

sels

at

Daw

enk

ou

Ear

ly B

ronz

e A

ge c

ount

erpa

rts,

m

ostl

y in

ferr

ed f

unct

ion

on

th

e ba

sis

of

text

s fr

om

mor

e th

an o

ne

peri

od

Sha

ng a

nd

lat

er p

erio

ds (

Cha

ng

1976

); r

egio

nal

vari

atio

ns o

f fo

rms,

som

e ar

e sq

uare

w

ith

4 le

gs i

nste

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som

e ha

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andl

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tom

b w

ith

mea

t st

ew i

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ng;

text

s st

ate

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tern

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u d

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fo

r no

bles

all

for

mea

t di

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,

larg

e si

ze f

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); s

ome

Shan

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d Z

hou

din

g h

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soot

(M

a 19

86:

187;

Chi

lds-

John

son

1984

:231

)

Sha

ng a

nd

lat

er p

erio

ds

(Li

1995

:17;

Ma

1986

);

som

e w

ith

spoo

ns f

or p

icki

ng

ou

t m

eat,

som

e ha

ve h

andl

es,

soli

d le

gs

Unc

erta

in;

poss

ibly

a

fore

runn

er o

f th

e br

onze

he

trip

od (

see

belo

w)

~ ~ ~ ~ Q '" ~ ....

Cer

amic

for

m (

gene

ric

term

s;

ofte

n se

vera

l va

riet

ies

and

si

zes

at s

ites

)

Yan

(X

ian

) ta

ll tr

ipod

ves

sel

wit

h tw

o di

stin

ct s

ecti

ons:

jar

like

top

an

d h

ollo

w o

r so

lid

legs

Zeng

jar

wit

h w

ide

orif

ice;

sev

eral

pi

erce

d ho

les

in b

ase

or

low

er

bo

dy

Gu

an

jar

wit

h fl

at b

ase,

il

l-de

fine

d sh

ould

er,

part

iall

y co

nstr

icte

d or

ific

e;

man

y va

riet

ies

and

siz

es

(inc

ludi

ng p

aste

)

Tab

le A

.!,

(Con

tin

ued

)

Infe

rred

pri

mal

)' fu

ncti

on

Coo

king

: st

eam

ing

(pre

sum

ably

gra

in o

r ve

geta

bles

); h

ollo

w l

egs

fille

d w

ith

wat

er

Coo

king

: st

eam

ing

Seve

ral

poss

ible

fun

ctio

ns:

cook

ing

for

coar

se p

aste

jars

; al

l-pu

rpos

e co

ntai

ners

or

stor

age

vess

els

Eth

nogr

aphi

c an

alog

y: D

ai

peop

le,

sout

hern

Chi

na,

use

Dir

ect

evid

ence

, N

eoli

thic

per

iod

site

, la

te D

awen

kou

peri

od,

c. 3

000-

2600

B.C

. (S

hand

ong

Pro

vinc

e an

d Ji

nan

City

19

74:5

0, C

hild

s-jo

hnso

n 19

84:2

90),

an

d S

hand

ong

Lon

gsha

n si

tes:

B

aiyi

ng (

CPA

M o

f A

nyan

g D

istr

ict

1983

:17)

, L

ujia

kou

(Sha

ndon

g A

rcha

eolo

gica

l T

eam

198

5)

Non

e, b

ut u

nusu

al s

hap

e ru

les

ou

t m

any

othe

r po

ssib

ilit

ies

Non

e, b

ut a

nalo

gy t

o m

od

em

cook

ing

vess

els

sugg

ests

fe

asib

ilit

y

Cla

m/m

usse

l sh

ells

ins

ide

gu

an

jar

s, b

uria

ls M

12,

M13

, M

22 i

n X

ixia

hou

site

, la

te

Daw

enko

u pe

riod

, c.

280

0-26

00 B

.C.

(Ins

titu

te o

f A

rcha

eolo

gy 1

985:

336)

Lon

gsha

n si

tes

(c.

2600

-190

0 B

.C.)

:

soot

on

gu

an

jar

s fr

om H

enan

,

Ear

ly B

ronz

e A

ge c

ount

erpa

rts,

m

ostl

y in

ferr

ed f

unct

ion

on

th

e ba

sis

of

text

s fr

om

mo

re t

han

on

e pe

riod

In S

hang

an

d l

ater

per

iods

, b

ron

ze y

an

hav

e ho

llow

le

gs;

som

e ar

e re

ctan

gula

r o

r h

ave

hand

les

(U 1

995:

22;

Ma

198

6)

No

ne

No

ne

~

~ ~ ~ ~ Q

r,,)

Bi

(usu

ally

) ve

ry s

hall

ow v

esse

l w

ith

stra

ight

wal

ls a

nd

fla

t ba

se;

pier

ced

hole

s (v

aryi

ng

size

s an

d s

hape

s) t

hrou

gh

base

or

low

er b

ody

Za

o s

tove

; o

pen

top

to

sup

po

rt

cont

aine

r an

d o

pen

sid

e fo

r fu

el,

som

e ha

ve h

oles

on

up

per

b

od

y t

o re

leas

e sm

oke

Do

u s

tem

med

dis

h; h

eigh

t an

d

wid

th o

f st

em,

diam

eter

an

d

dep

th o

f di

sh v

ary

jars

des

crib

ed a

s gu

an

for

wat

er (

Zha

ng J

i 19

59:4

90)

Coo

king

: gr

ate

for

stea

min

g,

for

inse

rtio

n in

to a

noth

er

vess

el

Por

tabl

e, s

mal

l co

okin

g st

ove

Ser

ving

ves

sel,

esp

ecia

lly

coo

ked

mea

t di

shes

Sha

anxi

(Z

hang

an

d Z

hang

19

86:4

7,49

); a

nim

al b

ones

in

guan

jar

at

Bai

ying

sit

e (S

ui 1

988:

51);

se

vera

l gu

an j

ars

foun

d in

bot

tom

o

f w

ell,

Jia

ngou

(In

stit

ute

of

Arc

haeo

logy

198

4:84

)

App

aren

tly

som

e sm

all

grat

es

hav

e b

een

fou

nd i

n ya

n st

eam

ers;

pro

babl

y ra

cks

mad

e o

f ot

her

mat

eria

ls l

ike

bam

boo

exis

ted

and

wer

e ea

sier

to

use

Fea

sibl

e sh

ape;

res

embl

ance

to

cont

empo

rary

por

tabl

e st

oves

in

rura

l C

hina

; pr

esum

ably

soo

t

Pig

lim

b, h

oof,

an

d o

ther

bon

es

insi

de d

ou

dis

hes,

bur

ial

M15

, Y

edia

n si

te,

mid

dle

Daw

enko

u pe

riod

, c.

325

0-30

00 B

.C.;

fish

an

d p

ig l

ow

er j

awbo

ne

insi

de d

ou

dis

h, b

uria

l M

84,

Yed

ian

site

, la

te D

awen

kou

peri

od,

c. 3

000-

2600

B.C

.

(Sha

ndon

g M

useu

m 1

985:

170,

17

8);

pig

low

er j

awbo

ne i

n d

ou

dis

h, b

uria

l M

15,

Xix

iaho

u si

te,

mid

dle

Daw

enk

ou

per

iod,

c.

275

0-30

00 B

.C;

clam

/mus

sel

shel

ls

in d

ou

dis

hes,

bur

ials

M12

, M

13,

M22

in

Xix

iaho

u si

te,

late

Non

e

Non

e un

til

afte

r S

hang

pe

riod

(C

hang

198

6),

but

Sha

ng p

otte

ry e

xam

ples

(C

hang

197

6:12

6)

Onl

y in

bro

nze

afte

r th

e S

hang

per

iod;

so

me

have

lid

s (L

i 19

95:3

0, C

hang

19

76:1

41,

1978

:128

; M

a 19

80,

1986

)

~ ~ ~ SZ g c;

,) ~

~

Cer

amic

for

m (

gene

ric

term

s;

ofte

n se

vera

l va

riet

ies

and

si

zes

at s

ites

)

Zu

n j

ar w

ith

wid

e or

ific

e an

d f

lari

ng

rim

; se

vera

l va

riet

ies

(lar

ge d

eep

ve

ssel

s ve

rsus

sho

rt,

cup-

like

ve

ssel

s)

Le

i ja

r w

ith

wid

e sh

ould

er,

cari

nate

d pr

ofil

e, r

elat

ivel

y ta

ll n

arro

w n

eck,

sm

all

bas

e

Hu

jar

wit

h lo

ng

nec

k, c

onst

rict

ed

orif

ice,

max

imum

bo

dy

dia

met

er

at m

idhe

ight

Jia

trip

od w

ith

glob

ular

bod

y,

holl

ow l

egs,

wid

e or

ific

e, s

hap

e

Tab

le A

.t.

(Con

tinu

ed)

Infe

rred

pri

mar

y fu

ncti

on

"Win

e" c

onta

iner

; sh

ape

and

pos

t-S

hang

tex

tual

da

ta s

ugge

st f

erm

enta

tion

ve

ssel

(C

hild

S-Jo

hnso

n 19

84:2

15-2

23);

lar

ge,

deep

, la

te D

awen

kou

peri

od

exam

ples

(c.

300

0-26

00 B

.C.)

may

be

ferm

enta

tion

ves

sels

(U

nder

hill

for

thco

min

g)

"Win

e" c

onta

iner

; fo

rm w

ould

be

feas

ible

for

ho

ldin

g fe

rmen

ted

beve

rage

s

Dir

ect

evid

ence

, N

eoli

thic

per

iod

Daw

enko

u pe

riod

, c.

280

0-26

00 B

.C.

(Ins

titu

te o

f A

rcha

eolo

gy 1

985:

336)

Non

e; t

he d

iffe

rent

for

ms

of

zu

n a

t si

tes

sugg

est

grea

t va

riat

ion

in f

unct

ion;

Wan

g 19

97 c

alls

the

se "

ga

ng

" ja

rs

Non

e

Con

tain

er f

or "

win

e" o

r ot

her

Non

e li

quid

s

Var

ious

pos

sibi

liti

es:

"win

e" s

ervi

ng o

r dr

inki

ng

Non

e

Ear

ly B

ronz

e A

ge c

ount

erpa

rts,

m

ostl

y in

ferr

ed f

unct

ion

on

th

e ba

sis

of

text

s fr

om

mor

e th

an o

ne

peri

od

Wid

e-m

outh

ed j

ar w

ith

flar

ing

rim

in

Sha

ng p

erio

d an

d l

ater

; ge

neri

c te

rm b

ut

also

can

ref

er

to t

his

spec

ific

for

m;

how

ever

, th

e fo

rm c

hang

ed s

om

ewh

at

over

tim

e (L

i 19

95,

Ma

1986

: 19

7, C

hang

198

1:16

1)

Sha

ng p

erio

d an

d l

ater

, so

me

have

han

dles

(M

a 19

80,

1986

:199

-200

); v

arie

ties

of

shap

es

Sha

ng p

erio

d an

d l

ater

, sp

ecif

ic

term

(C

hang

198

1:16

1, M

a 19

80);

but

als

o ca

n r

efer

ge

nera

lly

to m

any

lon

g-n

eck

ed

vess

els

(Ma

1986

:197

-198

);

som

e S

hang

on

es h

ave

lids

Solid

leg

s in

bro

nze

vers

ions

; E

rlito

u pe

riod

(R

awso

n

~ "'" ~ ~ ~ s:! ~ r..o

s

of

base

var

ies

vess

el,

or

vess

el f

or h

eati

ng

1987

:11)

; al

so S

hang

per

iod

~

wat

er t

o m

ix w

ith

"win

e,"

and

lat

er (

Ma

1980

, 19

86:3

9,

~ o

r si

mpl

y a

vess

el

195;

Li

1980

, 19

95);

gen

eric

~

for

heat

ing

term

for

win

e-se

rvin

g ve

ssel

(C

hang

198

1:16

2);

post

-Sha

ng

~ te

xts

sugg

est

heat

ing

wat

er

Q

to m

ix w

ith

"win

e,"

and

som

e tIS

rela

ted

form

jue

trip

od (

Erl

itou

pe

riod

) ex

ampl

es h

ave

soot

(C

hild

s-Jo

hnso

n 19

84:2

12,

185)

He

tri

pod

vess

el w

ith

holl

ow l

egs,

"W

ine"

con

tain

er o

r w

ater

P

ossi

bly

the

bro

nze

he

trip

od

Erl

itou

per

iod

(R

awso

n 19

96:

may

be

shor

t an

d w

ide

or

tall

cont

aine

r fo

r bl

endi

ng o

r de

velo

ped

from

the

25

2);

also

Sha

ng p

erio

d an

d

and

nar

row

, di

stin

ctiv

e tu

bula

r di

luti

ng "

win

e"

Neo

lith

ic c

eram

ic g

Ui

late

r (M

a 19

80,

1986

:200

-201

);

spo

ut

pitc

her

(Chi

lds-

John

son

vari

etie

s o

f fo

rms

from

Sha

ng

1984

:206

-207

) si

tes

Gu

tal

l be

aker

, di

stin

ct f

lari

ng s

hape

D

rink

ing

vess

el f

or "

win

e"

Non

e S

hang

per

iod

an

d l

ater

; fr

om m

id-b

ody

gene

ric

term

for

a v

esse

l to

w

arm

win

e (C

hang

198

1:16

2)

bu

t ot

hers

cal

l it

a sp

ecif

ic f

orm

(M

a 19

86:1

95,

Chi

lds-

John

son

1984

)

Bei

sm

all

vess

els

wit

h co

nstr

icte

d In

divi

dual

-siz

ed d

rink

ing

Non

e N

one

orif

ice,

man

y sh

ape

vari

etie

s;

cups

for

man

y li

quid

s;

may

hav

e ha

ndle

s, f

eet,

or l

ong

stem

s sm

all-

capa

city

cu

ps o

r el

abor

ate

cups

pos

sibl

y fo

r "w

ine"

(Li

Jia

nmin

19

84:6

6, F

ang

1%4)

Pa

n b

asin

, ve

ry w

ide

but

shal

low

S

omet

imes

use

d as

rit

ual

Non

e S

hang

per

iod

an

d l

ater

(M

a di

sh,

on

ped

esta

l; o

ften

cal

led

wat

er c

onta

iner

19

80,

1986

:201

); u

sed

wit

h he

q

ua

nzu

pa

n,

ring

-foo

ted

pitc

her

befo

re m

iddl

e Z

hou

~

baSi

n; a

noth

er v

arie

ty i

s pe

riod

(L

i 19

80:1

9, 1

995)

; \.I

t

Cer

amic

for

m (

gene

ric

term

s;

ofte

n se

vera

l va

riet

ies

and

size

s at

sit

es)

sanz

upan

, ba

sin

on

tri

pod

legs

Yu

rela

tive

ly s

hort

, w

ide-

mou

thed

ves

sel,

bul

ge

at l

ower

bod

y, w

ide

base

Bo

rela

tive

ly s

hort

, w

ide-

mou

thed

ve

ssel

, so

met

imes

bul

ges

at

mid

-bod

y, s

om

ewh

at w

ider

ba

se t

han

for

wan

, se

vera

l va

riet

ies

Wan

sm

all

vess

el w

ith

narr

ow

base

, sh

ort,

out

-fla

ring

wal

ls;

seve

ral

size

s

Pen

glo

bula

r ja

r w

ith

narr

ow

base

an

d w

ide

orif

ice

Tab

le A

.I.

(Con

tin

ued

)

Infe

rred

pri

mar

y fu

ncti

on

Bow

l, g

ener

al c

onta

iner

, m

ay b

e u

sed

for

ser

ving

fo

od

Bow

l, ge

nera

l co

ntai

ner,

m

ay b

e us

ed f

or s

ervi

ng

food

Usu

ally

ind

ivid

ual-

size

d ea

ting

, dr

inki

ng b

owl;

som

e al

so c

ould

be

lids

All

-pur

pose

con

tain

er

Dir

ect

evid

ence

, N

eoli

thic

per

iod

Ear

ly B

ronz

e A

ge c

ount

erpa

rts,

m

ostl

y in

ferr

ed f

unct

ion

on

th

e ba

sis

of

text

s fr

om

mor

e th

an o

ne

peri

od

gene

ric

term

for

wat

er

cont

aine

r (C

hang

198

1:16

2)

Non

e S

hang

per

iod

and

lat

er (

Ma

1980

, 19

86:1

92),

Zho

u ex

ampl

es w

ith

insc

ript

ions

m

enti

on c

oo

ked

ric

e

Pig

hea

d,

oth

er b

on

e in

side

thr

ee-

Non

e fo

oted

bo,

bur

ial

M20

05,

Daw

enk

ou

si

te,

earl

y D

awen

ko

u p

erio

d,

c. 3

800-

3500

B.C

. (S

han

do

ng

P

rovi

nce

Inst

itut

e 19

97:2

27)

Non

e, b

ut

com

mo

nly

use

d i

n N

one

rura

l C

hina

Pig

lim

b, h

oof,

oth

er b

on

es i

nsid

e pe

n ba

sin,

Yed

ian

site

, bu

rial

MIS

, m

iddl

e D

awen

ko

u p

erio

d,

c. 3

250-

3000

B.C

. (P

rovi

ncia

l M

useu

m 1

985:

170)

; h

ead

of

catt

le i

nsid

e th

ree-

foot

ed p

en,

buri

al M

2005

, D

awen

ko

u

site

, ea

rly

Daw

enk

ou

per

iod

, c.

380

0-35

00 B

.C.

(Sh

and

on

g

Pro

vinc

e In

stit

ute

1997

:227

)

Non

e

~

0'\

~ ~ ~ s: ~ r"j

Pin

gd

ipe

n v

esse

l w

ith

wid

e, f

lat

Bas

in,

all-

purp

ose

cont

aine

r N

one

Non

e ~

base

and

wid

e or

ific

e, r

elat

ivel

y ~

stra

ight

wal

ls

~ Le

t-bo

(usu

ally

) na

rrow

bas

e M

orta

r fo

r E

thno

grap

hic

Non

e ~

and

flar

ing

rim

, w

ide

grin

ding

tub

erou

s an

alog

y in

rur

al

B

orif

ice;

dis

tinc

tive

wid

e pl

ant

mat

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298 APPENDICES

Appendix A.2. Count of Single Burials by Period and Grave Kind, Dawenkou and Yangshao Periods

Early Middle Late

Cemetery Grave type 2 3 2 3 2 3

Central Yellow River Valley

Longgangsi Pit 138 123 Unknown 16

Fulinbao Pit 32 12 Xiawanggang Pit 173) 114 85 Dahecun Pit 37

Western Shandong Dawenkou Coffin 3 3

Pit 8 29 56 14 17 Earthen ledge 8 8 3 Earthen ledge, 3 4

coffin Stone coffin

Xixiahou Pit 7 15 Wangyin Pit 108 336 345 Yedian Pit 4 17 17 3 15

Earthen ledge 2 13 Inner/outer 2

coffins ]ianxin Coffin 2 2 5

Pit 12 27 22 Wucun Pit 8 60

Unknown Liulin Pit 52 90 Dadunzi' Pit 27 15

Eastern Shandong

Sanlihe Pit 6 24 15 Earthen ledge 2 Unknown

Chengzi Pit 6 Earthen ledge Coffin 20

Dazhujia Coffin 3 8 2 Pit 1 5 8

Lingyanghe Pit 4 14 28

'Data provided are from 1967 and 1965 reports. The 1981 report lists 171 early period burials and 115 middle period burials.

Ap

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300 APPENDICES

Appendix A.4. Dawenkou Period: Major Ceramic Forms (and Varieties) Present in Habitation Contexts

Site/Phase

Wangyin Dawenkou (997) Yedian ]ianxin Xixiahou Vessel form I-III I-II I-V I-III I-II

Cooking Ding tripod 5(38) 3(42) 6(8) 8(9) 1(1)

Bi grate 0 0 0 1(6) 0 Small ding tripod 1(5) 1(3) 0 1(1) 0 Yu steamer 0 0 0 1(1) 0

Seroing Food Dou stand 1(1) 1(2) 0 2(6) 1(1) Gui shaped bowl 0 0 0 0 1(1) Wan bowl 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(3) 0 3-footed wan bowl 0 1(3) 0 0 0 3-footed bo bowl 0 1(4) 0 0 0 Bo bowl 1(5) 1(3) 1(3) 1(1) 1(1) Bo bowl with handle 0 0 1(1) 0 0 Pen basin 1(5) 1(8) 0 2(6) 1(1)

Small pen basin 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 0 Small die dish 1(3) 0 0 0 0 Yu bowl 0 0 0 1(1) 0

Seroing Liquid Gu tall cups 1(13) 1(5) 0 0 0 Tall-stemmed cups 0 0 0 2(2) 1(1)

Other cups 1(3) 1(3) 2(2) 1(3) 0 Small cups 1(2) 0 0 0 0

Liquid Containers Gui pitcher 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 Hu jar 1(5) 0 0 0 1(1)

He pitcher 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Zun jar 1(1) 0 0 0 0 Weng jar 0 0 0 1(3) 0 Beihu flat -backed jar 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Ping jar 0 0 0 1(2) 0

Other Ye ladle 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Luo strainer 0 0 1(1) 0 0 Gtlan jar 1(4) 0 0 1(21) 1(1) Small guan jar 0 0 0 1(1) 0 Gang jar 0 1(7) 1(1) 1(2) 1(1)

Pan dish 1(3) 0 0 0 0 Qi ZtlO stand 1(1) 0 0 0 0 Gailid 1(2) 1(4) 1(1) 1(8) 1(1)

APPENDICES 301

Appendix A.5. Middle 1, 2 Regional Phases, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by

Phase, Western Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Wucun Yedian Dawenkou Dadunzi' Vessel form lI8 IVl9 III174 11/15

Cooking Small ding tripod 1(2)

Ding tripod 1(1) 9(16) 3(10) 3(11)

Serving Food Dou stand 1(1) 3(8) 3(15) 1(5)

Gui shaped bowl 1(1)

Wan bowl 1(2) 1(1)

Bo bowl 2(6) 1(2) 1(1)

Pou bowl 1(5)

Pen basin 1(5) 1(1) 0

Serving Liquid Gu tall cup 1(4)

Tall-stemmed cup 2(2)

Other cups 2(2)

Liquid Containers Gui pitcher 1(1) 2(2)

He pitcher 1(5) 1(1)

Beihu flat -backed jar 1(1) 1(2)

Hu jar 3(4) 2(8) 2(2)

Ping jar 1(2)

Zun jar 2(3) Weng jar 1(1)

Other Lou strainer 1(3)

Guan jar 1(1) 1(2) 4(11) 1(6) Yi ewer 1(2)

Gang jar 1(1) 1(1)

Qizuo stand 1(3) 1(1)

"General's Helmet" 1(2)

Gailid 1(6) 1(3) 1(1)

• Data for Dadunzi in Appendices A,3 and A,5 are from 1967 and 1965 reports.

302 APPENDICES

Appendix A.6. Later Middle and Late Regional Phases, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase,

Western Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Wucun ]ianxin Yedian Xixiahou Dawenkou

Vessel form 11/66 I115 11/27 III/30 V/32 1/7 11/24 IVl19 Vl25

Cooking Small ding tripod 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(2) 1(4) 1(16) 0 0 Ding tripod 1(6) 1(9) 1(12) 1(8) 4(5) 1(2) 1(10) 3(10) 3(12)

Seroing Food Dou stand 1(4) 0 1(4) 0 2(7) 1(5) 1(8) 3(6) 3(7) Small dou stand 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(5) 1(6) Gui shaped bowl 1(4) 1(5) Wan bowl 1(1) 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(1)

Bo bowl 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 Small yu bowl 0 0 1(1)

Pen basin 1(2) 0 0 1(2) 1(1) 1(3) 0 1(1)

Small pen basin 1(1)

Seroing Liquid Tall-stemmed cup 0 1(16) 1(20) 1(7) 1(1) 1(5) 1(4) 1(6)

Other cups 1(4) 2(3) 3(24) 3(37) 8(20) 3(3) 3(20) 3(5) 3(6)

Small cups 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Liquid Containers Gui pitcher 0 1(4) 1(7) 1(5) 1(2) 1(7) 1(2) 1(3)

He pitcher 0 1(3) 1(1) 1(6) 1(2) 1(4) 2(2) 2(4) Beihu flat-backed 1(2) 1(10) 1(11) 1(2) 1(7) 1(9) 1(1) 1(4)

jar

Hu jar 1(1) 1(5) 1(7) 1(10) 1(4) 1(2) 1(7) 2(3) 3(16)

Ping jar 2(3) 1(1) 1(6) 0 1(3)

Zun jar 1(2) 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(2) 1(6) 1(1) 2(4)

Small zun jar 0 1(4)

Weng jar 1(1) 0 1(1)

Animal-shaped 1(1) 0

vessel

Other Guan jar 2(4) 1(8) 1(13) 1(14) 3(10) 1(3) 1(6) 4(9) 4(16)

Small guan jar 0 1(1) 1(1) 1(6) 0 1(6)

Yi ewer 1(1) 0 1(1)

Gang jar 1(1)

Gailid 1(2) 1(2) 1(7) 1(6) 1(1) 1(7)

APPENDICES 303

Appendix A.7. Later Middle and Late Regional Phases, Dawenkou Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase,

Eastern Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Chengzi Sanlihe Lingyanghe Dazhujia

Vessel form 1/26 1/6 II Al25 II B/17 1/4 11/14 III/27 1/4 11/13 III/IO

Cooking Small ding tripod 1(6) 1(8) 1(10) (No varieties

reported) Ding tripod 1(2) 0 1(1) 0 1 1 1(5) 1(4) 1(2)

Seming Food Dou stand 1(1) 1(3) 1(7) 1(4) 1(5) 1(4) 1(4)

Wan bowl 0 1(1) 0 Bo bowl 1(3) 1(6) 1(6)

Pen basin 1(2) 1(1) 1(2) 0 1(3) 1(4)

Seming Liquid Tall-stemmed cup 1(6) 1(7) 1(6) 1 0 1(6) 1(6)

Other cups 1(1) 2(3) 2(3) 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(2) 0

LiqUid Containers Cui pitcher 1(1) 1(6) 1(6) 1(4) 1(1) 1(2) 1(2)

He pitcher 1(1) 0 1(4) 1(3) Beihu flat-backed 1(2) 1(5) 1(1)

jar

Hu jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 0 2(2) 3(8) 3(9) Small hu jar 1(4) 1(5) 1(4)

Ping jar 1(2) 1(5) 1(1) 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) Small ping jar 1(1) 0 0 Zzm jar 1(3) 1(4) 1(3) 0 1(1) 1(1) Weng jar 0 1(2) 1(1)

Animal-shaped 0 0 1(1)

vessel

Other Cuan jar 1(6) 1(3) 1(5) 2(7) 2 1(2) 1(13) 1(8) Small guan jar 1(2) 1(3) 1(2) 0 1(1) 1(1)

Yi ewer 0 1(1) 1(1)

Pan dish 0 1(1) 0 Cailid 1(1) 0 1(1) 0

304 APPENDICES

Appendix A.S. Yangshao Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Central Yellow River Valley

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Longangsi Fulinbao Xiawanggang Dahecun

Vessel form II/162 III/241 I/32 III/12 II e/316 II m/157 II 1/105 IV/37

Cooking Ding tripod 0 0 0 0 0 0 1(1)

1(3) 0 1(0

Sewing Food Dou stand 0 0 0 0 1(1) 1(3) 1(2) 0 Bo bowl 1(6) 1(5) 1(1) 0 1(9) 1(4) 1(2) 0

1(5) 1(6) 1(5) Wan bowl 1(5) 1(6) 0 0 1(2) 1(3) 0 1(1)

1(3) 1(5) 1(4) Small wan bowl 0 1(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yu bowl 1(9) 1(3) 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sewing Liquid Other bei cups 0 0 0 0 1(3) 1(2) 1(1) 0

1(1)

Liquid Containers Ping jar 2(12) 0 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 0 0 Small hu jar 1(5) 1(6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hu jar 0 0 1(1) 0 0 0 0 0 Beihu flat-backed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1(1)

jar

Other Guan jar 8(35) 6(34) 3(4) 0 0 0 0 0

1(3) 1(4) 1(4) Small guan jar 0 1(16) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pan dish 0 0 0 0 1(1) 0 1(2) 0 Qizuo stands 0 0 0 0 1(9) 1(5) 1(3) 0 Gai lids 1(4) 1(3) 0 0 1(1) 0 0 0

0 1(3) 1(3)

Note: Boldface numbers indicate possible spirit vessels (mingqi).

APPENDICES 305

Appendix A.9. Yangshao Period: Major Forms (and Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Habitation Contexts

Site/Phase

Longgangsi Fulinbao Dahecun

Vessel form II-III III IV

Cooking Guo cauldron 0 0 0 1(1)

Ding tripod 0 0 0 1(5)

Fu cauldron 0 1(1) 1(2) 0

Zao stove 0 1(1) 2(3) 0

Zeng steamer 0 1(1) 1(3) 1(1)

Seroing Food Dou stand 1(1)

Bo bowl 1(3) 1(4) 1(6) 1(1)

Wan bowl 1(2) 0 1(28) 1(1)

Pen basin 2(3) 1(13) 2(13) 1(3)

Yu bowl 1(2) 0 1(2) 0 Die dish 0 0 1(4) 0

Seroing Liquid Other bei cup 1(3) 0 1(10) 1(2)

Liquid Containers Hu jar 2(2) 0 1(1) 1(2)

Ping jar 2(3) 2(4) 1(5) 1(1)

Small ping jar 1(1) 0 Weng jar 1(1) 1(3) 1(4) 1(1)

Zun jar 0 0 0 1(1) Beihu flat -backed jar 0 0 0 1(2) He pitcher 0 0 0 1(1)

Other Guan jar 8(13) 1(10) 9(32) 1(6) Small guan jar 1(5) 0 1(5) 0 Qi zuo 1(1) 1(3) 1(11) 0 Pan dish 1(3) 0 2(26) 0 Gailid 1(1) 0 1(8) 1(1) Small pan dish 0 0 1(1) 0 Gang jar 0 1(3) 2(13) 1(2) Luo strainer 0 1(1) 1(2) 0

306 APPENDICES

Appendix A.tO. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m2) at Wangyin, Early Dawenkou Period

Floor area (mz) by house shape

Phase Square/rectangle Round/oval Unknown Total

Phase III 9.1 5.6 7.6 5 5.6 11.6

Phase II 1 size? 22 0 3 29.7

Phase I 0 7.9-30.7 4

Appendix A.H. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m~ at Dawenkou (1997 Report), Early Dawenkou Period

Phase/shape Floor area (mz) by house style

Semisubterranean Shallow pit Ground level Unknown Total

Phase II Rectangular/square 0 0 16.8 2 3 Round/oval 0 0 0 0 0

Phase I Rectangular/square 0 0 15.9 0 Round/oval 3 (4.5-6.2) 4 (5-10.1) 0 5 12

Appendix A.12. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m~ atJianxin, Late Dawenkou Period

Floor area (ml) by house shape

Phase Rectangular/square Round/oval Unknown Total

Phase III 8 (5.6-38.1)' 10

phase II 5 (8.9-22.7)t 9.9 10

Phase I 3 (9.4-47.5) 24.8 0 4

Unknown date 4

Note: Not included in the data: • one of unknown size,! three of unknown size, * one of unknown size.

APPENDICES 307

Appendix A.13. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m:!) at Fulinbao and Dahecun, Yangshao Period, Central Yellow River Valley

Floor area (m2) by house style and shape

Semi- Semi-subterranean, subterranean, Ground surface, Shallow pit,

Site/Phase rectangular round/oval rectangular rectangular Unknown Total

Dahecun IV 10 (30.8) 0 2 unknown size 12 02.2-24.0)

Fulinbao III 9.1 1 unknown 1 unknown 6 1 unknown size size

size 6.9

Dahecun III 1 unknown size 9 8 (6.3-20.8)

Fulinbao II 13.5 6.7 3 7.1

Fulinbao I 8.5 2 unknown 3

Appendix A.14. Count of Single Burials by Period and Grave Kind, Longshan Period

Early Middle Late

Cemetery Grave type 2 3 2 3 2 3

Central Yellow River Valley

Dongxiafeng Pit 11 Unknown 7

Xiajincun Coffin 9 Pit 42

Dahecun Pit 5 2

Western Shandong Dafanzhuang Earthen ledge 2

Unknown 24 Yinjiacheng 1 coffin 7 12 3 4

Pit 10 7 4 Unknown 2 Inner/outer 4

coffins

Eastern Shandong Sanlihe Pit 12 22 9

Earthen ledge 2 8 Unknown 1

Chengzi Pit 8 7 3 Earthen ledge 1 Earthen ledge, 6 2 2

coffin

308 APPENDICES

Appendix A.I5. Longshan Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Western Shandong Area

Dafanzhuang Yinjincheng Zhufeng

Vessel form 26 117 III1 IIII1 IV/29 V/10 VI/8 2

Cooking Ding tripod 1(6) 1(2) 0 1(1) 1(3) 0 0 X

Van steamer 0 0 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 0 0

Serving Food Dou stand 1(7) 1(3) 0 0 0 1(3) 1(1) X

Wan bowl 1(3) 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 0 0 Pen dish (deep) 1(4) 0 0 1(1) 1(5) 0 0 X

Gui bowl 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 0 0

Yu bowl 0 0 1(1) 1(1) 0 0 X Ping di pen (shallow) 1(1) 0 0 1(5) 1(1) 1(1)

Pen basin Quan zu pen ring- 0 0 0 1(1) 0 0

footed pen

Serving Liquid Tall-stemmed cups 1(6) 1(2) 0 1(1) 1(3) 0 1(1) X

Other cups 1(3) 3(3) 0 0 2(7) 3(3) 3(8) X

Liquid Containers Gui tripod 1(4) 0 0 0 2(4) 1(1) 0 X

Beihu flat -backed jar 1(6) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hu jar 1(10) 1(1) 1(1) 0 1(5) 0 0 0

Ping jar 1(5) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Weng jar 0 0 0 0 1(1) 0 0 0 Lei jar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X

Other Yi ewer 1(1) 0 0 1(1) 1(2) 0 0 0

Guan jar 1(1) 1(1) 3(3) 3(17) 1(1) 1(1) X He box 0 0 0 3(8) 0 0 X

Gailid 0 1(1) 1(2) 4(14) 1(1) 0 0

Note: Zhufeng varieties were not specified in the report.

APPENDICES 309

Appendix A.16. Longshan Period: Major Forms (and Total Varieties) of Ceramics Present in Graves by Phase, Eastern Shandong Area

Site/Phase/Number of graves present

Chengzi Sanlihe

Vessel form IllS 11/9 III/30 1/14 11/32 III/10

Cooking Ding tripod 1(1) 1(2) 1(2) 0 1(2) 1(6)

Small ding tripod 0 0 0 1(2) 1(5) 0 Yan steamer 0 0 0 0 1(1) 1(1)

Sewing Food Dou stand 1(2) 0 1(2) 1(1) 1(5) 1(3)

Pen dish 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 1(2) 1(3)

Yu bowl 1(1) 0 1(1) 0 1(1) 1(2)

Wan bowl 1(2) 1(2) 1(2) 0 1(3) 1(2)

Sewing Liquid Bei cups 2(2) 0 1(4) 1(5) 1(7) 1(6)

Tall-stemmed cups 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) 1(3) 1(5) 1(2)

Small bei cups 0 0 0 0 1(1) 0

Liquid Containers Gui tripod 0 1(2) 1(1) 1(2) 1(3) 1(2)

Zun jar 1(1) 0 0 Lei jar 0 0 1(3) Hu jar 1(2) 1(3) 0 1(1) 1(5) 1(1)

Wel1g jar 0 0 1(1)

Ping jar 0 1(3) 0

Other Pan dish 0 1(2) 1(1) 0 2(4) 0 Gang jar 0 1(1) 0 Guan jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 1(6) 3(11) 2(8)

Small gual1 jar 1(3) 1(12) 1(3) Gailid 1(1) 0 1(2)

310 APPENDICES

Appendix A.17. Major Forms (and Varieties, by Shape and Size Classes) of Ceramics Present per Phase at Hougang, Habitation Contexts

Vessel form Early Middle Late

Cooking Yan steamer 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Li tripod 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Jia tripod 1(2) 1(2) 1(2)

Ding tripod 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Zeng steamer jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Bi grate 1(1) 1(1) 0

Total classes 7 7 6

Seroing Food Dou stand 1(2) 1(2) 1(2)

Quan zu pen ring- 1(2) 1(1) 1(1)

footed pen Bu vessel 0 1(1) 0(0)

Si zu min four-footed 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

basin Wan bowl 1(3) 1(1) 1(4)

Bo bowl 1(1) 0 1(1)

Pen dish 1(2) 1(1) 1(1)

Ping di pen shallow 1(1) 1(2) 1(1)

pen basin Zheju pen (bent belly) basin 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Total classes 13 10 15

Seroing Liquid Bei cups 0 1(1) 1(2)

Total classes 0 1 2

Liquid Containers Gui tripod 1(1) 0 1(1)

Weng jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Ping jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Hu jar 0 1(1) 1(1)

Total classes 3 3 4

Other Guan jar 1(3) 1(3) 1(3)

Deep belly pen jar 1(1) 1(1) 1(1)

Gang jar 0 1(2) 1(1)

Gailid 1(3) 1(4) 1(2)

Zuo stand 1(1) 0 0

Total classes 8 10 7

APPENDICES 311

Appendix A.IS. Major f'orms (and Varieties, by Shape and Size Classes) of Ceramics Present per Phase at Baiying, Habitation

Contexts

Vessel form Early Middle Late

Cooking Yan steamer 0 0 1(1)

LI tripod 1(1) 0 1(1)

Jla tripod 1(2) 1(1) 1(1)

Ding tripod 1(1) 1(1) 1(2)

Zeng steamer jar 0 0 1(1)

Bi grate 0 0 10)

Total classes 4 2 7

Serving Food Dou stand 0 0 1(1)

Quan zu pen (ring-footed plate) 0 0 1(1)

Wan bowl 0 1(1) 1(2)

Bo bowl 1(1) 0 0 Ping di pen (flat-bottom basin) 1(2) 1(1) 1(3) Shuangfu pen/double belly basin 1(1) 1(1) 0 Qufupen (curved body basin) 1(1) 0 2(2)

Pan plate 0 1(1) 0(0) Pan-like dish 0 0 1(1)

Total classes 5 4 10

Serving LiqUid Bei cups 1(1) 1(2) 1(4)

Small zun (cup) 0 0 1(1)

Small pitchers 1(1) 1(2) 1(1) Total classes 2 4 6

Liquid Containers Gul tripod 0 1(1) 1(1)

Weng jar 0 0 1(1)

Total classes 0 2

Other Guan jar 1(1) 1(5) 1(6)

Lei-bo grinding bowls 0 0 1(1)

Gailid 1(3) 1(3) 1(7) Zuo stand 1(1) 0 0

Total classes 5 8 14

312 APPENDICES

Appendix A.19. Variation in Construction Material and Floor Area (m2)

for Round Houses at Hougang

Type of wall material

Mud/earthen (tu)

Wattle and daub (mu gu duo ni)

Adobe Ctupi)

Unknown

Total

Average floor area (range) (m2) by phase

Early Middle Late

1 unknown 2 unknown 9 2, 10.2 03.6--20.7) 3 unknown

16.5 (6.3-20.9) 12.3

0 1 7 15.9 01.2-18.8)

16.5

0 2 2 00.2, 19.6) (23.7, 20.4)

14.9 22.1

0 3

2 14 24

Appendix A.20. Variation in Construction Material and Floor Area (m2)

for Round Houses at Haiying

Floor area (range) (m2) by phase

Type of wall material Early Middle Late

Earthen (shengtu) 4 (4.9-28.3) 1 0 21.1 30.2

Mud and straw 1 unknown size 5 (5.9-11.3) 3 unknown size (caD jin ni) 8.5 32 (5.9-20.1)

11.7

Wattle and daub 0 2 (6.9, 12.6) 1 unknown size (mugu ni) 9.8 8 (5.7-21.2)

11.2

Adobe (tupi) 0 0 1 15.9

Unknown 4 0

Total 9 8 46

APPENDICES

Appendix A.21. Variation in House Style and Floor Area (m2) for Rectangular and Square Houses at Yinjiacheng

Floor area (m2) by house shape

Phase Semisubterranean Ground level Unknown Total

VI 0 V 0 2 (24.0, 9.0) 1 3

IV 0 3 00.2-27.5) 4 7 III 0 II 3 (7.6-15.6) 1 00.0) 5 9

0

313

Appendix A.22. General Shape Classes of Bronze Vessels Present in Graves by Hypothesized Function for Early and Middle Regional Phases

Bronze vessel form

Cooking Ding tripod

Seroing Food Cui bowl

SenJing Drink Cu beaker

liquid Containers jue tripod jia tripod

Site/Regional Phase

Early: Erlitou Middle: Taixi

BA.El BA.E2 BA.E3

x

BA.E4

x

BA.M1

x

x

x X

Appendix A.23. Characteristics of Single, Dated Graves at Taixi, Regional Phases Middle

I, 2 (BA.MI, BA.M2)

Grave kind BA.M1 BA.M2

Earthen pit 4 2 Coffin 8 20 Coffin, waist pit 3 23 Coffin, waist pit, earthen ledge Coffin, earthen ledge 1 0 Child jar coffin 0 1

BA.M2

x

x

x

X X

Total 17 47

314 APPENDICES

Appendix A.24. Human Sacrifices in Single, Dated Graves at TaW, Middle Phase

Regional Phase

BA.M2 BA.Ml

o

40

15

Number of human sacrifices per grave

2

6

Total graves

47 17

Appendix A.25. Characteristics of Single, Dated Graves at Guojiazhuang (Anyang)

Grave kind BA.Ll BA.L2 BA.L3 BA.L4

Earthen pit 1 1 0 Earthen pit, waist pit 0 0 1 0 Coffin (1) 0 12 9 10 Coffin waist pit 10 36 19 14 Coffin (1) waist pit, earthen ledge 3 5 7 5 Coffin, earthen ledge 0 2 0 0

Total 14 56 36 30

Appendix A.26. Human Sacrifices in Single, Dated Graves at Guojiazhuang (Anyang)

Number of human sacrifices per grave

Regional Phase 0 2 3 4 Total graves

BA.L4 29 0 0 0 30 BA.L3 34 1 0 1 0 36 BA.L2 51 4 0 0 1 56 BA.Ll 14 0 0 0 0 14

APPENDICES 315

Appendix A.27. General Shape classes of Bronze Vessels Present in Graves by Hypothesized Function for the Late Regional Phase

Guojiazhuang Liujiazhuang Tianhu

Bronze vessel form BA.El BA.E2 BA.E3 BA.E4 BA.E2 BA.E3 BA.E4 BA.El BA.E2 BA.E4

Cooking Ding tripod X X X X X Yan steamer X X X

Se17Jing Food Cui bowl X X X X

Se17Jing Drink Cu beaker X X X X X X X Zhicup X X

Liquid (Alcohol) Se17JingiStorage

Jue tripod X X X X X X X Jia tripod X X X Jiao tripod X He pitcher X Lei jar X Zun jar X X You jar X X X

Water/Cleansing Pan dish X

Appendix A.2B. Characteristics of Single, Dated Graves at Liujiazhuang (Anyang)

Grave kind BA.L2 BA.L3

Earthen pit 0 0 Coffin (1) 3 1 Coffin, waist pit (2: inner, outer) 0 0 Coffin (1), waist pit 9 10 Coffin (1), waist pit, earthen ledge 0 0 Unknown 0

Total graves 12 12

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

BA.L4

o 5 1 6 2

15

316

Appendix A.29. Human Sacrifices in Single, Dated Graves at Uujiazhuang (Anyang)

Number of human sacrifices per grave

Regional Phase 0 Total graves

BA.L4 14 1 15 BA.L3 12 0 12 BA.L2 12 0 12

APPENDICES

Appendix A.30. Characteristics of Other Dated Graves from the Early Bronze Age

Regional Phase/Site

BA.L4/Shandong Qianzhangda M4

Qianzhangda M3

Qianzhangda M119

BA.L2/Shandong Sufutun Ml

BA.Lj/Anyang, Henan M269

BA.L2/Anyang, Henan Fu Hao

M18

Grave kind

2 ramps, inner/outer coffins, earthen ledge, waist pit, postholes indicate structure on top of grave 1 ramp, inner/outer coffins, earthen ledge, waist pit Inner/outer coffin, earthen ledge, waist pit

4 ramps, inner/outer coffins, waist pit, earthen ledge

Inner/outer coffins, earthen ledge, waist pit

Lacquered inner and outer coffin, waist pit, 4 earthen ledges, postholes indicate structure on top of grave

Lacquered inner and outer coffins, earthen ledge, waist pit

Number of human sacrifices

Uncertain

Uncertain

Uncertain

48

o

14 (4 known men, 2 women, 2 children) 5

APPENDICES 317

Appendix A.31. General Shape Classes of Bronze Vessels and Quantities Present by Hypothesized Function for Key Single Graves, Late Regional

Phase

Bronze vessel form

Cooking Ding tripod Van steamer

Seroing Food Gui bowl Pou bowl Yu bowl

Serving Drink Gu beaker Zhicup

liqUid (A/cohol) Serving/Storage

jue tripod jia tripod jiao tripod He pitcher Lei jar Zun jar You jar Yi jar Gang jar Hu jar

Other

Fu Hao

31 10

5 4

53 2

40 12

6 2

10 2

5 8 4

Guan jar 2 Pan dish 2 Ring-footed container 1 jiscoop 1 Dou dipper 8 Separate gai lid Square vessel

BA.E2

Anyang

M160

6

8

3 10

1

3

Site/Regional Phase

BA.E3 BA.E4 Sufutun Anyang Qianzhangda

M18

3 2

5

5 2

1 2

Ml

4

M269 M119

4 2

3 2

2

2

318 APPENDICES

Appendix A.32. Quantities of Pottery Vessels for Dated, Single Graves at Early Bronze Age Sites

Site/Phase 0 1-5 6--10 11-15 16--20 26--30 Total graves

Qianzhangda M119 BA.L4 X

M3 BA.L4 X M4 BA.L4 X

Tianhu BA.L4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 BA.L2 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 BA.Ll 0 5 0 0 0 0 5

M269 Tomb BA.L3 X

MI8 Tomb BA.L2 X

FuHao Tomb BA.L2 X

Sufutun Tomb BA.L2 X

Liujiazhuang BA.L4 2 12 0 0 0 15 BA.L3 1 11 0 0 0 0 12 BA.L2 0 11 0 0 0 12

Guojiazhuang BA.L4 9 21 0 0 0 0 30 BA.L3 5 30 0 0 0 36 BA.L2 15 39 0 1 0 56 BA.Ll 3 9 0 0 0 0 14

Taixi BA.M2 46 0 0 0 0 47 BA.Ml 16 0 0 0 0 17

Erlitou BA.E4 7 3 0 0 0 0 10

BA.E3 10 3 0 0 0 0 13 BA.E2 0 12 0 0 0 0 12

BA.El 0 4 0 0 0 0 4

APPENDICES 319

Appendix A.33. Quantities of Other Bronze Objects and Jade Items per Dated, Single Graves at Early Bronze Age Sites

Bronze items Jade items

Site/Phase 0 1-5 6--10 11-15 >15 0 1-5 6--10 >10 Total graves

Qianzhangda M119 BA. L4 X 23 M3 BA. L4 (88) (17)

M4 BA. L4 (63) X

Tianhu BA. L4 0 3 0 0 2 0 1 3 BA. L2 4 0 6 0 0 6 BA. L1 2 2 5

M269 Tomb BA. L3 (38) (12)

M18 Tomb BA. L2 (19) (11)

Fu Hao Tomb BA. L2 (250) (714)

my my count count

Sufutun Tomb BA. L2 (14)

Liujiazhlwng BA. L4 9 6 14 1 15 BA. L3 9 3 12 0 12 BA. L2 4 8 11 12

Guojiazhuang BA. L4 24 5 1 0 27 3 30 BA. L3 25 10 0 M160: 32 4 36

250 BA. L2 33 20 2 0 46 9 M160: 56

33 BA. L1 3 11 0 0 12 2 14

Taixi BA.M2 39 8 0 43 4 47 BA.Ml 15 17 0 17

Erlitou BA. E4 10 0 9 1 10 BA. E3 10 3 8 5 13 BA. E2 12 0 12 0 12 BA. El 4 0 4 0 4

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Index

Adobe housing, 196, 312 Adzes, ben, 189, 191 Africa, food and craft exchange systems in,

60 Age, as social status indicator

during Dawenkou period, 95, 96, 124, 143 during Yangshao period, 129

Agricultural implements, Shang period, 237 Ai (duke), 76 Akha, 57-58 Alcohol abuse, 77 Alligator hide drums, 136 Alligator hide items

Dawenkou period, 136, 137 Longshan period, 188, 192

Alligators, 44-45 Amphlett Islands, 53 Ancestor cults, competitive, 243-244 Ancestors

communication with during Dawenkou period, 126 during late Neolithic period, 37-38 role of fermented beverages in, 83, 126 during Shang Period, 28-29, 86

food gift-giving to, 58, 69, 70-71, 74, 243 human and animal sacrifices to, 29, 162,

205, 208, 213 power of, 160 social relations with, 13-14

Ancestral rituals, 30- 31 Anhui,25

Animal sacrifices, to ancestors, 162 Anyang site burials, Henan, 17,208

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220-221,222

Fu Hao tomb, 208, 213, 215-218 bronze vessels and objects, 213, 215-

218, 220, 225, 239, 255, 317 human sacrificial remains, 213 jade objects, 226-227

grave M18, 208, 211 grave M160, 209, 215 grave M269, 208, 212-213 Guojiazhuang section, 26, 208

bronze vessels, 208-210, 225-226, 315 coffins, 208 food remains, 209 human sacrificial remains, 208, 314

Huanbei section, 27 human sacrificial remains, 208, 213, 314,

316 Uujiazhuang section, 26, 208, 21O-2U,

314 bronze vessels, 315 coffins, 315 human sacrificial remains, 316 location, 22

location, 22 map of, 207 - 208 number of graves excavated, 202 Xiaotun section, 26 Xibeigang section, 26, 206, 208, 218, 220

323

324

Anyang site burials, Henan (cont.) Yinxu West section, 208

Anyang site habitation remains, Henan, 17 as bronze vessel production site, 2, 220,

229, 236 as ceremonial center, 26 economic organization of, 237 occupation phases of, 26 as prestige goods production center, 26 royal bronze foundries, 220

Archaeology, in China, 19 - 21 Architecture, monumental, 64 Ashanti,7 Axes, fu, 138

Baiying site, Henan, 32 ceramic vessels, 175, 174-178, 198, 293,

311 diversity of, 251 large, 156

housing, 194-195, 312 location of, 22 pottery production tools and kilns, 182-

183, 184 residentiakontext feasting at, 249

Baligang site, Henan, 142-143 Bamboo Annals (Zhu Shull Ntan), 72, 76 Bancun site, Shanxi, 132-133, 178 Banpo site, Xian, 39 Bara, 57 Basins

pan, 295 pen, 95, 102, 172, 178, 299, 300, 301, 302,

305 plngdipen, 179, 182, 297

Beakers, gu, 295 Beaters, paizl, 182-183 Beer, 51 Beicups, 304, 305, 309 Beihu jars, lll, 112, 113, 120-121, 300, 301,

302, 303, 308 Bemba, 51-52 Ben adzes, 189, 191 Beverage containers: see also Fermented

beverage containers Dawenkou period, 111, 113

Bianxianwang, 32 Bihuan bracelets, 138 Bishagang habitation site, Zhengzhou,

Hubei, 232, 234

BI vessels, 293 Bo bowls, 172

INDEX

Dawenkou period, 95, 100, 102, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303

function of, 296 late Neolithic period, 296 Yangshao period, 102, 132, 304, 305

Book of Documents (Shu ling), 72, 76, 77 Book of Etiquette and Ritual (YI Lf), 72,

74,76-77 Book of Songs (Sht ltng) , 72, 75, 78 Bowls

bO,I72 Dawenkou period, 95, 102, 100, 299,

300, 301, 302, 303 function of, 296 late Neolithic period, 296 Yangshao period, 102, 132, 304, 305

gut, 205, 209, 221, 299, 300, 301, 308 guixinqi footed, 116 pou, 299, 301 wan, 172, 175-176, 179, 182, 299, 305,

308, 309 yu, 302, 304, 305, 308, 309

Bracelets, bihuan, 138 Brass objects, possibly of Longshan period,

37 Brewer's house, Taixi site, Hebei, 205-206 Bronze Age: see also Early Bronze Age

in Near East, 7 vertical social inequality during, 17 -18

Bronze metallurgy, Erlitou period, 25 Bronze objects, as prestige mortuary goods,

during Shang period, 225 - 226 Bronze ornaments, Longshan period, 37 Bronze tools, Longshan period, 37 Bronze vessel production, 123

at Anyang, Henan, 2, 220, 229, 236 attached specialization system in, 245 elite control of, 254-255 during Erlitou period, 254 during Longshan period, 36-37 relationship with political centralization,

254 during Shang period, 26-27, 227-235,

236, 254-255 small-scale, 225 at Zhengzhou, Hubei, 227-229

Bronze vessels, 11 Erlitou period, 253-254

INDEX

Bronze vessels (cont.) functions of, 315, 317 inscriptions on

Shang period, 28, 29-30, 31, 81, 72 Western Zhou period, 72, 78-79

Longshan period, 174 as mortuary goods, 2-3

ceramic substitutes for, 221, 226 early Shang period, 203-206 from Fu Hao tomb, Anyang, 213 functions of, 315, 317 from Guojiazhuang burials, Anyang,

208-210 late Shang period, 206-215 quantity per grave, 319 Shang period, 242 Western Zhou period, 79-80

Shang period, 254 large vessels, 82, 206-218, 220, 238-

239 lead and copper content of, 220 as power symbols, 238-239 as prestige mortuary goods, 203-215,

242 production of, 26-27, 227-235, 254-

255 social demand for, 201 Western Zhou period

as gift exchanges, 79-80 hoarding of, 80-81

Burials of children

during Dawenkou period, 98 early Bronze Age mortuary rituals

associated with, 202 during Longshan period, 313 during Yangshao period, 98

as indicators of changing economic relations, 15-16

Cahokia, 6 Cattle, domestication of

during Dawenkou period, 45 during Longshan period, 35

Cattle bones, from Anyang burial site, Henan, 209, 211, 212, 213

Cauldrons, 305 Centralization, political

attached specialization associated with, 5 during early Bronze Age, 254

325

Centralization, political (cont.) economic resource control-related, 254 during Longshan period, 198 effect on mortuary rituals, 86 rate of, 2 relationship with bronze production, 254 relationship with prestige goods

production and consumption, 241 social inequality associated with, 7

Central Plain, China, 24-25 Ceramics production tools, Longshan period,

182-186 Ceramic vessel production

attached specialization in, 256 in complex societies, 8-10 correlation with food production, 14 during Dawenkou period, 45, 100-104,

133, 144-145, 247, 252 in eastern Shandong, 126-129 in western Shandong, 119-123

in eastern Shandong, 126-129 during Eastern Zhou period, 235 during Erlitou period, 256 intensification of, 10 during Longshan period, 35-36, 198

in western Shandong, 157-162 during Neolithic period, standardization

of, 252-253 organization of

spatial, 65 temporal changes in, 62-63

royal households' control of, 234 during Shang period, 231-235 during Shang period, 256 specialization in, 9-10, 256 standardization of, 9, 64, 65, 252-253 in state-level societies, 8-9 of utilitarian ceramics, 242, 252 in western Shandong, 119-123, 157-162 during Yangshao period, 132-133, 248

Ceramic vessels: see also specific types of ceramic vessels

Dawenkou period consumption patterns of, 92-100, 123-

126 diversity of, 103, 245 from habitation contexts, 247 Late Dawenkou Regional phase, 104-

119,246 standardization of, 144-145

326

Ceramic vessels (cont.)

early Bronze Age standardization of, 221 as substitutes for bronze vessels, 221,

226, 256 "hard" wares, 221, 223-224 late Neolithic, functions of, 291-297 Longshan period, 36-37, 178-182

consumption patterns, 186-194 diversity of, 197, 245 from eastern Shandong, 162-171 eggshell-thin, 158-160, 161 from habitation sites, 196 labor-intensive nature of, 159-160 large-size, 249 as prestige mortuary goods, 147, 148,

157-174, 185-186, 196, 197, 308-309 production of, 252 production tools for, 182-185 standardization of, 178-182 from western Shandong, 148-162

painted Dawenkou period, 245 Yangshao period, 132-133

as prestige goods, 61 as prestige mortuary goods, 2-3

Anyang, Henan, 220-221, 222 Central Yellow River Valley, 171-174 Chengzi, eastern Shandong, 124, 162,

164, 168-171, 303, 309 Dadunzi, western Shandong, 95 - 96,

298, 299, 301 Dafanzhuang, western Shandong, 148-

151, 160, 308 Dahecun, Henan, 129, 298, 304, 305 Dawenkou, western Shandong, 104,

105, 109-110, 119, 120, 291-292, 296, 299,301

Dazhujia, eastern Shandong, 124-126, 126-127, 128

Lingyanghe, eastern Shandong, 125, 126, 303

Liulin, western Shandong, 96-97, 100, 101, 103, 299

Longgangsi, Zhufeng, 129, 130, 131, 304, 305

quantity per grave, 318 Sanlihe, eastern Shandong, 123-124,

126-127,141,163,164-167, 166, 168-171, 198, 298, 303, 309

INDEX

Ceramic vessels (cont.)

as prestige mortuary goods (cont.)

Taosi, Shandong, 156 Wangyin, Shandong, 92-95, 97-98, 99,

100, 101, 103, 104, 300 Xiawanggang, Henan, 129, 131, 132, 304 Xixiahou, Shandong, 106, 107, 111, 112,

116-117, 118, 119-120, 122-123, 302 Yedian, western Shandong, 95-96,100,101,

103, 136, 291, 293, 296, 299, 301, 302 Yingjiacheng, western Shandong, 148,

151-156, 157, 308 Zhufeng, western Shandong, 308

proto-porcelain, 221, 223-224 with proto-writing inscriptions, 42-43 Shang Period, utilitarian nature of, 27 Yangshao period

consumption patterns of, 129-132, 248 habitation-context, 305 as mortuary goods, 157 painted ware, 248 production of, 248, 132-133

Chang fermented beverage, 83 Chan shovels, 138, 136, 139, 140, 191 Chengzi, eastern Shandong, social inequality

in, 166 Chengzi site, eastern Shandong, 32, 42-43,

162,298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 42-43,

162, 164, 303, 309 consumption patterns, 124 eggshell-thin cups, 162, 164, 168-171

coffins, 193 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 188 pig bones, 193 types of graves, 307 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of

graves, 194 Chengziyai, 32 Chicken, domestication of

during Dawenkou period, 45 during Longshan period, 35 during Yangshao period, 41

Chiefdoms, craft production in, 7 Children, burials of

during Dawenkou period, 98 Early Bronze Age mortuary rituals

associated with, 202

INDEX

Children, burials of (cont.) during Longshan period, 313 during Yangshao period, 98

Chinese interaction sphere, 38 Chou Li (Rites of Zhou), 72, 76, 235 Coffins

from Anyang site, Henan, 208-210, 315 Dawenkou period, 104, 106, 107, 108,

109-110, 124, 125-126, 298 from Guojiazhuang site, Anyang, 208-210 Longshan period, 162, 164, 193, 313 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 from Yingjiacheng site, western Shandong,

152-153 from Zhufeng site, western Shandong,

158, 159 Conllict

during Dawenkou period, 42 during Yangshao period, 39

Cong tubes, 139, 140, 189 Copper content, of bronze vessels, 220 Copper mines/mining

Shang period, 229-231 Yueshi period, 231

Copper ornaments, Yangshao period, 41 Copper tools, Yangshao period, 41 Craft goods

food surplus exchanged for, 59-60 surplus of, 1

Craft production regional control of, 64 relationship with social competition, 60-

65 Craft production specialization

during Dawenkou period, 45 in jade working, 36, 136 during Longshan period, 35, 36 in non-stratified societies, 4 spatial scale of production areas for, 256 effect of status competition on, 5 in stratified societies, 4 in turquoise working, 136

Cups, as prestige mortuary goods, 209, 299 bel, 304, 305, 309 Dawenkou period, 245, 299, 300, 301,

302, 303 Early Regional Phase, 92-95, 97-98, 99 gaobingbel cups, 110-111 quantity per grave, 93 standardization of, 247

327

Cups, as prestige mortuary goods (cont.) differentiated from cups for use by living

persons, 123 diversity of, 158 eggshell-thin

from Eastern Shandong burial sites, 162, 164, 168-171

exchange networks for, 168-171 gift exchanges of, 250 Longshan period, 35, 148-149, 157,

158-160, 161, 167, 168-171, 174, 187, 248-249, 250-251

production of, 35, 250-251, 252 gaoblngbei,110-111 gU,21O

Dawenkou period, 92, 93, 94-95, 96-97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 143, 299, 300, 301

Shang period, 209, 213 from Taixi burial site, Hebei, 205

Longshan period, 148-150, 178, 308, 309 eggshell-thin, 35, 148-149, 157, 158-

160, 161, 165, 167, 168-171, 174, 187, 248-249, 250-251

labor-intensive nature of, 1591-60 tall-stemmed

Dawenkou period, 119-121, 144-145, 246, 247, 300, 301

Longshan period, 167 production of, 247

thick-walled, Dawenkou period, 120, 125, 128

thin-walled, Dawenkou period, 120, 125, 128

from western Shandong, 157-158 Yangshao, 304

Dadunzi site, western Shandong, 95-96, 298, 299, 301

Dafanzhuang site, western Shandong, 32 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148-

151, 308 cups, 148-151, 160 ping jars, 149-151 quantity per grave, 149

location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 186,

188, 192 types of graves, 307

Daggers, bronze, Shang period, 225

328

Dahecun site burials, Henan, 32, 39, 41, 130, 171, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 129, 304, 305

location, 22, 40 types and numbers of graves, 307

Dahecun site habitation remains, Henan, 307 Danke tao gaobingbei, 157 Dantu site, eastern Shandong, 22, 189 Dao knife, 186, 189, 190 Data sources, on Chinese Neolithic/early

Bronze Age social and economic changes, 19-46

Central Yellow River Valley, 21-25 Dawenkou period, 41-46 Early Bronze Age, 25-28 Late Yangshao period, 39-41 Longshan period, 31-37 Shang period, 28-31

Dawenkou site burials, western Shandong, 138, 141, 298

Dawenkou site, western Shandong, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 104,

105, 291-292, 296, 299, 301 quantity per grave, 109-110 tall-stemmed cups, 119, 120

coffins, 104, 106, 109 -110 earthen ledges on graves, 109-110 grave MIO, 109-110, 136 grave M35, 291 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

109-110 jade items, 136, 137, 139

spatial arrangement of graves, 119 Dawenkou culture, 39 Dawenkou culture sites, map of, 40 Dawenkou habitation remains, western

Shandong ceramics, 104, 300 housing, 306 kilns, 134

Dawenkou period, 2, 41-46 age as social status indicator during, 95,

96, 124, 143 ceramics consumption during

in eastern Shandong, 123-126 in western Shandong, 92-100

ceramics of diversity of, 103, 245 for domestic use, 247 - 248

Dawenkou period (cont.)

standardization of, 144-145

INDEX

ceramics production during, 45, 100-104, 133, 247, 252

in eastern Shandong, 126-129 in western Shandong, 119-123

coffins, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109-110, 124, 125-126,298

Early Regional Phase, ceramic mortuary goods, 245-246

economic systems, 44-46 grave MIO, 144 housing, 141-143 jade items, 187 kilns, 133, 134, 135, 248 Middle Regional Phase, mortuary rituals

of,246 mortuary traditions of, 39

feasting, 125-126, 150-151 during Late Regional Phase, 143-144, 246

settlements, 47 social change during, 245 social change model of, 17 social differentiation during, 39 social inequality during, 47, 143-145 social mobility during, 247 social organization during, 41

Dawenkou period burials, 41-44, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 42-43,

121, 157, 160, 302 absence of, 108 eastern Shandong area, 303 later Middle and Late Regional phases,

302, 303 major forms of, 301 quantity per grave, 121 western Shandong area, 301- 302

nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 136-141

number of graves, 298 types of graves, 100, 298 weath-associated grave arrangements, 144

Dawenkou period habitation remains: see also Dawenkou, ]ianxin, Wangyin, Xixiahou, and Yedian sites

ceramic vessels, 300 Daxingzhuang site, Shandong, 22, 28, 214-

215, 247 Dazhujia site burials, eastern Shandong, 42-

43, 208, 298

INDEX

Dazhujia site burials, eastern Shandong (cant.)

coffins, 124, 125 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 grave M17, 127

Dazhujia site, eastern Shandong, 43-44, 208, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 44, 124-125,126-127, 128

consumption patterns, 124-126 quantity per grave, 124 -125

Deer, Pere David's/river, 44-45 Deer teeth, from Sanlihe site burials, 166 Deng lu vessels, 297 Descent groups

competition among, 86, 138, 243-244 competitive feasting among, 244 fragmentation of unity among, 144 social relations among, 30

Die dishes, 299, 300 Dinggong site, Shandong, 22, 37, 148 Ding tripods, 92, 172, 217-218, 220

Dawenkou period, 103, 116, 117, 118, 120, 122-123, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303

standardization of, 128-129 early Bronze Age, 291 functions of, 291 late Neolithic, 291 Longshan period, 308, 309 Shang period, 82, 215, 217, 291 standardization of, 80 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 from Wangyin site, western Shandong,

299 Western Zhou period, 80 Yangshao period, 304, 305 Yedian site, western Shandong, 299 Zuo Zhuan references to, 77 - 78

Ding vessels Shang period, 239 symbols on, 30, 31

Division of labor, 2, 256 Dog, domestication of

during Longshan period, 35 during Yangshao period, 41

Dongguan site, Shanxi, 178 Donghaiyu site, eastern Shandong, 22, 163 Dongxiafeng site, central Yellow River

Valley, 26, 32 location, 22

329

Dongxiafeng site, central Yellow River Valley (cant.)

mortuary ceramics from, 171 types and numbers of graves, 307

Dongyi people, 25 Dou vessels/stands, 171, 172

Dawenkou period, 104, 105, 116, 117, 118, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303

production system for, 122-123 standardization of, 121-122

functions of, 293 late Neolithic period, 293-294 Longshan period, 308, 309 Shang period, 293 Yangshao period, 304, 305

Drums, of alligator hide, 136

Early Bronze Age, 201-239; see also Erlitou period; Shang period

ceramic production during, 202 complex societies of, 25 - 28 economic competition during, 85

Earrings, jue, 227 Earthen ledges (ercengtat), on graves, 101,

106, 151 Eastern Shandong

ceramics production in, 126-129 Chengzi site burials, 32, 42-43, 162, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 124, 162, 164, 168-171, 303, 309

coffins, 193 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

188 pig bones, 193 types of graves, 307 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of

graves, 194 Dawenkou period in

ceramic consumption patterns during, 123-126

ceramic production during, 126-129 Dazhujia site burials, 42-43, 208, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 124-127, 128

coffins, 124, 125 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 grave M17, 127

Hangtou burial site, 44, 123, 127

330

Eastern Shandong (cont.) Lingyanghe site burials, 42-43, 127-128,

298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 125,

126,303 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

138, 140, 141 mortuary vessels from, 162-171

diversity of, 168 exchange networks for, 168-171

Sanlihe site burials, 32, 37, 42-43, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 123-

124,126-127, 141, 163, 164-167, 166, 168-171, 198, 298, 303, 309

Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 deer teeth, 166 gender differences in mortuary goods,

155 grave M17, 141 grave M302, 141 grave M2110, 124, 138 jade items, 138, 187, 190, 248 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

138, 187, 190, 192, 248 pig bones, 141, 166, 193 turquoise items, 192 types of graves, 307 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of

graves, 194 Eastern Zhou period

ceramic vessel production during, 235 food gift-giving during, 73-74, 75-78 food-social relations association during, 71,

72,73-74 Economic competition, through mortuary

rituals, 243-244 Economic support networks, 54 Economic systems

Dawenkou period, 44-46 early Bronze Age, 237-238 Longshan period, 34-37 Yangshao period, 41

Egypt, ancient, cemeteries of, 16 Elders, craft-goods exchange networks of,

245-246 Elephants, 41, 44-45; see also Ivory; Ivory

items Elites, control of prestige goods by, 4 - 6 Ercengtai, 100, 106, 151

INDEX

Erlitou site ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods

bronze vessels, 203-206, 319 jade items, 226 turquoise items, 226

size of graves, 203 Erlitou habitation remains

ceramics production tools, 231, 232 kilns, 232, 233

Erlitou period, 2 bronze mortuary vessels, 238, 253-254 bronze vessel gift-giving system, 80 ceramic vessel production during, 245 political authority during, 11 political development during, 21 prestige goods, 25 social status-prescribed mortuary rituals

of, 201 state-level society during, 25 utilitarian goods, 25 - 26

Ewers, yi, 302 Exchange systems

for food and craft goods, 11-12, 60, 62 of elders, 245-246 gender-based, 146-147, 246-247

food sharing as, 11-12 for jade and jade objects, 135-136, 198

competitive control of, 244 during Longshan period, 189-191, 198

for mortuary vessels, during Longshan period, 168-171

for painted ceramics, 133

Feasting, 6 competitive, 49, 61

during Dawenkou period, 246 by descent groups, 244 "diacritical," 55 during Eastern Zhou period, 75-76 "entrepreneurial;' 53 ethnographic studies of, 50-55 effect on food and craft production,

49-50 in modem China, 68 as mortuary rituals, 55-56 relationship with social inequality, 53-

55 relationship with storage technology, 52

INDEX

Feasting (cont.)

competitive (cont.)

in socially-mobile societies, 243 during Song dynasty, 68-69

as craft good exchange setting, 49 elite, during Shang period, 82, 212 - 213 ethnographic studies of, 50-55 large-scale, 243 as life-<:risis ceremony component, 50 during Longshan period, 17

as mortuary rituals, 197 small-scale, 177, 249 for social relations negotiations, 177 use of large vessels in, 251-252

as mortuary ritual, 14, 58-59 commemorative, 55, 56 as competitive feasting, 55-56, 57-58 during Dawenkou period, 100, 1l0, ll5,

125-126, 150-151 during Eastern Zhou period, 77 ethnographic studies of, 55-59 versus food interment, 57-59 during Longshan period, 197 in modern China, 70 during Shang period, 212-213

"patron role," 52 as power negotiating strategy, 12, 177 relationship with social inequality, 53-55,

242-243 during Shang period, by royalty, 82, 215-

217 small-scale, 242-243

during Longshan period, 177, 249 social relations role, 48-49

Females mortuary goods for, 93-94, 95, 97, Ill,

ll2, ll3, 114, 115, 144 mortuary rituals for, 246- 247 social status of

during Dawenkou period, 144 during Longshan period, 192

Fermented beverage containers Dawenkou period, 112-ll3, 120-121, 125,

127, 128 gender differences in, 115 pictographs on, 126 role in communication with ancestors, 126 as social status indicators, ll3-ll4

as gender/social status indicators, 113-114, 144

331

Fermented beverage containers (cont.)

Shang period, 205-206, 209-210, 214 Yangshao period, orifice diameters of, 133

Fermented beverages chang, 83 consumption during feasting, 50 fruit-based, Shang period, 205-206 gift-giving of

in Africa, 51 to ancestors, 83, 113-114, 204 during Dawenkou period, ll3-ll4 to political supporters, during Zhou

period,204 during Shang period, 204

lao, 83 1i,83 millet-based, 83 use in mortuary rituals, 83

during Dawenkou period, 113-114 during Han dynasty, 73 during Shang period, 83, 204 during Western Zhou period, 77 during Xia period, 83 during Zhou period, 83

as prestige beverages, 61, 246 privileged access to, 246 of Shang period, 82-83

brewing vessels for, 205 - 206 use in mortuary rituals, 83, 204 use in social negotiations, 239

of Zhou Period, 82-83 Food

as display of elite power, 49 group integration function of, 49 privileged access to, 244 sharing of, 11-12 social competition role, 49, 60 social relations role, ll, 67 -68

during late Neolithic period, 84-86 during Shang period, 239

Food gift-giving, 67-87; see also Feasting as display of social exclusiveness, 71 in early and historic modern China, 71-85 during Eastern Zhou period, 73-74 ethnographic studies of, 51 during Han dynasty, 73-74 in late and historic modern China, 69-71 in mortuary rituals

for deaths of rulers, 74 to deceased kin, 58, 69, 70-71, 74, 243

332

Food gift-giving (cont.) in mortuary rituals (cont.)

during Longshan period, 197 to mourners, 69-71 effect of social inequality on, 70

in residential contexts, during Eastern Zhou period, 75 - 78

in social relations negotiations, 48, 242 during Warring States period, 74-75

Food production correlation with ceramic production, 14 during Longshan period, 34-35

Food specialists, of Eastern Zhou period, 77 Food surplus, 1

display of, 174 elite's control over, 6 exchanged for craft goods, 59-60

Food vessels: see also specific types of food vessels

as display of social exclusiveness, 71 labor-intensive, as prestige goods, 1- 2,

52-53, 62, 242 large

labor-intensive nature of, 52 - 53 of Maori chiefs, 54-55

for mortuary ritual use during Dawenkou period, 143-145 during early Bronze Age, 85 during late Neolithic Period, 85

production of, 11 proto-writing on, 37-38 relationship with social competition, 61-

62 relationship with social inequality, 48

Fu axes, 138 Fu cauldrons, 305 Fu Hao tomb, Anyang, Henan, 208, 213,

215-218 bronze vessels and objects, 215 - 218, 220,

225, 239, 255, 319 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 human sacrificial remains, 213 jade objects, 226-227, 319

Fulani,1O Fulinbao site burials, Shaanxi, 129, 130, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 304, 305

nonceramic prestige items, 140 Fulinbao habitation remains, Shaanxi, 39, 40,

41

INDEX

Fulinbao habitation remains, Shaanxi (cont.) housing, 307 kilns, 134

Funnels, lou dou, 205-206

Gat lids, 175-176,299,300,301,302,303, 304, 305, 308, 309

Gang jars, 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 309 Gansu province, 24 Gaobingbei cups, 110-111 Gaojiabao site burials, Shaanxi, 80 Ge clan, 80 Gender differences

in grave goods, during Dawenkou period, 93-94, 95, 96-97, lll, 112, 113, 115, 144

in mortuary rituals, 246-247 during Dawenkou period, 110 during Longshan period, 197

"General's Helmet," 301 Ghonja,51 Gift-giving

in ancestral rituals, 31 of bronze vessels, during Western Zhou

period, 79 of fermented beverages

in Africa, 51 to ancestors, 83, 113-114, 204 during Dawenkou period, 113-114 to political supporters, during Zhou

period, 204 during Shang period, 204

of food, 67 -87; see also Feasting as display of social exclusiveness, 71 in early and historic modern China, 71-

85 during Eastern Zhou period, 73-74,

75-78 ethnographic studies of, 51 during Han dynsaty, 73-74 in late and historic moderm China, 69-

71 in mortuary rituals, 58, 69-71, 74, 243 in social relations negotiations, 48,

242 during Warring States period, 74-75

Gold objects, Shang period, 227 Grain production, control by Shang royal

household, 236-237 Grates, bt, 300

INDEX

Grave goods: see also specific types of grave goods

labor-intensive vessels as, 2 - 3 as social status indicators, 16

Guan jars, 221, 224 as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 Dawenkou period, 120, 127, 299, 300,

301, 302, 303 functions of, 292-293 Longshan period, 172, 175-176, lBO, 309

standardization of, 17B, 179, IBO-IBI Yangshao period, 131, 304

Gu beakers, 92, 221 Gu cups, 210

Dawenkou period, 92, 93, 94-95, 96-97, 100, 143, 299, 300, 301

decorative variety of, 100, 101, 102, 103 Shang period, 209, 213 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205

Gut bowls, 205, 209, 221, 299, 300, 301, 302

Gut pitchers, 300, 301, 302, 303 Gut scepters, IB9 Gut tripods, 30B, 309 Guixtnqt footed bowls, 116 Guo cauldrons, 305 Guojiazhuang site burials, Anyang, Henan,

20B,314 bronze vessels, 20B-21O, 225-226, 315,

319 bronze weapons, 225-226 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220 coffins, 20B, 314 food remains, 209 human sacrificial remains, 20B, 314 jade items, 319 location, 22

Gu tall beakers, 295 Gui tripod pitchers

early Bronze Age, 291 functions of, 291 late Neolithic, 291- 292

Habitation contexts, mortuary ritual use of ceramics in, 160

Haidai,25 Hairpins, 13B, 139, 140, IB9, 236 Hampton Court Palace, England, 220 Han dynasty

child burials during, 9B

333

Han dynasty (cont.) food gift-giving during, 73-74 food/social relations association during,

71,73-74 Han ethnic group, 20 Hangtou site, eastern Shandong, 44, 123, 127 Hawaii, 55, 60 Headpieces, jade, Longshan period, IB9 Hebei, 24-25

)iangou site, 22, 34 Taixi site burials, 27

bronze prestige mortuary vessels, 204, 205

coffins, 205, 313 human sacrifice remains from, 205, 314 human sacrificial remains, 205, 314 as lineage burial ground, 205 location, 22

Henan, 24 - 25 Anyang burial site, 17, 20B

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220-221, 222

Pu Hao tomb, 208, 213, 215-21B, 220, 225, 226-227, 239

grave MIB, 20B, 211 grave MI60, 209, 215 grave M269, 20B, 212-213 Guojiazhaung section, 26, 20B-21O,

225-226, 314, 315 Huanbei section, 27 Uujiazhung section, 22, 26, 20B, 210-

221, 314, 315, 316 map of, 207 - 20B number of graves excavated, 202 Xiaotun section, 26, 206, 20B, 21B, 220 Xibeigang section, 26, 206, 20B, 21B,

220 Yinxu West section, 20B

Anyang site, 17 as bronze production center, 2, 220,

229, 236 as ceremonial center, 26 economic organization of, 237 occupation phases of, 26 as prestige goods production center, 26 royal bronze foundries, 220

Baiying site ceramic vessels, 156, 175, 174-17B, 19B,

293,310 housing, 194-195, 312

334

Henan (cant) Baiying site (cant.)

location of, 22 pottery production tools and kilns, 182-

183, 184 Baligang site, 142-143 ceramics production in, 252 Dahecun site burials, 32, 39, 40, 41, 130,

171,298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 129,

304 location of, 22 types and numbers of graves, 307

Dahecun habitation remains, 307 early Bronze Age sites, 25 Hougang site, 32

ceramic vessels, 174-176, 177, 178-181, 198, 251, 310

feasting, 249 housing, 194, 195, 312 jade objects, 192 location, 22 pottery production tools and kilns, 182-

183, 184 Tianhu site, 27, 213-214, 224, 314

bronze objects, 225, 315 location, 22

tin and lead mines, 231 He pitchers, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305 He tripods, 291, 295 He vessels, 224 Hong Kong

food-related mortuary rituals in, 71 lineage solidarity banquets in, 68

Hougang site, Henan, 32 ceramics, 174-176, 177, 198, 310

as evidence of social mobility, 251 sizes, 178 standardization of, 178-181, 251

feasting, 249 housing, 194, 195, 312 jade objects, 192 location, 22 pottery production tools and kilns, 182-

183, 184 Household industries, in pottery, 10 Housing

adobe, 196, 312 brewer's house, 205-206 Dawenkou period, 141-143, 306

INDEX

Housing (cont.) Longshan period, 176, 186, 194-196, 197,

253 Shang period, 205-206 as social status indicator, 86 Yangshao period, 141-143, 253, 307

Huanbei site, Anyang, Henan, 27 Huan rings, 136, 138,140, 227 Huating burial site, Jiangsu, Shandong, 42-

43, 138 Huaxia people, 25 Hubei, Bishagang habitation site, 232, 234 Hubei Longshan culture, 186 Hu jars, 38, 83

Dawenkou period, 113, 120-121, 299, 300, 301

from Dazhujia site, 127 functions of, 294 late Neolithic period, 294 Shang period, 294 Yangshao period, 304, 305

Human sacrifices during Longshan period, 162 by Shang kings, 29

Human sacrificial remains Fu Hao tomb, Anyang, 213 Guojiazhuang burial site, Anyang, 208 Liujiazhuang site, Anyang, 316 Taixi site, Hebei, 205, 314 Xibeigang royal burial site, 208

"Hypertrophic" goods, 4

Imported goods elite's control of, 5-6 as prestige goods, 4 symbolic value of, 5

India feasting in, 50 household pottery industry in, 10

Indus Valley, 6 Interaction sphere, Chinese, 38 Ivory, 44-45

as craft material, 136 Ivory items, as prestige grave goods

absence from Longshan period burials, 188, 192

from Dawenkou period burials, 137

Jade and jade items, as prestige goods, 63-64 early Bronze Age, 133, 135, 239, 319

INDEX

Jade and jade items, as prestige goods (cant.)

Erlitou period, 25 exchange networks for, 135-136, 198

competitive control of, 244 Longshan period, 186

from burial sites, 186-193 exchange networks for, 198 from habitation sites, 192 production of, 198

Shang period, 226-227 Western Zhou period, 81 from Yangshao period burial sites, 140,

248 from Zhufeng burial site, 158, 159

Jade production/working early Bronze Age, 135-136, 236 Erlitou period, 256 late Neolithic, 133 Longshan period, 36, 192-193 Shang period, 256

Jade weapons, 226, 227 Jar burials, of children, 98, 313 Jars

bellJU, 111, 112, 113, 120-121, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 308

gang, 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 309 guan, 221, 224

as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 Dawenkou period, 120, 127, 299, 300,

301 functions of, 292-293 Longshan period, 172, 175-176, 178,

179, 180-181, 309 Yangshao period, 131, 304, 305

hu,38,83 Dawenkou period, 113, 120-121,299,

300, 301, 302, 303 from Dazhujia site, 127 functions of, 294 late Neolithic period, 294 Shang period, 294 Yangshao period, 304, 305

kuan jian bU,l11 kUixingqi, 205 let, 83, 294, 308, 309 pen, 296 ping, lll, 149-151

Dawenkou period, 114, l15, 300, 301, 302, 303

Jars (cont.) ptng (cont.)

functions of, 297 Longshan period, 308 Yangshao period, 133, 304, 305

335

weng, 205, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 308

as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205 you, 214 zeng, 292 zun

Dawenkou period, 44, 300, 301, 302, 303 from Dazhujia burial site, 127 functions of, 294 late Neolithic period, 294 Longshan period, 172, 309 pictographs on, 126 Shang period, 213, 294 Yangshao period, 305

Jiangou site, Hebei, 22, 34 ]iangsu, 25, 42 Jiangzhai site, Central Yellow River Valley, 39 ]ianxin site burials, western Shandong, 43-

44, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 104,

105, 119-121, 302 ping jars, 115 tall-stemmed cups, 114, 119, 120

coffins, 108 spatial arrangement of graves, 119

Jianxin habitation remains, western Shandong

ceramics, 300 housing, 142, 306 kilns, 134

Jiaochangpu, 32 Jta sha (coarse ware), 182 Jta tripods, 205, 213

functions of, 294 - 295 Jingyanggang, 32 Jining City Museum, 155, 157 Jiu vessels, symbols on, 31 Jue slit earrings, 227 Jue tripods, 210, 213, 221, 235 Jue vessels, 82, 83, 204, 254

Shang period, 82, 83 symbols on, 31

Kava, 55 Kexingzhuang site, Shaanxi, 184, 185

336

Kilns Dawenkou period, 133, 134, 135, 248 early Bronze Age, 320-321 Erlitou period, 321 firing chamber size of, 65 Longshan period, 183-185 Shang period, 232-234, 320-321

Kings: see also Royal households kinship obligations of, 76 Wu Ding, 84, 213 Yi,76

Kinship relations, during Shang Period, 29 Kuanjian bu jars,l11 Kuixingqi jars, 205

Labor-intensive goods, 1-2, 52-53, 62, 242 social demand for, 85

Lao, 83 Laquer objects, 158, 224, 239 Lead content, of bronze vessels, 220, 226 Leadership strategies, wealth- and power-

related, 5 Lei-bo mortars, 297 Lei jars, 83, 294, 308, 309 Lt,83 Liangchengzhen site, eastern Shandong, 22,

163, 191 Liangzhu culture burials, 138 Liangzhu culture, 42 Lids, gai, 175-176, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303,

304, 305, 308, 309 Ltlt (Book of Rites), 72, 73-74, 75 Lineages: see also Descent groups

definition of, 29 of Shang Period, 29

Lineage status, importance of, in mortuary ritual, 74-75

Lingyanghe burial site, eastern Shandong, 43-44, 127-128, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 44, 125, 127-128, 303

quantity per grave, 125, 126 Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 nonceramic prestige items

pig bones, 141 pseudojade items, 138, 140

Ltqi vessels, 185 Liquid serving vessels, 299; see also Cups;

Bowls Lt tripods, 291

INDEX

Liujiazhuang site, Anyang, Henan, 26, 208, 210- 211, 314

bronze vessels, 315, 319 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 317 coffins, 315 human sacrificial remains, 316 jade items, 319 location, 22

Liulin site, western Shandong, 42-43, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 96-97,

299 gu cups, 100, 101, 103

serpentine huan rings, 140 Lt vessels, symbols on, 30, 31 LoDagaa,58 Loess Plateau, Yellow River Valley, China, 24 Longgangsi burial site, Zhufeng, 120, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 129, 304, 305

quan jars, 131 quantity per grave, 130

nonceramic prestige items, 140 Longhouses, 142-143 Longshan burial site, large ceramic vessels,

155-156 Longshan period, 2, 31-34

ceramics, 174-186 consumption patterns, 186-194 diversity, 197, 245 from eastern Shandong, 162-171 eggshell-thin cups, 158-160, 161 habitation-context, 174-178 labor-intensive nature of, 159-160 as prestige mortuary goods, 147, 148,

157-174, 185-186, 196, 197, 308-309 production of, 252 production tools for, 182-185 role in social relations, 196-199 standardization of, 178-182 from western Shandong, 148-162

coffins, 162, 164, 193, 313 craft specialization during, 248 - 249

jade ornaments production, 36 Early Regional Phase, 248-249

social change during, 252 economic systems, 34-37 feasting during, 17 food production during, 34-35 housing, 194-196, 197, 253, 312 jade working during, 192-193

INDEX

Longshan period (cont.)

Late Regional Phase, 198 social change during, 252

Middle Regional Phase, 249-250 housing of, 253

millet cultivation during, 35 mortuary rituals of, socially-competitive,

248-252 nonceramic prestige goods

consumption and production of, 186-194

in habitation context, 192-193 occupational specialization during, 31 phases of, 171 pottery production tools, 182-186 power relations during, 197-198 rice cultivation during, 35 settlements, 32-34 social differentiation during, 34 social inequality during, 47

food surplus displays as evidence of, 174

regional differences in, 173 social mobility during, 197 -198 social stratification during, 31, 162 warfare during, 34

Longshan period burial sites absence of ceramic vessels from, 249 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 308-

309 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

249-250 bronze vessels, 313, 315

number of graves, 307 types of graves, 307

Longshan period habitation sites, ceramic vessels, 310 - 311

Longshan period sites, classification of, 20 Lou dou funnels, 205 - 206 Lou-qi vessels, 297 Lou strainers, 299, 300 Lujiakou site, eastern Shandong, 22, 163, 182 Luojiabailing site, Shijiahe, 22, 193 Luojiazhuang site, Shijiahe, 22, 220 Luo strainers, 300, 305

Males mortuary goods for, 93-94, 95, Ill, 112-

113, 114, 115, 144 mortuary rituals for, 246-247

337

Males (cont.)

social status of, during Shang period, 83 Mambila, 51 Maori, 54-55, 59-60, 63-64 Marble objects, as grave goods, 138 Maya, 53 Meat, as prestige food, 61; see also Pork

as mortuary ritual food gift, 73, 76, 82 Meishan site, Henan, 181, 183 Melanesia, 52-53, 56, 57 Metallurgy, relationship with political

development, 235-236 Mexico, Classic Period Ejutia, 10 Miaodigou I phase, 132 Miaodigou II culture, 39 Miaodigou II period, 178 Miaodigou site, 184, 185 Military officer, Shang period burial site of,

209,215 Millet, cultivation of

during Dawenkou period, 45 during Longshan period, 35 during Yangshao period, 41

Mingqi ("spirit vessels"), 74, 123, 131, 144-145,157, 185-186, 221

Monkeys, 41 Mortars, lei-bo, 297 Mortuary rituals: see also Feasting, as

mortuary ritual for child burials, 202 Dawenkou period, 100 food gift-giving

for deaths of rulers, 74 to deceased kin, 58, 69, 70-71, 74,

243 in early historic and modern China, 71-

85 in late historic and modern China, 69-

71 during Longshan period, 197 to mourners, 69-71 social change model of, 13-15 effect of social inequality on, 70

gender differences in, during Longshan period, 197

implication for craft production, 15 effect of political centralization on, 86 Shang period, 255-256 social relations role, 15-16

Mourners, social goals of, 15-16

338

Neolithic period, late Chinese interaction sphere development

during, 38 economic competition during, 85 food-associated practices and beliefs

during, 12-13,84 social change model of, 13-15

proto-writing of, 37-38 vertical social inequality during, 17 -18

New Guinea, 53-54 New Zealand, 54-55 Nt zhi (fine ware), 182 North China Plain, China, 24

Opal objects, as grave goods, 138 Oracle bone inscriptions

Shang period, 19, 28-29, 72, 81-83, 84, 237 Western Zhou period, 72

Pain ted vessels Dawenkou period, 245 Yangshao period, 132-133

Patzt beaters, 182-183 Pan basins, 295 Panda, 41 Pan dishes, 299, 300, 303, 304, 305 Panlongcheng, Huebi, 230 Pan trays, 178 Peacocks, 41 Pen basins, 95, 102, 172, 178, 299, 300, 301,

302, 309 Pen dishes, 309 Pen jars, function of, 296 People of the Earth (Fagan), 20 Peru, feasting in, 50 Phalli, ceramic, 41 Philippines, 50-51,62, 121 Pictographs, Dawenkou period, 126 Pig bones, presence in burial sites

from Dawenkou period burial sites, 100, 125-126, 137, 140-141

gender-related variation in quantity of, 247 from Longshan period burial sites, 172,173 from Sanlihe burial site, eastern Shandong,

166 from Yangshao period burials, 140

Pigs: see also Pork domestication of

during Dawenkou period, 45 during Longshan period, 35

Pigs (cant.) domestication of (cant.)

during Yangshao period, 41 as gift exchange item

in Melanesia, 56, 57 in New Guinea, 54

Pig skulls, as wealth items, 136

INDEX

Ptngdipen basins/vessels, 179, 182, 297, 308 Ptng jars, Ill, 149-151

Dawenkou period, Ill, 114, 115, 300, 301 functions of, 297 Longshan period, 149-151 Yangshao period, 133, 304

Pingliangtai habitation site, Henan housing, 196 kilns, 184,185 location, 22

Ping vessels, functions of, 297 Pitchers

gut, 300, 301, 302, 303 gut tripod, 291 he, 300, 301, 302, 305

Political development, relationship with metallurgy, 235-236

Political economy, of early states in northern China, 235-237

Political power, prestige goods-related, 5 Polynesia, 60 Population, during Longshan Period, 34, 177 Pork, as prestige meat

consumption during feasting, 50 use in mortuary rituals, 76, 141

Potlatch, 57 Pottery wheels, late Neolithic, 252

Dawenkou period, 45 Longshan period, 35-36

Pou bowls, 299, 301 Power

food as indicator of, 49 leaders' display of, 5

Power relations, role of feasting in, 12 Prestige goods

definition of, 4 in development of complex societies, 4 elite control of, 4-6 labor-intensive food vessels as, 1-2, 52-

53,62, 242 political centralization and, 241 production by independent craft

specialists, 7

INDEX

Prestige goods (cont.) social change and, 6-8 social competition for, during early Bronze

Age, 89 social heterogeneity and, 241 social stratification and, 241

Proto-porcelain vessels, 221, 223-224, 239 Proto-writing, 37 - 38, 42-43 Pseudojade, 138,140 Puebla, Mexico, 56 Pueblo people, 136 Pyromancy, 37

Qianzhangda burial site, western Shan dong, 28,316

bronze objects and vessels, 220, 225, 317 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 jade items, 319 location, 22

Qtzuo stands, 299, 300, 301, 304, 305 Quanzupan vessels, 196, 308 Qufu City, Shandong, 121

Raiding, during Dawenkou period, 42 Rhinoceros, 41, 44-45 Rice, cultivation of

during Dawenkou period, 45 during Longshan period, 35 during Yangshao period, 41

Rings, huan, 136, 138,140, 227 Rites of Zhou (Zhou Lt), 76, 235 Royal households

ceramics production control by, 234 Shang dynasty

communication with ancestors by, 28-29

control of grain production by, 236-237 feasting by, 215, 217 sacrificial offerings by, 81 utilitarian goods production for, 237

textile production control by, 236 of Western Zhou period, gift exchanges

by, 79 Ruichang, Jiangxi, 229-230

Sacrificial offerings animal sacrifices, 162 human sacrifices, 205, 208, 213, 316

during Eastern Zhou period, 76 during Longshan period, 162

Sacrifical offerings (cont.) human sacrifices (cont.)

during Shang period, 29 by Shang royal household, 29, 81

Samoa, 54, 55, 60

339

Sanlihe, eastern Shandong, social inequality in, 166

Sanlihe site, eastern Shandong, 32, 37, 42-43, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 123-124, 126-127, 141, 163, 164-167, 168-171, 198, 298, 303, 309

absence from some graves, 166 consumption patterns, 123-124 eggshell-thin cups, 164-167, 168-171 quantity of per grave, 124, 141

Dawenkou culture phases of, 123 gender differences in grave goods, 155 grave M17, 141 grave M302, 141 grave M2110, 124, 138 jade items, 187, 248 location, 22 nonceramic prestige items

deer teeth, 166 jade items, 138, 187, 190, 248 pig bones, 141, 166, 193 turquoise items, 192

types of graves, 307 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of

graves, 194 Sanzupan basin on tripod legs, 296 Scalping, 34 Scepters, gut, 189

Serpentine, 138 Settlements

Dawenkou period, 39, 42, 47 early Bronze Age, 237-238 Longshan period, 32-34 Yangshao period, 39, 47 of Yuanqu basin, China, 133

Shaanxi, 24-25 Fulinbao site burials, 129, 130, 298

ceramic grave goods, 304, 305 nonceramic prestige items, 140

Fulinbao habitation remains housing, 307 kilns, 134

Gaojiabao site, 80 Kexingzhuang site, 184, 185

340

ihamans,83 ihandong: see also Eastern Shandong;

Western Shan dong Daxingzhuang site, 22, 28, 214-215, 247 Dinggong site, 22, 37, 148 environment of, 24 Erlitou site

location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

203-206, 226 size of graves, 203

Erlitou habitation remains ceramic production tools, 231, 232 kilns, 232, 233

tin and lead mines, 231 Xixiahou site burials, 43-44, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 106, 107, lll, 112, 116-117, 118, 119-120, 122 -123, 302

earthen ledges on graves, 106 grave M12, 293 grave M13, 293 grave M15, 293 grave M22, 293 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

116-117,138 Xixiahou habitation remains

ceramics, 300 kilns, 134

Shandong site, mortuary-context ceramic vessels, 174

Shang dynasty, capitals of, 27; see also Anyang, Henan

Shang period, 2 bronze vessels, 3

from Anyang burial site, Henan, 208-210, 213, 215-218, 220, 225-226, 239, 315

elite's control of, 236 gift-giving system for, 80 inscriptions on, 81 large, 215-218, 220 as prestige mortuary vessels, 203-215,

242 production of, 2, 220, 229, 239

ceramic vessels as prestige mortuary vessels, 203 - 215,

220-224,. 242 production of, 48, 231-235

communication with ancestors during, 86

Shang period (cont.) competing cults of, 84

INDEX

craft goods production and consumption during, 202

descent groups during, 244 elite control of bronze vessel production

during, 236 feasting during, 82, 215-217 food-social relations association during, 71,

n Middle, Shang-style material culture

during, 214-215 mortuary ritual, 255 - 256 political authority during, 11 royal household's sacrificial offerings

during, 81 social stratification during, 255 textual data about, 26, 28-31

Shang period burials, bronze vessels from, 203

Shang royalty communication with ancestors by, 28-29 control of grain production by, 236-237 feasting by, 215, 217 sacrificial offerings by, 81 utilitiarian goods production for, 237

Shang state economic organization, 237- 238 size and structure, 27 - 28, 238

Shanxi, 24-25 Bancun burial site, 132 -133, 178 ceramics production system, 132 Taosi site burials, 37 - 38

alligator hide items, 192 jade items, 189 large ceramic vessels, 156 location, 22 wooden food vessels and objects, 171-

In, 173 Sheet metal technology, 36 Shijiahe, Luojiabailing site, 193, 220 Shijiahe site, 28, 186 Shiling (Book of Songs), 75, 78 Shovels, chan, 138, 136, 139, 140, 191 Shuang, 231 Shu ling (Book of Documents), n, 76, 77 Silk,77 Social change

during Dawenkou period, 245 role of prestige goods in, 6-8

INDEX

Social change (cont.)

role of surplus goods in, 2 systemic study of, 16 during Yangshao period, 245

Social change model, 13-15, 243-244 Social competition

for jade, 135-136 relationship with social inequality, 60-65

Social demand for craft goods, 2, 10 for labor-intensive goods, 85 for prestige goods, 241

Social differentiation during Dawenkou period, 39, 97-98, 117-

119 during Longshan period, 34 during Yangshao period, 39 in Yellow River Valley, 45-46

Social heterogeneity, relationship with prestige goods production and consumption, 241

Social inequality during Dawenkou period, 143-145 development in northern China, 48, 59 increase in, 7 during Longshan period, 47-48, 249, 250

food surplus displays as evidence of, 174

regional differences in, 173 effect on mortuary food gift-giving

practices, 70 relationship with feasting, 53-55, 242-

243 relationship with food vessel use, 48 relationship with social competition, 60-

65 during Shang period, 255

Social mobility during Dawenkou period, 247 during Longshan period, 197-198

Social organization, during Dawenkou period, 41

Social relations within descent groups, 30 role of food in, 11-13,68-69 role of mortuary ritual in, 15-16

Social status age-related of females

during Dawenkou period, 144

Social status (cont.)

of females (cont.)

during Longshan period, 192

341

gender differences in, during Longshan period, 165, 167

Social status competition, effect on craft specialization, 5

Social stratification fundamental elements of, 3-4 during Longshan period, 31, 162 rate of, 2 relationship with prestige goods

production and consumption, 241 during Shang period, 255 social inequality in, 7

Song dynasty, sociopolitical importance of food during, 68-69

Specialization, occupational attached,S, 6, 7-8, 234, 254, 256 by lineage, during Shang period, 234-235 sponsored, 7-8

"Spirit vessels" (mingqf), 74, 123, 131, 144-145, 157, 185-186, 221

Steamers yan, 172, 174, 215, 217, 293, 308, 309 YU,300 zeng, 292

Storage technology, relationship with competitive feasting, 52

Strainers lou, 299, 301 luo, 300, 305

Subsistence production, elite control over, 6 Sufutun burial site, Shandong, 28

bronze vessels, 214, 317, 319 bronze weapons, 227 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 220 jade items, 319

Tahiti,60 Taicheng, 174 Taiwan, food-related mortuary rituals in, 70-

71 Taixi burial site, Hebei, 27

bronze prestige mortuary vessels, 204, 205,319

ceramic prestige mortuary goods, 318 coffins, 205, 313 human sacrificial remains, 205, 314 jade items, 319

342

Taixi burial site, Hebei (cont.) as lineage burial ground, 205 location of, 22

Taixi habitation site, Hebei brewer's house and brewing vessels, 205-

206 lacquer vessels, 224

Taosi site, Shanxi, 37-38, 173 alligator hide objects, 192 jade items, 189 large ceramic vessels, 156 location of, 22 wooden food vessels, 252 wooden objects, 171-172, 173

Textile production, Shang period, 236 Thonga,51 Tianhu site, Henan, 27, 213-214, 224, 314

bronze items, 225, 315, 319 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 318 jade items, 319 location, 22

Tianwang site, western Shandong, 22, 32, 156, 174, 251-252

Tikopia, 51, 52, 56 Tin, as bronze component, 226 Tin mines, Shang period, 229-231 Tlingit, 57 Tonga, 54, 55, 60 Tonglushan, 229-230 Trays, pan, 178 Tripods

dtng, 92, 172,217-218,220 Dawenkou period, 103, 116, 117, 118,

120, 122-123, 128-129, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303

early Bronze Age, 291 functions of, 291 late Neolithic, 291 Longshan period, 308, 309 Shang period, 82, 215, 217, 291 standardization of, 80 from Taixi site, Hebei, 205 from Wangyin site, western Shandong,

299 Western Zhou period, 80 Yangshao period, 304, 305 Yedian site, western Shandong, 299 Zuo Zhuan references to, 77 - 78

gut, 308, 309 jta, 205

Tripods (cont.) jta (cont.)

Erlitou period, 294-295 functions of, 294 - 295

INDEX

Late Neolithic period, 294-295 Shang period, 213, 294-295

jue, 210, 213, 221, 235 Ii

Early Bronze Age, 291 functions of, 291 Late Neolithic, 291 Shang period, 291

yan early Bronze Age, 292 functions of, 292 late Neolithic, 292 Shang period, 292

Trobriand Islands, 52, 56, 102 Tso Chuan (Zuo Zhuan), 76, 77-78, 234 Thrquoise, sources of, 136 Thrquoise objects

early Bronze Age, 136 as grave goods

Dawenkou period, 137 Longshan period, 186, 188, 192 Yangshao period, 140, 248

Longshan period, from habitation sites, 192

Shang period, 226 Thrquoise working, 136

Violence, during Longshan Period, 34

Walled settlements Dawenkou period, 42 Longshan period, 32, 33 Yangshao period, 39, 143

Wan bowls, 172, 175-176, 179, 182, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309

Wangchenggang site, Henan, 36 bronze vessel production in, 174 jade objects, 192 location of, 22

Wangjiazhuang site, Shandong, 42 Wangyin site burials, Shandong, 44-45, 92

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 299 cups, 92-95, 97-98, 99 gu cups, 95, 100, 101, 103 painted vessels, 95-% quantity per grave, 96-97

INDEX

Wangyin site burials, Shandong (cont.)

grave M2384, 94 number of bodies per grave, 98-99, 100

Wangyin site habitation remains, Shandong ceramic vessels, 104, 300 housing, 306

Wangyoufang site, location, 22 Wan vessels, 296 Warfare, during Longshan Period, 34 Warring States Period

food gift-giving during, 74-75 food/social stratification relationship

during, 73-74 Water buffalo, 44-45

domestication of during Dawenkou period, 45 during Yangshao period, 41

Wealth leaders' displays of, 5 mortuary ritual-based display of, 16

Weapons bronze, Shang period, 225-226, 228-229,

255 jade, 226, 227 symbolic, late Neolithic, 136 Yangshao period, 39

Weng jars, 205, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305 as brewing/fermentation vessels, 205

Western Shandong ceramics production in, 119-123, 157-162 Dadunzi site, 95-96, 298, 299, 301 Dafanzhuang site, 32

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148-151, 160, 308

location of, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

186, 188, 192 types of graves, 307

Dawenkou site burials, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 104,

105, 106, 109-110, 120, 291-292, 296, 299,301

coffins, 104, 106, 109-110 earthen ledges on graves, 109-110 grave MIO, 109-110, 136 grave MI0, 141 grave M35, 291 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

109-110, 136,137, 138, 139, 141 spatial arrangement of graves, 119

Western Shandong (cont.) Dawenkou site habitation remains

ceramics, 104, 300 housing, 306 kilns, 134

Liulin site, 42-43, 298

343

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 96-97, 100, 101, 103, 299

mortuary-context ceramics, 148-162 Early Regional Dawenkou phase, 99,

92-100 Late Regional Dawenkou phase, 104-119

Tianwang site, 22, 156, 174, 251-252 Yedian site, 42-43, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 95-96, 100, 101, 103, 136, 291, 296, 299, 301,302

coffins, 104, 106 grave MIS, 296 grave M22, 136 grave M2005, 296 jade items, 136

Yingjiacheng site ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148,

151-156,157, 160, 161, 308 coffins, 152-153 gender differences in mortuary goods,

155 jade items, 155, 190 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

186, 188, 192 pig bones, 193 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of

graves, 194 Yingjiacheng site, housing, 196, 313 Zhufeng site, 32

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 158, 308

coffins, 158,159 jade objects, 158, 159, 189 location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods,

186, 189, 250 Western Zhou period

bronze vessels gift-giving system of, 80 hoarding of, 80-81 with inscriptions, 78-79

food/social relations association during, 71,72

344

Western Zhou period (cont.) gift-giving economy, 12

White ware, 224 "Winter Offices Record of Crafts' (Dong

Guan Kao Gong fl), 235

Wooden food vessels, 252 as grave goods, Longshan period, 171-172,

173 ring foot dish, 172, 173

Writing: see also Bronze vessel inscriptions; Proto-writing; Oracle bone inscriptions

development in China, 2S-29 Wucun site, western Shandong, 43-44, lOS,

298, 301, 302 Wu Ding (king), 84, 213

Xia dynasty, 21, 25 Xiajincun burial site, central Yellow River

Valley, 32 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 171 nonceramic mortuary goods, 186, 187 types and number of graves, 307

Xiang ritual, 82 X/an tripods: see Yan tripods Xiaotun section burials, Anyang, 26 Xiaotun habitation remains, Anyang, 236,

237 Xiawanggang site burials, Henan, 41, 130,

298 ceramic prestige mortuary goods, 304

painted ware, 132 quantity per grave, 131 as social status indicators, 129

nonceramic prestige items, 140 Xiawanggang site habitation remains, Henan,

39,40,41 housing, 142 kilns, 134

Xibeigang royal burial site, Anyang, Henan, 26, 206, 20S, 218, 220

Xikangliu site, Shandong, 42 Xingzhuang, 103 Xishan site, Henan, 39, 143 Xixiahou site burials, Shandong, 43-44, 298

ceramic prestige mortuary goods, 106, 107, lll, 112, 116-117, 118, 119-120, 122 -123, 302

quantity per grave, 106, 107 tall-stemmed cups, 119, 120

INDEX

Xixiahou site burials, Shandong (cont.) earthen ledges on graves, 106 grave M12, 293 grave M13, 293 grave M15, 293 grave M22, 293 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 116-

117, 13S Xixiahou habitation remains, Shandong

ceramics, 300 kilns, 134

Xuan pel ornament, 190 Xuegucheng site, location of, 22

Yangshao culture, 39 phases of, 130

Yangshao culture sites, map of, 40 Yangshao period, 2

age as social status indicator during, 129 ceramics

consumption patterns of, 129-132, 248 as mortuary goods, 157 organization of production of, 132-133 painted wares, 248 production of, 248

housing of, 141-143, 307 Late, 39-41

economic system, 41 settlements, 47, 248 social change during, 245 social change model of, 17 social differentiation during, 39 social inequality development during, 47 walled settlements, 143

Yangshao period burials, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 304 graves with multiple burials, 132 nonceramic prestige items, 140 number of graves, 298 types of graves, 298

Yangshao period habitation remains, ceramics from, 305

Yanshi habitation site, 27, 227 Yan steamers, 172, 174,215, 217, 293, 308, 309 Yan tripods

early Bronze Age, 292 functions of, 292 late Neolithic, 292 Shang period, 292

Yan vessels, symbols on, 30, 31

INDEX

Yaowangcheng site, eastern Shandong, 22, 42-43, 163

Yazhang, blade, 187 Yedian site burial remains, western

Shandong, 298 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 95-96,

100, 101, 103, 291, 296, 299, 301, 302 quantity per grave, 136

coffins, 104, 106 grave M15, 296 grave M22, 136 grave M2005, 296 jade grave goods, 136

Yedian habitation remains, western Shandong

ceramic vessels, 104, 300 kilns, 134

Ye ladles, Dawenkou period, 300 Yellow River Valley, central region, 244

cultural development in, 21 cultural phases in, 23 - 24 early Bronze Age sites in, 22 environment, 35 Erlitou period in, 2 geographic subareas, 24-25 Longshan period in, 2 map of, 3 mortuary ceramics from, 171-174 political development in, 21 Shang period in, 2 social and economic change in, 15, 21-25 social differentiation in, 45 - 46 Yangshao/Dawenkou periods in, 2

Yi ewers, 301, 302, 303 Yi (king), 76 Yi Ii (Book of Etiquette and Ritual), 72,

74,76-77 Yi-Luo River Valley, 143 Yinjiacheng site burials, western Shandong,

32, 308 ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 148,

151-156, 157-158, 198, 308 absence from some graves, 155 diversity of, 151-152, 158 eggshell cups, 153-155, 160, 161 large ceramic vessels, 155-156 quantity per grave, 151, 153

coffins, 152-153 gender differences in grave goods, 155 location, 22

345

Yinjiacheng site burials, western Shandong (cont.)

nonceramic mortuary goods, 186, 188 alligator hide drum, 192 jade items, 155, 190 pig bones, 193

types of graves, 307 wealth-associated spatial arrangement of

graves, 194 Yinjiacheng site, western Shandong,

housing, 196, 313 Yinxu site: see Anyang site Yinxu West burial site, Anyang, 208 You jars, 214 You vessels, 82, 83 Yuanjunmiao site, 39 Yuanqu basin, Shanxi

ceramics production system, 132 settlements hierarchies, 133

Yuanqu site, Central Yellow River valley, 27 white ware ceramics, 224

Yu bowls, 302, 304, 305, 308, 309 Yuchisi site, Anhui, 142-143 Vue battle-axes, 138, 186, 189 Yueshi period

bronze and copper item production during, 225, 255

copper mining during, 231 Yueshi site, Shandong, 28 Yu steamers, 300 Yu vessels, 296

Zao stoves, 293, 305 Zeng jars, 292 Zeng steamers, 292 Zhengzhou, Hubei

Bishagang site, 232, 234 bronze food vessel production in, 2 economic organization of, 237

Zhengzhou city, Hubei, 39 Zhengzhou site, Hubei, 232, 234

bronze vessel production workshops, 227-229

bronze vessels, 218 ceramics production tools, 231-232 kilns, 232 location, 22 map of, 219

Zhou court ceramics production for, 235

346

Zhou court (cont.) specialized crafts workers of, 234

Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou), 72, 76, 235 Zhufeng, western Shandong, Longshan

period sites in, 148 Zhufeng site, western Shandong, 32

ceramic prestige mortuary vessels, 158, 308

coffins, 158,159 jade objects, 158, 159, 189 location, 22 nonceramic prestige mortuary goods, 186,

189,250 Zhui plummets, 138,140 Zhu Shu Ji Nian (Bamboo Annals), 72, 76

INDEX

Zu lineages, occupational specialization of, 234

Zun jars, 172 Dawenkou period, 44, 300, 301 from Dazhujia burial site, 127 functions of, 294 late Neolithic period, 294 pictographs on, 126 Shang period, 213, 294 Yangshao period, 305

Zun vessels, local production of, in Ju county, 128

Zuo vessels, 297 Zuo Zhuan (Tso Chuan), 76, 77 - 78, 234 Zuxtngqt, 138, 140