Notes

Preface

1. See the thematic issues of Diacritics 39, nos. 3–4 (2009), and Annali d’Italianistica 29, (2011) and Lorenzo Chiesa and Alberto Toscano, eds., Ital-ian Difference: Between Nihilism and Biopolitics (Melbourne: re.press, 2009).

2. Roberto Esposito, Living Thought: The Origins and Actuality of Italian Philoso-phy, trans. Zakiya Hanafi (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012), 19.

3. Ibid., 22. 4. Ibid., 4. 5. Ibid., 23. 6. Ida Dominijanni, “Spectralizing Sexuality: Women, Biopolitics and Neolib-

eralism in Contemporary Italy” (speech, Colorado Springs, May 10, 2013). 7. Ibid. On the deconstituent tendency of the Five Star Movement, see also

Ida Dominijanni, “Four Points on M5S,” Viewpoint Magazine, Septem-ber 15, 2013, http://viewpointmag.com/2013/09/15/four-points-on-m5s/ (accessed July 2, 2014) and Andrea Righi, “The Ontological Experience of Absolute Presence: Sebastiano Timpanaro and the Groundwork for a Cri-tique of Late Hyper-Idealism,” Annali d’Italianistica 32 (2014): 505–520.

8. Matteo Pasquinelli, Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons (Rotter-dam: Nai Publishers, 2008), 27. On the resurgence of the archaic due to Ursprüngliche Akkumulation, see Sandro Mezzadra, “The Topicality of Prehistory: A New Reading of Marx’s Analysis of So-Called Primitive Accumulation,” Rethinking Marxism 23, no. 3 (2011): 302–321; Andrea Fumagalli, Bioeconomia e capitalismo cognitivo: Verso un nuovo paradigma di accumulazione (Rome: Carocci, 2009); Christian Marazzi, The Violence of Financial Capitalism, trans. Jason Francis Mc Gimsey (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2011); Maurizio Lazzarato, The Making of the Indebted Man: An Essay on the Neoliberal Condition, trans. Joshua David Jordan (Los Ange-les: Semiotext(e), 2012); and Midnight Notes Collective, “Introduction to the New Enclosures,” http://www.midnightnotes.org/newenclos.html, accessed July 8, 2014.

9. Pasquinelli, Animal Spirits: A Bestiary of the Commons, 27. 10. Dominijanni, “Spectralizing Sexuality: Women, Biopolitics and Neoliber-

alism in Contemporary Italy.” 11. Jacques Lacan, On Feminine Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge,

1972–1973, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 8.

Notes194

12. Davide Tarizzo, “The Untamed Ontology,” Angelaki 16, no. 3 (2011): 53–61, 55. See Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (London: Routledge, 2002), 302–304.

13. See Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason, trans. Peter Palmer (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1980).

14. Lacan, On Feminine Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge, 1972– 1973, 8.

15. Ellie Ragland, The Logic of Sexuation: From Aristotle to Lacan (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004), 24.

16. Ibid., 58, 42. The same author clarifies the parallel with geometry by add-ing, “although the infinite makes itself felt as such, on the side of the real numbers that exist precisely to infer the subtraction of an incomplete ensemble, subtraction posits an end—a closed set—to a seemingly infinite flow of feminine desire, caught as it is in the regress of lack and loss,” 55. On my take regarding the feminine position in Lacan’s logic of sexuation, see Andrea Righi, “Origin and Dismeasure: The Thought of Sexual Differ-ence in Luisa Muraro and Ida Dominijanni and the Rise of Post-Fordist Psychopathology,” Res Publica, no. 29 (2013): 35–56, 39–46.

17. Kiarina Kordela, “Being or Sex, and Differences,” Angelaki 17, no. 2 (2012): 49–67, 56.

18. Diana Sartori, “With the Maternal Spirit,” in Another Mother: The Symbolic Order of Italian Feminism, ed. Cesare Casarino and Andrea Righi, trans. Mark Epstein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, forthcom-ing). Original Italian version, Diana Sartori, “Con lo spirito materno,” in Diotima, L’ombra della madre (Naples: Liguori Editore, 2007), 49.

19. Quoted in Mezzadra, “The Topicality of Prehistory: A New Reading of Marx’s Analysis of So-Called Primitive Accumulation,” 305.

20. See Furio Jesi, Cultura di destra: Con tre inediti e un’intervista (Rome: Notte-tempo, 2011).

21. Furio Jesi, Bachofen (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 2005), 28. From here on, all translations from Italian are mine.

22. Robert Dombroski, “Cultura Di Destra by Furio Jesi,” MLN 97, no. 1 (1982), 216–219, 218.

23. Jesi, Bachofen, 27. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid., 28. 27. See Johann Jakob Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht: eine Untersuchung über die

Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur (Stuttgart: Verlag von Krais und Hoffmann, 1861).

28. Jesi, Bachofen, 44.

Chapter 1

1. Gioacchino Volpe, Guerra dopoguerra fascismo (Venice: La Nuova Italia Edi-trice, 1928), viii.

Notes 195

2. Benito Mussolini, “Foundations and Doctrine of Fascism,” in A Primer of Italian Fascism, ed. Jeffrey Schnapp, trans. Stampino Maria and Schnapp Jeffrey (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 46–71, 59.

3. Sergio Pannunzio, “The Two Faces of Fascism,” in A Primer of Italian Fascism, ed. Jeffrey Schnapp, trans. Olivia Sears (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 88–94, 89.

4. David Roberts, Alexander De Grand, Mark Antliff, and Thomas Line-han, “Comments on Roger Griffin, ‘The Primacy of Culture: The Current Growth (or Manufacture) of Consensus within Fascist Studies,’” Journal of Contemporary History 37, no. 2 (2002): 259–274, 259.

5. Furio Jesi, Cultura di destra: Con tre inediti e un’intervista (Rome: Notte-tempo, 2011), 25, 165.

6. See Giuseppe Parlato, La sinistra fascista: Storia di un progetto mancato (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2000), 17–18.

7. Pannunzio, “The Two Faces of Fascism,” 91. 8. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences

(London: Routledge, 2002), 302. 9. Jesi, Cultura di destra: Con tre inediti e un’intervista, 23, 24. 10. Ernst Bloch, “Nonsynchronism and the Obligation to Its Dialectics,” New

German Critique, no. 11 (Spring 1977): 22–38, 22. 11. Emilio Gentile and Lawrence Rainey, “The Conquest of Modernity: From

Modernist Nationalism to Fascism,” Modernism/Modernity 1, no. 3 (Sep-tember 1994): 55–87, 61.

12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Walter L. Adamson, Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 338. 15. Ibid. 16. Roger Griffin, Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mus-

solini and Hitler (Basingstoke, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 39, 68. 17. The case of Risorgimento is emblematic; see Massimo Baioni, Risorgimento

conteso: Memorie e usi pubblici nell’Italia contemporanea (Reggio Emilia, Italy: Diabasis, 2009).

18. Bloch, “Nonsynchronism and the Obligation to Its Dialectics,” 26. 19. Fredric Jameson, A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present

(London: Verso, 2002), 34. 20. Ibid., 39. 21. Ibid., 40. 22. Edmund Husserl, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phe-

nomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy, trans. David Carr (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970), 22.

23. Ibid. 24. Ibid., 6. 25. Georg Cantor, “Letter to Dedekind,” in From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book

in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931, ed. Jean van Heijenoort (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 113–117, 114.

26. Walter Benjamin, “Die unendliche Aufgabe,” in Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Rolf Tiedemannand and Hermann Schweppenhäuser, vol. 6 (Frankfurt: Suhrkcamp, 1985), 51–52, 51.

27. Ibid., 51–52. 28. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, 304. 29. Davide Tarizzo, “The Untamed Ontology,” Angelaki 16, no. 3 (2011):

53–61, 54. 30. Ibid., 55. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid., 59. 33. Ibid., 54. 34. Kiarina Kordela, “Being or Sex, and Differences,” Angelaki 17, no. 2 (2012):

49–67, 57. 35. Mario Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra (Bari: Laterza, 1970), 255. 36. Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason, trans. Peter Palmer (Atlantic

Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1980), 97, 98. 37. Jordana Rosenberg, “The Molecularization of Sexuality: On Some Primitiv-

isms of the Present,” Theory & Event 17, no. 2 (2014), accessed July 7, 2014, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v017/17.2.rosenberg.html.

38. Giorgio Agamben, What Is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, trans. David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), 50.

39. Ibid., 51. 40. Ibid. 41. Contemporary feminist psychoanalytic theory has in fact made clear that

we should reframe the problem of modern autonomy from the point of view of sexual difference. See for instance the works of Joan Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman (Boston: MIT Press, 2004), 4–10; Kordela, “Being or Sex, and Differences,” 56–60, and her monograph Kiarina Kordela, Being, Time, Bios: Capitalism and Ontology (Albany: State of New York University Press, 2013). Let us also remember that this crisis is not only theoretical but also historical-political as subaltern groups fight power from within.

42. Sandro Mezzadra, “Living in Transition: Toward a Heterolingual Theory of the Multitude,” EIPCP: European Institute for Progressive Cultural Policies, no. 11 (2007), accessed July 7, 2014, http://eipcp.net/transversal/1107/mezzadra/en.

43. Sandro Mezzadra, “The Topicality of Prehistory: A New Reading of Marx’s Analysis of So-Called Primitive Accumulation,” Rethinking Marxism 23, no. 3 (2011), 302–321, 305.

44. Ibid., 304 (emphasis mine). 45. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and His-

torical Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 68. 46. Agamben, What Is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, 16. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid., 17. 49. Giorgio Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal, trans. Kavin Attell (Stan-

ford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), 76.

Notes196

Notes 197

50. Giorgio Agamben, Nudities, trans. David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella (Stan-ford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 44.

51. Ibid. Although it is self-evident that modern immaterial labor is not animal labor, it seems to me that this is the point in which certain features of the latter reflect what we think of the former. If I am reading Agamben cor-rectly, this is what he means when he says that a “humanity that has taken up the mandate of the total management of its own animality” produces a situation in which “the total humanization of the animal coincides with a total animalization of man.” Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal, 77.

52. Massimo Recalcati, Sull’odio (Milan: Bruno Mondadori, 2004), 84. 53. Ibid., 85. 54. See Jean François Lyotard, Libidinal Economy, trans. Iain Hamilton Grant

(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993). 55. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, 303. 56. Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman, 7. See also Kordela, “Being or Sex, and Dif-

ferences,” 56–60, who makes a similar argument although she argues that Being in general (not simply the declension of Being during modernity) is libido.

57. Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman, 7. 58. Recalcati, Sull’odio, 86. 59. Ibid., 88. 60. Ibid., 89. 61. Ernesto Livorni, “The Machine as the Rebirth of Humankind: Marinetti

and First Futurism,” in Futurismo: Impact and Legacy, ed. Giuseppe Gaz-zola, vol. 31 (Stony Brook, NY: Forum Italicum, 2011), 100–116, 111.

62. Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal, 52. 63. Ibid., 57. 64. Agamben’s Heideggerian meditation arrives at a point in which the thresh-

old position occupied by the animal becomes in fact a point of entry into humanity itself. Ibid., 61–62.

65. Ibid., 59. 66. Jonathan B. Losos, Kenneth A. Mason, and Susan R. Singer, Biology (New

York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), 1124. 67. Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind (New York: Ballantine Books,

1972), 422. 68. Ibid., 367. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Notebooks 1914–1916 (Chicago: Chicago University

Press, 1979), 15.11.14. 72. Ibid., 26.11.14. 73. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (New York: Routledge,

1997), 5.2341. My interpretation here is greatly indebted to the work of Roberto Dionigi, La fatica di descrivere: Itinerario di Wittgenstein nel lin-guaggio della filosofia (Macerata: Quodlibet, 2001), 76–79. For a similar argument see Paolo Virno, Multitude: Between Innovation and Negation (Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 2008), 175–190.

74. Dionigi, La fatica di descrivere, 311–312. 75. See Benjamin Noys, “The Savage Ontology of Insurrection: Negativity, Life,

and Anarchy,” Postanarchist Group (2011), accessed July 7, 2014, https://www.academia.edu/1058231/The_Savage_Ontology_of_Insurrection_ Negativity_Life_and_Anarchy.

76. Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 32–34.

77. Ibid., 34. 78. Ibid. 79. Ibid. 80. Claude Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1966), 11. 81. Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, 47. 82. Noys, “The Savage Ontology of Insurrection: Negativity, Life, and Anar-

chy,” (2011). 83. Georges Sorel, Reflection on Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1999), 76. 84. . Ibid., 72. 85. Alberto Asor Rosa, La cultura, vol. 4, pt. 2 of Storia d’Italia (Turin: G. Ein-

audi, 1975), 1175. 86. Ibid., 1177. 87. Jameson, A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present, 121. 88. Ibid., 35. 89. Ernesto De Martino, The Land of Remorse, trans. Dorothy Zinn (London:

Free Association Books, 2005), 219. 90. Elvio Facchinelli, La freccia ferma (Milan: Adelphi, 1992), 57. 91. Ibid., 58. 92. Ibid., 56. 93. Ibid., 58. Here, a powerful monism is still at work, and Facchinelli agrees

with Latour when he states that if the ritual is not performed properly, the natural order will be broken and the effects will be immediately felt on the side of society.

94. José Gil, Metamorphoses of the Body, trans. Stephan Muecke (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 6.

95. Facchinelli, La freccia ferma, 54. 96. Quoted in Matthew Feldman, Ezra Pound’s Fascist Propaganda, 1935–45

(New York: Palgrave, 2013), 157. 97. See Mario Isnenghi, La tragedia necessaria (Bologna: il Mulino, 1999),

16–36. 98. See Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra, 16. 99. “Postulates of the Fascist Program (1920),” in A Primer of Italian Fascism,

ed. Jeffrey Schnapp, trans. Olivia Sears (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 46–71, 7.

100. Nicos Poulantzas, Fascism and Dictatorship: The Third International and the Problem of Fascism (London: NLB, 1974), 244.

Notes198

Notes 199

101. Ibid., 243.102. Ibid., 254.103. See the memoir of Historian Roberto Vivarelli who joined the Republic of

Salò precisely as a sign of fidelity to the nation, which for him meant also a moral obligation to the memory of his father, a volunteer fascist soldier who was killed by the Slavic resistance in 1942. Roberto Vivarelli, La fine di una stagione: Memoria 1943–1945 (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2013).

104. Facchinelli, La freccia ferma, 143.105. Ibid., 147–148.106. Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra, 35.107. See Stefano Cavazza, Piccole patrie. Feste popolari tra regione e nazione

durante il fascismo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2003), xvi–xvii.108. Poulantzas, Fascism and Dictatorship: The Third International and the Prob-

lem of Fascism, 252.109. Ibid., 246.110. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, trans. Joseph A. Buttigieg, vol. 3 (New

York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 154.111. Asor Rosa, La cultura, 1232.112. See Andrea Righi, Biopolitics and Social Change in Italy: From Gramsci to

Pasolini to Negri (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 20–23.113. Lukács, The Destruction of Reason, 529.114. Ibid., 530.

Chapter 2

1. Giovanni Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), trans. Virginia Pope (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1924), 41.

2. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 895.

3. Charle Christophe, Gli intellettuali nell’Ottocento (Bologna: il Mulino, 2002), 20.

4. Walter L. Adamson, Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 2.

5. Luca Somigli, “Past-Loving Florence and the Temptations of Futurism,” in The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines, eds. Peter Brooker, Sascha Bru, Andrew Thacker, and Christian Weikop, vol. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 469–490, 475.

6. Ibid., 476. 7. Mario Isnenghi, Papini (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1972), 11. 8. See Raul Bruni, “Papini: In margine a una ristampa,” Paragone, nos.

96–97–98 (2011): 163–168, 163–164. 9. Isnenghi, Papini, 52. 10. See Walter L. Adamson, “The Culture of Italian Fascism and the Fascist

Crisis of Modernity: The Case of Il Selvaggio,” Journal of Contemporary His-tory 30, no. 4 (1995): 555–575; Alexander De Grand, “Curzio Malaparte:

The Illusion of the Fascist Revolution,” Journal of Contemporary History 7, no. 1 (1972): 73–89; Valerio Ferme, “Redefining the Aesthetics of Fascism: The Battle between the Ancients and the Moderns Revisited,” Symposium 2, no. 52 (1998): 67–84; and Giuseppe Pardini, Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica (Milan: Luni Editrice, 1998), 182.

11. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 6. 12. Ibid., 4. 13. Ibid., 6. 14. Ibid., 7. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid., 6. 17. Massimo Recalcati, Per Lacan: Neoilluminismo, neoesistenzialismo, neostrut-

turalismo (Rome: Borla, 2005), 52. 18. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 7. 19. Recalcati, Per Lacan: Neoilluminismo, neoesistenzialismo, neostrutturalismo,

50. This internal transcendence can be interpreted in several ways; for instance, it could embody the transcendent nature of drive with respect to consciousness.

20. See Slavoj Žižek, The Metastases of Enjoyment: On Women and Causality (London: Verso, 2005), 33.

21. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (London; New York: Routledge, 2002), 287.

22. Ibid., 291. 23. Ibid. 24. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 78. 25. Ibid., 9. 26. Ibid., 323. Modified from original translation. 27. Ibid., 326. 28. Ibid., 7. 29. Ibid., 9. 30. Ibid. Modified from original translation. 31. Ibid., 34. 32. Genevieve Lloyd, Spinoza: Context, Sources, and the Early Writings (New

York: Routledge, 2001), 152. 33. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 57. 34. Ibid., 56–57. 35. Ibid., 19. 36. Fredric Jameson, A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present

(London: Verso, 2009), 150. 37. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 19. 38. Ibid., 128. 39. Luigi Baldacci, “Introduction,” in Opere: dal Leonardo al futurismo (Milan:

A. Mondadori, 2000), xi–xxxvi, xxii. 40. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 168. 41. Ibid., 169. 42. Ibid., 186.

Notes200

Notes 201

43. Ibid., 171. 44. Massimo Recalcati, Sull’odio (Milan: Bruno Mondadori, 2004), 159. 45. Ibid., 161. 46. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 185. 47. Recalcati, Sull’odio, 161. 48. Ibid., 69. 49. Žižek, The Metastases of Enjoyment: On Women and Causality, 178. 50. See Luisa Muraro, “The Symbolic Order of the Mother,” in Another Mother:

The Symbolic Order of Italian Feminism, ed. Cesare Casarino and Andrea Righi, trans. Mark Epstein (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, forthcoming). Original Italian version Luisa Muraro, L’ordine simbolico della madre (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 2006).

51. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 295. 52. Ibid., 82. 53. Ibid., 213. 54. Ibid., 214. 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid., 216. 57. Ibid., 217. 58. Ibid., 204–205. On Papini’s transition from mysticism to pragmatism, see

Antonino Di Giovanni, Il Pragmatismo messo in ordine: Giovanni Papini dalla filosofia dilettante al diletto della filosofia (Catania: Bonanno Editore, 2008) and Paolo Casini, “Papini, La Psicologia e i Filosofi,” in Papini e il suo tempo, ed. Cosimo Ceccuti (Florence: Le Lettere, 2006), 33–74.

59. Giovanni Papini, “Sul Pragmatismo,” in Opere: dal Leonardo al futurismo, eds. Luigi Baldacci and Giuseppe Nicoletti (Milan: A. Mondadori, 2000), 5–130, 24, 25.

60. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 205. 61. Papini, “Sul Pragmatismo,” 30. 62. Paul Colella, “Reflex Action and the Pragmatism of Giovanni Papini,” Jour-

nal of Speculative Philosophy 19, no. 3 (2005): 187–215, 196. 63. Ibid., 200. 64. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 217. 65. Isnenghi, Papini, 22. 66. Alberto Asor Rosa, La cultura, vol. 4 pt. 2 of Storia d’Italia (Turin: G. Ein-

audi, 1975), 1237. 67. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, 303. 68. Giovanni Papini, “L’animale politico,” in Tutte le Opere di Giovanni Papini,

vol. 8 (Milan: A. Mondadori, 1962), 186–239, 144. 69. Ibid., 37. 70. Isnenghi, Papini, 22. 71. Oswald Spengler, Today and Destiny: Vital Excerpts from the Decline of the

West of Oswald Spengler, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1940), 72.

72. Papini, “L’animale politico,” 146. 73. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, 303.

74. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, 304. 75. Fredric Jameson, Fables of Aggression: Wyndham Lewis, the Modernist as Fas-

cist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 15. 76. Papini, “L’animale politico,” 146. 77. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, 303. 78. Recalcati, Sull’odio, 189. 79. Ibid., 189. 80. Papini, “L’animale politico,” 160. 81. Ibid., 164. 82. Papini, The Failure (Un Uomo Finito), 271. 83. Ibid., 272. 84. Ibid., 256. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid. 87. Jean-Luc Nancy, The Inoperative Community, vol. 76 (Minneapolis: Univer-

sity of Minnesota Press, 1990), xxxix. 88. Isnenghi, Papini, 50. 89. Giovanni Papini, Poesia e fantasia, vol. 1 of Tutte le Opere di Giovanni Pap-

ini (Milan: A. Mondadori, 1958), 354. 90. Giovanni Papini, Storia di Cristo (Florence: Vallecchi, 1921), xxvii. 91. Isnenghi, Papini, 102–103. 92. Joan Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman (Boston: MIT Press, 2004),

18–19. 93. Papini, “La seconda nascita,” in Tutte le Opere di Giovanni Papini, vol. 9

(Milan: A. Mondadori, 1958), 367–611, 369. 94. Ibid., 369. 95. Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman, 9. 96. Papini, “La seconda nascita,” 369. 97. Giovanni Papini, Maschilità, 3rd ed. (Florence: Vallecchi, 1921), 148–149. 98. Ibid., 149. 99. Papini, “La seconda nascita,” 377. 100. Edward Tannenbaum, The Fascist Experience (New York: Basic Books,

1972), 39. 101. Papini, Poesia e fantasia, 54. 102. Somigli, “Past-Loving Florence and the Temptations of Futurism,” 475. 103. Giovanni Papini and Domenico Giuliotti, Dizionario dell’omo salvatico

(Florence: Vallecchi, 1923), 16–17. 104. Ibid., 18. 105. Ibid., 16. 106. Ibid., 18. 107. Ibid., 21. 108. Lucia Re, “Futurism and Feminism,” Annali d’Italianistica 7 (1989): 253–

272, 254. 109. Ibid. 110. Hence the necessary expropriation of this living dimension “by eliminat-

ing the necessary contribution of the woman as mother” that, as discussed

Notes202

Notes 203

in chapter 1, Marinetti operates in his novel Mafarka le Futuriste: Romain Africain (1909). Ernesto Livorni, “The Machine as the Rebirth of Human-kind: Marinetti and First Futurism,” in Futurismo: Impact and Legacy, ed. Giuseppe Gazzola, vol. 31 (Stony Brook, NY: Forum Italicum, 2011), 100–116, 111–112.

111. Papini and Giuliotti, Dizionario dell’omo salvatico, 348. 112. Somigli, “Past-Loving Florence and the Temptations of Futurism,” 471. 113. Papini, “La seconda nascita,” 422–23 (emphasis mine). 114. Again, under this primordialist sheen, one finds nothing other than the

modernizing logic described by Marx with the concept of primary accumu-lation. See Sandro Mezzadra, “The Topicality of Prehistory: A New Reading of Marx’s Analysis of So-Called Primitive Accumulation,” Rethinking Marx-ism 23, no. 3 (2011): 302–321, 304.

115. Mario Isnenghi, Intellettuali militanti e intellettuali funzionari: Appunti sulla cultura fascista (Turin: Einaudi, 1979), 47.

Chapter 3

1. David Roberts, Alexander De Grand, Mark Antliff, and Thomas Line-han, “Comments on Roger Griffin, ‘The Primacy of Culture: The Current Growth (or Manufacture) of Consensus within Fascist Studies,’” Journal of Contemporary History 37, no. 2 (2002): 259–274, 259.

2. Alexander De Grand, “Curzio Malaparte: The Illusion of the Fascist Revo-lution,” Journal of Contemporary History 7, no. 1/2 (1972): 73–89, 75.

3. Bruno Wanrooij, “The Rise and Fall of Italian Fascism as a Generational Revolt,” Journal of Contemporary History 22, no. 3 (1987): 401–418, 406.

4. Sandro Bellassai, “The Masculine Mystique: Antimodernism and Virility in Fascist Italy,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10, no. 3 (2005): 314–335, 316.

5. Luisa Mangoni, L’interventismo della cultura (Turin: Nino Aragno Editore, 2002), 7.

6. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, “Fascism, Writing, and Memory: The Realist Aesthetic in Italy, 1930–1950,” The Journal of Modern History 67, no. 3 (1995): 627–665, 631. On the notion of a fascist third way, see also Ruth Ben-Ghiat, “Italian Fascism and the Aesthetics of the ‘Third Way’,” Journal of Contem-porary History 31, no. 2 (1996): 293–324.

7. Ben-Ghiat, “Fascism, Writing, and Memory: The Realist Aesthetic in Italy, 1930–1950,” 632.

8. See Renzo Busini, “Il ‘Selvaggio’ squadrista (1924–25): Le radici di una corrente del cosiddetto ‘fascismo di sinistra’,” in Quaderno ‘70 sul novecento, 1970 (Padua: Liviana, 1970), 37–89, 47.

9. Ibid. 10. Luca Somigli, “Past-Loving Florence and the Temptations of Futurism,”

in The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines, eds. Peter Brooker, Sascha Bru, Andrew Thacker, and Christian Weikop, Vol. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 469–490, 475.

11. On the ambiguity of this experiment and how it oscillates between innova-tion and preservation of order, see Giorgio Luti, La letteratura nel venten-nio fascista: Cronache letterarie tra le due guerre, 1920–1940 (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1995), 148–155.

12. Massimo Bontempelli, L’avventura novecentesca (Florence: Vallecchi, 1974), 27.

13. Mangoni, L’interventismo della cultura, 203. 14. Busini, “Il ‘Selvaggio’ squadrista (1924–25),” 54. 15. The magazine incarnated the culmination of a series of similar extremist

Florentine publications such as Calendario delle pratiche solari (Calendar of Solar Rituals), founded by Piero Bargellini, Nicolò Lisi, Carlo Bertocchi, and Pietro Parigi, Rete mediterranea (Mediterranean Network), founded and written by Ardengo Soffici, and Il Bargello, the organ of the local fascist party founded by Alessandro Pavolini. See Bo Carlo, “La letteratura tra gli anni ‘20 e gli anni ‘30,” in La cultura a Firenze tra le due guerre (Florence: Bonechi, 1991), 10–26, 17.

16. Mino Maccari, “Squadrismo,” in Le riviste di Strapaese e Stracittà, ed. Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975), 55–56, 66.

17. For an analysis of the demographic and literature of squadrismo, see Roberta Suzzi Valli, “The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime,” Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 2 (2000): 131–150.

18. Walter L. Adamson, “The Culture of Italian Fascism and the Fascist Crisis of Modernity: The Case of Il Selvaggio,” Journal of Contemporary History 30, no. 4 (1995): 555–575, 560.

19. Anna Maria Sciascia, Arte e politica dopo il ‘22: “Il Selvaggio” (Palermo: Sal-vatore Sciascia Editore, 1993), 7.

20. See Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism: Action Francaise, Italian Fascism, National Socialism (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965), 618.

21. The reasons behind Matteotti’s assassination are still unclear. In addition to his denunciation of electoral fraud, recently historians have begun investi-gating a case of corruption that involved the American oil company Sinclair Oil, Mussolini, and possibly the king. See Mauro Canali, Il delitto Matteotti: Affarismo e politica nel primo governo Mussolini (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1997).

22. Mino Maccari, “L’assise di Assisi,” Il Selvaggio, August 2, 1924. 23. Luciano Troisio, “Introduction to Strapaese e Stracittà,” in Le riviste di Stra-

paese e Stracittà, (Treviso: Canova, 1975), 9–49, 13. 24. Quoted in Giuseppe Pardini, Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica (Milan:

Luni Editrice, 1998), 134. 25. Busini, “Il ‘Selvaggio’ squadrista (1924–25),” 41. 26. Emmanuel Levinas, “Reflections on the Philosophy of Hitlerism,” Critical

Inquiry 17, no. 1 (1990): 62–71, 66. 27. Ibid., 67. 28. Ibid., 68. 29. Ibid., 69. 30. Benito Mussolini, “Foundations and Doctrine of Fascism,” in A Primer of

Italian Fascism, ed. Jeffrey Schnapp (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 46–71, 48.

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Notes 205

31. Levinas, “Reflections on the Philosophy of Hitlerism,” 70. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid. 35. See Slavoj Žižek, Violence: Six Sideways Reflections (New York: Picador,

2008), 209–211. 36. See Pierre Clastres, Archeology of Violence, trans. Herman Jeanine (Los

Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2010), 256–262. 37. Giovanni Papini, “Accuse alla città,” Il Selvaggio, Dic. 30, 1927. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophre-

nia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 218. 41. Franco Farinelli, La crisi della ragione cartografica (Turin: Einaudi, 2009), 14. 42. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, 150. 43. Ibid., 148. 44. Ibid., 151. 45. Ibid., 219. 46. Ibid. 47. Furio Jesi, Bachofen (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 2005), 28. 48. Joan Copjec, “The Object-Gaze: Shame, Hejab, Cinema,” Filozofski Vestnik

27, no. 2 (2006): 11–29, 18. 49. Ibid., 19. 50. Ibid., 20. 51. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, 151. 52. Umberto Eco, “Ur-Fascism,” New York Review of Books, June 22, 1995. 53. Maccari, “Squadrismo,” 55. 54. Fabio Camilletti, “Zambrotta, Il bel gesto e il terrore del crollo (calcio e iden-

tità nazionale),” Fútbologia (blog), July 13, 2012, accessed July 21, 2014, http://blog.futbologia.org/2012/07/zambrotta-il-bel-gesto-e-il-terrore-del-crollo-calcio-e-identita-nazionale/. Camilletti here refers to D’Annunzio, who flew his team beyond enemy lines over the capital of the Austro-Hun-garian Empire just to drop some thousand propaganda leaflets.

55. Ibid. 56. Copjec, “The Object-Gaze,” 17. 57. Giorgio Agamben, Means without End, trans. Vincenzo Binetti and Cesare

Casarino (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 51. 58. Ibid., 53. 59. Ibid., 58. 60. Ibid., 97. 61. Marco Belpoliti, Il corpo del capo (Parma: Guanda Editore, 2009), 21. 62. Ibid., 22. 63. Agamben, Means without End, 60. 64. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, trans. A. Joseph Buttigieg, vol. 3 (New

York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 80. 65. Luciano Troisio, ed., “Selvaggi del fascismo” in Le riviste di Strapaese e Strac-

ittà (Treviso: Canova, 1924), 58–60, 59.

66. Luciano Troisio, ed., “Selvaggia provincia, svegliati!” in Le riviste di Stra-paese e Stracittà (Treviso: Canova, 1924), 61–64, 63.

67. Luciano Troisio, ed., “Saluto” in Le riviste di Strapaese e Stracittà (Treviso: Canova, 1924), 54.

68. Luciano Troisio, ed., “Selvaggia provincia, svegliati!” 63. 69. José Gil, Metamorphoses of the Body, trans. Stephan Muecke (Madison: Uni-

versity of Minnesota Press, 1998), 20. 70. Ibid., 22. 71. Mino Maccari, “Gazzettino di Strapaese,” in Le riviste di Strapaese e Stracittà,

ed. Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975), 74–77, 77 [Orco Bisorco]. 72. Maccari, “Squadrismo,” 55. 73. Angiolo Bencini, “Revisionismo e intransigenza,” in Le riviste di Strapaese e

Stracittà, ed. Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975), 56–58, 57. 74. Luciano Troisio, ed., “Selvaggi del fascismo,” 59. 75. Ibid. 76. Mino Maccari, “Addio al passato,” in Le riviste di Strapaese e Stracittà, ed.

Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975), 65–68, 67. 77. Mino Maccari, “Dentro ogni ciminiera s’annida un parassita,” in Le riviste

di Strapaese e Stracittà, ed. Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975). 78. Mino Maccari, “Questioni di erre,” in Le riviste di Strapaese e Stracittà, ed.

Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975). 79. Alessandro Manzoni, Opere Complete di Alessandro Manzoni (Paris: Baudry,

1843), 11. 80. Ardengo Soffici, Lemmonio Boreo (Florence: Libreria della Voce, 1912), 98–99. 81. Curzio Malaparte, “Cantata di Strapaese,” in Le Riviste di Strapaese e Strac-

ittà, ed. Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975), 85–86, 86. 82. Luce Irigaray, This Sex Which Is Not One, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,

1985), 171. 83. Malaparte, “Cantata di Strapaese,” 86. 84. Ibid., 86. 85. Eco, “Ur-Fascism.” 86. Mino Maccari, “Stile Mussolini,” Il Selvaggio, November 30, 1927. 87. See Romano Bilenchi and Sergio Pautasso, Amici, (Milan: Rizzoli, 1988),

39–111. 88. Ruggero Zangrandi, Il lungo viaggio attraverso il fascismo (Milan: Feltrinelli

Editore, 1962), 51 89. Romano Bilenchi, Cronaca dell’Italia meschina ovvero storia dei socialisti di

Colle (Florence: Vallecchi Editore, 1933), 30. 90. Ibid., 27. 91. Ibid., 28. 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid., 23. 94. Romano Bilenchi, “Vita di Pisto,” in Opere Complete (Milan: Rizzoli,

2009), 1037–1083, 1037. 95. Ibid., 1038. 96. Ibid.

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Notes 207

97. Ibid. 98. Giovanni Papini and Domenico Giuliotti, Dizionario dell’omo salvatico

(Florence: Vallecchi, 1923), 19. 99. Luciano Troisio, “Introduction to Vita di Pisto,” 100. 100. Bilenchi, “Vita di Pisto,” 1039–1040. 101. Ibid. 102. Ibid. 103. Ibid., 1043. 104. Ibid. 105. Troisio, “Introduction to Vita di Pisto,” note 11, 112. 106. Bilenchi, “Vita di Pisto,” 1057. 107. Ibid., 1078. 108. Ibid., 1083.

Chapter 4

1. Ardengo Soffici, “Arte fascista,” Il Bargello, October 6, 1929. 2. Curzio Malaparte, “Cantata dell’Arcimussolini,” in Le riviste di Strapaese e

Stracittà, ed. Luciano Troisio (Treviso: Canova, 1975) 195–197, 196. 3. For a comprehensive introduction to Malaparte’s life, see Giuseppe Pardini,

Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica (Milan: Luni Editrice, 1998). 4. Mario Isnenghi, Garibaldi fu ferito (Rome: Donzelli, 2010), xxiv. 5. Fabio Camilletti, “Zambrotta, Il bel gesto e il terrore del crollo (calcio e iden-

tità nazionale),” Fútbologia (blog), July 12, 2012, accessed July 21, 2014, http://blog.futbologia.org/2012/07/zambrotta-il-bel-gesto-e-il-terrore- del-crollo-calcio-e-identita-nazionale/.

6. Alberto Asor Rosa, La cultura, vol. 4 pt. 2 of Storia d’Italia (Turin: G. Ein-audi, 1975), 926.

7. Camilletti, “Zambrotta, il bel gesto e il terrore del crollo (calcio e identità nazionale).”

8. Isnenghi, Garibaldi fu ferito, xxi. 9. Walter L. Adamson, Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 225. 10. Mario Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra (Bari: Laterza, 1970), 336.

Isnenghi also makes the argument that the infantryman is usually repre-sented as the good peasant and not as the industrial worker for obvious class reasons. Ibid., 308.

11. Curzio Malaparte, Viva Caporetto! La rivolta dei santi maledetti (Florence: Vallecchi, 1995), 64.

12. Ibid., 63. 13. Ibid., 73. 14. Alexander De Grand, “Curzio Malaparte: The Illusion of the Fascist Revo-

lution,” Journal of Contemporary History 7, no. 1/2 (1972): 73–89, 76. 15. Malaparte, Viva Caporetto! La rivolta dei santi maledetti, 132. In this sense,

Malaparte discovers in the middle rank officers a natural leadership for a movement that was proletarian based and that had to replace the old liberal

elite as well as the reformist socialist leadership. See Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra, 340–341.

16. Sandro Bellasai, “The Masculine Mystique: Antimodernism and Virility in Fascist Italy,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10, no. 3 (2005): 314–335, 316.

17. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (London: Routledge, 2002), xxii.

18. De Grand, “Curzio Malaparte: The Illusion of the Fascist Revolution,” 79. 19. Curzio Malaparte, L’Europa vivente e altri saggi politici (1921–1931) (Flor-

ence: Vallecchi, 1961), 362. 20. Ibid., 463. 21. Carlo Galli, Political Spaces and Global War, trans. Fay Elisabeth (Minne-

apolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 17. 22. Ibid. 23. Oswald Spengler, Man and Technics: A Contribution to a Philosophy of Life,

trans. Charles Francis Atkinson (New York: Knopf, 1932), 6. 24. Malaparte, L’Europa vivente e altri saggi politici (1921–1931), 359. 25. See Francesco Perfetti, Il sindacalismo fascista (Rome: Bonacci Editore, 1989). 26. Ibid., 420. 27. Pardini, Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica, 76. 28. Malaparte, L’Europa vivente e altri saggi politici (1921–1931), 463. 29. Ibid., 323. 30. Ibid., 325. 31. Ibid., 327. 32. Ibid., 329. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., 338, 342. 35. Benito Mussolini, “Nel solco delle grandi filosofie: Relativismo e fascismo,”

Il Popolo d’Italia, November 22, 1921. 36. Malaparte, Viva Caporetto! La rivolta dei santi maledetti, 76. 37. See Furio Jesi, Cultura di destra: Con tre inediti e un’intervista (Rome: Notte-

tempo, 2011), 54–67. 38. See Slavoj Žižek, “Welcome to the Desert of Post-Ideology,” (speech,

Toronto, October, 2, 2012). 39. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, trans. A. Joseph Buttigieg, vol. 1 (New

York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 118. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Slavoj Žižek, “Passion in the Era of Decaffeinated Belief,” The Symptom, no.

5 (2004), accessed July 14, 2014, http://www.lacan.com/passionf.htm. 43. Furio Jesi, Cultura di destra: Con tre inediti e un’intervista, 56. 44. See David Gilmour, The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and

Their Peoples (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 204. 45. Pardini, Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica, 182. 46. Ibid., 187, 185. 47. See Pierre Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and

Research for the Sociology of Education (New York: Greenwood, 1986), 241–258.

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Notes 209

48. William Hope, Curzio Malaparte: The Narrative Contract Strained (Leices-ter: Troubador, 2006), 45.

49. Pardini, Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica, 185. 50. Quoted in Hope, Curzio Malaparte: The Narrative Contract Strained, 37. 51. Curzio Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura (Rome: La Voce,

1927), 37. 52. Ibid., 130. 53. Ibid., 43. 54. Brendan Cassidy, “A Relic, Some Pictures and the Mothers of Florence in

the Late Fourteenth Century,” Gesta 30, no. 2 (1991): 91–99, 93. 55. Hope, Curzio Malaparte: The Narrative Contract Strained, 40. 56. Ibid., 46–47. 57. See Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale (Austin: University of Texas

Press, 1968), 158. 58. See Claudio Guillén, The Anatomies of Roguery: A Comparative Study

in the Origins and the Nature of Picaresque Literature (New York: Gar-land, 1987), 540. One might also argue that the cenciaoli behave much like young thugs. Bullying is a peculiar historical phenomenon in Euro-pean history that is defined in similar terms: “The bully’s act registers an absolute lack of scope and awareness . . . but also an implicit subversive charge: a prolonged infraction of the rules of the social contract.” Valerio Marchi, Teppa: Storie del conflitto giovanile dal Rinascimento ai giorni nostri (Rome: Redstar Press, 2014), 14.

59. Quoted in Hope, Curzio Malaparte: The Narrative Contract Strained, 35. 60. Walter L. Adamson, “The Culture of Italian Fascism and the Fascist Crisis

of Modernity: The Case of Il Selvaggio,” Journal of Contemporary History 30, no. 4 (1995): 555–575, 557.

61. Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura, 17, 18, 19. 62. Pardini, Curzio Malaparte: Biografia politica, 40. 63. Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura, 52. 64. Ibid. 65. Ibid., 52–53 (emphasis mine). 66. Ken Hirschkop, “Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory,” in Bakhtin

and Cultural Theory (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1989), 1–38, 34.

67. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968), 19.

68. Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura, 61. 69. Georges Bataille, “The Psychological Structure of Fascism,” New German

Critique, no. 16 (1979): 64–87, 64. 70. Ibid., 67. 71. Ibid., 69. 72. Ibid., 78. 73. On the identification between Malaparte and the figure of the ras, see

Hope, Curzio Malaparte: The Narrative Contract Strained, 44–45. 74. Bataille, “The Psychological Structure of Fascism,” 71. 75. Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura, 57.

76. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, xxii. 77. The scuffle with the Capuchin friars of the Convent of Galceti is the only

exception. See Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura, 65–73. 78. Ibid., 125. 79. Ibid., 65. 80. Ibid., 116. 81. Ibid., 124. 82. Malaparte enjoys recounting several historical massacres, but these are not

diegetic deaths as is the Cavaliere’s. 83. Ibid., 131. 84. Joan Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman (Boston: MIT Press, 2004), 50. 85. Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura, 138. 86. Ibid. 87. Cassidy, “A Relic, Some Pictures and the Mothers of Florence in the Late

Fourteenth Century,” 93. 88. Ibid., 97.

Chapter 5

1. Carlo Levi, “Malaparte e Bonaparte, ossia l’Italia letteraria,” in Scritti polit-ici, ed. David Bidussa (Turin: Einaudi, 2001), 62–71, 67.

2. Ibid., 66, 67. 3. Ibid., 63. 4. Ibid., 64. 5. Gigliola De Donato, “Cristo si è fermato a Eboli: Incrocio di culture e di

stili narrativi,” in Carlo Levi e il Mezzogiorno: Atti della giornata nazionale di studi, Torremaggiore, 5 novembre 2001, vol. 10 (Foggia: C. Grenzi, 2003): 37–47, 41.

6. For other theoretical echoes of Levi’s notion of the sacred, see Chiara Bau-zulli, Carlo Levi filosofo: Evoluzione del pensiero leviano dagli anni venti agli anni quaranta (Rome: ARACNE Editrice, 2014), 90–95 and Giovanni Battista Bronzini, Il Viaggio antropologico di Carlo Levi: Da eroe stendhaliano a guerriero birmano (Bari: Edizioni Dedalo, 1996).

7. Rosalba Galvagno, “Parola e immagine: La doppia pratica poetica di Carlo Levi,” in Oltre la paura: Percorsi nella scrittura di Carlo Levi, ed. Gigliola De Donato (Rome: Donzelli, 2008) 27–39, 33.

8. Carlo Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, ed. Gigliola De Donato and Guido Sacerdoti (Rome: Donzelli editore, 2004), 77.

9. Diana Sartori, “With the Maternal Spirit,” in Another Mother: The Symbolic Order of Italian Feminism, ed. Cesare Casarino and Andrea Righi, trans. Mark Epstein, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, forthcoming). All subsequent quotations are also from this translation. Original Italian version, Diana Sartori, “Con lo spirito materno,” in Diotima, L’ombra della madre (Naples: Liguori Editore, 2007), 42.

10. Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, 77.

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11. Carlo Levi, “Prefazione a Paura della libertà,” in Scritti politici, ed. David Bidussa (Turin: Einaudi, 2001), 216–219, 219.

12. Carlo Levi, Fear of Freedom, trans. Stanislao Pugliese (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 1.

13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. One could tease out a different interpretation of the “true eagles” from

a later writing by Levi. In “Il Serpente e l’aquila” (The Snake and the Eagle) Levi tells the story (that made it into local news) of an eagle rescued by a driver and his friend from a snake. Levi specifies that “psychoanalysts would find . . . in these two animals the same symbol but in two different and opposed moments: powerful and creator-like (and thus good and heroic) that of the eagle, dormant and passive (and thus malign and servile), that of the snake.” Granted that we find some similarity between the snake and the worm, although the latter seems to me much more primordial, Levi con-cludes this story by arguing that the preservation of the new eagles will be up to the drivers, “the mechanics, the new men that are raised into tomorrow’s civilization as new protagonists,” in other words, the working class, for they will be the ones in charge of “saving the world from new idols, pursuing the lost unity of mankind.” Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, 40, 41.

15. Levi, Le ragioni dei topi:Sstorie di animali, 71. 16. Paolo Virno, Multitude: Between Innovation and Negation (Los Angeles,

CA: Semiotext(e), 2008), 11. 17. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 2. 18. See Benedetto Croce, Estetica come scienza dell’espressione e linguistica gener-

ale (Bari: Laterza, 1902). 19. Slavoj Žižek, For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political

Factor (London: Verso, 2002), lxxi. 20. Ibid. 21. See Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizo-

phrenia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 144–145. 22. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 3. 23. Ibid., 7. 24. Ibid., 1. 25. Ibid. 26. Franco Farinelli, La crisi della ragione cartografica (Turin: Einaudi, 2009), 16. 27. Ibid., 15. 28. Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, 146 29. Farinelli, La crisi della ragione cartografica, 15. 30. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 1–2. 31. Giorgio Agamben, The Open: Man and Animal (Stanford, CA: Stanford

University Press, 2004), 26. 32. Lawrence Baldassaro, “Paura della Libertà: Carlo Levi Unfinished Preface,”

Italica 72, no. 2 (1995): 143–154, 145. 33. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 1. 34. Ibid., 10.

35. Ibid., 4. Levi here does not take into consideration iconoclastic religious movements.

36. Ibid., 6. 37. Ibid., 10. 38. See Massimo Recalcati, Il complesso di Telemaco: Genitori e figli dopo il tra-

monto del padre (Milan: Giacomo Feltrinelli Editore, 2013), 115. 39. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 54. 40. Ibid., 10. 41. Ibid., 5. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid. 44. Theodor W. Adorno, “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propa-

ganda,” in The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, ed. J. M. Bernstein (London: Routledge, 2001), 132–157, 137.

45. Ibid., 137. 46. Ibid., note 7, 154. 47. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 6. 48. Ibid., 58. 49. Ibid., 59. 50. Ibid., 65. 51. Ibid., 43. 52. Ibid. 53. Joan Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman (Boston: MIT Press, 2004), 24. 54. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 53. 55. See Filippo La Porta, “Carlo Levi: Liberarsi della politica attraverso la polit-

ica,” in Oltre la paura: Percorsi nella scrittura di Carlo Levi, ed. Gigliola De Donato (Rome: Donzelli Editore, 2008), 113–120.

56. Quoted in Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman, 29. 57. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 66. 58. Virno, Multitude: Between Innovation and Negation, 27. 59. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 7. 60. Recalcati, Il complesso di Telemaco: Genitori e figli dopo il tramonto del

padre, 39 61. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 12. 62. Ibid., 4. 63. Ibid. 64. Carlo Levi, Quaderno a cancelli (Turin: G. Einaudi, 1979), 76. 65. Ibid., 72. 66. Georges Bataille, The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture, trans.

Michelle Kendall and Stuart Kendall (New York: Zone Books, 2005), 60. 67. Ibid., 75. 68. Ibid., 76. 69. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 4. It should be noted here that Levi is also refram-

ing Freud’s famous argument on the primal horde and the murdering of the obscene father that he lays out in Totem and Taboo (1913). However, the remorse for this action that, according to Freud, causes the birth of

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Notes 213

civilization—that is to say the “right of men to enjoy equal sexual access to women”—is more aptly described by Levi as a topological problem, that of inconsistency and excess of subjectivity itself. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), 2.

70. Ibid. 71. Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, 25. 72. Bataille, The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture, 51. 73. Ibid., 54. 74. Ibid., 48. 75. Ibid., 76. Franco Cassano, “La compresenza dei tempi,” in Le ragioni dei topi: Storie

di animali, ed. Gigliola De Donato and Guido Sacerdoti (Rome: Donzelli editore, 2004), xiii–xxv, xx.

77. Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, 69. 78. See Giorgio Agamben, Language and Death: The Place of Negativity, trans.

Michael Hartd and Karen Pinkus (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991), 44–46.

79. Karl Marx, “Capital: A Critique of Political Economy,” Marxists.org, accessed July 15, 2014, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch07.htm.

80. Pietro Bianchi, “Marx e Lacan: Il plusvalore come oggetto a,” in L’inconscio dopo Lacan: Il problema del soggetto contemporaneo tra psicoanalisi e filoso-fia, ed. Domenico Cosenza and Paolo D’Alessandro (Milan: LED, 2012), 245–257, 249.

81. Ibid., 250. 82. Ibid., 249. 83. Bataille, The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture, 141. 84. Ibid., 85. Bianchi, “Marx e Lacan: Il plusvalore come oggetto a,” 251. 86. Bataille, The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture, 101. 87. Ibid., 139. 88. Ibid. 89. Virno, Multitude: Between Innovation and Negation, 195, 20. 90. Ibid., 20. 91. Bataille, The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture, 87. 92. Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, 79. 93. Ibid., 83. 94. Bataille, The Cradle of Humanity: Prehistoric Art and Culture, 103. 95. Nicole Shukin, Animal Capital: Rendering Life in Biopolitical Times (Min-

neapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 9. 96. Levi, Le ragioni dei topi: Storie di animali, 70. 97. Ibid. 98. Curzio Malaparte, Avventure di un capitano di sventura (Rome: La Voce,

1927), 138. 99. Carlo Levi, Christ Stopped at Eboli: The Story of a Year, trans. Frances Fre-

naye (New York: Farrar, Strauss, 1947), 112.

100. Ernesto De Martino, The Land of Remorse, trans. Dorothy Zinn (London: Free Association Books, 2005), 129.

101. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 12. 102. Adriana Cavarero, “Thinking Difference,” Symposium 2, no. 49 (1995):

120–129, 120. Obviously these images of a distant past shall not be assumed as positive identities in themselves for they are still patriarchal constructions. In other words, they should be read as traces that reflect centuries of oppression and gender conflicts.

103. Sartori, “Con lo spirito materno,” 36. 104. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 3. 105. Ibid., 3–4. 106. Ibid., 4. 107. Ibid., 43. 108. Ibid., 3. 109. Max Blechman, Anita Chari, and Rafeeq Hasan, “Human Rights Are the

Rights of the Infinite: An Interview with Alain Badiou,” Historical Materi-alism 20, no. 4 (2012): 162–186, 164. Strictly speaking, Levi’s avvenimento is probably closer to what Badiou calls the new subjective body. Copjec defines it as “a bodily finitude [that] assumes a point of transcendence” and connects it to the sexed body conceptualized by psychoanalysis qua “secu-larized notion of infinity,” Copjec, Imagine There Is No Woman, 29, 30.

110. Sartori, “Con lo spirito materno,” 61. 111. Jean-Luc Nancy, The Inoperative Community, trans. Peter Connor, Lisa Gar-

bus, Michael Holland, and Simona Sawhney (Minneapolis, MN: Univer-sity of Minnesota Press, 1990), xxxix.

112. Levi, Fear of Freedom, 3.

Notes214

Adamson, Walter, 5–6, 120Adorno, Theodor, 167Agamben, Giorgio, 15–16, 173

on animality, 197n51on animals, 20, 197n 64on archaic, 11–12on bare life, 184on gesture, 98

animals, 20–21Foucault on, 46humans distinguished from,

185–86hunting of, 178–79killing by, 18Levi on, 160, 211n14portrayed in cave art, 177, 180–81as symbols in Strapaese, 172–76work of, 180see also hyper-animal concept

antifascism, 100archaic societies, 28–29archaisms, 11, 13, 27, 59Asor Rosa, Alberto, 26, 63, 119atheism, 54, 70autonomy, xiv–xvavvenimento, 191–92, 214n109Avventure di un capitano di sventura

(Adventures of a Soldier of Misfortune; Malparte), 137–43, 145–53, 187

Bachofen, Johann Jakob, xviiiBadiou, Alain, 171, 191, 214n109Bakhtin, Michel, 143–44

Baldacci, Luigi, 53Baldassaro, Lawrence, 164Bargellini, Piero, 204n15Bataille, Georges, 156, 176, 184

on cave art, 177, 180–81, 183on hunting, 178, 179on psychology of fascism, 144–47on religion, 182

Bateson, Gregory, 21Beccaris, Bava, 108, 142behaviorism, 186Belpoliti, Marco, 98Bencini, Angiolo, 83, 103Benjamin, Walter, 9, 10, 39Bergson, Henri, 118Berkeley, George, 57Berlusconi, Silvio, xiiBertocchi, Carlo, 204n15Bilenchi, Romano, 63, 82, 100

feminine origin and, 112–113hyper-animal and, 114,novels of, 107–16, 140, 153, 188

biopolitics, xiiiBlackshirts, 84, 90, 105, 141Bloch, Ernst, 5blood imagery, 165–66, 168,

188–89Bontempelli, Massimo, 82Bottai, Giuseppe, 80–82, 87, 101,

122Bourdieu, Pierre, 137bourgeoisie

Papini’s affinity with, 63–65Sorel on, 25–26

Index

Index216

Bresci, Gaetano, 142brink figurations, 11, 13, 67Busini, Renzo, 83

Calderoli, Roberto, 60, 61Calendario delle pratiche solari

(Calendar of Solar Rituals; magazine), 204n15

Camilletti, Fabio, 96, 118, 119, 205n54

Cantata dell’Arcimussolini (Song of the Archmussolini; poem, Malaparte), 117–18

Cantata di Strapaese (Strapaese’s Song; Malaparte), 105

Cantor, Georg, xiii, 8, 74capitalism

Il Selvaggio on, 104–5Malaparte on, 126, 131modernity and, 7primitive accumulation in, 13

Caporetto, battle of, 30, 31Malaparte on, 121, 129Soffici on, 120–21

Carlyle, Thomas, 129Cassano, Franco, 179Catholicism, Papini’s conversion to,

69–78, 170Cavarero, Adriana, 188, 214n102cave art, 177–78, 180–81, 183Ceka Fascista (secret police), 85cenciaioli, 137–49, 152, 153,

209n58Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 14Christ Stopped at Eboli (Cristo si è

fermato a Eboli; Levi), 157, 187Clastres, Pierre, 90Collella, Paul, 60–61Colle Val D’Elsa (Italy), 83, 108–13comedy, 104communications, among animals, 21conservatism, in fascism, 1–2Copjec, Joan, 97, 150, 170–71,

214n109Corradini, Enrico, 53, 65

Corridoni, Filippo, 127Counter-Reformation, 123–24,

126–29, 131–35Croce, Benedetto, 34, 57, 161Cronaca dell’Italia meschina (Bilenchi),

108–10Cuvier, Georges, 45–46

D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 19, 96, 205n54

Dante, 151d’Ascoli, Cecco, 76death, 30

in fascist ideology, 104of God, Papini on, 53in Malaparte’s novels, 123, 133–34,

150–51Papini on, 52, 64–67

decisionism, xii, 2, 63De Donato, Gigliola, 156–57Deleuze, Gilles, 92–93, 95De Martino, Ernesto, 28, 188Descartes, René, 45Diogenes, 49Dizionario dell’omo salvatico (Papini

and Giuliotti), 73, 75–76Dumini, Amerigo, 84, 85

Eco, Umberto, 107Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 129Emilia Romagna, 81environmentalism, 111Esposito, Roberto, xiEuropa Vivente (Malaparte), 123, 127,

152

Facchinelli, Elvio, 28, 33, 45–46, 198n93

fascism, xvi, 186–87Adorno on, 167apparatus in, 14–19Bataille on, 144–47in Bilenchi’s fiction, 112–13comes to power in Italy, 79–80factions within, 83–86

Index 217

in Germany and in Italy, 134–35grand gesture in, 97–98, 104–106,

118–119irony and, 136Italian culture under, 80–81Levinas on, 86–87Levi on, 165Malaparte on, 126, 131, 149, 150In Malaparte’s novels, 137modernity and, 4–7, 10origins of, 2–4philosophy of, 87–88poetry and, 190–91regionalism and, 33–34as revolutionary and conservative,

1–2, 10, 66, 95–96rituals of, 29ruralism of, 117schizoid position and, 95Strapaese movement and, xiisubversivism of, xii, xvi, 11, 63,

103, 114, 118, 209n58violence and, 25–26, 88–90, 96World War I in origins of, 37

Fascist University Students’ Groups (GUF), 107

Fear of Freedom (Paura della libertà; Levi), 157, 159–62

feminismon maternal symbolic, 46–47Papini on, 74psychoanalytic theory and,

196n41Five Star Movement, xii, 193n7folklorism, 34Foucault, Michel, xiii, xiv, 3, 9, 123

on apparatus, 15on biological (life) imagery, 64–66Levinas and, 86on libido, 17Noys on, 25on ontology of annihilation, 80

freedomLevi on, 189–90, 192Malaparte on, 133

Frege, Gottlob, 8Freud, Sigmund, xiii

Adorno on, 167Levi on, 157, 160, 213n69futurism, 82

Galvano, Rosalba, 157Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 137

at battle of the Aspromonte, 62in Bilenchi’s novels, 112, 115Isnenghi on, 118Maccari on, 103Malaparte on, 119, 130

General Confederation of Labor (Italy), 35

Gentile, Emilio, 5Gentile, Giovanni, 1, 62Germany, 134Gill, José, 101–2Giuliotti, Domenico, 73, 75, 82, 111Giustizia e Libertà (Justice and

Freedom), 156Gobetti, Piero, 117, 156God

Levi on, 161–62, 165–66Papini on, 53–57

Göedel, Kurt, 8Gramsci, Antonio, 100

on fascism, 37on irony and satire, 135, 149on Italian Renaissance, 34–35Levi and, 156

grand gesture, 96–99, 118see also grand gesture in fascism

Griffin, Roger, 6Grillo, Beppe, xiiGuattari, Félix, 92–93, 95

Hegel, Georg W. F., 184Heidegger, Martin, 20, 197n 64Heisenberg, Werner Karl, 8heterogeneity, 144–45Hitlerism, 86, 96Hobbes, Thomas, 173Homer, xv

Index218

Hope, William, 137, 140humans

animalization of, 15–16, 197n51animals distinguished from, 20,

185–86link between animals and, 173, 175Neolithic, 178not portrayed in cave art, 177possible extinction of, 183prehistoric religion of, 182

hunting, 178–79Husserl, Edmund, 7–8hyper-animal concept, 14, 17, 19,

20, 22Levi on, 160, 172–76in Papini, 59

Il Bargello (magazine), 107, 204n15Soffici published in, 117

Il Selvaggio (magazine), 83–86, 204n15

“Accuse alla città” in, 91–92art of, 105Bilenchi published by, 107Maccari writing in, 96, 102–4

“Il Serpente e l’aquila” (“The Snake and the Eagle”; Levi), 211n14

incommensurability, xiv–xv, 9–11, 90–91, 94, 132, 135, 162, 164, 171, 190

intellectuals, 80–83antifascism of, 100fascism among, 108

Irigaray, Luce, 106irony, 135–36Isnenghi, Mario, 40, 62, 118, 120,

207n10Istituto di Studi sul Rinascimento

(Institute of Renaissance Studies), 62

Italian Renaissance, 34–35Italian Socialist Party (PSI), 35–37Italy

in fascist thought, 10Malaparte on non-Europeanness

of, 123

Mussolini comes to power in, 79in Papini’s nationalism, 64–68regionalism in, 33–34as weak nation, 119World War I in, 30–32, 35–37

James, William, 58, 60–61Jameson, Fredric, 6–7, 27, 52Jesi, Furio, xvii, xviii, 134

on fascism, 2, 136on technicization of myth, 4

Jove (deity), 159, 162Jung, Carl G., 157, 161, 162Jupiter (deity), 159

Kerényi, Károly, 157Keynes, John Maynard, xiiiKordela, Kiarina, xv, 196n43

Lacan, Jacques, xiv, xv, 17–18, 43, 55, 56

Galvano on, 157on object petit a, 56on subjectification, 44–45

Lacerba (magazine), 40, 58, 76, 82La Conquista dello Stato (The

Conquest of the State; magazine), 85

“L’alba sul giardino” (Levi), 160, 179, 183, 184

landscape theory, 156–59language, 20–23

religious, 169La seconda nascita (Second Birth;

Papini), 70–72, 77Latour, Bruno, 23, 24, 198n93La Voce (magazine), 40Leonardo (magazine), 40, 60, 62Leonardo Da Vinci, 76, 77Leopardi, Giacomo, 42Levi, Carlo, xix

on animality in Strapaese, 172–76on animals, 179on avvenimento, 191–92, 214n109Bilenchi and, 188Christ Stopped at Eboli by, 187–88

Index 219

on distinctions between animals and humans, 184–86

Fear of Freedom by, 159–62on freedom, 189–90“Il Serpente e l’aquila” (The Snake

and the Eagle) by, 211n14landscape theory of, 156–59on love, 190on Malaparte, 155on Neolithic humans, 178on origins, 162–68on possible extinction of humans,

183on State as idolatry, 168–72on Strapaese, 155–56

Levinas, Emmanuel, 64, 86–89, 96, 104, 145, 146

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 24Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien, 157libido, 17, 167Libya, 125Lisi, Nicolò, 204n15love, 190–92Lucania (Italy), 187Lukács, Georg, xv, 10–11, 38L’Universale (The Universal;

magazine), 107Luther, Martin, 124Lyotard, Jean-François, 17

Maccari, Mino, 82on Malaparte, 137, 140during March on Rome, 136–37on Rosai, 107Strapaese ideology of, 4–5writing in Il Selvaggio, 83, 85, 96,

102–5Madonna (biblical), 75magic, 24, 28Malaparte, Curzio (Kurt Suckert),

104, 117–18antimodernism of, 125Avventure di un capitano di sventura

by, 137–43, 147–53, 187Cantata di Strapaese (Strapaese’s

Song) by, 105

on fascism, 85, 134–35on heroes, 129–31Marx and, 126–27on origins, 164Papini and, 63political philosophy of, 118–20on Reformation and Counter-

Reformation, 123–28, 131–32ruralism of, 82Strapaese ideology of, 4–5Tecnica del colpo di stato by, 155Tuscan regionalism of, 33on World War I, 30–31, 121–23,

208n15manganello (club), 61, 72, 76, 88Mangoni, Luisa, 80–81Manzoni, Alessandro, 105March on Rome (1922), 29,

84, 141Maccari during, 85, 136–37Mussolini becomes prime minister

during, 79Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 19, 40,

74–75, 82, 203n110Maritain, Jacques, 125, 126Marx, Karl

on human and animal labor, 180Malaparte and, 126–27, 133on primitive accumulation, xiii, 13,

163, 203n114Sorel on, 26

Marxism, 86–87, 89Maschilità (Virility; Papini),

71, 72materialism, 87maternal symbolic, 46–47, 56

see also feminismmathematics, 8Matteotti, Giacomo, 84–85, 102,

204n21Mazzini, Giuseppe, 119, 130menefreghismo, xvi, 130–132, 135,

141Meoni, Vittorio, 108, 109Mezzadra, Sandro, 13Michelangelo, 52

Index220

modernity (modernism), xiv–xvi, 8–9fascism and, 4–7, 10Jameson on, 27, 52Malaparte on, 122, 125–26nature and life in, 23Papini on, 51

Muraro, Luisa, 56Mussolini, Benito, 29, 32, 191

assassination of Matteotti and, 85becomes prime minister, 79, 84Bresci and, 142on fascism, 1, 88fascist movement under, 137Levi on, 168, 176Maccari on, 104Malaparte on, 117–18, 130public image of, 98–99, 175–176during World War I, 36

mysticism, Papini’s, 57–61

Nancy, Jean-Luc, 69, 192Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor,

France), 120nationalism, Papini’s, 64–68,

76, 126nature

in Bilenchi’s fiction, 111Levi on continuity between

humans and, 173modern society and, 23–24reproduction in, 179–80

Nazism, 4, 64, 147Negri, Antonio, xiiiNeolithic humans, 178Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, xiii, 19night, 173–75Noys, Benjamin, 24–25

Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (organization), 34

other, the, 13, 17Levi on, 158in Papini, xix, 41, 43–49, 51, 54,

58, 61–69, 77savage as, xviii

Pane e Vino (Bread and Wine; Papini), 72–73

Pannunzio, Sergio, 1–3, 12Papini, Giovanni, xix, 4–6, 33,

39–42, 79, 90–91“Accuse alla città” by, 91–92Bilenchi and, 111concept of the other used by, 61–69converts to Catholicism, 69–78,

170on God, 53–57mysticism and pragmatism of,

57–61nationalism of, 126on origins, 164smania (craving; mania) of, 48–52Strapaese and, 81–82Un uomo finito by, 42–48on Urstaat, 93

Papini, Luigi, 62Pardini, Giuseppe, 105, 127, 137,

141Parigi, Pietro, 204n15Parlato, Giuseppe, 2Pasquinelli, Matteo, xiiipast, 94patriarchy, xv, 12, 106, 158, 166Paura della libertà (Fear of Freedom;

Levi), 157, 159–62Pavolini. Alessandro, 204n15Peirce, Charles Sander, 58, 60petite bourgeoisies, 32–34

under fascism, 81Malaparte on, 135Papini’s background in, 33

Picasso, Pablo, 4Plato, 177Poemetti Plebei (Papini), 69–70poetry, 190–91postmodernism, 136Poulantzas, Nicos, 32, 34Pound, Ezra, 30pragmatism, in Papini, 40, 57–61Prato (Italy), 137–42, 148, 152, 187Pratolini, Vasco, 100

Index 221

prehistoric religion, 182Prezzolini, Giuseppe, 4, 82

Adamson on, 5–6, 120Papini and, 40, 46, 58

primitive accumulation, xiii, 13, 163, 203n114

primitivism, 120–30proletariat, see working classPropp, Vladimir, 140Protestantism and Protestants

Malaparte on, 124Papini on, 73–74

psychoanalysis, xiiipsychoanalytic theory, 196n41

Quaderno a Cancelli (Strikethrough Notebook; Levi), 175–76

Rabelais, François, 143Ragland, Ellie, xv, 194n16Recalcati, Massimo, 16–18, 44,

54–55, 200n19Reformation, 74, 123–28, 131religion

Levi on, 165, 169–70Papini on, 53–54, 69–78poetry and, 190prehistoric, 182urban life and, 91–92

Renaissance, 34–35Republican Party (Italy), 120Rete mediterranea (Mediterranean

Network; magazine), 204n15revolutionary fascism, 1–2, 10, 132,

137see also fascism as revolutionary and

conservativeRicci, Berto, 107Risorgimento, 32, 62–63, 68, 129–30rituals, 28–29, 198n93Rivoluzione Liberale (Liberal

Revolution), 156Rome (Italy), 33–34

Il Selvaggio published in, 83Rosai, Ottone, 107

Rosenberg, Jordana, 11Rossoni, Edmondo, 127Russell, Bertrand, 8

Sartori, Diana, xv, 191Sascia, Anna Maria, 84satire, 135, 105–106, 149science, 7–9

magic versus, 24selvaggio (the savage), xviii, 83–84,

95–96, 98–106see also Il Selvaggio

set theory, 8sexual difference, xiii, xv, xviii, 12,

196n41sexuality

in Billenchi’s fiction, 112Malaparte on, 132

Siena (Italy), 83“The Snake and the Eagle” (“Il

Serpente e l’aquila”; Levi), 211n14

socialism and socialistsin Italy, 35Papini’s, 64portrayed in Bilenchi’s novels,

108–10during World War I, 31–32, 36

Socialist Reformist Party (Italy), 108societies

archaic, 28–29nature and, 23–24

Soffici, Ardengoanti-urbanism of, 82on battle of Caporetto, 120–21Lemmonio Boreo by, 105Papini and, 58Rete mediterranea published by,

204n15ruralism of, 117

Somigli, Luca, 40Sorel, George, 25–26, 63, 64, 127sovereignty, 173Spengler, Oswald, 2, 65, 125, 126,

129

Index222

squadrismo, 83–85, 96, 101–2, 105in Malaparte’s novels, 105, 148

Statefascism belief in, 32Levi on, 168–72Malaparte on, 129Virno on, 173

Storia di Cristo (Papini), 70Stracittà (hyper-city) movement, 82Strapaese (hyper-country) movement,

xii, xviii, 5, 99–107animality in, 172–76archaisms of, 13in Bilenchi’s novels, 114–15on grand gesture, 96, 97Italian intellectuals and, 81Levi on, 155–56, 171–72Malaparte on, 123in Malaparte’s novels, 137materialism of, 87nomadic attitude in, 95Papini and, 48, 58, 73popularity of, 80regionalism in, 33–34Tuscan fascists and, 85–86violence in, 76, 90on women, 75

strafottenza 47, 100see also menefreghismo

subjectification theory, 44–45, 200n19

Suckert, Erwin, 120Suckert, Kurt, see Malaparte, Curziosurplus, 179–181syndicalism, 127

Tamburini, Tullio, 84, 85Tarizzo, Davide, 9–10Taylor, Fredrick Winslow, 15Tecnica del colpo di stato (Technique

of a Coup d’État; Malaparte), 155

time, 27–29Treves, Claudio, 156

Tribe, The, 103–4, 114, 115Triple Alliance, 35Turin (Italy), 83Tuscany (Italy), 33, 69

Bilenchi on life in, 108dialect in, 71fascist party in, 83–86Il selvaggio published in, 100

Umberto I (king, Italy), 142Un uomo finito (The Failure; Papini),

41–57, 68urban life, 91–93ursprüngliche Akkumulation

(primitive accumulation), xii, xiii, 13, 163

Urstaat (Originary State), 92–93

Vailati, Giovanni, 60, 61Vico, Gian Battista, 2violence, 25–26

in fascist philosophy, 88–90, 96, 103, 106

in Malaparte’s novels, 146Virgil, 159Virno, Paolo, 173, 182Vita di Pisto (Bilenchi), 108–14, 153,

188vitalism, 27Vittorini, Elio, 100Viva Caporetto! (Malaparte), 121, 123,

124, 133–34Vivarelli, Roberto, 199n103Volpe, Gioacchino, 1Voltaire, 53

wars, 17–18deaths resulting from, 66Sorel on, 26

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 21–22women

Freud on men’s access to, 213n69

jouissance of, xv

Index 223

in Malaparte’s symbolism, 153Papini on, 73–75role in reproduction of, 12

working class (proletariat)in Italy before World War I, 35Malaparte on, 121Papini’s hostility toward, 63, 68Sorel on, 25–26

World War I, 3, 31–32in Italy, 35–37, 170Malaparte on, 30–31, 120–23,

208n15

Zangrandi, Ruggero, 108Zeno’s paradox, xivŽižek, Slavoj, 136, 161