Notes:

Mid-semester Evals

Exam

22

“Learning and Memory”

Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686)

Lecture Chapter 18

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Learning and Memory

Multiple Memory SystemsDifferent kinds of learning and memory use

independent neural processes

Varieties of Amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia- Infantile

- Fugue

- Time – dependent

- Transient global

Anterograde Amnesia - Transient global

ECT ; Restricted damage,

alcohol and drugs

Theories of Retrograde Amnesia

Consolidation Theory

Multiple-trace Theory

Reconsolidation Theory

Multiple Long-Term Memory Systems

Three types of long-term memoriesExplicit Memories

“Top-down” processing

Implicit Memories“Bottom-up” processing

Emotional Memory“Bottom-up” and “Top-down” processing

Implicit vs Explicit vs Emotional Memory

H.M. - Able to learn to complete a task, yet has no memory of ever having performed the test

J.K. - Implicit memory deficits: Forgot how to turn on lights

Preserved memory for events and new experiences

Dememtia patients: - explicit and Implicit memory deficits

- “prefer” photos of relatives

Neural Substrates of Explicit Memory

Temporal-frontal-lobe neural basis for explicit memory

Anatomy of the Hippocampus

Perforant pathway

Fimbria-Fornix pathway

Hippocampal Function:Case Histories of Hippocampal Function

Progressively greater damage leads to progressively more significant retrograde amnesia

Neural Connections to the Hippocampus

Conclusions: 1. Anterograde deficits are more severe

2. Episodic memories are more affected than semantic memories

3. Patients cannot time travel to the past or future

The Rhinal Cortex

Hemispheric Specialization

Temporal cortex:Right Temporal - face recognition, spatial position,

and maze learning

Left Temporal - word lists, consonant trigrams, nonspatial associations, and on the Hebb Recurring-Digits test

Frontal Cortex:Left Prefrontal - Encodes semantic and

episodic information

Right Prefrontal - Retrieves episodic information

Diffuse Damage and Explicit Memory

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Alzheimer’s Disease

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory

Circuit for implicit memoryNeocortex and basal ganglia

Neural Substrates of Implicit Memory

Basal GangliaHuntington’s chorea

Motor CortexPursuit-Rotor Task

Cerebellum

Neural Substrates of Emotional Memory

Damage to the amygdala disrupts emotional memory, but not implicit or explicit

Neural Substrates of Short-Term Memory

Short-term memory and the Frontal LobesSeparate systems for short-term spatial memory and

short-term object memory