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CHAPTER 1
1. E. Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France: Opium of the Classes?', American Historical Review, val. 76 (February 1971), p. 70; G. Magnane, Sociologie de sport (Paris, 1970), p. 45; see alsoj. Dumazedier and A. Ripert, Loisir et culture, val. 1, Loisir et Ia ville (Paris, 1966), p. 47; J. Walvin, The People's Game, a Social History of British Football (London, '975). p. 2.
2. Dumazedier and Ripert, Loisir et culture, vol. 1, p. 47; a useful short summary can be found inN. Anderson, Work and Leisure (London, 1961), ch. 1; .J. Dumazedier, Vers une civilisation de loisir (Paris, 1962) is the best introduction to the problem in France.
3· E. Chapus, Le Sport a Paris (Paris, 1854); C. de Caumont, Le Sport, il _v a cinquante ans (Paris, 1904); A. Faure, Paris Careme-prenant: du Carnival a Paris au X/Xe siecle (Paris, 1978); P. Lafargue, Le Droit a Ia paresse, ed. M. Dommaget (Paris, 1969), p. 79; E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernisation qf Rural France (London, 1977), p. 40; on the character of modern sport see E. Dunning, The Sociology qf Sport: a Selection '
222 Sport and Society in Modem France
g. Dupeux, French Sociery IJ89-1970, pp. 175-6, and A. Daumard, Les Fortunes Franr;aises (Paris, 1g73), especially Tables v and vn.
10. Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France', p. 76; M. Spivak, 'Le Developpement de l'education physique et du sport fran~ais de 1852 a Igi4'· Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine Oanuary-March Ig77). pp. 28-48.
CHAPTER 2
1. J. Kemp, Hunting and Shooting in Lower Brittany (London, 185g), p. 27. 2. G. d'Havrincourt, La Chasse a tir d'aujourd'hui (Orleans, 1g3o), pp. 16-17,
gives a useful summary of the position before 1870. 3· For the beginnings of peasant shooting see G. Thomin, Notes sur Ia chasse
dans I'Agenais (Agen, 1877) and P. Lengle, La Chasse pour tous (Paris, 1909), p. 10.
4· Statistics of permit sales were published in the Annuaire statistique. For a more detailed analysis see 'Permis de Chasse, 1876-1889', journal de la Societe Statistique de Paris ( 18go), p. 314; see also Congres International de la Chasse (Paris, 1907), statistical appendices I-Iv.
5· c. Adam, Alphabet des chasses (Paris, 1859); A. Rossel, Daumier, emotions de chasse (Paris, 1g73).
6. I. Hope, Britta'!Y and the Chase (London, 1853), p. 12. 7· L. Vauzanges, Les Sociitisfranr;aises de tir (Paris, 1882) for a comprehensive
survey of shooting clubs mostly founded in the 187os; see also Chapter 3, p. 40.
8. These figures come from the Annuaire statistique and from d'Havrincourt, La Chasse a tir d'aujourd'hui, p. 6.
g. Congres International de Ia Chasse, Appendix 4, 'Releve par departement de Ia population totale ( 1g01) et de Ia population electorate ( 1go5) et proportion, en 18g5 et 1906, du nombre des chasseurs de cette derniere'; Lejoumal des Chasseurs, 1 May 1894, p. 374; La Gazette des Sports lllustres, 22 October 1882, p. 4·
10. J. P. Samat, Chasses de Provence (Marseille, 1896), p. vm. 1 1. Congres lnternationale de Ia Chasse, Appendix 3, 'Releve par departement du
nombre de chasseurs de 1895 a 1906 et progression de ce nombre'; H. de Lacaze, A propos de chasse dans les Landes de Gascogne (Mayenne, 1960), p. 15; H. du Blaisel d'Enquin in the journal L'Eleveur (1930), cited in d'Havrincourt, La Chasse a tir d'aujourd'hui, p. 288.
12. M. Bidault de I' Isle, Le Chasseur a tir (Paris, 1912), p. 38. 13. Le Saint Hubert Club 11/ustri. The issues of this journal used for the sampling
of the social composition of members are cited in the text. 14. F. Suchaux, Souvenirs d'un chasseur (Bar-sur-Aube, 1894), p. 139; F.
Devillard, Souvenirs de chasse (Moulins, Igii), pp. 14-16. 15. J. Levitre, Organisation des chasses (Anet, 1908), p. 3$ La Chasse moderne,
encyclopedie du chasseur (Paris, 1912), p. 69; F. Thevin, Annuaire ginirale de Ia chasse et de sesfoumitures (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1912), p. 446.
16. E. Bellecroix, La Chasse pratique (Paris, 1886), p. 368; d'Havrincourt, La Chasse a tir d'aujourd'hui, p. 6.
Notes 223
I7. Le Chasseur !!lustre, 25 September I892, p. 307; and Le Petit Chasseur. 20 October I9I2, p. 666. For a discussion of sociability and shooting see Chapter 8, p. I6o.
I8. See Chapter I. pp. 8-9; Dupeux, French Socie~v 178.9-1.970, p. I 52. I9. AD Gard, 6M, 1054, L'Union des Chasseurs, I6 August I892;j.jacobs,
'A Community of French Workers: Social Life and Labour Conflicts in the Stephanoise Region, 1890-I914' (unpublished D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1973), p. 85. .
20. This brief account of the politics of the permis de chasse is taken from the Congres lntemationale de Ia Chasse, pp. 5I9-28, 6o2.
2 I. La Gazette des Sports, I889, p. 545; La Chasse etles droits des propriitaires, par 'un proprietaire' (Tarbes, I879), p. I24; Le Petit Chasseur, I6 July I9I2, p. 376.
22. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, p. 249; E. Guillaumin, La Vie d'un simple, ed. Stock (Paris, I957), pp. I45 and 233; P. Yvon, 'Autour du permis de chasse', Societe d'Etudes Folk/oriques du Centre-Ouest (July-August I975), PP· 5-7.
23. E. Grenadou and A. Prevost, Grenadou, paysan franfais (Paris, I966), pp. I46-7; L. Waulthier, Communalisation de Ia chasse (Paris, I908); AD Gard, 6M, I564, letter dated I2 September I908.
24. Marquis de Foudras, 'Les Gentilhommes chasseurs', preface to the edition prepared by Musee de Ia Venerie (Paris, I962); La Duchesse d'Uzes, La Chasse a courre (Paris, I9I2); Le Saint Hubert, February I953, p. 31.
25. c. de Canteleu, Manuel de Ia venerie fran{aise (Paris, I89o), p. 4I2; La Gazette des Chasseurs, I883, p. 5·
26. B. Chabrol, Histoire de Ia venerie franfaise (Paris, 1 963) gives a useful survey, pp. 47-62.
27. There is an account of this ceremony in Le Moniteur de Ia Chasse et des Tirs, I I November I882, p. I, and in La Duchesse d'Uzes, La Chasse a courre, p. 58; de Lacaze, A propos de chasse dam les Landes de Gascogne, pp. 2I-2. See also Chapter 8, pp. I 58-9.
28. For an excellent account of the infiltration of new wealth into hunting in England, see R. Carr, English Fox-Hunting (London, I976). especially pp. I52-6.
29. A. Marx, En plein air (Paris, I887), p. 286; L. Levesque, La Chasse et Ia grande propriete en Seine-el-M arne ( Provins, I 89 I), p. 9; Chabrol, Histoire de la uenerie fran{aise' p. 63.
30. Le Sport Gazette, 1 August 1883, p. 2. 31. P. Caillard in F. G. Aflalo (ed.), Sport in Europe (London, I90I), p. I22;
Le Petit Chasseur, 17 December 1911, p. IO, and 22 June I9I3, p. 404; Pearson Phillips, 'Death in the Forest', Sunday Telep,raph Supplement, I8 February I979• pp. 20-26, gives a lively and well-illustrated account of stag-hunting around Paris today. ·
CHAPTER 3
1. J. C. Dixon, 'Prussia, Politics and Physical Education' in P. C. Mcintosh (ed.), Landmarks in the History iif Physical Education (London, I97I), p. 128;
224 Sport and Society in Modem France
H. Bunle, 'L'Education physique et les sports en France', Journal de La Societe Statistique de Paris (1922), pp. 135, 138. There may be considerable errors in these figures but they serve to give a general indication of the scale of the phenomenon under discussion.
2. D. Mamoz, La Gymnastique au X/Xe siecle (Paris, 18g1), ch. 1.
3· For an up-to-date discussion of the evolution of gymnastic techniques see J. Ladegaillerie and F. Legrand, L'Education physique au X/Xe et au xxe siicles (Paris, 1g7I).
4· Spivak, Revue de l'Histoire Modeme el Contemporaine Qanuary-March 1g77) especially p. 2g.
5· G. Flaubert, Oeuvres completes, ed. Seuil (Paris, 1g64), vol. n, p. 262. 6. R. Auget, Histoire etlegende du cirque (Paris, 1g74). 7· Ibid., pp. 4g, 127; Simone Bertault, Piaf (Penguin: London, Ig73),
pp. 14-15. 8. Weber, 'Sports and Games in Fin-de-siecle France', p. 73; G. L. Mosse,
The Nationalisation rifthe Masses (New York, Ig75), pp. I27-136. g. L. Calland, La Sentinelle de Reims (Reims, 1911), p. 10.
10. Le Moniteur des Bataillons Scolaires (September-October 1883), p. 1 1; Le Gymnaste, 28 September Igo1, p. 237; La Gazette des Sports lllustres, 24 September 188I, p. I; AD Seine-lnferieure, 4TP, g.
II. Le Gymnaste, IS January 1883, a commemorative edition for Gambetta; also I5 December 1887, pp. 3g4, 39g, and 14 February 1889, p. 547; Le Temps, 6 November 1goo; see also Chapter 10, pp. 1g1-2.
I2. Le Sporting, I7 July 188o, p. 3; Con. Mun. PV, 25 February I885, p. ISO. I3. 'Commission du Budget: bataillons scolaires, gymnastique et jeux
scolaires', Con. Mun. RD, no. 156 (188g); AN, F17-6g12, 6gi7, 6g22, contain depressing surveys by the Ministry of Education on the lack of facilities and local co-operation.
14. D. Mamoz, De la gymnastique au X/Xe siecle, pp. 139, 222; AD Herault, 58M, I3.
I5. AD Seine-lnferieure, 4TP, g. 16. Le Gymnaste, 20 December 18go, p. 463; .J . .Jacobs, 'A Community of
French Workers'., p. 84; 'Rapport de Muzet sur Ia demande de subventions aux societes de gymnastique' Con. Mun. RD, no. 31 ( 18g2); G. Picot, Les Gamis d'ouvriers (Paris, 1goo), p. 11.
I7. M. Bahonneau, La Gymnastique raisonnee a !'usage des employes et des ouvriers (Angers, 1g1I).
18. Le Moniteur de la Gymnastique Scolaire, Hygienique et lvledicale, 1 5 .January I86g, p. 3·
I g. For a biographical sketch see Dictionnaire de biographie Jranfaise (Paris, 1g5g), vol. 8, p. 6; see also the following editions of Le Gymnaste: 15 .July I8gg, p. 34; I8 November I8gg, p. 361; 10 August 1go1, p. 118, and the article 'Solidarisme', 1 July 1 gos, p. 4·
20. Le Temps, 16 May 1875, p. 2; Le Gymnaste, 1 January 1885, p. 14; Le Moniteur Officielle de la Gymnastique el de l'Escrime, 4 August 1886, p. 3; N. Laisne, Nouvelles Observations sur l'enseignement de la gymnastique (Paris, 1886), p. 8; Faure, Paris Careme-prenant, p. '53·
21. For a short account of the dance see Zeldin, France r848-r945, vol. n, pp. 6s6-6o; also Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, ch. 26; E. Shorter, The
Notes 225
Making of the Modem Family (London, 1976), p. 214; AD Gard, 6M 1130 and 1185.
22. For primary evidence of gym clubs functioning in this way see Le Gymnaste, 1 January 1885; AD Rhone, 4M 2, 'Projet de fusion des societes de gymnastique de Ia troisiemc arrondissement'; Le Revue des Sports, 26 February 1887' p. 5; Les Sports Athlitiques, 20 December !890, p. 5·
23. AD Herault, 58M; Zeldin, France I848-I.945, vol. II, p. 484; see also Chapter 8, pp. 163-5.
24. Le Gymnaste, 10 September 1888, p. 136; 25 November 1899, p. 381; 19 August 1905, p. 199; see also Chapter 10, pp. 209-10.
25. Encyclopidie generate des sports (Paris, 1946), pp. 439-444; see also Chapter to pp. 196-8.
26. T. Margadant, 'Primary Schools and Youth Groups in pre-war Paris: Les "Petits-A's"', journal of Contemporary History (April 1978), p. 331.
27. For a more extended discussion of the social role of sports clubs see Chapter 8; for the role of respectability in British leisure see P. Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian England (London, 1978); H. Cunningham, The Volunteer Force: a Social and Political History (London, 1975).
CHAPTER 4
1. M. Pfefferkorn, Le Football association (Paris, 1921 ), p. 278. 2. E. Weber gives an excellent account of the role envisaged for English
sports by men like Coubertin in 'Pierre de Coubertin and the Introduction of Organised Sport into France', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. v, no. 2 ( 1970), pp. 3-26.
3· These themes emerge clearly in Coubertin's early works: for example Souvenirs d'Oxford et de Cambridge (Paris, 1887), and L'Education anglaise en France (Paris, 1889). For an identical contemporary view see L. Latour, L'Education physique en Angleterre et en France (Paris, 1891). The standard biography is Y-P. Boulongne, La Vieet ['oeuvre pidagogiquede Pierre de Coubertin (Ottawa, 1975).
4· Coubertin expresses this view most fully in the opening chapter of Une campagne de vingt-et-un ans (Paris, 1909); Coubertin was also a competent historian and the author of a history of the early Third Republic in which his concern over the instability of French social and political institutions is made explicit; R. D. Anderson, 'French Views of the English Public Schools: Some Nineteenth Century Episodes', History of Education, vol. 2, no. 2 Oune 1973), pp. 159-171.
5· This biographical sketch comes from Weber, 'Coubertin and the Introduction of Sport into France', pp. 10-11; also P. Daryl, La Renaissance athletique (Paris, 1888), a collection of articles written for Le Temps by Grousset under a pen-name.
6. For an occupational breakdown of both the Ligue and its rival the USFSA see J. P. Simon, 'Essai sur !'introduction de l'athletisme en France' (unpublished 'Memoire pour le diplome', ENSEPS, 1972).
7· For a more detailed account of the beginnings of the English sports in France, see Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France',
Sport and Society in Modem France
pp. 82-84. Weber's account and my own are based on Georges Bourdon, La Renaissance athtetique et le Racing Club de France (Paris, 1906).
8. Ibid., pp. 87-97; Marx, En plein air, p. 107. 9· G. Duhamel, Le Footballfranljais, ses debuts (Paris, 1931) gives a fascinating
first-hand account. ro. Ibid., p. 45· r 1. There is a good account of Tissie's early efforts to launch sport in
Bordeaux in J. Thabault, Sports et education physique (Paris, 1972), ch. v, 'Le Docteur Tissie et Ia Ligue Girondine d'Education Physique'; see also Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France', p. 87.
12. C. Lagarde, Au pays du roi Henri, pays de beau rugby: cinquante ansa la Section Paloise (Pau, 1953}, p. rs; C. Duhau, Histoire de l'Aviron Bayonnais, l'ipoque hiroi"que (Bayonne, 1968), p. 22;j. P. Rey, Tarbes: le rugby en rouge et blanc (Paris, 1973}, pp. ss-6; P. Tissie, L'Education physique (Bordeaux, 1901 }, p. XXVIII.
13. G. leRoy, Education physique et gymnastique (Paris, 1913), pp. 355-8. 14. Zeldin, France 1848-1945, vol. 11, p. 688, Graph of Football and Athletics
1919-45; Almanach du Miroir des Sports, 1936-7, p. 138. 15. Le Livre d'Or du Football Club de Rouen, 189!)-1¢9 (Rouen, 1969}, p. 9;
Le Sport Amateur, 20 November 1904, p. 66; La Revue Olympique, February 1903, p. 8; M. Soulier, Le Football gardois (Nimes, 1969), pp. 117, 151; L'Ecole de Football d'Amiens Athletic Club, Le Football en Picardie et l'histoire de ses origines (Amiens, 1948), p. 57·
r6. AD Rhone, 4M, Football Club de Lyon, carton 7; Stade Lyonnais, carton 1.
17. Dr P. Voivenal, Mon beau rugby (Toulouse, 1962), p. 28; J. Barbat, Histoire du ballon ovale (Clermont-Ferrand, 1959), pp. 81-3.
18. Bib. Hist. Coli. Act., ro6, carton ooorr, undated press cutting; L. de Fleurac, Les Courses a pieds et les concours athlitiques (Paris, 1911 }, p. 44·
19. M. Metje, Fondation et vie d'un club: L'Union Sportive Albigeoise 1925-32 (Albi, 1933}, p. 40; Les Sports Populaires, 2ojuly 1910.
20. G. Pastre, Les Boucliers du printemps (Toulouse, 1967), p. 45· 2 r. M. Celha y, 'Quand je porta is le maillot bleu et blanc', Societe des Sciences,
Lettres et Arts de Bayonne (1975), pp. 405-459; J. Boutain Un grand club dans une petite cite, L'Union Athlitique de Gujan-Mestras (Bordeaux,n.d.) was kindly provided by Jacqueline Larrieu; H. Garcia, La Fabuleuse Histoire de rugby (Paris, 1973), p. 257·
22. Ibid., pp. 284-92; J. Prat, MeLee ouverte (Paris, 1968) gives a good account ofpost-war rugby.
23. J. C. Grivot, Crampons, ballon rond (Paris, 1970), pp. 25-7; Soulier, Le Football gardois, p. 206.
24. Le Livre d'Or de Ia Coupe de France (Paris, 1936), p. xvr; H. Jooris, De l'enthousiasme au sens des rialites pratiques: contribution a /'etude de /'organisation dufootball en France (Lille, 1933); Soulier, Le Football gardois.
25. G. Rozet, Les fltes du muscle (Paris, 1912), p. 152; J. Lhermit, Les Sports pedestres (Paris, 1911}, p. 99; for an interesting account of the life of a semiprofessional athlete see E. Anthoine, Les Sports athlitiques (Paris, 1913).
26. G. Benac, Les Champions dans la coulisse (Paris, 1963), pp. 84-6; J. Ladoumegue, Comment j'ai battu deux records du monde (Paris, 1930).
Notes 227
CHAPTER 5
1. J. Durry, L'Histoire veridique des giants de Ia route (Paris, 1973), pp. 19-23. This work provides an excellent history of the major road races themselves but does not deal with social and commercial questions directly. It is a technical history of the sport.
2. E. Gendry, Sport velociptdique, les ckampionsfran,ais (Angers, 1891), p. 22; H. 0. Duncan, Vingt Ans. de cyclisme pratique (Paris, 1896), p. v1; V. Dauphin, Le Cyclisme en Anjou (Angers, 1936), p. 42.
3· Veloce Sport, 30 April 1885; La Revue Velociptdique, 15june 1884, estimated that there were around 4000 cyclists in France of which only about 400 were keen competitors.
4· L. Bonneville, Le Veto, fils de France (Paris, 1938), p. 138; La Revue Velociptdique, 25 April 1884; AD Seine-Inlerieure, 4TP, 107C, 1.
5· These figures come from the tax returns in the Annuaire statistique; Y. Boulinguiez, 'Aspects de Ia vie quotidienne ouvriere dans le departement du Nord a Ia premiere moitie du xxe siecle', La Revue du Nord OulySeptember 1972), p. 332; P. Pierrard, Lille et les Lillois (Paris, 1967), p. 249·
6. Cyclette Revue: kistoire ckronologique du cyclisme, February 1961. 7· H. Bunle, 'L'Education physique et les sports en France', p. 145; the
Federation Cycliste et Athletique de France has left no reliable membership figures but Bunle suggests 6o,ooo in 191 1.
8. J. Floch'moan, La Genese des sports (Paris, 1962), p. 122; see also Le Ckasseur Illustre, 19 November 1893, p. 374·
g. Con. Mun. RD, no. 35 (1893). 10. For an account of the spread of the velodrome in Anjou see Dauphin,
Le Cyclisme en Anjou, p. 32; J. Rennert, A Hundred Years of Bicycle Posters (London, 1973), p. g; Weber, 'Coubertin and the Introduction of Sport into France', p. 18.
II. Con. Mun. RD, no. 28, 1895; E. Couratier, Le Pare des Princes, etude presentee a la Societe Historique de Boulogne-Billancourt (Paris, 1955); M. Viollette (ed.), Le Cyclisme (Paris, 1912), p. 125; Bib. Hist. Coli. Act., 106,oooog, Cyclisme.
12. Le Velo, 5 February 1895, p. 1; Les Sports Atklttiques, 11 March 1893, p. g. 13. Viollette, Le Cyclisme, p. 274· 14. Con. Mun. RD, no. 28 (1895); Con. Mun. PV, 7 July 1897; Con. Mun. RD,
no. 8 ( 18gg). 15. M. Martin, Voyage de Bordeaux a Paris par trois velociptdistes (Bordeaux,
18go), p. x; Revue du Touring Club, membership figures published annually; M. Leudet (ed.), Almanack des Sports, 1900-1 (Paris, 1901), p. 97·
16. Le Velodrome de Ckoisy-le-Roi ('organe independante du cyclisme et des interets de Ia banlieue sud de Paris') 4June 1895, pp. 1--2.
17. L. Baudry de Saunier and C. Terront, Memoires de Terront: sa vie, ses performances, son mode d'entrainement (Paris, 1893), from which the following biographical sketch is taken.
18. Le Velo, 26 March 1894· p. I; also Durry' L 'Histoire veridique des giants de la route, p. 43; G. Benac, Les Champions dans la coulisse (Paris, 1963), pp. g-14, 223-7; L'Essor, 27 December 1907.
Sport and Society in Modem France
19. Le Vie au Grand Air, 24 December 1899, p. 1 72. 20. Viollette, Le Cyclisme, p. 35; Durry's L 'Histoire viridique des giants de Ia route
provides an excellent account of these races; also V. Breyer and R. Coquelle, La Course classique: Bordeaux-Paris (Paris, 1899).
21. G. Nicholson, The Great Bike Race (London, 1977), especially ch. 4; also E. Seidler, Le Sport et Ia presse (Paris, 1964), pp. 37-54.
22. F. Terbeen, Les Geants de cyclisme sur route (Paris, 1969), pp. 13-16; A. Chassignon and A. Poirier, Le Tour de France (Paris, 1952), p. 14; Nicholson, op. cit., p. 54·
23. Nicholson, op. cit., p. 54 and p. 10o; A. Blondin, Sur le Tour de France (Paris, 1979), pp. 22-3, an intelligent and elegant interpretative essay.
24. Viollette, Le Cyclisme, p. 111; Le Sport Ouvrier, 1 August 1926; Nicholson, op. cit., p. 42.
25. Blondin, op. cit., p. 29. 26. R. Barthes, Mythologies (Paris, 1957), p. 111; A. Nathan (ed.), Sport and
Sociery (London, 1958), p. 31. 27. Seidler, op. cit., p. 73; M. Beaujour and j. Ehrman, La France con
temporaine: textes et documents (Paris, 1970), p. 244; see also Chapter 10, p. 195 for further proof of Desgrange's chauvinism.
28. R. C. Cobb, Tour de France (London, 1976), p. 212, in a review of L. Bodard, Les plaisirs de l'hexagone. On the question of the lack of municipal facilities see T. Zeldin, France, I84B-1945: Ambition, Love and Politics, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1973), p. 524.
29. G. Thuillier, 'Pour une histoire des gestes en Nivernais au XIXe siecle', &vue d'Histoire Economique et Sociale ( 1973), no. 2, p. 249.
30. Nicholson, op. cit., p. 35·
CHAPTER 6
1. M. Le Grand, Les Courses de taureaux dans le sud-ouest de Ia France jusqu 'au debut du X/Xe siecle (Mont-de-Marsan, 1934), p. 108; La Nouvelle Revue du Midi,January 1924, pp. 49-51 and 217-30; M. Martin, GrandeEnquetedu journal 'Le Velo' (Paris, 1898), p. 78.
2. A. Maureau, Les Courses de taureaux a Avignon (Avignon, 1971); Deb. Part. Ch. Dep, 21 June 1884, p. 1429; 'Les Courses de taureaux dans les arenes de Nimes', La Nouvelle Revue (September-October 1893), pp. 487-508; La Ga;:;ette des Sports et du Plein Air (Paris, 1889), p. 588.
3· AD Nord, M.2o8, 114, letter to the prefect of the Nord dated 5 March 1874 and letter sent by him dated 23 April 1874.
4· P. Pierrard, La Vie ouvriere a Litle sous le Second Empire (Paris, 1965), p. 301; A. Desrousseaux, Moeurs populaires de Ia Flandrefran{aise vol. 1 (Lille, 1889), p. 116.
5· 'Clic-Ciac' (pseud.), Histoire des courses landaises (Mont-de-Marsan, 1905), p. 25; A. Lafront, Histoire de Ia corrida en France (Paris, 1977) gives the best account of the development of the sport, especially ch. 3·
6. J. Boulanger and E. Henriot, Animaux de Sport (Paris, 1912); A. de Corbie, Combats de Coqs (Lille, 1939) offers a short general survey.
Notes 229
7. Maureau, Les Courses de taureaux a Avignon, pp. 33-7, and 'Ciic-Ciac', op. cit., preface.
8. For a brief discussion of emigration from Spain, see R. Carr, Spain I8o8-1939 (London, 1966), p. 413; L. Loubere, Radicalism in Mediterranean France (New York, 1974), pp. 104-6; C. Higounet (ed.) Histoire de l'Aquitaine (Toulouse, 1971), p. 455·
g. Deb. Pari. Ch. Dep, 1897, p. 446; Toros Revue, 18july 1897, p. 1; A. Lafront, Bibliografia de Ia prensa taurinafrancesa, !887-I!fti (Madrid, 1962).
10. P. Rives, La Corvee de joie (Paris, 1924), p. go; La Revue Cynegetique et sportive, 1892, p. 171; Le Coqueleur, 21 February 1904, p. 1, and L'Essor, 26january 1912, p. 3·
II. J. Boquet, Litle a Ia belle epoque (Lille, 1971) is a book of photographs which contains several pictures of cockfights; de Corbie, Combats de coqs, p. 58; AD Pas-de-Calais, M. 466g, 2; Le Coqueleur, 1 November 1903, p. 2; IS November 1903, p. 1; 29 November 1903, p. 2; and 10january 1904, p. I.
12. Maureau, Les Courses de taureaux a Avignon, p. 30; H. de Montherlant, Les Bestiaires (Paris, 1926); AD Herault, Serie 0 (Beziers Arenes Igoi-14).
13. Toros Revue, 23 October 18g8, p. 238; AD Herault, Serie 0 (Lunel Arenes I861-1914); AD Gard, 6M, 357·
14. La Mise a Mort, 15 May 1893, p. 1; La Nouvelle Revue, September-October 1893, p. 496; AD Gard, 6M, 357; Dr. Marc, L 'Aficion etles arenes bitteroises de leurs origines a nos jours (Beziers, 1959), p. 72; M. Ferrus, La Corrida a travers les figes a Bordeaux (Bordeaux, 1925), p. 12.
IS. Le Coqueleur, 27 November 1904, p. 2, and 4 December 1904, p. 2. 16. Le Torero, 3 September 18gg, p. 1; Toros Revue, 7 August 1898, p. 116,
and 1 December 1897, p. 1.
17. Maureau, Les Courses de taureaux a Avignon, p. 23; Bulletin des Seances de l'Academie de Nimes, 1934-6, pp. 123-5.
18. AD Rhone, 7M7, 'Courses de taureaux; difficultes survenues entre messieurs Walbott et Vidal de Marseille' (undated).
19. Le Torero, 29 May 1898, p. 5, and 15]anuary 1911, p. 1;]. Saint-Paulien, Histoire de Ia corrida (Paris, 1968); R. 'Baranger', Emma Ia Caballera (Paris, I9S9).
20. Lafront, Histoire de Ia corrida en France, ch. 7; E. Hemingway, Death in the afternoon (London, 1932), p. 246.
21. Le Torero, 14 August 1910, p. 1.
22. Ibid.; Deb. Pari. Ch. Dep, 1900, no. 1691, p. 207; P. Marechal, L'Evolution de ['opinion publique sur les courses de taureaux (Paris, 1902).
23. AD Nord, M.2o8, 113. 24. AD Pas-de-Calais, M-4669, 2. 25. For an example of pro-bullfighting argument, see Toros Revue, 18 April1897,
p. s; also Le Torero, 6 August 1891, p. I, and 23 August 1891, p. I; Deb. Pari. Ch. Dep, 1897 p. 468-9; J. Millies-Lacroix, 'Les Origines de Ia plaza de toros a Dax', Bulletin de Ia Societe des Amis de Borda (1974) pp. 21 3- 38, 465-82.
26. V. Petit-Jean, 'Les Combats de coqs dans le nord de Ia France' (unpublished maitrise thesis, Paris, 1972) gives information on the present status of the sport.
Sport and Society in Modern France
CHAPTER 7
I. Zeldin, France 1848-1945, val. II, p. 920. 2. L. Chevalier, Labouring Classes and Dangerous Classes, trans. F. Jellinek
(London, I973), pp. 422-3; Gautier cited in G. Pillement, Paris enfite (Paris, I972), p. 33·
3· AD Nord, M.2o8,I I3 and Deb. Pari. Ch. Dep, I8g7, p. 465. 4· Le Torero, 24 April I8g8, p. 2; also I May I8g8, p. 1. 5· Desrousseux, Moeurs populaires de La Flandre franfaise, vol. I, p. I 2 I; and
AD Pas-de-Calais, M.466g-2, letter to the prefect dated 20 February I8g4; Le Petit Chasseur, 26 November I g I I, p. 5·
6. 'Une siecle de corridas bayonnaises, I852-1952', La Societe de Science, Lettres et Arts de Bayonne, no. I I 2 (I g66)' p. sos; La Mise a Mort, I 7 July 1893, p. 1; AD Rhone, 7M7, Courses de Taureaux, 3 July 1905.
7· M. van der Meersch, L'Empreinte du dieu {Paris, 195I), p. I03. 8. 0. Hufton, The Poor qf Eighteenth Century France (Oxford, 1974), pp. 360-1;
T. J. Le Goff and D. M. G. Sutherland, 'The Revolution and the Rural Community in Brittany', Past and Present (February 1974), p. 107; M. Agulhon, Penitents et francs-ma{ons de l'ancienne Provence (Paris, 1g68), pp. 62-4.
g. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, p. 57· IO. R. Thabault, Education and Change in a Village Communiry (London, I971),
p. I64; A. Van Gennep, Manuel de lajolklorejranfaise, vol. I (Paris, 1943), p. 202; C. Seignolle, Le Berry traditionnel (Paris, 1969), p. 84.
I I. Le Goff and Sutherland, art. cit., p. 107; Souvestre cited in Zeldin, France, 1848-1945, val II, pp. 687-8; Garcia, Histoire de rugby, p. 114; C. Tilly, 'The Changing Place ofCollective Violence' in P. N. Stearns and D.J. Walkowitz (eds), Workers in thelndustrial Revolution (New Jersey, 1974), pp. 117-133·
12. Voivenal, Mon beau rugby, p. 45; A. Scriven, Grandes }oumees de rugby fran{ais (Toulouse, 1947), p. 25.
13. J. Maieresse, Football, quand tu nous liens (Paris, 1935), pp. 75-6. 14. Garcia, op. cit., pp. 254-7. IS. A. Jaureguy, Qui veutjouer avec moi? (Paris, 1939), pp. 116-I9; La Nouvelle
Revue du Midi, I924, pp. 248-g. I6. J. Gay, Les Sports et les jeux d'exercice en Anjou (Angers, 1947), p. 16g. I7. LeSport Amateur, 2june Igos, p. 365; also 15January 1905, p. 77· 18. Le Gymnaste, 6 October 1894, p. 8; also 3 August 1901, p. 105; Le
Figaro, 3 September 1885; Shorter, The Making qf the Modem Family, pp. 205-6.
I g. La Cyclette Revue: histoire chronologique du cyclisme, July-August I961. 20. R. Ingham (ed.), Football Hooliganism (London, 1978) provides a thought
ful review of the problem. 21. Professor Desbonnet, Les Rois de la lutte (Paris, 1910), p. 6; P. Pons,
La Lutte et les lutteurs (Paris, n.d.), pp. 65-7. 22. J. Dauven (ed.), L'Encyclopedie des sports (Paris, 1g6o), pp. 305-6. 23. R. Barthes, Mythologies, trans. A. Lavers (London, 1972), pp. 19-23. 24. Dauven (ed.), op. cit., p. 236; L. Hernon, Battling Malone and Other Stories
(London, I925), p. 10. 25. La Boxe et les Boxeurs, 8 December 1909, p. 1; L. Hernon, op. cit., p. 22.
Notes
26. Dauven (ed.), op. cit., p. 141; J. Arlott (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Sports and Games (London, 1g75), p. gg; S. de Beauvoir, Memoirs if a Dutiful Daughter (London, 1g63), p. 72.
27. Benac, Les Champions dnns Ia coulisse, pp. 100-105. 28. G. de Maupassant, Conies et Nouvelles, ed. A. M. Schmidt, vol. 1 (Paris,
Ig57), p. ]36. 2g. Quoted by P. Marsh in R. Ingham (ed.), Football Hooliganism, p. 67. 30. L. Tiger, Men in Groups (London, 1g7o), p. 11g. 31. H. Zehr, 'The Modernisation of Crime in France and Germany, 183o
Ig13', Journal tif Social History (Summer 1g75), p. 12g; Zeldin, France, !848-1945, vol. 11, p. g16.
CHAPTER 8
1. M. Agulhon's entire work sheds light on the question of sociability, but the most important works are Penitents etfrancs-mar;ons de l'ancienne Provence (Paris, 1g68), La Republique au village (Paris, 1g7o) and Le cercle dans Ia France bourgeoise J810-18~: itude d'une mutation de sociabiliti (Paris, 1g77); Shorter, The Making if the Modern Family, pp. 205-10.
2. Agulhon, Penitents etfrancs-mar;ons, pp. 42-63; also L. Roubin, 'Male and Female Space in the Proven\al Community' in R. Forster and 0. Ranum (eds), Rural Society in France (London, Ig7]), pp. 152-80.
3· Agulhon, La Republique au village, pp. 206-234; also M. Agulhon, 'Une probleme d'ethnologie historique: les "chambrees" en Basse-Provence au XIXe siecle' in M. Agulhon (ed.), Ethnologie et histoire,forces productives et problemes de transition (Paris, 1g75).
4· Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, p. 3g7; T. Judt, Socialism in Provence (London, 1g7g), ch. 6, especially pp. 158-166.
5· E. Durkheim, The Division if Labour, 2nd ed. (New York, 1g64), p. 12; G. Duveau, La Vie ouvriere sous le Second Empire (Paris, 1g46), p. 487; Zeldin, France, !848-1945· vol. II, pp. 5g8, 799-800.
6. Faure, Paris Careme-prenant, passim; C. Rearick, 'Festivals in Modern France', Journal tif Contemporary Histo~y, vol. 12 ( 1977), p. 439·
7· M. R. Marrus, 'Social Drinking in the Belle Epoque', journal if Social History, (Winter 1g74), pp. 129-30.
8. J. Jenger, L'Alcool et le sport (Seine-et-Oise, 1g25), p. 14; AD Rhone, 4M,6; B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians (London, 1971), p. 331.
g. P. Garcin, Lejeu de boules (Mulhouse, 1949), pp. 12-24; C. Plume, Tout sur Ia petanque (Paris, 1963); H. Tremaud, Les Franr;ais jouent aux quilles (Paris, 1964) is an excellent history of the game; also G. Ducasse, Les Quillej de neuf (Mont-de-Marsan, 1953), pp. 7-22.
10. L. Wylie, A Village in the Vaucluse (London, Ig51), pp. 250-4. 11. Tiger, Men in Groups, p. 123. 12. Maupassant, Conies et Nouvelles, vol. I, p. 204; also M. d'Herbeville,
Messieurs les disciples de Saint Hubert (Paris, Igos), p. 78. 13. Maupassant, Conies et Nouvelles, vol. 1, p. 3 and p. 649. 14. C. Velin, La Chasse et le gibier dans l'Est (Epinal, 1888), p. 43, has a superb
Sport and Society in Modem France
comic account of the opening of the season on a chasse communale; I. D. Hope, Britla1!J and the Chase (London, 1853), pp. 7-8.
15. V. Mainfroy, La Politique d'un paysan a propos du privilege de chasse (1863), especially p. 8 (the place of publication is not known).
16. AD Gard, 6M, 1050; Wylie, A Village in the Vaucluse, pp. 300-3. 17. C. P. Coutoure, Cinquante Ans de cyclisme avec le Veloce Club Barentinois (Le
Havre, 1955). 18. P. Sainmont, Le Veloce Club de Tours et le doyen des cyclistes de France (Tours,
1902). 19. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, ch. 26, especially pp. 450-1. 20 .. C. de Loris, La Femme et Ia bicyclette (Paris, 18g6); also La Fronde, 23
December 1897, p. 3, for a feminist viewpoint; J. R. Gillis, Youth and History, Tradition and Change in European Age Relations 1770-Present (New York, 1974), p. 111; d'Herbeville, Messieurs les disciples de Saint Hubert, p. 3·
2 I. J. H. Adam, 'Loisirs et education populaire'' Cahiers de Redressement Fram;ais, no. 21 (1927), p. 9; Duhau, Histoire de l'Aviron Bayonnais, pp. 2-7·
22. These figures are based on a table attached to the following document: 'Rapport de L. BeHan au nom de Ia 4e commission sur Ia repartition du credit affectee aux societes d'education physique, de tir, de natation et de sport', Con. Mun. RD, no. 128 (1922); Coutoure, Cinquante Ans de cyclisme avec le Vetoce Club Barentinois, pp. 14-15; V. Dauphin, Le Cyclisme en Anjou, notes et documents (Angers, 1936), p. 29.
23. Annuaire illustre des socihes de gymnastique de /'Association de La Seine (Paris, 1888), pp. 90-91. Averages calculated from statistics of membership; L. Colland, La Sentinelle de Reims (Reims, 1911 ), p. gg; Con. Mun. RD, no. 164 (1893)·
24. Agulhon, Le Cercle dans La France bourgeoise, ch. vn, p. 62; J. Prevost, Plaisirs des sports: essais sur le corps humain (Paris, 1925), p. 120.
25. E. Forestier and F. Gerbert, Almanach de La vilocipMie illustree (Rouen, 1883), pp. 65-76.
26. Pillement, Paris en flte, p. 45; M. Mauron, Les Lampions de La flte (Paris, 1 g67), p. 366; see also relevant sections of Chapters 6 and 7.
27. Prevost, Plaisirs des sports, p. 33 and p. 121; Roubin, 'Male and Female Space in the Proven~al Community', p. 152; J. Ardagh, The New France (London, 1970), pp. 395-6.
CHAPTER 9
1. For evidence of class conflict in pre-industrial leisure in Provence see Agulhon, Penitents etfrancs-mat;ons, pp. 63-4.
2. Zeldin, France, IB48-1945, vol. u, p. 66o. 3· L 'Escrime Frant;aise, 9 February 1889; Les Sports de Nice, 13 December 1892;
Sport et Sante, 15 January 1930; La Renaissance: sports, tourisme, et hygiene sociale, February 1920; L'Annuaire des sports (Paris, 1922), pp. 299-300. AD Rhone, 4M,5, L'Omnium Lyonnais.
4· See Chapter 2; also AD Pas-de-Calais, M.1389; La Gazette des Sports, 1889, p. 17.
Notes 233
S· Le Moniteur de Ia Chasse et des Tirs, 15 July 1882, p. 1; R. O'Connor, An Introduction to Field Sports (London, 1846), p. 83.
6. G. Casella, Sport et l'avenir (Paris, 1909), p. 172; d'Herbeville, Messieurs les disciples de Saint Hubert, p. 69; Le Saint Hubert Club ltlustri, 1906, p. 49; C. W. Brooks, 'Jean Renoir', French Historical Studies (Fall 1971), p. 281.
7· G. d'Havrincourt, La Chasse a tir d'aujourd'hui (Orleans, 1930) especially pp. 20-1; see also Commandant Lansard, La Chasse des humbles (Toulouse, '937).
8. J. A. Roy, Histoire du Jockey Club (Paris, 1958), especially p. 141; C. Albaret, Monsieur Proust, trans B. Bray (London, 1976), p. '54·
g. G. Bourdon, La Renaissance athlitique et le Racing Club de France (Paris, 1906), p. 28o; Adam, Cahiers de Redressement Fra11fais, no. 21 ( 1927), p. 9; see also Ch. 4·
10. Marx, En plein air, p. 193; R. Dieudonne, Le Parfait Sportif (Paris, 1924), p. 100, and Albaret, Monsieur Proust, p. 182.
11. AD Rhone, 4M,1, Le Tennis Club de Lyon; 'Crafty' (pseud.), Anfiens et nouveaux sports, Paris sportif (Paris, 18g6), pp. 94-6; Arlott (ed.), Oxford Companion to Sport and Games, pp. 75, 547; Jacques-Henri Lartigue, Diary cif a Century (London, 1978).
12. E. Zola, 'Au bonheur des dames', in Oeuvres completes, ed. H. Mitterand, vol. 4 (Paris, 1967), pp. 816-20.
'3· Le Sporting, !6 October !881, p. I; A. de Saint-Albin, Les Sports a Paris (Paris, 188g), p. 40; Goncourts cited in Thabault, Sports et education physique, p. 156; AD Rhone, 4M,2, Cercle des voiliers de Ia Sa8ne.
14. 'Crafty', An{iens et nouveaux sports, p. 144; M. Bidault de l'Isle, Le Chasseur a tir (Paris, 1912), p. n; Dieudonne, Le Parfait Sportif, p. 24.
15. W. H. Sewell, 'The Working Class of Marseille under the Second Republic' in P. N. Stearns and D. J. Walkowitz (eds), Workers in the Industrial Revolution (New Jersey, 1974), p. g2;j.jacobs, 'A Community of French Workers: Social Life and Labour Conflicts in the Stephanoise Region, I8go-1914' (unpublished D. Phil thesis, Oxford University, 1973), p. 8g.
16. Le Gymnaste, 1 December 1884, p. 213; E. Keusch,jeux 0/ympiquesetsports athlitiques (Paris, 1906), p. g.
17. 'Proposition de H. Galli sur !'instruction militaire', Con. Mun. RD, no. 54 (I go I).
18. For a British example see R. Q. Gray, 'Styles of Life, the "Labour Aristocracy" and Class Relations in Nineteenth Century Edinburgh', International Review cif Social History ( 1973), no. 3, especially pp. 436-441; E. Goblot, La Barriere et le niveau, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1967), p. 4; and jacobs, 'A Community of French Workers', p. 84.
I g. A. Cherie, Annuaire ginerale illustrie des cyclistes franfais et itrangers (Paris, I 8g2) provides a survey of early dubs listing members' occupations; also AD Card, 6M,I 187, Velo Club Aiguesmortais.
20. Cherie, op. cit., pp. SI, 57, 61, 222-3, 207-12. 21. Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France', p. 81; Cherie,
op. cit., p. 188; also La Cyclette Revue: histoire chronologique de cyclisme, August-September Ig6o. A fair number of corporate clubs were founded
234 Sport and Society in Modern France
in the nineties but most seem to have been based on large department stores rather than on factories.
22. Ve!oce Sport, 15 March 1888, p. 2. 23. Le Revue Sportive, 26 April 1go3- the source of the survey is not indicated.
It was claimed that a new survey would be carried out. Unfortunately, this survey, if completed, was never published; Revue du Touring Club, December 18g5, p. 6g8.
24. lA Revue Sportive, 11 june 1903, p. 1. 25. Les Sports Athletiques, 10 January 189o, p. 3; Almanach du Meridional Sportij,
1g22, p. 17; and Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France', p. g4.
26. A. Coutrot, 'Youth Movements in France in the 1930s', journal if Contemporary History ( 1970), no. I, p. 34·
CHAPTER 10
1. See also Chapter 3; for a summary of reactions to the defeat of 1870 see K. A. Swart, The Seme of Decadence in Nineteenth Century France (The Hague, 1g64), ch. v; also Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France, pp. 74-5·
2. J. Thabault, Sports et education physique, pp. g5-g; also Le Moniteur des Bataillons Scolaires, March 1883.
3· Z. Sternhell, 'Paul Deroulede and the Origins of Modern French Nationalism', journal if Contemporary History, vol. 6, no. 4 ( 1971), p. 55; see also Le Gymnaste, 22 December 1887, p. 394, and 18 August 1887, p. 103.
4· G. Casella, Sport et l'avenir (Paris, 1908), p. 12. 5· Swart, op. cit., pp. 124, 137; C. J. H. Hayes, A Generation if Materialism
(New York, 1g41), p. 13; also D. Mamoz, De Ia gymnastique en France au X/Xe siecle (Paris, 1891), ch. 1.
6. See also Chapter 4; Weber, 'Sports and Games in Fin-de-siecle France', p. g7; Les Sports Athletiques, 5 January 1895; G. Wright, France in Modem Times (Chicago, 1960), p. 311.
7· 'Agathon' (pseud.), Lesjeunes Gem d'aujourd'hui (Paris, 1g13), pp. 35, 143; J. Dedet, Le Football rugby (Paris, n.d.), p. 12; Seidler, Le Sport et la presse, pp. 58-g.
8. G. Rozet, Le Football: sport national et slade communal (Paris, 1918) emphasises the lack of facilities for representative sport.
g. AD Rhone, 4M, 3, L'Eveil de Lyon; Zeldin, France IB48-1945, vol. 1, p. 641. 10. These figures come from H. Bunle, op. cit., pp. 135, 138; AN F7, 13214,
prefect of the Landes to the minister of the interior, 8July 1912. I I. AN F7, 13214: prefect of the Rhone, 21 June 1g12; prefect of the Pas-de
Calais, 10 April 1g12; unsigned report dated Paris 1g September 1go8 on clerical gymnastic clubs in Angers.
12. J. Ozouf, Nous les maltres d'ecole (Paris, 1967), pp. 29-30, 136. 13. AN F7, 13214, Commissaire special, Care de Saint-Etienne, 8 September
19'3·
Notes 235
14. Ibid., Commissariat special de Melun, 2June 1go8; untitled and unsigned report on Nord, 27 May 1908.
15. M. Larkin, 'The Church and the French Concordat, IBgi-1902', English Historical Review, vol. 81 ( 1966), p. 732; AD Rhone, 4M, cartons I-II; see also 7M (Tourisme), 1 carton.
16. T. W. Margadant, 'Primary Schools and Youth Groups in Pre-war Paris', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 13, no. 2 (1978), p. 323; Weber, 'Gymnastics and Sports in Fin-de-siecle France', p. 93·
'7· H. Brunet, La XXXVe Fetefederale de !'Union des Societes de Gymnastique de France (Angers, •gog), pp. 104-10.
18. Le Gymnaste, 13 November 1909, p. 783. 19. AN F7, 13214, 'L'Affaire de Nancy and L'Affaire de Roanne': assorted
cuttings; Sporting Club Monsegurais, Cinquante-cinq Am au service de sport (Marmande, 1976).
20. L'Annuaire des sports (Paris, 1922), p. 27. 21. Dr G. Danjou, Regeneration sociale sur Ia pelouse (Pau, 1go6), p. w; C. de
Saint-Cyr, Le Sport, educateur sociale (Paris, 1go8), p. 16; also P. Didon, L 'Influence morale des sports ath!etiques (Paris, 1897).
22. ]. Beaudemoulin, Enquete sur les loisirs de l'ouvrier fran,ais (Paris, 1924), especially pp. 238-40; P. Rives, La Corvee de joie (Paris, 1924), p. 59·
23. Bulletin du Ministere du Travail,, August-October 1920, pp. 402-g, 509-13; also 1921, pp. 170-6, 309-15; La Renaissance: sports, tourisme et hygiene sociale, March 1919, p. 35; Zeldin, France 1848-1945, vol. n, p. 1063.
24. G. Etienne, L'Utilisations des loisirs des travailleurs (Paris, 1935), pp. 82-3; Sport Ouvrier, 5 October 1923 and 6 December 1924.
25. Le Sport, 16 April 1934; Sport Ouvrier, 15 October 1924. 26. Sport Ouvrier, 1 June 1926; Le Sport, 16 April 1934; 'FSGT' in Encyclopedie
generate des sports (Paris, 1946), p. 415. 27. G. Prouteau and E. Raude, Le Message de Leo Lagrange (Paris, 1950);
P. Marie, Pour le sport ouvrier (Paris, 1934) underlines the lack of facilities. 28. G. Barthelemy, Chapitres du budget de !'Education Nationale relatifs a !'education
physique, aux sports et aux loisirs; Annexe no. 4438 (Paris, 1939), especially pp. !8, 49·
29. Prouteau and Raude, op. cit., p. 117; R. Soucy, 'The Nature of Fascism in France', journal of Contemporary History, vol. I' no. I ( Ig66)' p. 55; G. Lefranc, Histoire du Front Populaire (Paris, 1965), pp. 339-40.
30. Ibid. 31. H. Mavit, 'Education physique et sports (Vichy)', Revue de l'Histoire de Ia
Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale, no. 56 (October 1964), pp. 8g-10o; R. Haure, Comment et pourquoi faire du sport (Bordeaux, 1942), p. 1; A. Frahier, Sport et vie rurale (Paris, 1942), pp. 17-20.
32. ]. V. Parant, Le Prohleme du tourisme populaire (Toulouse, 1939), p. 2o7; Jeunesse qui vit (Paris, 1942).
33· Sport Ouvrier, 5 January 1927; R. Alix, La Nouvelle Jeunesse (Paris, 1930), pp. 38-g.
Sport and Society in Modern France
CHAPTER II
1. J. Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Stutfy of the Play Element in Culture, ed. G. Steiner (London, 1970), p. 221; E. Dunning (ed.), The Sociology of Sport: A Selection of Readings (London, 1971), p. xvi.
2. L'Auto-Velo, 5 January 1901, p. 1; Bourdon, La Renaissance athlitique et le Racing Club de France, p. 300; 'Agathon', Lesjeunes Gens d'aujourd'hui, especially pp. 131-2; Cassella, Sport et l'avenir, pp. 51, 26o; Zeldin, France r84fJ-1945. vol. 11, p. 694.
3· C. de Caumont, Le Sport, ily a cinquante ans (Paris, 1904), p. 5· 4· A. Briggs, Mass Entertainment: The Origins of a Modem Industry (Adelaide,
1g6o), p. 28.
Bibliography
A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
Sport is not an easy subject for the historian to study at the official level. On a national scale there are few governmental records to consult. The Archives Nationalcs contain only a couple of cartons of documents on gymnastic education and on political brawls between Republican and clerical sporting organisations. On a departmental level, however, the picture is rather brighter. The prefect liked to keep in touch with private organisations of all kinds and after 1901 it became obligatory for private clubs to register themselves with the authorities. Consequently, departmental archives usually contain a number of assorted cartons on sports clubs. Unfortunately, this inf()rmation often amounts to little more than a copy of the club statutes and a list of members. In some cases the occupations of club members are given and such information has been used extensively in this study. In addition to evidence of club activity, there arc sometimes police reports of rowdy behaviour or, in certain areas, of bullfights or cockfights. Six departmental archives were consulted: Herault, Card, Rhone, Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Seinc-Inferieure (no documents of this kind are extant for the department of the Seine). These six departments were chosen partly because they represented different regions of France and partly in order to include both urban and rural areas. As a whole, governments were not very interested in sport per se and official records cannot be considered a major source of information on the subject. The most valuable official sources were the debates and reports of the Paris municipal council. There are only occasional references to sport in the parliamentary debates of the period, although anyone wishing to write a specialised study of field sports would be advised to consult this source.
I was unable to obtain access to the private papers of either national bodies or individual clubs. It appears that virtually nothing exists for
Sport and Society in Modern France
the pre-1914 period and only a little more for the inter-war years. 'Professional clubs are generally suspicious of outside inquirers and in addition are singularly unhistorical in their attitude to their own past', comments the author of a recent book on British football. The same seems to be true of France, although further local studies may well uncover some valuable records. Fortunately, there is an abundance of contemporary periodicals and books which go a long way towards making up the archival gap. Broadly speaking, the specialist fortnightly or monthly journals proved to be much more valuable as a source for social history than the daily papers, which were pre-occupied with the results of games. Accordingly, the national press (including L'Auto) were sampled primarily for an estimate of their coverage of sports, whereas specialist periodicals were read more systematically.
A MANUSCRIPT SOURCES
AD Gard
AD Herault
AD Nord
AD Pas-de-Calais
AD Rhone
6M, 356-7 (Courses de taureaux) 6M, 1050-4 and 1185-91 (Cercles et societes au torisees) 6M, 1376, 1382, I564, I577 (Chasse). s8M, 7 (Societes de gymnastique autorisees) 58M, I3 (Societes de gymnastique et de tir) 58M, 52-3 (Montpellier: cercles) 58M, 72 (Sete: societes sportives) 0, Lunel (Arenes, I86I-I914) 0, Beziers (Arenes, I9oi-14). M.2o8, I I3 (Courses de taureaux) M.2o8, I I4 (Combats de coqs).
M.1389 (Louveterie) M.2 I 28 (Courses de velocipedie) M.466g-72 (Combats de coqs) 1.Z.272 (Societes de gymnastique) 5.Z.2o1 (Societes de tir et divers societes).
4M, 1-14 (Associations-Sports) 7M7 (Tourisme).
AD Seine-lnferieure 4TP, 107C, 1-9 (Societes sportives). AN
AN
F7, 132 I4 (Societes catholiques: patronages et societes sportives).
FI7, 6gi2, 6917, 6922 (L'enseignement de Ia gymnastique).
B PRINTED SOURCES
(1) PRIMARY SOURCES
(i) Official Publications Annuaire statistique
Bibliography 239
Conseil Municipal de la ville d~ Paris: Proces-verbaux, 1875-1913 and Rapports et Documents, ~878-1933.
Conseil General du departement de Ia Seine: Proces-verbaux, 1875-1919 and Rapports et Documents, 1875-1919.
Debats Parlementaires: Chambre des Deputes, Proces-verbaux and Annexes (Rapports et Documents}, 188o-1g2o.
(ii) Newspapers and Periodicals L'Action Franfaise, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1923. L 'Auto-Velo (after 1901, L'Auto), 190I-14. La Boxe et les Boxeurs, 1gog-w. Bibliotheque Historique de Ia ville de Paris. Collection 'Actualitcs'.
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et education physique'. J. Rennert, A Hundred Years of Bicycle Posters (London, 1973). J. P. Rey, Tarbes, le rugby en rouge et blanc (Paris, 1973). J. Richardson, 'Hunting, fishing and "crickett": Anglomanie under the
Second Empire', History Today, vol. XXI, no. 4 (1971). R. Rollet, La Vie quotidienne en Provence au temps de Mistral (Paris, 1972). A. Rossel, Daumier, emotions de chasse (Paris, 1973). L. Roubin, Chambrettes de Provence, une maison d'hommes en mMiterranee
septentrionale (Paris, 1970). L. Roubin, 'Male and Female Space in the Proven~al Community' in
R. Forster and 0. Ranum (eds), Rural Society in France (London, 1977)-
J. A. Roy, Histoire dujockey Club (Paris, 1958). J. Saint-Paulien, Histoire de Ia corrida (Paris, 1968). A. Scriven, Grandesjournees du rugbyfran(ais (Toulouse, 1947). E. Seidler, Le Sport et Ia presse (Paris, 1964). C. Seignolle, Le Berry traditionnel (Paris, 1969). W. H. Sewell, 'The Working Class of Marseille under the Second
Republic: Social Structure and Political Behaviour', in P. N. Stearns and D. J. Walkowitz (eds), Workers in the Industrial Revolution (New Jersey, 1974).
E. Shorter, The Making qf the Modern Family (London, 1976). J. P. Simon, &sai sur !'introduction de l'athletisme en France (ENSEPS,
1972), Memoire pour le diplome. R. Soucy, 'The Nature of Fascism in France', Journal of Contemporary
History, no. 1 ( 1 g66).
Sport and Sociery in Modern France
M. Spivak, 'Le Developpement de !'education physique et du sport fran~ais, 1852-1914', Revue d'Histoire Modeme et Contemporaine, vol. XXIV Qanuary-March 1977).
La Societe de Sciences, Lettres et Arts de Bt.ryonne, no. 112 ( 1966), 'Une siede de corridas bayonnaises ( 1852-1952)'.
M. Soulier, Le Football gardois (Nimes, 1969). Sport et developpement social au xxe siecle: colloque intemationale de la
Federation Sportive du Travail (Paris, 1969). P. N. Stearns, European Sociery in Upheaval, 2nd ed. (London, 1975). P. N. Stearns, Lives rif Labour (London, 1975). Z. Sternhell, 'Paul Deroulede and the Origins of Modern French
Nationalism',joumal '
Index
Acrobatics, 43-5, 53-4, 108 Advertising, 85-6, 155 'Agathon', 194-5.214 Agulhon, Maurice, 132, 151-3, 165,
231nl Aigues-Mortes, 77, 121, 184 Amateurism, 63, 68, 74, 76, 79-80, 91;
see also fair-pl.ay Amoros, Colonel Francisco, 41-2 Anglophilia, 4, 61-5, 194 Antibes, 77 Anti-clericalism, 199-202; see also
catholicism Army, 11-12,41-2, 117-18, 200 Arpin, 'The Terrible Savoyard', 141 Association de Ia Velocipedie Amateur,
91 Athletics, 55, 61, 67, 71, 73-4, 78-8o Auto, L', 96-7, 99, 238 Aviron Bayonnais, 68, 75, 164
Barriere du combat, 126-7 Barthou, Louis, 120 BarJhes, Roland, 100, 142 Bastille Day, 48, 1 oo, 162 'Battling Siki', 145-6 Bayonne, 68, 75, 130 Beaucaire, 112, 127 Bcauvoir, Simone de, 145, 178 Bernard, Tristan, 87-8 Beziers, 112-13 Bicycles, see mass production Blum, Leon, 2o6, 208-9 Bordeaux: Lycee teams and rugby, 68-9;
Stadc-Bordelais, 74; veloce Club Bordelais, 83: torrida and Spanish immigrants, 112; Toro Sport Bordelais, 112; bullfighting and
butchery, 128; violence in rugby, 135; tennis, 1 78; social composition of cycling dubs, 1 85; see also Tissie, P.
Borotra, Jean, 179, 209 . Boudin, Etienne ('Le Pauly'), 116 Bouin, Jean, 78 Boulanger, General Georges, 33. 47-8,
66, 192 Boule (pitanque and jeu provtn{ale), 14,
156-8; see also traditional sports Bourgeoisie, 7-B, 13-14, 214-15;
shooting, 20-8; English sports, 66-9; early cyclists, 83-4; hostility to professional cycling, 91; bullfighting, 111-12; sociability, 159; fencing, 171-2; tennis, 177-9; social mixing, 183-9; indifference to ideology, 211
Boxing, 142-6, 17'l Brambilla, P., 98 Breyer, Victor, 143 Brittany, 21, 132-4, 141, 171 Bullfighting, 75, 104-9, 111-22, 128-32,
t 3 7, 14 7, 167; see also courses landaises and courses provellfales
Bureaucracy, 5, 108, 156; see also standardisation
Business favours, 26-7
Carcassone, 136-7, 187 Carpentier, Georges, 79, •43-5, 215 Catholicism, 166, 188, 190, 196-8, 217;
see also Federation Gymnastique et Sportive des Patronages de France and anti-clericalism
Cazalct, Charles, 52-3, 200-1 Cercle de Ia Pedale, 186 Cerdan, Marcel, 146 Chanzy, General, 47
SfJort and Society l1l Modem France
Chayrigucs, Pierre. 76 Choisv-lc-Roi, <)1-:l Christophe. Eugl-nc. !)ll Cirnrs, 44· !Ill Citroen, Andre, 204 Class contli<-1, rli<)-70. 174-5. 179.
185-7- 202. 232n1; .let a/.w dnnorralisation
Clt'rc Clovis. 87-R C:lennoni-Ferrand. 76 Clothes. 102. '74· rllo-r Club Franr,'ais. 67 Club !\lcditcrranrc. 11lll C:orklighling. 104. 106-7. J0<)-11.
111-•4· 1:.!1-'2. J•21l-:l•· 172 Colonialism. •9:1-·l Commercialisation. 62, liB. ll1-2. llfi-{),
%-6. wB-16. •:n-Il. •5·1-5: .ru alw. crowds, professionalism. sp~t·tator sport. Tour de France
Communism, 23, 99· Jill!. 203; Sport Ouvrier (ncwspapn), 204-5, 211
Comf!a.t:nonnage, 101. 14 7-B. 1 ~H C:ompctiti\'eness. 4· B. 2B. :J7. 51· li:J.
<)2-:J. 214 Continuity. traditional and modern
sports. 217; acrobatics and ).,'Vtnnastics. ·14-~J· ;13-;1: \'iolt·ncc in sport, 122. 146-7; rowdvisrn. •:l!J; sociability. l'jl. 155. rli:J; instituli;ms for youth, 165-6; see also traditional recreation
Coubertin. Baron Pierre de. 52--3. 62-4. 135· 172. 176. Jllo. 1<):{. •%-6. 2'2,"1n,l
Coursr.1 ln11daisrs and cour.re.1 prol'fll(nlr.l. 105-7: Iff a/.w bullfighting
Cricket. 1· 102-:1 Crime. ."J6• 1 15. 1 •15-fi. 141l Critics of sport. 214 Crowds: size. 74· 76-7. fiB. qo;
wrnposrllon, 82, 90, 106. ·,, o-1 :1: beha\'iour. <)O, 11~1-40. Jli7: .1re alw spec Ia lor sport
Cvding. lill, llJ-103. JO<). •:1•1-40. 1;16. 162-3. Jlili. Jllo-J. 1!13-7· 211!-q: w also spectator sport. 1•flodromr.1
Dancing. 49· 54-5. r:Jil. rli:J. 171 Daumicr. Honore. 20 Dax. 107. 120. 157 Demorralisalion. 4-.'i· 22-4. :17-B. Jliq.
'74-."J· 17q-ll1. 11!7-9: see also class conflifl
Drrouledc. Paul. .J.7-!l. 191-2
lksgrangc. Henri. 97-100, IIYJ
Didon. Father. 194 Dion. Baron de. 'l7 Dng-li.ghting. 12li Donkey-baiting. 127 Drcyfi1s case. 64. 97. 1 1 7 Drit'll de Ia Rochelle. Pierre. 207 Drinking .. w rating and chinking Dr11gs. 91! Duelling. 171 Duncan. H. 0.. 83 Duruv. Victor. 42
Eating and drinking. :lJ· Jll-9. 115. I:Jil. I 'JO· I ."l"'-1· I Yl-6. 159-fiO. 162--:1. rli;1• 11i7
Educational system. :J. ll, 1 1. •19· 62-4, 1<):.!
Endurance <'\'l'llls (!'\'ding). Ill)
Fair-play. 7-ll; .w also amateurism Fascism. "'07-ll Federation Cydistt· !'t Athletiquc de
Fraure. lili. 227117 Frdrratinn Fran~·aist' de Bnxc, 143 Frdl-ration Fran(aisc de Football, 70 Ffdrration (;\'mnastiqu<' c1 Sportive des
Patro11ag!'s de France. ;1• 40, 57, ll)li-7. '201-2
Federation lnternalionalc de Football Association (FIFA), 78
Federation Nationalc de Boulistes. 15fi Fi-cleralion Sporli\'1· du Tra,·ail. 202 Fencing. liq. 171-2 F('I'IY . .)11les. 47 First \\'orld War. 22. ;p. 70. 201. 203 Fishing. 13. 17 Flaul)('rt, Gusta\·r. 42-:1 Flemish inllu!'nn·s. roli. 110, 121,
130-1; see also I.illc-RoubaixTourroing
Football. 4· 6. ;17. 61-2. lifi-7. 70-1. 71i-B. llo. 9:J· r:J·~· 1 :!B-1). 200-1. 213
Foudras. !\larquis de. 11 'Four :-.tusketens'. 179 Frauco-l'russian \\'ar. 4J-fi. 6•2, H)l; see
a!Jo (iermanophohia. nationalism: m'llncltr
Franmni hrothns. 44 French Remlutinn. 1!1. '20, 32. :19· 170
Gamhctla. Uon. 47-ll. 191 Gambling. 14. 121)-11
Index 253
Garin, Maurice, 97 Garrigou, Gustave, 99 Gautier. Theophile, 127 Germanophobia, 45-7, '95· 201; see al.ro
Franco-Prussian \Var. nationalism, reuanclre
Germany. 39-40. roo, 148. 218 Giraudoux . .ft'illl, 214 Grand Prix de~ Paris. 87-8 Great Britain. 21:i· 218: social history
of sport in. 1; national stl'rl'otyprs and prejudices. 2-3; public sdwol sportsmanship. 7-ll; English visitors and game shooting. 20-1. l.')!J-Ilo; hunting. :i.'>· :ill; Voluntcrr Forcr and social mntrul. .'i!l: impact of English sports. 6r-4: t•xpatriatr amateur li>otballrrs. llfi-7. 71; prulcssional limtball transfers. n; 'l't'rront c~·ding in Britain. 92-3; n•sponsc to Frrndt boxing. 143: nKk1wy snobbery and shooting. 1 H: n•sprctability in Victorian sodt•t\', 182
(;rrnadoll. Ephrai;n, :p-2 Cmusset. Paschal. 64-5· 19~ Gujan-:\·(t'stras. 75 Guns . .rrr mass production Gymnastics. 11. :i!)-fio. 61. fill. 1:ilJ· 151.
Jfi.'). 1111-:!. 1!)1-2. 194· l!)ll. 201J-I. 211. 21.')
Hanlon-Lec·s hrotlwrs. 44 Health. 2, !J-10, 51 Hfrnon. Louis. 143 Holidays. !); gamr shooting rxn1rsions,
211; g~·mnastic tra\'dling. 55-fl. 5!1: tourism and bullfighting. 121: paid holidavs. 11lll; Saturdav hall~dav. 2o:i: P;>pular Front n•fcl~llls. ·zc.ii; ur
al.ro ll'isun·. work Horsrraring. 3.1!7. 111-12.17.')-fi Horst• riding. :1 Hospitality. :H-5· rfi:z-:1: .ru al.ro
sodahilitv Hugo. Viet;>r. 47 Humanitarianism. 7· 104. IO!J. 117-19.
l'l7-ll Hunting. :1. 17-18. :12-ll. 172-3 Huret. Constant. !l:i
I mprcssionism. 179 Industrial recreation (litctory sports
dubs). 203-4
.Jacquelin, Edmond, 93-4
.Jaureguy, Alphonse, 137 jeu provenfal, see boule .Jockey Cl11b, 175-6 .Jousting (on water). 6 .July Monarchy. 19, 127
l.adoumegur . .Jules. 79 Lafargue. Paul, 3 'I.'Aif.-.irc Baxter'. 135-6 Lagrange, I.ro. 11ofi-ll Landes, 23-4. 105. 120 l.angm~doc. 68-9, 75· 136-7, 219 l.ebaudy. Paul and Pierre, 34 I.e Ha\'rc Athletie Club, 65 l.cisurt'. fi; traditional forms. 3, fi-7;
mass lcisun•. 14, 170; sre also holiclavs. work
l.cngll'n,' Snzanm·. 17ll-g Leotard. Fran(ois. 44· 53-4 I.e Play. F'rcdrrir. ~>11-3 Lcsmt, Albert and Emma, 116 l.ieulellalll de Ia lorwettrie. 173 l.iguc Gironclinc de !'Education Physique.
m Tissic. I'. Liguc Nationalt· d'Education l'h~·siquc,
{)5 Ligue des Patriotes. 46·-8, 192 l.illt~Rouhaix-Tourming: 1(10thall,
76-7; working dass t·yding, 85; m<'klighting, wli-7. 1og-ro. rl:i-1·~ (the crowd). 1 19-2 1 (opposition, d•·f•·ncc and lcgalisation), hullfighting, 127-8; lonthall \'iolt~m·c. I:J9; catholk dubs, rqq; see a/.m Flt·mish inlluc·nccs
Lit~r.;u·y. 2. g-10 Local patriotism, 55· !J.'). 132-:i· 1:111 l.nurdrs. FC. 7fi f.mwJ. II 2. II.') Lynn: shooting duhs. •zli-7; rugby
duhs. 71-2; mrrirla. 101!, 111 (social composition ofnowd). 115. •:1o (dolt·m·t•); rowdy gymnastic li•sti\·al. 139; t·all--nwnl'rs and eyding. 156; tt'lmis and thl' bourgt·oisir. 171l: sailing and snohlwry. 1llo; politit·al surwillanc·l' of duhs. I!Jl)
:\larseillr, 23. li!J. 76. 108. 115, 121!, 11!1 :\·lass production, 2. 17o; of guns.
19; of bifydcs, 84-6 :\·laupassant. Guy de, 147. 159 !\lecrsch. Maxcnn· van dcr, 110-1 !l.·lerder, Ernl'st. 110.~
254 Sport and Society in Modern France
Methodology. problems of selection, 12-14, 2:17
Michelin, 76, 85-6, 20:1 Midi. 4· 33-4. 49. 104-9. 111-22;
Defence of meridional traditions, 120 Mistral, Frederic, 120 Montpellicr, 130 Motor-cars and motor cycles, 11lll Mountaineering, 1:1-14 Musical societies. 56, 16:1
Napoleon, 18 National Stereotypes, 2-3 Nationalism, 6, 12, 217; gymnastic
clubs, 40, 4 7-8; effectiveness of nationalist propaganda in sport. 58-6o; Tour de France, too; international sport, 136; t'arly Republican nationalism. tgt-3; First World War bellicosity, 195; Olympic Games, tg6; see also Franco-Prussian War, germanophobia. remnche, social Darwinism
Neo-hellenism, 178 'New France', The. IJI, t68, t88, 216 New York, 94, 145-6 New Zealand (rugby touring team),
75-6 Newspapers, 10, 82, go, 95-7. tot, tog Nicholson, Geoffrey, g6 Nimes, n. 10:), IIJ, 115, 120, '3' Nobility, 3; tradition of hunting,
17-18; critics of bourgeois clubs; continued control of hunting, 32-8; English sports and social adaptation, 63-4; interest in corrida, traditional sociability of salon, 152; field sports and hospitality, 158-g; lack of involvement in popular sports, 171; li!llited mixing with upper bourgeoisie, 172-7
Olympic Games, 78-g, 142, tg6, 207, 213
Paris: Sport c.185o, 3; game shooting near, 20, 22-3; early gymnastics, 41; youth clubs, s8; anglophile sportsmen, 62; Racing Club and Stade Fran<;ais, 66-7; success in athletics, 68; USFSA membership, 6g; number of foot bailers, 70; popular athletics, 73; football as spectator sport, 76;
cycle races. 87, go-2; bullfighting, 107-ll, 1 til; brutal sports, 126-7; Carnival, '51-.'i; subsidised dubs, 164-~;; Jockey Club, tennis and rowing, 175--8o; cycling clubs, 185-7; Olympic Games, 196; socialist sport, 205; summl'r of '36. 2o8; bourgeois students. 211
Paris-llordeaux race. 96 Paris-·Bruxclles race, 96 Paris-Rouhaix race. !)6 Paris-Tour race, 96 . Pau. 3·1· t57· 184. Peasantry, g; field sports, 19-21,
:~1-2; cycling, 101--2; bullfighting and corkfightin,g. 112-13, 122; violence, 1 :-12-4; traditional sports of, 171
Pelissier, Henri, !)g; brothers, 215 Pelote, 14. 219 Permit for hunting and shooting, 5,
17-24. 30-1, 174-5; .ree also hunting and shooting
Perpignan, •:n Pitanque, .ree boule Petite-bour.s:eoisie; numbers, 8; savings,
211; game shooting, 29-30, 37-8, 174-~1 ; clerks and gymnastirs, 42-3, so; shop-workers and rugby, 72-3; sociability with peasantry, 161; cydiug dubs. 183-5; class counict, 1117
Peugeot, 99· 203 Piaf, Edith, 45· 146 Pigeon-racing. 121-2 Poaching, 29, 31 Politics: field sports, 23, 30, 33; English
sports, 63; Anti-Republicanism, 33· 176, 197; bullfighting, ••g-2•; Republican festivals, 155; polarisation, 175, 197; see also communism, f.'\scism, nationalism, socialism, Vichy
Pons, Paul, 14t; see also wrestling Popular Front, 12, lls, 188-9, 190,
20.'j-g Prat, .Jean, 76 President of the Republic, the, 21, 77,
200 Professionalism, 5, 215-16; English
sports, 62, 71; rugby, 75-6; football, 77-ll; athletics, 79-8o; cycling, 81-2; Union Velocipedique de France, 86; early professional cyclists, 92-4; bullfighters, 107, 114, 116-17; boxing, 143-6; tennis and Suzanne Lenglen,
Index 255
178; see also commercialisation. spectator sport
Protestantism, 67, 112, 117-19, 127 Proust, Marcel, 175-7 Provence, 105, 120, 132, 141, 157-8.
161, 170; sociability in, 151-4 Public order, 107, 134-40, 154-5 Public st·hools, 7, 62-4, 179; set also
Great Britain
Quillan, 75· 137
Racing Club de France, 65-7. 74· r65, 176-7
Racing Club de Roubaix, 76 Railways, 2, 19, 30, 113, r6o Red Sport International, 205 Red Star FC, 76 Regional variations, 7; 219-20; Hunt
ing, 33-4; gymnastics, 49; English sports, 6g-7o; bullfighting and cockfighting, 104
Revanche, 12, 46-8, rgr-2; see also gcrmanophobia, Franco-Prussian War, nationalism
Roads, 2, 101. 186-7 Robert. Felix, rr6 Rossignoi-Rollin. 141 Rothschild family, 34-6. 176 Rousseau,Jcan-Jacques, 41 Rousseau, Paul, 143 Rowing, 67, 164, 179-80 Rugby, 4• 61-2,68-76, 8o, 135-8, 219
Saint-Clair, Georges de, 62, 66, 194 Saint-Eticnne, 29, so, 181, 184 Saint Hubert Club, 25 Sansboeuf, .Jules. 46 Saua/e, 142 Scotland, rugby team, 135-6 Scmnd Empire, 3, 19-20, 41-2, 54 Seres, Georges, 94 Scte, 49, n. 219 Shooting, 3, 14, 19-32, 37-8, 147,
158-61, 173-5; ste also permit for shooting
Skittles (quilles), 157. 171; see also traditional sports
Sociability, 26, 35, 56, 59· 121-2, 132, 150-68, 217
Social control, 182-3, 202, 209-11; su also social integration and solidarism
Social Darwinism, 6, 12, 40, 45-6, 193; see also nationalism
Social integration, 29, 62-4, 184, 188-g, 202; sua/so social control and solidarism
Socialism, 30, 112, 202-6 Societe Protectrice des Animaux,
118-19 Sociology of sport. r--6, 158, 212-14 Solidarism, 53; set also social control Soule, 134-5, 147; see also traditional
sports Sources, 237-8 Spain, 218; Spanish immigration,
ro8-g; hispanophilia, 1 11 Spectator sport, 5, 215-16; selection of
spectator sports, 13; rugby, 74-5; football, 76-8; cycling, 82; Vilodromes, 86-g; decline of track racing and rise of road raring, 95-6; Tour de France, 96-102; bullfighting, 104, 107, rog, 114-17, 121; cockfighting, r 13-14, 121; turbulent spectacles, 135-6, 140; sociability, 167; see also commercialisation, crowds, profession-alism ·
Stade Bordelais, 68, 74, 79, 135 Stade Fran'\ais, 65-7. 74. 176 Stade Olympique de Marseille, 76 Standard Athletic Club, 67, 176 Standardisation, 4·• 146, 219; of animal
sports, roll; attack on, 12o; see al.ro bureaucracy
State Decorations ('medal-hunting'), 183, 201
Stale intervention, 11-12, 74, 190, 192, 196, 206-8
Story-telling, 158-g Swedish Gymnastics, 41, 49, 191 Swimming, 13
Taine, Hippolyte, 193 Taylor, Major, 139-40 Tennis, 14, 65, 177-9 Territoriality, see local patriotism Terronl, Charles, llg-go, 92-3 Tissic, P., 68 Toulouse, 115, 135-7 Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 87-ll Tour de France, 81-2, 94-5. g6-1o2, 218~19
Touring Club de France, 91, rllr Traditional recreation, 3-4, 14, 152,
212-13;flte populaire, 6-7, 11, 52, 54-5, 75. 113, 138, 154-5. r67, 219; gymnastics and the tradition of
Sport and Society in Modern France
Traditional recreation -co111imwl tumbling, 44-5. 52;.fara11do/e, 54-5; traditional football. 62; altcmpts to revive traditional sports, 64-5; hullfighting traditions, to4-6; brutal sporls, t26-8; faction-fighting, t32-4; wrestling, t4t; bortle and qrtilles, t56-7; class conflict, 170; nobility, t7t; set also mntinuity
Unions des Socict!-s d'Education Physique et de Preparation Militairc de Franre, 192
Union des Socictes de Gymnastique clc f''ranee, t2, 40, 47-9. 53, 55-7. l!)t-2
Union drs Societes de Tir rn Francr. I<)\!
Unfon des Sorictcs Fran\'aises des Sports Ath!Ctiques (USFSA}, 5· t\!, 6s-7o, So
Union Fran,.aise des Oeuvres I.aiques d'Education Physique, 200
Union Vclocipedique de France, 86. 8!1. t02
United States, 143 Urbanisation, 2, 5· 22-4, 76-7, St. t34 Uzes, Duchesse d', 33-4
Veloce Club Barentinois, t62 Veloce Club de Tours, 162-3 Vilodromes, 87-8, 94-5, t39-40, 143; see
also cycling Vendee, 34· t97-8 Vichy, t2, 57-8, 179, 191, 209-10 Violence, 7, 56, 97, tt4, tt7, t25-49,
171, 2t7; brutality, t26-3t, t46-7; hooliganism, t32-40, t47-8; combativity. 140-6, t48
Volunteer Force, 59
Walbolt and Vidal case, tt5 White Rovers, 66-7 Winter sports. 208 Women. 14, 144, 163-4. 177-g, 2t7 Work. 2; hours of. g; gymnastics
indoors after work, 51-9; shopwork and sport. 72-:i; paid holidays. 1SS; 8-hour dav and Saturdav half-dav. 2o:ii 40-h~ur week, 2o6; see also .holidavs, leisure
Working dasses. 9-11; skilled workers and shooting, 24, 29-30; appeal of gynmastks to young. 39· 50-2. 59i football teams, 70-2; athletks in Paris. 73; skilled workers and cyding. Bs; watching 1·yde races, 90-1; interest in cockfighting and bullfight· ing, 110-13j appeal of boxing and wrestling, 142-5; stratification of sport among, 1S1; social control and gymnastics, 182-3; snobbery and discrnmnation, 185-7; mrporate and socialist sport. 203-7; crossing dass barriers, 2o8
World Cup (Football}. 78 Wrestling. IO~J• 140-3. 171 \-\1ylie. I.aure11<:e, 157-8, 161
Youth. 2; gymnastics, 39· 56-7. 182-3; Repuhlkan clubs, 58; f.'lction· fighting, 132-3. 138. 147-8; transition to manhood, 164. 217; sport and youth dubs, 165-7; youth surveys of 1930s, 188; Catholic and Republican dubs, 196-9; social mntrol and nationalism, 202
Zay, Jean, 208 Zola, Emile. 179
