Notes

(Unless otherwise stated, all the books listed were published in London.)

ABBREVIATIONS

Modern Philology MP PMLA RES SEL

Publications of the Modem Language Association of America Review of English Studies Studies in English Literature

CHAPTER 1: 'THE PECULIAR PROVINCE': THEORIES OF HUMOUR

1. Quoted in Kenneth Hopkins, Portraits in Satire (1958), p. 239. 2. John E. Jordan, Why the Lyrical Ballads? (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London,

1976), p. 129. 3· Quoted in Hopkins, op. cit., p. 198. 4· The following books are particularly useful, and I have drawn on them for

some of the material in this chapter: Stuart M. Tave, The Amiable Humorist (Chicago, 1960); David Farley-Hills, The Benevolence of Laughter (1974); Richard Boston, An Anatomy of Laughter (1974); Robert B. Martin, The Triumph of Wit (Oxford, 1974).

5. trans. T. S. Dorsch, in Classical Literary Criticism (Harmondsworth, 1965), pp. 35-6.

6. ibid., p. 37· 1· ibid., p. 82. 8. ibid., p. 87. 9· Leviathan, Chapter VI.

10. See especially Sensus Communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour (1709); Soliloquy, or Advice to an Author (1710).

11. The Benevolence of Laughter (1974), p. 19. 12. Isaac Barrow, Against Foolish Talking and jesting (1678); Addison, especially

Spectator, No. 3 81. 13. Letters, ed. Bonamy Dobree, VI (1932), pp. 2691-3. 14. Critical Works, ed. E. N. Hooker, I (1939), pp. 282-3. 15. Lectures, II (1820 edition), p. 384. 16. Preface to Shakespeare ( 176 5). 17. Laurence Sterne, Letters, ed. Lewis P. Curtis (Oxford, 1935) p. 163; William

Cowper, Correspondence, ed. Thomas Wright, II (1904), pp. 26-7. 18. Henry Mackenzie, Mirror, No. 100 (1780).

179

ISO Poetry and Humour from Cowper to Clough

19. See especially Upali Amarasinghe, Dryden and Pope in the early nineteenth century (Cambridge, 1962).

20. Essay on Pope, I (1772), p. 344· 21. Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads (18oo); Hazlitt, On Poetry in General

(1818). 22. Hazlitt, Complete Works, ed. P. P. Howe, V (London and Toronto, 1930),

p. 68. 23. ibid., VI (193 1), p. 38. 24. ibid., VI, p. 70. 25. ibid., VI, p. 5· 26. Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, ed. E. V. Lucas, II (1935), p. 167. 27. Hazlitt, Complete Works, XX (1934), p. 363. 28. ibid., VI (193 1), p. 23. 29. ibid., XVII (1933). p. I 52· 30. Works, ed. Percy Fitzgerald, IV (1886), p. 287. 3 1. ibid., IV, pp. 290- 1.

p. ibid., VI, p. 236. 3J. Works, ed. D. Masson, XI (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 263. 34· Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, I (1899), p. 12.

JS. Leigh Hunt's Literary Criticism, ed. L. H. and C. W. Houtchens, (New York, 1956), p. 559·

36. ibid., p. 146. 37· ibid., p. 158. 38. ibid., p. 535·

CHAPTER 2: LAUGHING SONGS: BLAKE AND WORDSWORTH

In this chapter I have quoted from the following editions: Blake, Poetry and Prose, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (1927). Wordsworth, Poetical Works, ed. E. de Selincourt and H. Darbishire, 5 vols (Oxford, 1940-9).

1. Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and their Writers, ed. Edith). Morley, I (1938), p. ss.

2. Quoted in Blake: The Critical Heritage, ed. G. E. Bentley Jr (London and Boston, 1975), p. xvii.

3· ibid., p. 13 I.

4· Francis Jeffrey, Edinburgh Review (Nov. 1814); Blake: The Critical Heritage, p.2.

5· ibid., p. 196. 6. ibid., p. 226. 7· ibid., p. 54· 8. Hazard Adams, William Blake: A Reading of the Shorter Poems (Seattle, 1963),

p. II.

9. ibid., p. 6o. 10. Anne Mellor, Blake's Human Form Divine (1974). 11. Robert F. Gleckner, The Piper and the Bard (1959). 12. See Martha Winburn England, 'Apprenticeship at the Haymarket?', Bulletin of

Notes 181

New York Public Library, LXXII (1969), pp. 440-64, 531-50; reprinted in revised form in David V. Erdman and John E. Grant (eds.), Blake's Visionary Forms Dramatic (Princeton, 1970), pp. 3-29.

13. Northrop Frye, FearfUl Symmetry (Princeton, 1947), p. 191. 14. David V. Erdman, Blake: Prophet against Empire (Princeton, 1954), p. 92. 1 s. Bernard Blackstone, English Blake (1949), p. 26. 16. Quoted in Deborah Dorfman, Blake in the Nineteenth Century (New Haven and

London, 1969), p. so. 17. Stephen Maxfield Parrish, The Art of the Lyrical Ballads (Cambridge, Mass.,

1973);Jared Curtis, Wordsworth's Experiments with Tradition: the Lyric Poems of 1802 (Ithaca and London, 1971); Mary Jacobus, Tradition and Experiment in Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads (1798) (Oxford, 1976).

18. Hazlitt, Complete Works, ed. P. P. Howe, XI (1932), p. 87. 19. ibid., XI, pp. 90-1. 20. ibid., XI, p. 91. 2 r. ibid., XI, p. 9 r. 22. ibid., XVII (1933), p. II8. 23. Mary Jacobus, Tradition and Experiment, p. 272. 24. ibid., p. 240. 25. R. F. Storch, 'Wordsworth's Experimental Ballads: The Radical Uses of

Intelligence and Comedy', SEL, XI (1971), 622. 26. Mary Jacobus, 'Southey's Debt to Lyrical Ballads (1798)', RES, n.s. XXII,

(1971), 20-36. 2 7. The lines were altered to:

Though but of compass small and bare To thirsty suns and parching air.

28. R. F. Storch, 'Wordsworth's Experimental Ballads', SEL, XI (1971), 638. For other articles on humour in Peter Bell, see A. E. H. Swaen, 'Peter Bell', Anglia, XLVII (1923), 136- 84; George L. Marsh, 'The "Peter Bell" Parodies of 1819', MP, XL (1943), 267-74; Frederick Garber, 'Wordsworth's Comedy of Redemption', Anglia, LXXXIV (1966), 388-97; John E. Jordan, 'The Hewing of "Peter Bell"', SEL, VII (1967), 559-603. See also Jordan, 'Wordsworth's Humor', PMLA, LXXIII (1958), 81-93.

29. Stephen M. Parrish, 'Michael and the Pastoral Ballad', in Jonathan Words­worth (ed.), Bicentenary Wordsworth Studies (Ithaca and London, 1970), pp. 50-75-

CHAPTER 3: THE ACCOMMODATING SELF: COWPER TO KEATS

In this chapter I have quoted from the following editions: Thomson, The Seasons and The Castle of Indolence, ed. James Sambrook (Oxford, 1972). Gray, The Poems of Thomas Gray, William Collins, Oliver Goldsmith, ed. Roger Lonsdale (1969). Cowper, Poetical Works, ed. H. S. Milford, 4th ed. revised (1967). Southey, Poems, ed. Maurice H. Fitzgerald (1909).

182 Poetry and Humour from Cowper to Clough

Coleridge, Complete Poetical Works, ed. E. H. Coleridge, 2 vols (Oxford, I9I2). Wordsworth, The Prelude (I805 text), ed.J. C. Maxwell (Harmondsworth, I97I). Keats, The Poems of John Keats, ed. Miriam Allott (I970).

1. Carlyle, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, II (I899), p. IJJ. 2. Hazlitt, Complete Works, ed. P. P. Howe, VIII (I93 I), p. 209. 3· ibid., v (I930), p. 91. 4· ibid., V (I9JO), p. I 53· s. ibid., XI (I932), p. 75· 6. ibid., XI (I9J2), p. 77; IV (I930), p. 113. 7. Coleridge, Preface to Poems on Various Subjects (I796). See Kathleen Coburn,

The Self-Conscious Imagination (I 97 4). 8. The Notebooks, ed. K. Coburn, I (I957), item no. 62. 9. The Letters cif William and Dorothy Wordsworth, ed. E. de Selincourt, 2nd ed.

revised Chester L. Shaver, I (Oxford, I 967), p. 4 70. IO. Letters and Journals, ed. R. E. Prothero, II (I904), p. 351. I 1. Byron's Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, I (I97J), p. I I4. I2. See especially George Kitchin, A Survey of Burlesque and Parody in English

(Edinburgh and London, I93 I). IJ. See David Farley-Hills, The Benevolence of Laughter (I974). I4. 'Hymn to the Penates', 7I-2. I 5· Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. EarlL. Griggs, I (Oxford, I956),

p. 279-I6. See Max F. Schulz, The Poetic Voices of Coleridge (Detroit, I96J). 17. See Ford J. Swetnam, Jr., 'The Satiric Voices of The Prelude', in Jonathan

Wordsworth (ed.), Bicentary Wordsworth Studies (Ithaca and London, 1970), pp. 92- I 10.

18. Cowper to John Newton, 6 August 1785. I9. The Keats Circle, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, 2nd ed., II (Cambridge, Mass.,

I965). pp. 208-9. 20. The Letters of John Keats, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, I (I958), pp. 266-7. 21. ibid., I, p. 374· 22. Byron's Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, V (I976), p. I65. 23. The Letters of John Keats, I, p. 43· 24. ibid., I, p. 242. 25. ibid., I, p. 242. 26. ibid., II, p. 61. 27. ibid., I, p. 237. 28. ibid., I, p. I 84. 29. ibid., I, p. 292. 30. ibid., I, p. 403. 3 x. ibid., n, pp. 58- Io9. 32. ibid., I, pp. 275-83. 33· See especially Albert Gerard, English Romantic Poetry (Berkeley, I968); Stuart

M. Sperry, Keats the Poet (Princeton, 1973). J4. The Letters of John Keats, II, p. I74· 35. ibid., II, pp. I62- J. 36. The Keats Circle, II, p. I 34· 37. Georgia S. Dunbar, 'The Significance of the Humor in "Lamia"', Keats-

Notes

Shelley Journal, VIII (Winter I959), I7-26; Martin Halpern, 'Keats and the "Spirit that Laughest" ',Keats-Shelley Journal, XV (Winter I966), 69-86.

38. Dunbar, op. cit., p. 21. 39. The Letters of john Keats, II, p. I 59· 40. See John Gittings,John Keats (Harmondsworth, I97I), pp. 534-41.

CHAPTER 4: 'THE ELOQUENCE OF INDIFFERENCE': BYRON

In this chapter I have quoted from the following editions: Byron, The Poetical Works, ed. Frederick Page, revised John Jump (I 970). Byron, Don juan, ed. T. G. Steffan, E. Steffan and W. W. Pratt (Harmondsworth, I973).

1. See Leslie A. Marchand, Byron: A Biography, I (I957). p. I48. 2. Jerome J. McGann, Fiery Dust: Byron's Poetic Development (Chicago and

London, I968), especially pp. 3-28. 3· The Letters of John Keats, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, II (Cambridge, Mass.,

I9S8), p. 67. 4· Byron's Letters and journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, I (I973), p. I32. 5· ibid., I, p. 2 I 5· 6. ibid., I, p. 237. 7· ibid., I, p. 247. 8. Andrew Rutherford, Byron: A Critical Study (Edinburgh and London, I96I),

p. IOI. See also McGann~ Fiery Dust, Ch. 2, and Robert F. Gleckner, Byron and the Ruins of Paradise (Baltimore, I967), pp. 39-90, 225-97.

9. For a full discussion of Byron and decorum, see G. M. Ridenour, The Style of Don]uan (Yale, I960).

I o. For a development of this, see Bernard Beatty, 'Lord Byron: poetry and precedent', in R. T. Davies and B. G. Beatty (eds.), Literature of the Romantic Period, 1750-1850 (Liverpool, I 976), pp. 114- 3 4·

I 1. Paul West, Byron and the Spoiler's Art (I960), p. 58. I2. 'Byron', in M. H. Abrams (ed.), English Romantic Poets, 2nd ed. (London,

Oxford, New York, I975). p. 268. I 3· Quoted in Byron: The Critical Heritage, ed. Andrew Rutherford (I970), pp. 36,

40. I4. ibid., p. 45· Is. For Chi/de Harold as a 'quest' poem, see John Holloway, The Proud Knowledge

(London and Boston, I977), pp. I32-7. 16. Quoted in Bernard Blackstone, Byron: A Survey (I975), p. 81. I7. See McGann, Fiery Dust, pp. 3I-66. I8. See Blackstone, Byron: A Survey, pp. 83-4. 19. W. W. Robson, 'Byron and Sincerity' in M. H. Abrams (ed.), English Romantic

Poets (London, Oxford, New York, I975), pp. 275- 302; Patricia Ball, The Heart's Events: The Victorian Poetry of Relationships (I976), pp. 20-31.

20. Byron's Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, V (I976), pp. 265. 21. Letters and Journals, ed. R. E. Prothero, V (I904), p. 82; VI (I904), p. 67. :u. Don Juan, VII, 2.

23. Byron's Letters and journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, V (I976), p. 265.

1 84 Poetry and Humour from Cowper to Clough

24. ibid., VI (1976), p. 3 I. 25. Letters and journals, ed. R. E. Prothero, V (1904), pp. 591-2. 26. ibid., v. pp. 591-2. 27. Blackstone, Byron: A Survey, p. 93; Rutherford, Byron: A Critical Study, p.

216. 28. Correspondence, ed. John Murray, II (1922), p. 203. 29. E. M. Butler, Byron and Goethe (1956), p. 49· 30. Paul West, in Byron and the Spoiler's Art (1960) p. 16, comments curiously that

there is no development or improvement of style between English Bards and Don juan.

31. Helen Gardner, 'DonJuan', in Paul West (ed.), Byron: A Collectiin of Critical Essays (1963), pp. II3-2I.

32. The Letters of john Keats, ed. Hyder Edward Rollins, II (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 200.

33. For a full discussion of the dedication, see G. M. Ridenour, The Style of Don juan, pp. 1-18.

34· John Wain, 'The Search for Identity', in Paul West (ed.), Byron: A Collection of Critical Essays (1963), pp. 157-70.

CHAPTER 5: 'CONFUSION AND NONSENSE': TENNYSON AND CLOUGH

In this chapter I have quoted from the following editions: Tennyson, The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks (1969). Clough, The Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. A. L. P. Norrington (1968).

I. Bulwer-Lytton, England and the English (1833), quoted in Jerome Buckley, The Victorian Temper (New York, 1951), p. 20.

2. I have not tried to give anything like a complete account of Clough, and have deliberately steered clear of biographical considerations. See especially Walter E. Houghton, The Poetry of Clough (New Haven and London, 1963); Robindra K. Biswas, Arthur Hugh Clough: Towards a Reconsideration (Oxford, 1972).

3· Quarterly Review, LXX (Sept. 1842), quoted in Tennyson: The Critical Heritage, ed. John Jump (1967), p. 103.

4· Houghton, op. cit., p. 57· 5· Houghton, op. cit., p. 63. 6. Houghton, op. cit., p. 57· 7. See John Killham, Tennyson and 'The Princess': Reflections of an Age (1958);

Bernard Bergonzi, 'Feminism and Femininity in The Princess', in Isobel Armstrong (ed.), The Major Victorian Poets: Reconsiderations (1969), pp. 35-50.

8. Houghton, op. cit., p. 100. 9· Biswas, op. cit., p. 267.

10. Fraser's Magazine, XXXIX (Jan. 1849), quoted m Clough: The Critical Heritage, ed. Michael Thorpe (1972), p. 40.

1 I. Biswas, op. cit., p. 20 I. 12. Buckley, The Victorian Temper, p. 30.

Notes

I]. R. G. Cox, 'Victorian Criticism ofPoetry: The Minority Tradition', Scrutiny, XVIII (June, I9S I), pp. 2- I7.

I4. Quoted in Biswas, op. cit., p. 225. IS. Quoted in Cox, op. cit., p. 8. I 6. Selected Prose Works of Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. Buckner B. Trawick (Alabama,

I964). p. 96. I7. ibid., p. I06. I8. ibid., p. I44· I9. Church of England Quarterly Review (Oct. I842), p. s82. 20. Quoted in The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks (I969), p. 743· 21. The Letters of Matthew Arnold to Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. H. F. Lowry (I932).

p. 95· 22. ibid., p. 66. 2]. ibid., p. 99· 24. Fraser's Magazine, XXXIX (Jan. I849), in Critical Heritage, p. 40. 25. The Germ, No. I (Jan. I8SO), in Critical Heritage, p. s6. 26. North British Review (May, I8S3), in Critical Heritage, p. 65. 27. On Translating Homer (I86o- I). 28. Fortnightly Review, XXXIX (June, I883), quoted in Biswas, op. cit., p. 271. 29. 'Clough's Self-Consciousness', in Isobel Armstrong (ed.), The Major Victorian

Poets: Reconsiderations (I969), p. 268. 30. ibid., p. 27].

CHAPTER 6: THE SOUND OF DISTANT LAUGHTER: CLOUGH

In this chapter I have quoted from the following edition: The Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. A. L. P. Norrington (I968).

1. The Correspondence of Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. F. L. Mulhauser, I (Oxford, I9S7). p. 275·

2. ibid., p. 276. ]. Walter Bagehot in National Review, XIII (Oct. I862), in Critical Heritage,

p. I73· 4· 'Clough's Self-Consciousness', in Isobel Armstrong (ed.), The Major Victorian

Poets: Reconsiderations (I969), pp. 269, 273. s. 'Amours de Voyage: The Aqueous Poem', in Isobel Armstrong (ed.), op. cit.,

p. 29I. 6. ibid., p. 302. 7· Innocent Victorian: The Satiric Poetry of Arthur Hugh Clough (Columbus, I966),

p. I38. 8. Biswas, op. cit., p. 3 I 8. 9· Quoted in Goode, op. cit., p. 279.

IO. A. Alvarez, 'Convictions of Excellence', New Statesman (3 Feb. I962), pp. I63-4·

I 1. Quoted in Biswas, op. cit., p. 441; see especially chapter X.

Index

Adams, Hazard, 22 Addison, Joseph, 6, 7; The Spectator, 7;

The Tatler, 7 Alfieri, Conte Vittorio, IOI Alvarez, A., I 52, I 53 Amarasinghe, Upali, I8on Anstey, Christopher, 2 Anti-Jacobin, The, 2

Ariosto, Ludovico, 83, 84 Aristophanes, 4 Aristotle, on comedy, 3-4, 6 Arnold, Matthew, II4, II5, I22; on

adequacy, I I6; on Augustans, I I; on content and form, I23; and serious­ness, I2I; on Browning, I2I; on Clough, I 33; on Amours de Voyage, I45, IH, I58; on Keats, I23; on Shakespeare, I23; Thyrsis, 128

Arnold, Tom, I43 Austen, Jane, x; Man.ifield Park, I 53

Bagehot, Walter, I 85n bafflement, in Byron, Childe Harold, 86,

93; Don Juan, I IO; in 'Epistle to Augusta', 94- 7; in Clough, Dip­sychus, 164; in Wordsworth, 36, 38

Ball, Patricia M., 94 Barrow, Isaac, 6 Beattie, James, 83, 87; The Minstrel, 83 Beatty, Bernard, I83n Bergonzi, Bernard, I 84n Biswas, Robindra K., 120, 12I, I47.

I48 Blackstone, Bernard, 26, I 02 Biair, Hugh, 9 Blake, William, I4, I9-27 passim, 59,

I48; irony in, zo; echoed by Clough, I39; satire in, 20, 24-7; Hazlitt on, 2I; America, zo; Europe, zo; 'Holy Thursday', 25-6; An Island in the

Moon, 23-7; 'A Little Boy Lost', 26; 'Nurse's Song', 26; Songs of Innocence and of Experience, 20-7; 'The Tyger', 23, 26; 'When Klopstock England defied', 2I-2, 23

blank verse, 45-64 passim Boston, Richard, viii Bowles, William Lisle, II Brand, John, Popular Antiquities, 73 Bronte, Charlotte, 120; jane Eyre, I20 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 12I Browning, Robert, x, II5, 12I; Clough

and, IJ3; Clough on, I22 Buckley, Jerome, I2I Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 2I, II5 Burbidge, Thomas, 123 Biirger, G. A., Lenore, I9, 3 I, 36 burlesque, 2, 7, 9, I4, 46, 72; burlesque

ballad, 27, 3I, 36; in Byron, Childe Harold, 87, 92; in Don juan, I07; in Tennyson, The Princess, I29

Burns, Robert, ix, 27; Byron on, IOI Byron, George Gordon, sixth Baron,

viii, ix, 77-I44 passim; decorum in, 77, 88, 93, IOI, I07, I II; on egotism, 44; irony in, 90, 9I; and laughter, vii, ix, 89, 92, 94, II4; mobilite of, 8I, 8 5; satire in, 78, 83-II4 passim; and self, 43, 44, 97; Browning and, x; and Clough, II6, 128, I45-6, I48, I65, I69, I74. I77; on Crabbe, x; Hazlitt on, 43-4; Leigh Hunt on, I8; on Leigh Hunt, IOI; and Keats, 66, 73, 77; and Pope, II; and Tennyson, II6, II 8, II 9; on Wordsworth, I9; The Age of Bronze, I04; Beppo, 43, 72, 95, IOI- 3. I06, I08, I I 5; Childe Harold, I2, 77, 78, So, 82- IOO passim, I02, I05, uo, lli, ll3, I27, IS6; Don

]uan,zs,29,43.78,83,84,86,92,94.

188 Index

Byron (contd) 95. 96, 99. 102, 103-14, us; Leigh Hunt on Don juan, IS; Keats on Don Juan, 73; John Sterling on Don juan, I I 7; Tristram Shandy and Don Juan, 77; English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 19, 105; 'Epistle to Augusta', 95-7, 1 10; 'Epitaph on a Beloved Friend', 79; 'Granta: a medley', 79; Hours of Idleness, 7S- So; The Island, 7S; 'Lines on Hearing that Lady Byron was Ill', 9 s; Manfred, I Is; 'On the Death of a Young Lady', 79; 'On a Distant View', 79; 'To a Lady', 79; 'To Romance', 79; 'To the Sighing St­rephon', So; 'A Sketch', 94- s; The Vision of judgement, 95, 101, 104; 'Written after Swimming from Sestos to Abydos', S1-2

Caldwell, J. R., viii Campbell, George, 7 Campbell, Thomas, 100 Canning, George, 2 Carlyle, Thomas, 15, 17, 43, 121 Carroll, Lewis, 14 Casti, Giambattista, and Byron, 101 Chatterton, Thomas, ix Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope,

fourth earl of, 6 Churchill, Charles, 2 Clare, John, ix, 1; Child Harold, ix; Don

juan, ix Clough, Arthur Hugh, ix, x, 10, 115-

7S passim; buoyancy in, 134-5; and circumstance, 14S, 151-2, 160; con­fidence of, 134, 144, 1 54; decorum in, 123, 13S, ISJ, 161, 163, 169, 173, 17S; and detachment, 127, 152; dreamsin, 134-5,142, 172-3;eclec­ticism of, 1 2 1; and egotism, 1 1 9; and erotic, 135, 141-3; evasiveness in, 149-60 passim; irony in, 137, 141, 146, 147, 151, 152, 163; mock-epic in, 135-6,140, 149;andsatire, 125-7; and the self, 139, 147-S, 151, 153, 156, 157. 160, 161-2, 165, 177-S; self-consciousness in, 127-S, 134,

150, 162-3; and tradition, 120-2; tragi-comedy in, 147; and wit, 125, 146, 174, 175; and Arnold, 133, 145, 153, 15S; and Browning, 122, 133; and Byron, 116, 12S, 145-6, 14S, 165, 169, 174, 177; on Dryden, 122-3; and Tennyson, 115-44passim; and Wordsworth, 121; Ambarvalia, 123-S, 133; Amours de Voyage, 134, 145-6 passim, 162, 165, 167, 174,; The Bothie of Tober-na-vuolich, 120-44 passim, 14S, 149, 151, 157, 160; Dipsychus, 161-7S passim; 'Easter Day', 164; 'Is it true ye gods', 127-S; 'Natura naturans', 141; 'On Latmos', 127

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, vii, ix, 4S, so, 55, 59, 69, 106, 111, 114; on egotism, 44; and self-consciousness, 119; on Crabbe, uS; Hazlitt on, 30; Keats meets, 67; on Wordsworth, 27-S, 3S; The Ancient Mariner, 31, 3 S, 40, S 5, SS- 9; Biographia Literaria, 27- S, 3S; Dejection: an Ode, 63; 'The Eolian Harp', 50, 57; 'Frost at Mid­night', 57- 8; 'This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison', 57

Collins, William, 20 comedy, Aristotle on, 3; as artificial, I 1;

Hugh Blair on, 9; definitions of, viii, 3; and distancing, 3 1; Goethe on language of, 104- s; Horace on, 4- s; and immorality, s; nineteenth cen­tury too authoritarian for, viii; Ro­mantics and, 1 o; theories of, 3- 1 7. See humour, irony, satire, wit

Congreve, William, viii, I 1 context, problems of, 2 3-7 conversational mode, in Coleridge, s6-

S; in Cowper, 4S- 54; in Southey, 54-6

Cowper, William, 63, 64, 151; and satire, 2, 51; 'The Castaway', 51; 'john Gilpin', 10, 36; The Task, 4S-54, 56

Cox, R. G., 121-2 Crabbe, George, x, S4, 1 16; Byron on,

100; Clough on, 122; and Tennyson, 116

Curtis, Jared, 27

Index

Dante Alighieri, Byron on, 101 decorum, 79, 83, 84, I 19, 123; threat­

ened by Romantics, 19; and Byron, 77; in Byron, Childe Harold, 88, 93; in Don juan, 107, 11 1; in satire, 101; in Clough, Amours de Voyage, 153, 161; in The Bothie, 138; in Dipsychus, 163, 173, 178; Coleridge on Wordsworth and, 28; Hazlitt on, 1 1; Horace on, 5; Lamb on, 13; in Wordsworth, Peter Bell, 40

Dennis, John, 8 De Quincey, Thomas, vii, ix, 1 o, 1 s, 1 6 Dickens, Charles, 17, 24, 120; Bleak

House, 1 so, 173 Dorfman, Deborah, 18m Dryden, John, nineteenth-century atti­

tudes to, J, 1 1; Byron and, 84, 100, 1 I 1; Byron uses epigraph from, 78; Clough on, 122-3

Dunbar, Georgia S., I 82- 3n Dyer, John, The Fleece, 47-8

egotism, and Elizabeth Barrett Brown­ing, 121; Byron on, 44; Byron's,John Sterling on, 117; Coleridge on, 44; Hazlitt on, 43; Keats on Wordsworth's 'egotistical sublime', 44, 77· See self, self-consciousness

Eliot, George, 134 Eliot, Thomas Steams, 84, 96, 147 Ellis, George, and The Rolliad, 2; on

Byron, 84 England, Martha Winburn, I So- m Erdman, David V., 23, 24

farce, 1 s. 24; in Byron, Don juan, lOS, 108; in Clough, Amours de Voyage, IS8;inTennyson, The Princess, 131-2

Farley-Hills, David, viii, 6 Farquhar, George, I I Fielding, Henry, 14, 101; joseph An­

drews, 4, 9; Shamela, 9 Frere, John Hookham, 2, 14, 101;

Whistlecraft, 2, 1 o 1

Frye, Northrop, 24

Galt, John, 8 S

Garber, Frederick, ISm Gardner, Helen, IOS, 108 Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, 1 20 Gay, John, Trivia, 47 Gerard, Albert, 1 S2n Gerard, Alexander, Essay on Taste, 7 Gifford, William, 2, 3; The Baviad, 2;

The Maeviad, 2

Gittings, John, 1S3n Gleckner, Robert F., 23, 1 83n Goethe,). W. von, 104; Faust, 117, 161 Goldsmith, Oliver, 123 Goode, John, 146 Gray, Thomas, 20, so grotesque, Blake as, 2 I; and Browning,

1 33; in Byron, Childe Harold, 90; in Clough, Arnold on, 1 33; in Keats, 69, 70; in Wordsworth, 'Goody Blake and Harry Gill', 32, 3+

Halpern, Martin, 1S3n Hamlet, figure of, in Blake, 2S; in

Byron, Childe Harold, 94; in Don juan, 113-I4; in Tennyson, Maud, 131

Hardy, Barbara, I 34, 146 Hardy, Thomas, ISI Hazlitt, William, ix, x; definition of

poetry, 1 1; on egotism, 43; on English character, 13- 14; on wit and humour, 12-13; on Blake, 21; on Byron, 43-4; on Crabbe, 1 IS; and Keats, 70; on Wordsworth, 2S- 30; on Excursion, 44

hexameters, 104, I 33, I 34, 145, 148, 149. 165

Hobbes, Thomas, 5, 7, 43 Hobhouse, John Cam, ix, 3 8 Holloway, John, I 8 3n Homer, 4, I 19 Hood, Thomas, ix, x, 1, 14 Horace, 4-5, I SJ, 161, 163 Houghton, Walter E., 119, 120, 145-6 humour, benevolent, 52-4, 57; defi-

nitions of, viii, I- 1 8 passim; dif­fusive humour, 16; good humour, 6, 105, I 08; lowness of, 8, I 5; natural humour, 8; and passion, I 8; and pathos, 17, 41; and the self in nine­teenth century, 43- s; self-conscious

190 Index

Houghton (contd) humour, S6-7, I SO; sentimentality of, S-9, IS, I6, I7; and seriousness, I 77; Blake and, 20; Carlyle on, I 7; De Quincey on, I6; Hazlitt on, 12- I); Keats's sense of, 64- s; Tennyson's use of, I)2; Wordsworth's sense of, 27; in Peter Bell, 3S-41. See comedy, irony, satire, wit

Hunt, Leigh, Byron on, IOI; and Keats, 6s, 66; on Tennyson, 12S; 'Effusion upon Cream', IS; 'On the Com­bination of Grave and Gay', I7-IS; 'Wit and Humour', I 7

Hurd, Richard, 7 Hurdis, James, 4 7 Hutcheson, Francis, 7 Hutton, Richard Holt, I34. I)S, I49

incongruity, s. 7-S, 9, 12, I3, 46, IOO, uS, 129; Keats and, 67, 69; in Words­worth, 2S

indifference, I 3, 44, 77- I I 4 passim invective, tradition of, 22 irony, in Blake, 20; in Byron, 90, 9I; in

Clough,I34,I37,I46,I47,I49,ISI, IS2, ISS, 160, I6I, I7I, I73. 176; in Keats, 72

Jacobus, Mary, 27, 3 I, 36 Jago, Richard, 4 7 Jeffrey, Francis, S4 Johnson, Samuel, I06; on blank verse,

4S; on Metaphysicals, S; on Shakes­peare, 9; The Rambler, I4S; Rasselas, 6, I4S

jollity, I3, 34- s; false, in Tennyson, I30 Jordan, John E., 2, ISm

Keats, John, 44, 4S. 64-76, 90, I06, I I4, I4S; and satire, 64, 72, 74, 7S; scepticism of, 66; and self, 66-7; sense ofhumour, 64; and wit, ix; Byron on, Is I; and Byron, 77; on Byron, So, Io6; Clough on, 122; and Clough, I77; 'The Cap and Bells', 64, 76; Endymion, 6s, 66, 74; 'Epistle to J H Reynolds', 69-72, 90; 'The Eve ofSt Agnes', 72- 3; Hyperion, 64, 69, 76;

'Isabella', 71-2; King Stephen, 64; 'Lamia', 72, 73-6; 'Sleep and Poetry', 4S. 69; 'Why did I laugh tonight?', 67- S

Killham, John, IS4D Kingsley, Charles, 120, I 33 Kitchin, George, I S2n

Lamb, Charles, I3, I4-IS, s6 language, appropriate, search for, S)- s;

of contradiction, S7; in Byron, I00-2; in Childe Harold, 9S-9; in 'Epistle to Augusta', 96; Goethe on Byron's, I04- s; Clough and, IS2- 3. ISS

laughter, vii, ix, IO, 12, Is; Anatomy of, viii; as benevolence, 6; as pusilla­nimity, s; as ridicule, 6, 7; Addison on, 7; Blake and, 24; in Byron, S9, 92, 94, 114; Carlyle on, I7; in Clough, I36, I37, I72, I77; in Keats, 67-S, 7I, 76; Wordsworth's, 30

Laurence, French, 2 Lawrence, David Herbert, I43 Lear, Edward, 14 Leavis, Frank Raymond, x ludicrous, sense of, 2 I, 2 3

McGann, Jerome, J., 7S Mackenzie, Henry, IO, 17 Malkin, B. H., I9 Marchand, Leslie A., IS 3n Marsh, George L., ISin Martin, Robert Bernard, viii Mathias, T. J., 3 Mazzini, Giuseppe, I49 Mellor, Anne, 23 Meredith, George, viii Mill, John Stuart, 12I Milton, John, 6, 4S; and Byron, I07,

II I; '11 Penseroso', 92; Paradise Lost, I); Miltonic tradition, 4S-64, 96, I07

mock-heroic, 4S, II3, 129; in Byron, I07; in Clough, I34, IH, I49; Francis Hutcheson on, 7; in Wordsworth, 'The Idiot Boy', 36; in The Prelude, ss. 60-2

Moore, Thomas, IOO

Index 191

Newman, John Henry, 121 Byron, 78, 83-114 passim; in nonsense, 14, 29, 143-4 Clough, 125-7; Leigh Hunt on, r8;

Keats and, 64, 72; 'Lamia' as satire, 74, O'Brien, Flann, 64 75; The Rolliad, 2. See comedy,

paradox, in Byron, 8 I- 2, 86, 94, 96; and Clough, 124, IJ6

parody, 2, 28, 38, 56, 68, 104 Parrish, Stephen Maxfield, 2 7, r 8 m Peacock, Thomas Love, The Four Ages of

Poetry, IO Pindar, Peter (Alexander Wolcot), I- 3;

The Lousiad, 2

Pope, Alexander, 94-5, I05; Bowles­Byron- Pope controversy, II; nine­teenth-century attitudes to, 3, I r; Byron on, roi; and Byron, roo, IOI, r r r; De Quincey on, r 6; The Dunciad, 2; The Rape of the Lock, 6r; Roscoe's edition of, I I

Potts, L. J., viii Pulci, Luigi, ror pun, Keats and, 64

Rabelais, Fram;:ois, 22 Reynolds, John Hamilton, ix, x; Keats's

letter to, 68; Keats's poem to, 69-72; Peter Bell, 3 8, 68

Richter, Jean-Paul, epitome of humour for Carlyle and De Quincey, I 5- r 7

Ridenour, George M., r83n, I84n ridicule, in definition of comedy, 4; as

selfish, 43; Earl of Shaftesbury and, 6; Keats exposed to, 65; Lyrical Ballads open to, 3 r

Robson, W. W., 94, 96 Rodway, Allan, viii Rogers, Samuel, I oo Rolliad, The, 2

Roscoe, William, r I Rossetti, William, I 3 3 Rutherford, Andrew, 83, 102

satire, and The Anti-Jacobin, 2- 3; Augus­tan satire, r, 2; continuation of in nineteenth century, 2; disadvantages of good humour for, 8; Roman satire, 4; Romantics' reaction to, ro- I I; under attack, 5; in Blake, 20, 24 -7; in

humour, wit Schulz, Max F., r 8 2n Scott, Sir Walter, Byron on, roo; on

Byron, 84; edition ofDryden, r 1; and Tennyson, 1 r6

self, 43-76 passim; and the age, 27, 29, 42, 77; annihilation of in Keats, 66-7; distancing of in Byron, 97, r 02; exter­nalised, 8o; humour and, 43- 5; op­posing selves in Clough, 161-2, 165; and the ridiculous, 1 14; Romantic self, x, 44- 5; subduing self, 151; taking self seriously, 78- 9; vulnera­bility of in Romantic poetry, 26- 7; Byron on, 44; Ha£litt on Byron's, 43; in Clough, 127-8, 139-40, 141, 142- J, 147, 148; in Coleridge, 56-8; in Cowper, 48- 54, 64; Southey on, 54-6; in Wordsworth, 58-64

selfishness, 59, 60, 15 3 self-conscious humour, 42, 56 self-consciousness, 1 19, 12 7- 8, 1 3 4 self-deflation, 6 5 self-delusion, 66 self-deprecation, 8 1- 2 self-embarrassment, 149 self-mockery, 52-3, 61-2 self-pity, 8 8 self-possession, 156 self-subjection, 1 1 8, 1 1 9 sentimentality, 34, 35, 72, 124 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper,

seventh earl of, 6 Shairp, J. C., 145, 146, 147 Shakespeare, William, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17,

53. 66, 101 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, ix, 10, 44, 105;

Clough on, 122; Peter Bell the Third, ix, 3 8; Swel!foot the Tyrant, ix

Smith, Alexander, Life Drama, 122-3 Smith, Blanche, r6r-2, r66 Southey, Robert, IJ, 54-6, 63-4; and

escapism, 121; parodied, 2; sentimen­talises Lyrical Ballads, 34- 5; and taste, IOI; Byron on, IOO, 104, I06, 107,

192 Index

Southey (contd) III, 114; 'The Holly Tree', ss; 'To Margaret Hill', ss-6; 'To a Spider', 55

Spenser, Edmund, 83-4, 90 Sperry, Stuart, M., 182n Steele, Sir Richard, 6, 7 Stephen, Henry, 65 Sterling, John, II6-I9, 120, 121, 123 Sterne, Laurence, Tristram Shandy, 9, 77 Storch, R. F., 33, 41 Swaen, A. E. H., 18m Swetnam, Ford J. Jr., 182n Swift, Jonathan, 22, 24, 47, 92, 100

taste, 100-1 Tave, Stuart M., 9 Taylor, Henry, Philip van Artevalde, 122 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, II 5-44 pass-

im, 1 S 8; John Sterling on, 116- 19; Maud, 'The Palace of Art', 116, 119; The Princess, 120, 128-33, 143; 'St Simeon Stylites', I I 8- I 9

Thackeray, William Makepeace, I20 Thomson, James, 45-7, 52, 83; The

Seasons, 45-7, 52 Tickell, Richard, 2 Timko, Michael, I47-8 tragi-comedy, Dr Johnson on, 9; in

Clough, 147 Trench, R. C., 1 I9

Vanbrugh, Sir John, I I Virgil, 48 Voltaire, 43

Wain, John, I I2 Warton, Thomas, I I, IOO

West, Paul, 84, I08 West, Richard, 4 7 Whewell, William, I 3 3 Whitehead, William, 48 wit, and humour, difference between, 6,

7, 8, 12-13, 16, 17, I8; as diminish­ing, I 3; as low, 7; and passion, 1 3; Carlyle on, 17; in Clough, 125, I46, 174, I75; De Quincey on, 16; Hunt on, 17- I 8; Keats and, 64; in Words­worth, 'The Idiot Boy', 38. See com­edy, humour, irony, satire

Woodhouse, Richard, 73, 76 Wordsworth, Jonathan, I8m Wordsworth, William, ix, I4, 15, I9-

42 passim, 52, 56, 96, 105, I06, I I I, II4, 127, 138; on comedy, II; de­finition of poetry, II; satire in, 2, 27, 62; and self, 58-64; solemnity of, 10; and taste, IOI; Byron on, 100; and Byron, 77, 84, 94; on Byron, 19; Clough on, 121, 134; and Clough, 177; and Keats, 66, 68; Lamb on, Is; The Excursion, Is. 19, 29, 38, 44; 'The Fountain', 38; 'Goody Blake and Harry Gill', 31- 3; 'The Idiot Boy', I9, 31, 32, 36-8, 41, 42, 77, I68; Lyrical Ballads, 2, 12, 15, I9, 20, 28, 58, 88; 'Michael', 42; Peter Bell, I, I8, 27, 28, 30-1, 36, 38-42, 68; The Prelude, 41, 42, 44, 58-64; 'Res­olution and Independence', ix; 'Simon Lee', 31, 33-5, 42; 'The Thorn', 31, 35-6, 42; 'Tintern Ab­bey', 4I, 42, 64, 68

Wycherley, William, II

Young, Edward, 20, 21