Notes

FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT

• Eastern European Satellite Nations become Communist

• 1949-China Becomes Communist– Even though we supported the

anti-Communist Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek)

– Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists were corrupt and the people chose Mao Zedong and Communism

COMMUNISM GETS MAJOR FIREPOWER

• Scientists suspected that a more powerful bomb could be built- the Hydrogen Bomb

• November 1, 1952- U.S. builds H-Bomb

• August 1953- Soviets build H-Bomb

• BRINKMANSHIP- new policy to be willing to go to the edge of all out war with the USSR

COMMUNISM UNITES

• 1955- Warsaw Pact- the Communist version of NATO.– Soviets and 7 E.

European Countries join together

– This happened when W. Germany joined NATO and freaked the Soviets out

http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net/uncyclopedia/images/thumb/9/96/Warsaw_Pact_Poster.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Pact_Poster.jpg

KOREA AND VIETNAM

• The Communism disease is spreading!!!

• June 1950- Communist N.Korea attacks S. Korea

• July 1954- Geneva Accord divides Vietnam into North and South. North is Communist ruled by Ho Chi Minh

• Now Korea and Vietnam threaten to fall

• MUST STOP THE ZOMBIES!!

http://www.freeclipartnow.com/holidays/halloween/zombie.jpg.html

• After WWII, Japanese controlled Korea surrendered– North Korea surrendered to Soviets- Communist– South Korea surrendered to the US- Democratic– The dividing line was the 38th parallel N, latitude line.

• June 1950- September 1950- North Korea Invades and pushes South Korea to Pusan

• UN Resolution to send military aid to South Korea. – Soviets had veto power, but were boycotting and therefore not present

at the vote• Sept-Oct 1950- MacArthur drives Communists all the way to Yalu

river on the northern edge of Korea• Nov 1950-Jan 1951- China comes to the aid of North Korea and

pushes back to the 38th parallel– MacArthur wanted to NUKE China- but that would have dragged the

Soviets in and caused WWIII.– MacArthur began “mouthing off” against Truman– He was FIRED.

• By 1953, the war officially ended after more than a year of negotiations.

HUNGARY INCIDENT

• Satellite nation- Hungary

• 1956- Hungarian revolt calls for democracy!!!

• Imre Nagy- formed new gov., promised elections, broke Warsaw Pact, demand Soviet troops leave

• TANKS- 30,000 dead

• US/UN- no help http://www.psywarrior.com/HungarianRevolt.jpg

USSR LEADS SPACE TECHNOLOGY!!!!

• 10/4/1957- Soviets launch Sputnik satellite to orbit earth.

• Scares USA. Soviets lead us in advanced technology.

• THE SPACE RACE begins!!!• 1/31/58- US launches satellite

U-2 INCIDENT

• July 1955- the Geneva Convention- Eisenhower proposes “open skies”. USSR says no.

• U-2 plane- spy plane that could fly at high altitudes to avoid detection & take infrared pictures of the enemy.

• May 1, 1960- Soviets shoot down a U-2

• Pilot Francis Gary Powers imprisoned

• Eisenhower promises Khruschev that spy flights will stop

http://www.virginiawestern.edu/faculty/vwhansd/HIS112/Images/U2plane.jpg

CHINA BECOMES COMMUNIST

I. Two Sides Face-offMao ZeDong

Communist Leader of Red Army Peasant hero: promise to

divide land for peasants In the North Guerilla warfare

Chiang Kai-Shek Nationalist “Democratic”- or at least

anti-Communist 2.5 million man army In the South Ineffective, corrupt

leaders, poor economy

II. USA HELPS Chiang Kai-Shek

• Civil War 1946-1949• Nationalists winning

at first• Nationalists

outnumbered Communists 3:1

• U.S. gave $2 billion to help

http://courses.missouristate.edu/DennisHickey/mao.gif

III. Mao is Victorious• Economy was

collapsing• Nationalist soldiers

deserted• Mao used guerilla

warfare• His soldiers were

excited about land Mao promised to peasants

• October 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek’s army flees Zedong takes over

• People’s Republic of China established

English: (Shōwa 16 [1941]) Saishin Shina yōjinden [The Most Recent Biographies of Important Chinese People]. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun.

Unknown; scanned by 天竺鼠 (talk) 15:26, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jiang_Jieshi.jpg

IV. SOVIETS and AMERICANS

• Chiang Kai-Shek set up “Republic of China” in Taiwan

• U.S. supported• Mao set up “People’s

Republic of China”• Soviet supported

V. Communism Expands

• China quickly expanded to S. Mongolia, Tibet, and India

• Tibetans rioted, and Dalai Lama fled to India

• Tension increased between India and China

VI. A New China

• Mao controlled Communist party and the national gov for about 10 years.

• Agrarian Reform Law 1950- Mao seized land from landlords and gave it to peasants. Killed over 1 million landlords who resisted

• Collective farms of 200-300 households

• Sound familiar?• Industry and Business-

launched a Soviet style 5 year plan- Coal, steel, cement, and electricity improved

VII. Great Leap Forward (BACKWARD)

• The Great Leap Forward- 1958– Set up large Collective

farms called communes– People worked, lived and

ate together– FAILURE: No motivation

to work, plus crop failures between 1958-1961 killed 20 million

VIII. Cultural Revolution: Trouble in “Paradise”• Other leaders began making changes

– Families could live in their own home– Sell crops from private plots– Factory workers compete for wages,

bonuses and promotions• Mao disapproved: Set up Red Guard

– “learn revolution by making revolution”– Goal: set up a society of EQUAL

peasants and workers• Intellectuals attacked- Colleges were

shut down• Intellectuals could “purify” themselves

by doing manual labor• Thousands imprisoned or executed• This hurt factory and farm production• By 1976, even Mao agreed it had to

stop. The Red Guard was dissolved

IX. Women in ChinaHeaven”

• Mao devoted to women’s liberation from early on• ended foot binding• win legal rights for women• open education, career opportunities• Nationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek supported more

traditional roles of women• Women essential to war effort at home, on front lines• After 1949 women expected to work outside the

home along with family responsibilities without the benefits of modern appliances

• Upper levels of party and gov’t bureaucracy still open to only men

CONTAINING COMMUNISM in the 1960s

NOTES

CUBA- COMMUNISM OFF OUR COAST!!!• Fidel Castro- revolutionary against fascist gov in Cuba• Castro takes control of Cuba in 1959• Cuba becomes communist

Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 1962- US spy planes see nuclear missiles in Cuba

• Kennedy told the public- explained that an attack on US would result in an all out attack on the USSR

• Standoff in the Atlantic• Soviets agreed- remove

missiles• US agreed- would not

invade Cuba, remove missiles from Turkey

BERLIN WALL- THE ULTIMATE SYMBOL OF THE COLD WAR

• East Germany- Communist/ West Germany- Free

• East Berlin- Communist/ West Berlin- Free

• Berlin Airlift• Berliner were escaping from

East to West• Advertised the unpopularity

of living under communism• August 1961-East Germany

built a wall.http://dreamofarlequin.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/berlin-wall.jpg

Causes of the Vietnam War

• Vietnam Colonized by French in late 1800s

• Ho Chi Minh – resistance leader before and after WWII.

• Viet Minh army defeats France in 1954

• Nations’ delegates meet in Geneva

• Geneva Accords

– French leave Vietnam– Temporarily divided in two – North – Communists, South-

“democratic”– National election in two years to reunite the country (never

happened)

Domino Theory and Diem Oppression

• Comparison of SE Asia to dominoes• US sends money, military advisors• Diem is corrupt and unpopular-

cancels elections, forces S. Vietnamese to relocate to protect them from the Vietcong

• Opposition in South to Diem grows

http://www.ausvets.com.au/vietnam/1963/fire5e2.jpg

Troops in Vietnam

• In 1964 Johnson won the election- promising to keep US troops out

• Over 500,000 troops by end of 1967

PLAY 8TH OF NOV SONG

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Entertainment/Images/Vietnam-War-helicopter.jpg

Vietnamese Determination and Nationalism

• Communists : “people’s war”• Millions support ‘Uncle Ho’• Ho Chi Minh Trail- provided materials

and support from N Vietnam to Vietcong in the south

• Plight of the Vietnamese civilians– 80% killed in North were civilians– “search and destroy” missions– Napalm and Agent Orange

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ho_Chi_Minh_1946.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh&h=262&w=193&tbnid=785t3VOlViGGlM:&zoom=1&q=ho+chi+minh&tbnh=186&tbnw=137&usg=__EoSbDWaCD3kTpNLgVvvBxDa3QsQ=&docid=YFASd6bjSimf7M&itg=1&sa=X&ei=BoRNU__DHoGO2wX36oDoCg&sqi=2&ved=0CJABEPwdMAw&surl=1&safe=active

Waning Support at Home in USA

• Protests begin in 1965 (sit-ins, group protests)– 500,000 demonstrate in Washington

D.C. in 1969

• Reasons for increasing unpopularity of war– More and more American casualties– Reasons for our involvement

questioned– Effect of mass media (i.e. television,

magazines)

http://news.haverford.edu/blogs/amongfriends/files/2008/12/we-wont-fight-final.jpg

U.S. Forces Leave Vietnam • U.S. forces leave Vietnam by end of March

1973

• Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975

• Americans: 58,000 dead, 303,000 wounded

• Vietnam: 10% of population dead (4 million people)

• $120 billion

The Cold War Cools Down

• 1970s: New Era

• Brinkmanship lessens.

• Richard Nixon was the first U.S. President to :– Visit Communist China– Visit the Soviet Union

• SALT I Treaty was signed- limiting ICBMs

Fall of USSR• Massive gov’t investment in industry, science,

weapons and space nearly bankrupted gov’t at the expense of agriculture, consumer goods

• Public discontent with lack of consumer goods• Why?

– Capitalism more profitable system

The End

• Gorbachev– New premier of USSR

in 1980s– Glasnost- openness– Perestroika- economic

restructuring• More private ownership• Land inheritance

• Coup attempt in 1991• End of 1991 Boris Yeltsin

of Russia headed new Commonwealth of Independent States

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/RIAN_archive_850809_General_Secretary_of_the_CPSU_CC_M._Gorbachev_(crop).jpg

Poland• Solidarity-The shipyard union

in Poland.– Strike in 1980– Demanded recognition

• Lech Walesa– Solidarity Union Leader– hero

• Communists declared Martial law– Realized it wasn’t working– Long lines, shortages, high

prices– Workers walked off job– Free election in 1989,1990– Walesa elected

• PEACEFUL TRANSITION

http://www.achievement.org/achievers/wal1/large/wal1-003.jpg

East Germany• East German Communist Party

boss Erich Honecker resisted reforms

• As E. Germans began escaping to W. Germany via Hungary and Austria.

– Germany closed borders.– Protests ensued.

• New leader Krenze tried to stabilize situation by opening wall.

– Did not work– People discovered gov corruption– Krenze and other Communist

officials resigned– Communism was over in E

Germany• Reunification of E & W Germany

– People feared Germany becoming too powerful like WWII

http://media.cnsnews.com/resources/56859.jpg

http://si.wsj.net/public/resources/images/EI-AX495_WALL_P_G_20091020221231.jpg