Notes

Introduction

1 Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca, 1988), p. 22. 2 C.L.M. Penders, The Life and Times of Sukarno (London, 1974), pp. 164-6. 3 J.A.C. Mackie, Konfrontasi: the Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963-1966 (Kuala

Lumpur, 1974). 4 Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign

Policy 1961-1963 (New York, 1989), p. 8. 5 In particular, see John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: the Retreat

from Empire in the Post-war World (London, 1988) and J.A. Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1982).

6 Roderick MacFarquhar and John K. Fairbank, eds, The Cambridge History of China: The People's Republic, part 1 - the Emergence of Revolutionary China 1949-1965 (Cambridge, 1987), p. 243.

7 R.B. Smith, An International History of the Vietnam War, Volume I: Revolution versus Containment, 1955-61 (London, 1983), p. 208; David Mozingo, Chinese Policy toward Indonesia, 1949-1967 (Ithaca, 1976), p. 16; Chen Jian, 'China's involvement in the Vietnam war, 1964-69', China Quarterly, 142 (1995), 357-78, 363.

8 For further commentary, see MacFarquhar and Fairbank, eds, The Cam-bridge History of China; Ronald C. Keith, The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai (London, 1989); Andrew Hall Wedeman, The East Wind Subsides: Chinese Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Cultural Revolution (Washington, 1987); R.B. Smith, Vietnam War, vol. 1; Ilya V. Gaiduk, 'Soviet policy towards U.S. participation in the Vietnam war', History, 81, 261 (1996), 40-54.

9 Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, p. 290. 10 Chin Kin Wah, The Defence of Malaysia and Singapore: the Transforma-

tion of a Security System, 1957-1971 (Cambridge, 1983), p. 60. 11 John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, pp. 283-6. 12 For example, the Churchill government strongly opposed allied inter-

vention to rescue the French forces trapped at Dien Bien Phu; see Geoffrey Warner, 'Britain and the crisis over Dien Bien Phu, April 1954: the failure of united action', in L.S. Kaplan, D. Artaud and M.R. Rubin, eds, Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of Franco-American Relations, 1954-55 (Delaware, 1990). More recently, Macmillan strongly advised President Kennedy at Key West in March 1961 against intervening militarily in Laos; see Alistair Home, Macmillan, 1957-1986, vol. II (London, 1989), pp. 292-3.

13 R.R. James, Ambitions and Realities: British Politics 1964-1970 (London, 1972), pp. 60-5; Austen Morgan, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), p. 270; Chris Wrigley, 'Now you see it now you don't: Harold Wilson and Labour's foreign policy, 1964-1970', in Coopey, Fielding and Tiratsoo, eds, The Wilson Governments (London, 1993), p. 132; Leslie Stone, 'Britain and the world', in McKie and Cook, eds, The Decade of Disillusion: British

204

Notes 205

Politics in the Sixties (London, 1972), p. 126; Philip Ziegler, Harold Wilson: the Authorised Life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (London, 1993), pp. 210-19; Clive Ponting, Breach of Promise: Labour in Power 1964-1970 (London, 1989), pp. 97-9; Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), pp. 383-6.

14 Wilson faced a potential collapse of sterling in November 1964 and again in July 1965. See biographies by Ziegler, pp. 191-4; Morgan, pp. 262-6; Pimlott, pp. 349-50.

15 The Treaty was signed by representatives of Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco on 1 September 1951. The crucial operative clause was Article IV: 'Each Party recognises that an armed attack in the Pacific area on any of the Parties would be dangerous to its own peace and safety and declares that it would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes.' For further reading, see W. David Mclntyre, Background to the ANZUS Pact: Policymaking, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1945-1955 (London, 1995).

16 Comment made by Robert Komer during the West New Guinea crisis. See Komer to Rostow, 30 Nov. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, 1961-1963, vol. XXIII, p. 470.

17 Figures from Europa Year Book, 1964: Volume II (London, 1964). 18 Timothy P. Maga, John F. Kennedy and the New Pacific Community, 1961-

1963 (London, 1990). 19 See, for example, Paterson, ed., Kennedy's Quest for Victory; Thomas J.

McCormick, America's Half Century: United States Foreign Policy in the Cold War and After (New York, 1995); James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Lawrence, 1991); Brian VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (New York, 1991).

20 The Southeast Asia Collective Defence Treaty was signed in Manila on 8 September 1954 by representatives of Britain, the United States, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines and Pakistan. The crucial operative clause was Article IV: 'Each Party recognises that ag-gression by means of armed attack in the Treaty area against any of the Parties (or against Cambodia, Laos or the territory under the juris-diction of the free Vietnamese government) would endanger its own peace and safety and agrees that it will in that event act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes.' Unlike with ANZUS, members felt it necessary to establish a permanent, civil-military body to assist in the fulfilment of the Treaty obligations. The first council of SEATO was held on 23 February 1955 in Bangkok.

21 See Glen St J. Barclay, Friends in High Places: Australian - American Relations since 1945 (Melbourne, 1985); Coral Bell, Dependent Ally: a Study in Australian Foreign Policy (Melbourne, 1988); Philip and Roger Bell, Im-plicated: the United States in Australia (Melbourne, 1993); Greg Pemberton, All the Way: Australia's Road to Vietnam (Sydney, 1987); Norman Harper, A Great and Powerful Friend: a Study of Australian-American Relations be-tween 1900 and 1975 (St Lucia, 1987).

22 E.M. Andrews, Australia and China: the Ambiguous Relationship (Melbourne, 1985); Glen St. J. Barclay, A Very Small Insurance Policy: the Politics of Australian Involvement in Vietnam, 1954-1967 (St Lucia, 1988); Robert Porter, Paul Hasluck: A Political Biography (Perth, 1993).

206 Notes

23 Pemberton, All the Way, pp. 202-8; P.G. Edwards, Crises and Commit-ments: the Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948-1965 (Sydney, 1992), pp. 265-6, 298 and 379.

1: Southeast Asia and the End of Empire, 1961-1963

1 Defense Intelligence Agency, brief, 21 Feb. 1962, FRUS, Southeast Asia, 1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 49.

2 Giglio, John F. Kennedy, p. 28. 3 Hilsman to McGeorge Bundy, memo, 15 May 1962, FRUS, Southeast Asia,

1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 64. 4 Komer to Rostow, memo, 20 July 1961, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. I,

1988, p. 235. 5 Giglio, John F. Kennedy, pp. 2 4 0 - 1 . 6 McGeorge Bundy, 11 May 1961, NSAM no. 52, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63,

vol. I, 1988, p. 132. 7 Caccia to Douglas-Home, 24 May 1961, telegram, PRO, FO 371/159712,

D103145/11. 8 Taylor to Kennedy, 3 Nov. 1961, report, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. I,

1988, pp. 479-97. 9 McNamara to Kennedy, 8 Nov. 1961, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63,

vol. I, 1988, pp. 559-60. 10 Komer to McGeorge Bundy, 31 Oct. 1961, memo, SEA - Regional Security,

NSF, Box 231A, JFKL. 11 Ibid. 12 Mansfield to Kennedy, 2 Nov. 1961, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63,

vol. I, 1988, pp. 467-70; Galbraith to Kennedy, 4 April 1962, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. II, 1990, pp. 297-8 .

13 Bowles to Rusk, 5 Oct. 1961, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. I, 1988, p. 322.

14 Bowles to Kennedy, 13 June 1962, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 69.

15 Bowles to Kennedy, 4 April 1962, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. II, 1990, p. 300.

16 Bowles to Rusk, 5 Oct. 1961, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. I, 1988, p. 322.

17 Forrestal to McGeorge Bundy, 10 April 1962, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 61 .

18 Kennedy, 18 Jan. 1962, NSAM no. 124, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. II, 1990, pp. 48-50.

19 Smith, Vietnam War, vol. II, pp. 22-4 . 20 Maga, New Pacific Community. 21 George W. Ball, The Past has Another Pattern - Memoirs (New York, 1982),

p. 181. 22 Triebel to Cutler, 10 Feb. 1958, memo, FRUS, Indonesia, 1958-1960, vol.

XVII, 1994, p. 31 . 23 Robertson to Dulles, 2 Jan. 1958, memo, FRUS, Indonesia, 1958-1960,

vol. XVII, 1994, p. 2 and John Prados, President's Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations since WWII (New York, 1986), p. 137.

Notes 207

24 DIA, 7 March 1961, brief, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII, 1994, p . 318. 25 JCS to McNamara, 13 Oct. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII,

1994, p . 443. 26 Parsons to Hare, 13 Feb. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII,

1994, pp. 3 1 0 - 1 1 . 27 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and his Times (London, 1978),

p. 569. 28 Komer to Rostow, 30 Nov. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII,

1994, p . 469. 29 Komer to Kennedy, 11 Sept. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII,

1994, p. 426. 30 JCS to McNamara, 13 Oct. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII,

1994, p. 444. 31 Ibid. 32 Komer to Kennedy, 11 Sept. 1961, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, vol. XXIII,

1994, p. 426. 33 R.B. Smith, An International History of the Vietnam War, Vol II: the Struggle

for Southeast Asia (London, 1985), p. 70. 34 C. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975 (Kuala Lumpur, 1977),

p . 279. 35 See A.J. Stockwell, ' Insurgency and decolonisation during the Malayan

emergency' , Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, XXV, 1 (1987), 71 -81 .

36 Mackie, Konfrontasi, pp. 36-40; Chin Kin Wah, Defence of Malaysia and Singapore, p. 5 1 .

37 Singapore to State Department , 16 June 1961, telegram, RG 59, central decimal file 1960-63, Box 2099, USNA.

38 Ibid. 39 Ibid. 40 Brook to Macmillan, 17 April 1961, memo, PRO, Prem 11/3418. 41 Ibid. 42 Tunku to Macmillan, 26 June 1961, letter, PRO, Prem 11/3418. 43 COS commit tee , 3 Aug. 1961, minu te of meeting, PRO, Defe 4/137,

COS (61)50/1. 44 Defence commit tee , 24 Oct. 1961, report of officials on greater Malay-

sia, PRO, CAB 131/26, D(61)62. 45 COS commit tee , 3 Aug. 1961, minute of meeting, PRO, Defe 4/137,

COS (61)50/1. 46 Secretary of state for air, 4 Oct. 1961, note, PRO, CAB 131/26, D(61)66. 47 Gough to Mackintosh, 28 Sept. 1961, letter, PRO, DO 169/29. 48 Selkirk to Macmillan, 14 Aug. 1961, letter, PRO, FO 371/159702, D1015/16. 49 Commit tee on greater Malaysia, 27 Sept. 1961, minute of meeting, PRO,

CAB 134/1949, GM (61)1. 50 Gough to Mackintosh, 28 Sept. 1961, letter, PRO, DO 169/29. 51 Macmillan to Selkirk, 17 Oct. 1961, letter, PRO, FO 371/159702, D1015/26. 52 Ibid. 53 Macmillan to Menzies/Holyoake, 20 Oct. 1961, telegram, PRO, Prem

11/3422. 54 Bunting to Menzies, 1 Nov. 1961, note, AA, A1209/79, 61/1318, Pt 1.

208 Notes

55 Bunting, 8 Nov. 1961, file note, AA, A1209/79, 61/1318, Pt 1. 56 Shanahan to Holyoake, 31 Oct. 1961, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 2 0 1 /

11/1 , Pt 7, Box 3945, NZNA. 57 Menzies to British high commissioner Canberra, 28 Aug. 1961, letter,

PRO, Prem 11/3418; Holyoake to Macmillan, 20 Oct. 1961, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/3422.

58 Bowles to Baldwin, 15 July 1961, letter, RG 59, central decimal rile 1960-63, Box 2199, USNA.

59 Kuala Lumpur to State department, 20 Oct. 1961, telegram, RG 59, central decimal file 1960-63, Box 2101, USNA; State depar tment to London, 12 Oct. 1961, telegram, Malaya and Singapore - General, country file, NSF, Box 140, JFKL.

60 These were most recently illustrated during the Laotian crisis of March 1961. The adminis t rat ion was in favour of intervention, but Britain cont inued its tradit ional policy of refusing to involve itself militarily in tha t part of Southeast Asia. See Home, Macmillan, Vol. II, pp . 291-3 .

61 Singapore to State Department , 28 Sept. 1961, telegram, RG 59, central decimal file 1960-63, Box 2099, USNA.

62 Amery to Watkinson, 2 Nov. 1961, letter, PRO, DO 169/29. 63 State Department to London, 12 Oct. 1961, telegram, Malaya and Singapore

- General, country file, NSF, Box 140, JFKL. 64 Menzies to Macmillan, 2 Nov. 1961, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/3422. 65 Greater Malaysia commit tee , 9 Nov. 1961, minute of meeting, PRO,

CAB 130/179, GEN 754/1/2. 66 Macmillan to Menzies, 16 Nov. 1961, message, AA, A1209/80, 1963/

6544. 67 Menzies to Macmillan, 18 Nov. 1961, message, AA, A1209/80, 1963/6544. 68 Greater Malaysia commit tee , 9 Nov. 1961, minute of meeting, PRO,

CAB 130/179, GEN 754/1/2. 69 Sir James Cable, Counsellor in the FO 1961-3, Head of the Southeast

Asia department 1963-6, interview with author, Cambridge, 2 Sept. 1994. 70 State department to London, 12 Oct. 1961, telegram, Malaya and Singapore

- General, country file, NSF, Box 140, JFKL. 71 Greater Malaysia commit tee , 21 March 1962, minute of meeting, PRO,

CAB 130/179, GEN 754/3. 72 Defence committee, 24 Oct. 1961, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 131/26,

D(61)62. 73 Fry to Warner, 11 Aug. 1961, letter, PRO, DO 169/28. 74 Anthony Golds, Counsellor in the CRO, 1961-4, Head of JIMD, 1964-5,

interview with author, London, 27 Sept. 1994. 75 Ibid. 76 Cable, interview with author, 16 Sept. 1994, Cambridge. 77 Macmillan to Menzies/Holyoake, 22 Nov. 1961, telegram, PRO, Prem

11/3420. 78 Woolcott to Tange, 15 Dec. 1961, letter, AA, A1838/280, 3027/12/8, Pt 2. 79 Macmillan to Menzies/Holyoake, 20 Oct. 1961, telegram, PRO, Prem

11/3422. 80 Larmour to Omerod, 14 Dec. 1961, letter, PRO, DO 169/235. 81 Canberra to State depar tment , 12 April 1962, telegram, RG 59, central

Notes 209

decimal file 1960-63, Box 2101, USNA; Wellington to State depar tment , 24 April 1961, telegram, RG 59, central decimal file 1960-63, Box 1685, USNA.

82 NZDEA, 19 June 1961, record of discussions, AAFD, W3738, 224/8/3 , Pt 1, Box 1322, NZNA.

83 Eyre to Defence committee, 16 March 1962, memo, AAFD, W3738, 224/ 8/3, Pt 1, Box 1322, NZNA.

84 CRO, March 1962, brief, PRO, DO 169/2. 85 Eyre to Defence committee, 16 March 1962, memo, AAFD, W3738, 224/

8/3, Pt 1, Box 1322, NZNA. 86 Eyre to Defence committee, 18 Oct. 1962, report, AAFD, W3738, 224/8/3,

Pt 1, Box 1322, NZNA. 87 Ibid. 88 Laking to Holyoake, 4 Jan. 1962, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 206/15/1 ,

Pt 13, Box 4070, NZNA. 89 Eyre to Defence committee, 16 March 1962, memo, AAFD, W3738, 224/

8/3, Pt 1, Box 1322, NZNA. 90 London to ADEA, 14 Dec. 1961, cablegram, AA, A1838/277, 3027/12/8,

Pt 3. 91 Official commit tee on greater Malaysia, 7 June 1962, interim report,

PRO, Prem 11/3866. 92 Goode to Colonial secretary, 19 June 1962, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/

3867. 93 Ibid. 94 Sandys to High commissioner Canberra, 10 Dec. 1961, telegram, AA,

A1209/80, 1963/6544. 95 High commissioner Kuala Lumpur to CRO, 29 Dec. 1961, telegram, PRO,

Prem 11/3866. 96 Kuala Lumpur to State depar tment , 24 March 1962, telegram, RG 59,

central decimal file 1960-3, Box 2199, USNA.

2: Confrontation Begins, January-April 1963

1 NZJIC, 21 Nov. 1962, report, AAFD, W3738, 235/1/2, Pt 1, Box 1331, NZNA.

2 Washington to ADEA, 11 Jan. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3736; NZJIC, 12 Dec. 1962, intelligence review, AAFD, W3738, 235/1/2, Pt 1, Box 1331, NZNA.

3 For leading commentar ies on Indonesian policy during Confrontat ion, see Mackie, Konfrontasi; Ide Anak Agung gde Agung, Twenty Years of Indonesian Foreign Policy, 1945-1965 (The Hague, 1973) and Michael Leifer, Indonesia's Foreign Policy (London, 1983).

4 Rex Mortimer, Indonesian Communism under Sukarno; Ideology and Politics, 1959-1965 (Ithaca, 1974).

5 Crouch, Army and Politics in Indonesia, pp . 59 -61 . 6 Fry to FO, 21 Jan. 1963, telegram, PRO, FO 371/169902, DH 1062/4. 7 London to State depar tment , 7 Feb. 1963, telegram, Indonesia, General,

country file, NSF, Box 114, JFKL.

210 Notes

8 Ibid. 9 British high commission to Bunting, 15 Jan. 1963, letter, AA, A4940/1,

C3739. 10 Washington to ADEA, 11 Jan. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3736;

Mclntosh to Fergusson, 6 Feb. 1963, letter, MFAT, Mclntosh papers, FER 1/63/004.

11 London to ADEA, 15 Jan. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3736. 12 Henderson to McGeorge Bundy, 11 Jan. 1963, letter, Indonesia, Rand

Studies Pt III, country file, NSF, Box 115, JFKL. 13 Kuala Lumpur to State depar tment , 12 Jan. 1963, telegram, Malaya and

Singapore, country file, NSF, Box 140, JFKL. 14 American ambassadors at both Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur strongly as-

serted that US policy towards Indonesia was formulated largely in the White House by the President himself. See oral history interview of Charles Baldwin by Dennis O'Brien, 13 March 1969, p . 63, JFKL; Oral history interview of Howard P. Jones by Dennis O'Brien, 23 June 1969, pp. 35-6, JFKL.

15 Komer to McGeorge Bundy, 16 Jan. 1963, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, 1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 657.

16 Baldwin later complained about the degree to which his views were ignored by presidential advisers. See oral history interview of Charles Baldwin by Dennis O'Brien, 13 March 1969, pp. 62-8 , JFKL.

17 For example, see Howard Jones to State depar tment , 1 March 1963, telegram, FRUS, Southeast Asia, 1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, pp. 659-62.

18 Komer to McGeorge Bundy, 16 Jan. 1963, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia, 1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 657.

19 Mozingo, Chinese Policy towards Indonesia, p. 193. 20 Ormsby-Gore to Douglas-Home, 1 Jan. 1963, letter, PRO, FO 371/168405. 21 Jones to Forrestal, 8 Feb. 1963, letter, Kennedy-Johnson Administrations,

subject file, Michael V. Forrestal, Harriman papers, container 461 , LC. 22 Ormsby-Gore to Douglas-Home, 15 Feb. 1963, letter, PRO, FO 371/169908,

DH 1071/18. 23 Jones to Forrestal, 8 Feb. 1963, letter, Kennedy-Johnson Administrations,

subject file, Michael V. Forrestal, Harriman papers, container 461 , LC. 24 Holyoake to Laking, 31 Jan. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/

2/3 , Pt 2A, Box 4651, NZNA. 25 Jakarta to ADEA, 2 Feb. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/11, Pt 1. 26 ADEA to London, 16 Jan. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3736. 27 Bunting to Menzies, 17 Jan. 1963, note, AA, A4940/1, C3736. 28 Bunting to Menzies, 15 Jan. 1963, note , AA, A4940/1, C3736. 29 Cabinet, 22 Jan. 1963, decision no . 609, AA, A4940/1, C3736. 30 Barwick to Holyoake, 2 Feb. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3739;

Holyoake to Barwick, 4 Feb. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/ 2/3 , Pt 2A, Box 4651, NZNA.

31 Cabinet, 5 Feb. 1963, decision no . 632, AA, A4940/1, C3739; NZDEA, 27 Feb. 1963, brief, ABHS, 950, W4627, 59/3/5 , Pt 2, Box 1575, NZNA.

32 Barwick to Cabinet, 11 Jan. 1963, memo, AA, A5819/2. 33 Canberra to NZDEA, 7 Nov. 1962, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 203/9/6,

Pt 3, Box 3992, NZNA.

Notes 211

34 Shepherd to Mclntosh, 22 Oct. 1962, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 203/9/6, Pt 3, Box 3992, NZNA.

35 Ibid. 36 Canberra to NZDEA, 7 Nov. 1962, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 203/9/6,

Pt 3, Box 3992, NZNA. 37 Mclntosh to Holyoake, 31 Jan. 1963, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 318/7/1,

Pt 1, Box 4527, NZNA. 38 The unpopular i ty of a policy in Australia which they entirely agreed

with greatly concerned the Americans. See Canberra to State department, 1 March 1963, telegram, RG 59, central foreign policy file 1963, POL 3, Box 3979, USNA.

39 Cabinet, 5 Feb. 1963, decision no. 632, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 40 NZDEA, 27 Feb. 1963, brief, ABHS, 950, W4627, 59/3/5 , Pt 2, Box 1575,

NZNA. 41 Barwick to Holyoake, 2 Feb. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 42 Barwick to Cabinet, 25 Feb. 1963, memo, AA, A5819/2. 43 NZDEA, 27 Feb. 1963, brief, ABHS, 950, W4627, 59/3/5, Pt 2, Box 1575,

NZNA. 44 Barwick to Holyoake, 2 Feb. 1963, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 45 Holyoake to Barwick, 4 Feb. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/2/3,

Pt 2A, Box 4651, NZNA. 46 Cabinet, 5 Feb. 1963, decision no . 632, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 47 Barwick to Cabinet, 26 Feb. 1963, memo, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 48 Mclntosh to Laking, 13 Feb. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/3, Pt 2, Box 4188, NZNA. 49 Barwick to Cabinet, 26 Feb. 1963, memo, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 50 Ormsby-Gore to Douglas-Home, 15 Feb. 1963, letter, PRO, FO 371/169908,

DH 1071/18. 51 Barwick to Cabinet, 26 Feb. 1963, memo, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 52 Ormsby-Gore to Douglas-Home, 15 Feb. 1963, letter, PRO, FO 371/169908,

DH 1071/18. 53 Ormsby-Gore to FO, 11 Feb. 1963, telegram, PRO, FO 371/169695, D1071/21. 54 Bridges to de Zulueta, 26 April 1963, letter, PRO, Prem 11/4347. 55 ADEA to London, 18 Feb. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/11,

Pt 1. 56 NZDEA, 27 Feb. 1963, brief, ABHS, 950, W4627, 59/3/5 , Pt 2, Box 1575,

NZNA. 57 Barwick to Tunku, 13 March 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/

11, Pt 1. 58 ADEA, 4 Feb. 1963, brief, AA, A4940/1, C3739. 59 London to ADEA, 15 March 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/11,

Pt 1. 60 Ibid. 61 Heath to Macmillan, 23 April 1963, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4347. 62 Macmillan to Douglas-Home, 3 April 1963, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4347. 63 de Zulueta to Macmillan, 3 April 1963, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4189. 64 Defence commit tee , 9 Feb. 1963, minu te of meeting, D(63)3rd, PRO,

CAB 131/28. 65 Ibid.

212 Notes

66 Overseas policy committee, 24 April 1963, minute of meeting, OP(63)4th, PRO, CAB 134/2371.

67 Heath to Macmillan, 23 April 1963, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4347. 68 Ibid. 69 Farris to Snelling, 19 April 1963, letter, PRO, DO 169/308. 70 Overseas policy committee, 24 April 1963, minute of meeting, OP(63)4th,

PRO, CAB 134/2371. 71 British high commission Canberra to Sandys, 19 March 1963, letter,

PRO, DO 169/235. 72 This was refused. Instead, the embassy was instructed to say only tha t

Australian policy towards Indonesia was solely a concern of the govern-men t and not the United States. See Canberra to State Department , 1 March 1963, telegram, RG 59, central foreign policy file 1963, POL 3, Box 3979, USNA.

73 Snelling to Lintott, 4 Feb. 1963, file note, PRO, DO 169/101.

3: Malaysia Established, May-September 1963

1 Barwick to Tunku, 13 March 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/11, Pt 1.

2 ADEA to all posts, 18 June 1963, savingram, AA, A4940/1, C3811. 3 Hilsman to Forrestal, 8 July 1963, memo, President's Proposed FE Trip,

trips and conferences, NSF, Box 242, JFKL. 4 Ibid. 5 Hughes to Harriman, 10 May 1963, memo, RG 59, Bureau of far eastern

affairs: POL 32, Box 23, USNA. 6 Green to State Department, 16 Aug. 1963, airgram, RG 59, central foreign

policy file 1963, POL 1, Box 3858, USNA. 7 Hilsman to Forrestal, 8 July 1963, memo, President's Proposed FE Trip,

trips and conferences, NSF, Box 242, JFKL. 8 Green to State department, 16 Aug. 1963, airgram, RG 59, central foreign

policy file 1963, POL 1, Box 3858, USNA. 9 Hilsman to Forrestal, 8 July 1963, memo, President's Proposed FE Trip,

trips and conferences, NSF, Box 242, JFKL. 10 Smith, International History of the Vietnam War, vol. II, pp. 141-2. 11 State depar tment , 17 July 1963, circular telegram, Indonesia, General,

country file, NSF, Box 114, JFKL. 12 Hilsman to Gallagher, 12 July 1963, letter, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1963, POL 1, Box 3940, USNA. 13 Hilsman to Forrestal, 8 July 1963, memo, President's Proposed FE Trip,

trips and conferences, NSF, Box 242, JFKL; Howard Palfrey Jones, Indo-nesia: the Possible Dream (New York, 1971), pp. 295-7.

14 Jones, Indonesia, p. 312. 15 Ibid, pp. 312-13 . 16 Forrestal to Chayes/Hilsman, 15 July 1963, memo, Kennedy-Johnson Ad-

ministrations, trips and missions, ANZUS Pt 6, Harriman papers, container 538, LC.

17 NZDEA, 6 June 1963, note of discussions, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3/5/3, Pt 2, Box 4188, NZNA.

Notes 213

18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 ADEA, 7 June 1963, note of discussions, AA, A1209/80, 1963/6587. 21 Deputy assistant secretary of state for far eastern affairs. 22 Gilchrist to FO, 13 June 1963, telegram, PRO, FO 371/169888, DH 103145/4. 23 Ibid. 24 FO to Washington, 8 July 1963, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/4348. 25 Gilchrist to FO, 7 June 1963, telegram, PRO, FO 371/169903, DH 1062/

40. 26 Barnett to Hilsman, 6 Aug. 1963, memo, James C. Thomson Papers, South-

east Asia 1961-66, NSF, Box 21 , JFKL. 27 Maudling to Defence committee, 17 June 1963, memo, PRO, CAB 131/28. 28 Ibid. 29 Douglas-Home to Defence commit tee , 17 June 1963, memo, PRO, CAB

131/28. 30 Ibid. 31 Defence commit tee , 19 June 1963, minute of meeting, D(63)8th, PRO,

CAB 131/28. 32 Garner to Oliver, 14 May 1963, letter, PRO, F0371/169735, D1195/11. 33 London to NZDEA, 23 Aug. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/

2/7, Pt 1, Box 114, NZNA and CRO to Kuala Lumpur, 30 Aug. 1963, telegram, PRO, DO 169/309.

34 See Harper, A Great and Powerful Friend, p. 351; Glen St. J. Barclay, Friends in High Places, p. 125 and Coral Bell, Dependent Ally: a Study in Australian Foreign Policy (Melbourne, 1988), p . 67.

35 Wellington to CRO, 22 Aug. 1963, telegram, PRO, DO 161/89. 36 Wellington to CRO, 27 June 1963, savingram, PRO, DO 161/89. 37 Wellington to State department , 7 Sept. 1963, airgram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1963, POL 15, Box 4003, USNA. 38 Ibid. 39 Harrison to Dutton, 23 Oct. 1963, letter, PRO, DO 169/3. 40 Ibid. 41 See Mclntosh to Holyoake, 30 July 1963, note, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/3, Pt 3, Box 4188, NZNA. 42 NZDEA, 20 May 1963, brief, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3 /5 /3 , Pt 2, Box

4188, NZNA. 43 Wellington to ADEA, 22 July 1963, letter, AA, A4940/1, C3811. 44 Barwick and Townley to Cabinet, 4 March 1963, memo, AA, A5819/2. 45 Mackie, Konfrontasi, p. 164. 46 Jones, Indonesia, p. 287; Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation: the Politics of

Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy (New York, 1967), pp. 399-402.

47 Griffith to Bunting, 8 Aug. 1963, memo, AA, A1209/80, 63/6544, Pt 2. 48 Washington to ADEA, 6 Aug. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/

11, Pt 1. 49 Ibid. 50 Menzies to Barwick, 8 Aug. 1963, letter, AA, M2576/1 , 7. 51 Shepherd to Mclntosh, 13 Aug. 1963, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/2/3,

Pt 7, Box 4651, NZNA.

214 Notes

52 Barwick to Holyoake, 15 Aug. 1963, letter, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/2/7, Pt 1, Box 114, NZNA.

53 Bunting to Menzies, 9 Aug. 1963, memo, AA, A1209/80, 63/6544, Pt 2. 54 Defence committee, 9 Aug. 1963, minute of meeting, AA, A4940/1, C3811. 55 Ibid. 56 Bentliff to Pickard, 22 Aug. 1963, memo, PRO, DO 169/308. 57 New Zealand Herald, 20 Sept. 1963. 58 New Zealand Herald, 2 Sept. 1963 and Auckland Star, 20 Sept. 1963. 59 Sydney Morning Herald, 21 Sept. 1963. 60 Canberra Times, 23 Sept. 1963. 61 Canberra to State depar tment , 25 Sept. 1965, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1963, POL 3, Box 3977, USNA. 62 Macmillan to Menzies/Holyoake, 20 Sept. 1963, telegram, PRO, Prem

11/4350. 63 NZPD, vol. 336, 20 Sept. 1963, p. 2015. 64 Ibid. 65 Wellington to State depar tment , 3 Oct. 1963, airgram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1963, POL, Box 3980, USNA. 66 Canberra to State depar tment , 25 Sept. 1965, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1963, POL 3, Box 3977, USNA. 67 Ibid and Canberra to CRO, 24 Sept. 1963, telegram, PRO, DO 169/309. 68 APD, House of Representatives, vol. 40, 25 Sept. 1963, p. 1339. 69 Canberra to State depar tment , 25 Sept. 1965, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1963, POL 3, Box 3977, USNA. 70 APD, House of Representatives, vol. 40, 25 Sept. 1963, pp. 1365-7. 71 Sydney Morning Herald, 26 Sept. 1963. 72 Kennedy to Macmillan, 28 Sept. 1963, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/4350. 73 Ibid. 74 Sydney Morning Herald, 19, 23 and 28 Nov. 1963. 75 Peter Howson, The Howson Diaries: the Life of Politics, ed. by Don Aitkin

(Victoria, 1984), 17 Oct. 1963. 76 Ibid.

4: The ANZUS Understanding, October-December 1963

1 CIA, 25 Oct. 1963, memo, Malaysia, General, country file, NSF, Box 140, JFKL.

2 Thorneycroft to Macmillan, 2 Oct. 1963, minute , PRO, Prem 11/4350. 3 Mountba t ten to Thorneycroft, 30 Sept. 1963, letter, PRO, Defe 4 /161 . 4 Peck, 29 Nov. 1963, minute , PRO, FO 371/169688, D1051/41. 5 Cable, 17 Oct. 1963, minute , PRO, FO 371/169707, D1071/272/G. 6 London to ADEA, 11 Oct. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/287, 2498/11, Pt 2. 7 Ibid. 8 Hilsman to Rusk, 23 Nov. 1963, memo, RG 59, Bureau of far eastern

affairs: subject, personal name and country files, 1960-63, POL 1, Box 21, USNA.

9 Ibid. 10 Jones to State depar tment , 16 Oct. 1963, telegram, Australian Security,

1961-1963, countries, POF, Folder 21 , Box 111, JFKL.

Notes 215

11 State department, 16 Oct. 1963, memcon, Malaysia-Indonesia: Quadripartite talks, Hilsman papers, Folder 18, Box 2, JFKL.

12 Jones to State depar tment , 16 Oct. 1963, telegram, Australian Security, 1961-1963, countries, POF, Folder 21 , Box 111, JFKL.

13 Washington to ADEA, 10 Oct. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 63/6682. 14 Unknown author to Harriman, date unknown, memo, RG 59, Bureau

of far eastern affairs: subject, personal name and country files, 1960-63, POL 32, Box 23, USNA.

15 FO, 16 Oct. 1963, memcon , PRO, FO 371/169909, DH 1071/31/G. 16 Komer to McGeorge Bundy, 9 Oct. 1963, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia,

1961-63, Vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 742. 17 Kuala Lumpur to State department, 9 Oct. 1963, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1963, POL 32, Box 3940, USNA. 18 CIA, 25 Oct. 1963, memo, Malaysia, General, country file, NSF, Box 140,

JFKL. 19 Warner, 28 Nov. 1963, minute , PRO, FO 371/169688, D1051/41. 20 Ibid. 21 Golds to Cable, 13 Dec. 1963, memo, PRO, DO 169/70. 22 Barwick with Ball, 15 Oct. 1963, note of discussions, AA, A1838/2, 270/

1/1, Pt 1. 23 Menzies to Macmillan, 24 Sept. 1963, letter, PRO, Prem 11/4350; Holyoake

to Macmillan, 26 Sept. 1963, message, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/2/7, Pt 1, Box 114, NZNA.

24 Griffith to Bunting, 3 Oct. 1963, memo, AA, A1209/80, 63/6544, Pt 2. 25 Larmour to Golds, 3 Oct. 1963, letter, PRO, FO 371/169907, DH 1062/

104. 26 Pemberton, All the Way, pp . 175-6. 27 Kennedy to Menzies, 20 Aug. 1963, telegram, Australia, country file,

NSF, Box 8, JFKL. 28 Barwick to Tange, 7 Oct. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 1963/6587. 29 State depar tment , 2 Oct. 1963, memcon, FRUS, Southeast Asia, 1961-63,

Vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 731. 30 Ibid, p. 733. 31 State depar tment to Kennedy, 14 Oct. 1963, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia,

1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 747. 32 Ball to Kennedy, 8 Aug. 1963, memo, RG 59, central foreign policy file

1963, DEF 4, Box 3696, USNA. 33 State depar tment , 2 Aug. 1963, memo, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1963, DEF 4, Box 3696, USNA. 34 State depar tment to Kennedy, 14 Oct. 1963, memo, FRUS, Southeast Asia,

1961-63, vol. XXIII, 1994, p. 746. 35 Ibid. 36 See Norman Harper, A Great and Powerful Friend, p. 351 and Glen St J.

Barclay, Friends in High Places, p. 125. 37 State depar tment , 2 Aug. 1963, memo, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1963, DEF 4, Box 3696, USNA. 38 Forrestal to McGeorge Bundy, 15 Oct. 1963, Australia Security, 1961-63,

countries, POF, Folder 21 , Box 111, JFKL. 39 Barwick to Menzies, 22 Oct. 1963, letter, AA, A1209/80, 63/6587.

216 Notes

40 Ibid. 41 CRO to Canberra, 27 Nov. 1963, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/4905. 42 Ibid. 43 Pritchard to Garner, 20 Nov. 1963, memo, PRO, DO 169/318. 44 NZDEA, 30 Nov. 1963, memo, AA, A1838/2, 270/1 /1 , Pt 2. 45 Sir George Laking, interview with author, Wellington, 10 April 1995;

Washington to NZDEA, 18 Dec. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3 /5 /3 , Pt 4, Box 4188, NZNA.

46 NZDEA, 30 Nov. 1963, memo, AA, A1838/2, 270/1 /1 , Pt 2. 47 Ibid. 48 Canberra to CRO, 19 Nov. 1963, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/4905. 49 ADEA, 4 Dec. 1963, record of discussions, AA, A1838/2, 270 /1 /1 , Pt 2. 50 Lloyd White, 13 Dec. 1963, file note, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/2/7, Pt 1,

Box 114, NZNA. 51 Griffith, 15 Jan. 1964, note, AA, A1209/85, 63/6637, Pt 5. 52 ADEA to Washington, 5 Dec. 1963, cablegram, AA, Al209/80, 64/6040, Pt 1. 53 Davies to Hicks, 3 Jan. 1964, letter, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/7. 54 Canberra to NZDEA, 9 Dec. 1964, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253 /

3/5/3, Pt 4, Box 4188, NZNA. 55 State depar tment , 13 Dec. 1963, memcon, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1963, POL 23, Box 3976, USNA. 56 Canberra to NZDEA, 6 Dec. 1963, cablegram, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/

2/7, Pt 1, Box 114, NZNA. 57 George C. Herring, America's Longest war: the United States and Vietnam,

1950-1975 (Philadelphia, 1986), p. 105. 58 William J. Duiker, China and Vietnam: the Roots of Conflict (Berkeley,

1986), p. 45. 59 State depar tment , 13 Dec. 1963, memcon, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1963, POL 23, Box 3976, USNA. 60 Bunting, 13 Dec. 1963, file note, AA, A1209/80, 64/6040, Pt 1. 61 Scherger to Hicks, 7 Jan. 1964, memo, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/7. 62 Bunting, 13 Dec. 1963, file note, AA, A1209/80, 64/6040, Pt 1. 63 Canberra to NZDEA, 16 Dec. 1963, cablegram, MFAT, Mclntosh papers,

UFC 5/63/025. 64 Defence commit tee , 18 Nov. 1963, report, AA, A5827/1, vol. 1. 65 FAD, 19 Dec. 1963, decision no . 3, AA, A5827/1, vol. 1. 66 Barwick to Sandys, 16 Dec. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/280, 3027/12/

1, Pt 1. 67 Tange with Shepherd, 12 Dec. 1963, memcon, AA, A1838/2, 270 /1 /1 ,

Pt 2. 68 Wellington to CRO, 6 Dec. 1963, telegram, PRO, DO 169/319. 69 Holyoake to Douglas-Home, 19 Dec. 1963, message, AA, A1209/80, 64/

6040, Pt 1. 70 London to ADEA, 17 Dec. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64/6040, Pt 1. 71 Kuala Lumpur to NZDEA, 1 Jan. 1964, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

253/3 /5 /3 , Pt 5, Box 4188, NZNA. 72 Eastman (London) to Tange, 10 Jan. 1964, letter, AA, A1838/280, 3027/

12/1 , Pt 1. 73 Martin to Turner, 10 Dec. 1963, letter, PRO, DO 169/319.

Notes 217

74 Eastman to Tange, 10 Jan. 1964, letter, AA, A1838/280, 3027/12/1, Pt 1. 75 Barwick to Subandrio, 30 Dec. 1963, cablegram, AA, A1838/2, 915/8A,

Pt 3. 76 Barwick to Sandys, 16 Dec. 1963, AA, A1838/280, 3027/12/1 , Pt 1. 77 Griffith, 15 Jan. 1964, file note, AA, A1209/85, 63/6637, Pt 5. 78 Ibid. 79 See, for example, Wright to Douglas-Home, 17 Dec. 1963, memo, PRO,

Prem 11/4905. 80 Ibid. 81 Douglas-Home to Butler, 19 Dec. 1963, memo, PRO, FO 371/169894,

DH 1051/102/G. 82 Thorneycroft to Douglas-Home, 7 Jan. 1964, message, PRO, Prem 11/

4905; Trend to Douglas-Home, 8 Jan. 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4905. 83 Trend to Douglas-Home, 8 Jan. 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4905. 84 Ibid. 85 Thorneycroft to Douglas-Home, 7 Jan. 1964, message, PRO, Prem 11/

4905. 86 NSC, 26 Nov. 1963, NSAM no. 273, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63, vol. IV,

1991, p. 638. 87 McNamara to Johnson , 21 Dec. 1963, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63,

vol. IV, 1991, p. 732. 88 Mansfield to Johnson , 7 Dec. 1963, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1961-63,

vol. IV, 1991, p. 691 . 89 McNamara to Johnson , 7 Jan. 1964, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68,

vol. I, 1992, p. 13. 90 Rusk to Johnson , 8 Jan. 1964, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68, vol. I,

1992, p. 10. 91 McGeorge Bundy to Johnson, 9 Jan. 1964, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68,

vol. I, 1992, p. 9. 92 Ibid, p. 8. 93 Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: the Tragedy

and Lessons of Vietnam (New York, 1995), p. 102.

5: Two Conflicts - Borneo and Vietnam, January-July 1964

1 Washington to ADEA, 9 Jan. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 62/817, Pt 2.

2 McGeorge Bundy to Johnson, 7 Jan. 1964, memo, Malaysia, vol. I, country file, NSF, Box 246, LBJL.

3 NSC, 7 Jan. 1964, record of meeting, NSC Meetings, vol. I, tab 2, NSF, Box 1, LBJL.

4 State depar tment , undated, memo, General, Attorney-General's Far East-ern Trip, Roger Hilsman papers, NSF, Box 5, JFKL.

5 Jones, The Possible Dream, p . 299. 6 Hilsman, To Move a Nation, p. 409. 7 Templeton to Mclntosh, 30 Jan. 1964, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/

2/3 , Pt 14, Box 4653, NZNA.

218 Notes

8 Washington to ADEA, 9 March 1964, cablegram, PRO, FO 371/175263, DH 103145/32.

9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Cable, 6 Jan. 1964, file note, PRO, FO 371/175065, D1051/6. 12 London to State depar tment , 22 Jan. 1964, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 7, Box 2823, USNA. 13 Jakarta to FO, 21 Jan. 1964, telegram, PRO, FO 371/175246, DH1051/2. 14 London to ADEA, 4 Feb. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64 /6071 . 15 London to ADEA, 21 Jan. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1838/2, 915/8A,

Pt 3. 16 Templeton to Mclntosh, 30 Jan. 1964, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/

2/3 , Pt 14, Box 4653, NZNA. 17 Barwick to Beale, 5 Feb. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/85, 63/6637,

Pt 5. 18 Ibid. 19 Canberra to State depar tment , 27 Feb. 1964, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 32-1, Box 2321, USNA. 20 Ibid. 21 NZDEA to Washington, 7 Feb. 1964, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

434 /5 /1 , Pt 2, Box 4667, NZNA. 22 Wellington to State depar tment , 7 Feb. 1964, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 32-1, Box 2321, USNA. 23 Bunting to Menzies, 24 Jan. 1964, memo, AA, A1209/80, 64/6040, Pt

1; Cabinet, 27 Jan. 1964, minu te of meeting, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/ 3/5/3, Pt 5, Box 4188, NZNA.

24 Ormsby-Gore to Butler, 3 Feb. 1964, letter, PRO, Prem 11/4906. 25 Wright to Douglas-Home, 22 Jan. 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4906. 26 Ibid. 27 Butler to Rusk, 21 Jan. 1964, message, AA, A1209/80, 64/6071. 28 Ibid. 29 Washington to ADEA, 31 Jan. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64/

6071. 30 Rusk to Butler, 24 Jan. 1964, message, AA, A1209/80, 64/6071. 31 FO, 14 Feb. 1964, record of conversation, PRO, FO 371/175062, D103145/

9/G. 32 Washington to ADEA, 6 Feb. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64/6071. 33 Ibid. 34 CIA, 7 Feb. 1964, report, Indonesia, vol. I, country file, NSF, Box 246, LBJL. 35 Washington to ADEA, 6 Feb. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64/6071. 36 Peck to Butler, 11 Feb. 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4906. 37 London to State depar tment , 13 Feb. 1964, airgram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 2, Box 2774, USNA. 38 Herring, America's Longest War, pp. 117-18. 39 Rostow to Rusk, 13 Feb. 1964, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68, Vol. I,

1992, p. 74. 40 For a general discussion of de Gaulle's approach to the problem, see

Jean Lacouture (translated by Alan Sheridan), De Gaulle: the Ruler, 1945-1970 (London, 1991), p. 401 .

No res 219

41 Ball to State Department, 6 June 1964, telegram, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68, Vol. I, 1992, p. 467.

42 The Times, 14 Feb. 1964. 43 Cabinet, 18 Feb. 1964, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 128/38, Pt 2,

CM(64)12(1). 44 Ibid. 45 Forster to Cable, 7 July 1964, letter, PRO, FO 371/175063, D103145/31. 46 Critchley to ADEA, 7 March 1964, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3904. 47 APD, House of Representatives, vol. 41 , 11 March 1964, pp. 479-80. 48 Canberra to NZDEA, 11 March 1964, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

420/2/3 , Pt 16, Box 4653, NZNA. 49 Harriman to Hilsman, 10 Feb. 1964, telecon, Kennedy/Johnson Adminis-

trations, Telephone Conversations, Harriman papers, Box 582, LC. 50 Washington to ADEA, 4 March 1964, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3904. 51 Ibid. 52 Beale to Barwick, 7 March 1964, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3904. 53 Beale to Barwick, 6 March 1964, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3904. 54 Ibid. 55 Douglas-Home to Menzies, 10 April 1964, message, AA, A5827/1, vol. 5;

Douglas-Home to Holyoake, 10 April 1964, message, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/2/7, Pt 2, Box 114, NZNA.

56 Pemberton, All the Way, p. 196; Edwards, Crises and Commitments, p. 297.

57 Pemberton, All the Way, p. 197. 58 Edwards, Crises and Commitments, p. 297. 59 Ibid, pp. 216-24. 60 Defence committee, 8 May 1964, report, AA, A5827/1, vol. 6; Wellington

to ADEA, 6 May 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/3 /13 . 61 Menzies to Douglas-Home, 15 May 1964, message, AA, A1945/27, 245/

3/13, based on advice from the Defence commit tee , 8 May 1964, re-port, AA, A5827/1, vol. 6; Wellington to ADEA, 6 May 1964, telegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/3 /13 .

62 Kuala Lumpur to ADEA, 13 May 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/ 3/13.

63 Komer to Johnson , 17 July 1964, memo, Malaysia, vol. II, country file, NSF, Box 275, LBJL.

64 Komer to Johnson , 21 July 1964, memo, Malaysia, Tunku's Visit, coun-try file, NSF, Box 276, LBJL.

65 The Times, 22 June 1964. 66 Douglas-Home to Menzies, 23 June 1964, message, AA, A1945/27, 245/

3/13; Douglas-Home to Holyoake, 23 June 1964, message, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3/5/9 , Pt 2, Box 4189, NZNA.

67 Thorneycroft with Hasluck, 7 July 1964, memcon, PRO, Prem 11/4908. 68 Defence commit tee , 28 June 1964, report, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/13. 69 Edwards, Crises and Commitments, pp. 265-66, 298, 379; Pemberton,

All the Way, pp. 202-8 . This thesis was repeated in Edwards' latest book, A Nation at War: Australian Politics, Society and Diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965-1975 (Canberra, 1997), pp. 63-4.

70 Edwards, Crises and Commitments, p. 298.

220 Notes

71 Ibid. 72 Defence commit tee , 28 June 1964, report, AA, A1945/27, 245/3 /13 . 73 Ibid. 74 Edwards, Crises and Commitments, p. 283. 75 Robert Porter, Paul Hasluck: a Political Biography (Perth, 1993), pp .

227-9. 76 Hasluck to Menzies, 16 June 1964, cablegram, AA, A4940/1, C3811. 77 William Bundy to Rusk, undated, memo, Australia, vol. I, country file,

NSF, Box 233, LBJL. 78 Thorneycroft with Hasluck, 7 July 1964, memcon, PRO, Prem 11/4908. 79 Griffith to Bunting, 31 Aug. 1964, memo, AA, A1209/80, 64/6154,

Pt 1. 80 Canberra to CRO, 3 July 1964, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/4908. 81 Cabinet, 1 July 1964, decision no . 312, AA, A1945/27, 245/3 /13 . 82 Griffith to Bunting, 31 Aug. 1964, memo, AA, A1209/80, 65/6154,

Pt 1. 83 Griffith to Bunting, 1 Aug. 1964, memo, AA, A1209/80, 64/6174. 84 Griffith to Bunting, 31 Aug. 1964, memo, AA, A1209/80, 65/6154,

Pt 1. 85 Ibid. 86 Ibid. 87 Defence commit tee , 20 Aug. 1964, report, AA, A5827/1, vol. 12. 88 Griffith to Bunting, 31 Aug. 1964, memo, AA, A1209/80, 65/6154, Pt 1. 89 Wellington to ADEA, 4 Aug. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64/6174. 90 Bangkok to NZDEA, 31 July 1964, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/9, Pt 2, Box 4189, NZNA. 91 NZDEA to Washington, 17 July 1964, cablegram, MFAT, PM 111/3/3 /

15, Pt 6. 92 Ibid. 93 Bangkok to NZDEA, 1 July 1964, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3/5/9 , Pt 2,

Box 4189, NZNA. 94 Wellington to ADEA, 4 Aug. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1209/80, 64/6174. 95 Mullins to Edmonds, 23 Sept. 1964, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253 /3 /

5/9, Pt 2, Box 4189, NZNA. 96 Hunter Wade, New Zealand high commiss ioner in Kuala Lumpur

1963-67, interview with author, Auckland, 17 July 1995. 97 Thornton , interview with author, Wellington, 7 April 1995. 98 Thorn ton to Mclntosh, 26 June 1964, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/9, Pt 2, Box 4189, NZNA. 99 A phrase used by the then prime minister, Michael Joseph Savage, in

explaining New Zealand's decision to enter the Second World War im-mediately alongside Britain. See Malcolm McKinnon, Independence and Foreign Policy: New Zealand in the World since 1935 (Auckland, 1993), pp. 32 -3 .

100 Wellington to ADEA, 5 May 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/11. 101 The Times, 23 June 1964. 102 Ibid.

Notes 221

6: The Deepening Crisis, August-December 1964

1 Herring, America's Longest War, p. 121. 2 This episode is hereafter described as ' the Gulf of Tonkin incident ' . 3 Cabinet, 10 Sept. 1964, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 128/38, Pt 2,

CM(64)47(4). 4 Rusk to London, 2 Sept. 1964, memo, Malaysia, vol. 1, country file,

NSF, Box 275, LBJL. 5 Washington to ADEA, 4 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/19. 6 Ibid. 7 Komer to McGeorge Bundy, 4 Sept. 1964, memo, Malaysia, vol. Ill,

country file, NSF, Box 275, LBJL. 8 Cabinet, 4 Sept. 1964, decision no . 445, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/19. 9 NZDEA to Kuala Lumpur, 3 Sept. 1964, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

253/3/5/9 , Pt 3, Box 4189, NZNA. 10 ADEA to Wellington, 3 Sept. 1964, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/9, Pt 3, Box 4189, NZNA. 11 Ibid, emphasis in the original. 12 NZDEA to Canberra, 4 Sept. 1964, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/9, Pt 3, Box 4189, NZNA. 13 Edmonds to Mullins, 15 Sept. 1964, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3 /

5/9, Pt 3, Box 4189, NZNA. 14 Douglas-Home to Holyoake, 12 Sept. 1964, message, ABHS, 950, W4627,

253/3/5/9 , Pt 3, Box 4189, NZNA. 15 Scherger, 11 Sept. 1964, note, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/19. 16 Mclntosh to Holyoake, 9 Sept. 1964, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/9, Pt 3, Box 4189, NZNA. 17 ADEA to London, 17 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/20. 18 Washington to ADEA, 8 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/

3/19. 19 Menzies to Douglas-Home, 13 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27,

245/3/20. 20 Ibid. 21 Wellington to ADEA (copy), 14 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27,

245/3/20. 22 Wellington to CRO, 14 Sept. 1964, telegram, PRO, Prem 11/4909. 23 Wellington to ADEA (copy), 14 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27,

245/3/20. 24 Wellington to ADEA (copy), 20 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27,

245/3/20. 25 Douglas-Home to Menzies/Holyoake, 18 Sept. 1964, message, PRO, Prem

11/4910. 26 Cabinet, 10 Sept. 1964, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 128/38, Pt 2,

CM(64)47(4). 27 Kuala Lumpur to ADEA, 16 Sept. 1964, AA, A1945/27, 245/3/20. 28 Ibid. 29 London to ADEA, 18 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A2908/1, M120, Pt 2. 30 Kuala Lumpur to ADEA, 19 Sept. 1964, cablegram, AA, A1945/27, 245/

3/20.

222 Notes

31 Wright to Douglas-Home, 21 Sept. 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4910. 32 Rusk to Jakarta, 12 Sept. 1964, telegram, Indonesia, vol. Ill, country

file, NSF, Box 246, LBJL. 33 Rusk, 22 Oct. 1964, circular telegram, Indonesia, vol. Ill, country file,

NSF, Box 246, LBJL. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 See Mozingo, Chinese Policy toward Indonesia, p. 193. 37 State Department, 9 Sept. 1964, memcon, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1964-66, POL 27, Box 2458, USNA. 38 Translated, 'neo-colonialists and imperialists: Old Established Forces'. 39 State department , 9 Sept. 1964, memcon, RG 59, central foreign policy

file 1964-66, POL 27, Box 2458, USNA. 40 Rusk, 22 Oct. 1964, circular telegram, Malaysia, vol. Ill, country file,

NSF, Box 275, LBJL. 41 Komer to William Bundy, 21 Oct. 1964, letter, Malaysia vol. Ill, country

file, NSF, Box 275, LBJL. 42 Ibid. 43 Ibid. 44 Rusk, 22 Oct. 1964, circular telegram, Malaysia, vol. Ill, country file,

NSF, Box 275, LBJL. 45 Washington to ADEA, 1 Oct. 1964, cablegram, AA, A2908/1, M120,

Pt 2. 46 Forster to Hanbury-Tenison, 30 Nov. 1964, letter, FO 371/176452,

IM103145/9. 47 Komer to McGeorge Bundy, 19 Nov. 1964, memo, Indonesia, vol. HI,

country file, NSF, Box 246, LBJL. 48 CINCPAC to McNamara, 6 Dec. 1964, telegram, UK, vol. II, country

file, NSF, Box 206, LBJL. 49 Washington to ADEA, 21 Oct. 1964, cablegram, AA, A2908/1, M120, Pt 2. 50 Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900-1990 (London, 1996),

p . 294. 51 Robert Pearce (ed.), Patrick Gordon Walker: Political Diaries 1932-1971

(London, 1991), p. 298; Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness: Diaries 1963-1967 (London, 1987), pp. 108-9.

52 Kuala Lumpur to CRO, 29 Oct. 1964, telegram, PRO, FO 371/176477, IM 1091/9.

53 CRO to Kuala Lumpur, 29 Oct. 1964, telegram, PRO, FO 371/176477, IM 1091/9.

54 Cable, 30 Nov. 1964, file note, PRO, FO 371/175250, DH 1015/103/G. 55 Ibid. 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid. 58 Peck, 27 Nov. 1964, brief, PRO, FO 371/175250, DH 1015/99. 59 Ibid. 60 Lochore to Mclntosh, 1 Dec. 1964, letter, PRO, FO 371/175251, DH

1015/112. 61 Peck, 27 Nov. 1964, brief, PRO, FO 371/175250, DH 1015/99. 62 Ibid.

Notes 223

63 Trend to Douglas-Home, 30 April 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 11/4731. 64 Long-term study group, 23 Oct. 1964, report, PRO, CAB 148/40. 65 Ziegler, Wilson, p . 191. 66 For further commentary, see Ponting, Breach of Promise, pp . 61-6. 67 Treasury, 11 Nov. 1964, m e m o to C a b i n e t , PRO, CAB 148 /40 ,

OPD(0)(64)9. 68 FO, 22 Sept. 1964, memo to Cabinet, PRO, CAB 148/7, DO (0)(64) 59. 69 Healey to Wilson, 20 Nov. 1964, memo, PRO, FO 371/176485, IM 1192/

64/G. 70 Ibid. 71 Bottomley to Healey, 4 Dec. 1964, memo, PRO, FO 371/176485, IM

1192/64/G. 72 Healey to Bottomley, 11 Dec. 1964, memo, PRO, FO 371/176485, IM

1192/101/G. 73 Trend to Wilson, 19 Nov. 1964, memo, PRO, Prem 13/018. 74 Trend to Cabinet, 27 Nov. 1964, memo, PRO, CAB 148/40, OPD(0)(64) 27. 75 Ibid. 76 Ibid. 77 Long-term study group, 23 Oct. 1964, report , PRO, CAB 148/40,

OPD(0)64, 3. 78 Defence and oversea policy (official) committee, 14 Oct. 1964, minute

of meeting, PRO, CAB 148/4, DO (0)(64) 2 1 . 79 Gordon Walker to Cabinet, 19 Nov. 1964, memo, PRO, CAB 148/17. 80 FO, 22 Sept. 1964, m e m o to Cabinet, PRO, CAB 148/7, DO (0)(64) 59. 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid. 83 Ibid. 84 Ibid. 85 Ibid. 86 Ibid. 87 Ibid. 88 Sir David Luce to COS, 3 July 1964, memo, PRO, Defe 4/171, 47(64) 7. 89 Ilya V. Gaiduk, 'Soviet policy towards US participation in the Vietnam

war', p. 44. 90 Wedeman, The East Wind Subsides, pp . 190-1 . 91 See Gaiduk, 'Soviet policy', pp. 45-6 . 92 VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire, p. 25. 93 Board of National Estimates to McCone, 9 June 1964, memo, FRUS,

Vietnam, 1964-68, Vol. I, 1992, p. 485. 94 State Depar tment to London, 4 Dec. 1964, telegram, FRUS, Vietnam,

1964-68, Vol. I, 1992, pp. 979 -81 . 95 Defence committee, 15 Oct. 1964, report, AA, A5827/1, Vol. 15, agendum

493. 96 The Times, 23 Oct. 1964. 97 Ibid. 98 APD, House of Representatives, Vol. 44, 10 November 1964, p. 2718. 99 Ibid, p. 2926.

100 Canberra to State depar tment , 20 Nov. 1964, airgram, RG 59, central foreign policy file 1964-66, DEF 1, Box 1607, USNA.

224 Notes

101 State department, 25 Nov. 1964, memcon, RG 59, central foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 7, Box 1908, USNA.

102 William Bundy to Rusk, 26 Nov. 1964, memo, Australia, vol. I, country file, NSF, Box 233, LBJL.

103 See Barclay, A Very Small Insurance Policy, pp. 79-90; Pemberton, All the Way, 267-69.

7: Riding the Tiger, January-August 1965

1 Tunku to Wilson, 31 Dec. 1964, message, PRO, FO 371/181525, IM 1193/4/G.

2 Wilson to Tunku, 2 Jan. 1965, message, PRO, FO 371/181525, IM 1193/ 4/G.

3 State department, 15 Jan. 1965, circular telegram, RG 59, central foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 32-1, Box 2324, USNA.

4 Harold Wilson, The Labour Government, 1964-1970: a Personal Record (London, 1971), p . 42.

5 FO, 1 Feb. 1965, memcon, PRO, FO 371/181526, IM 1193/74 and ABHS, 950, W4627, 420/2/3 , Pt 29, Box 4655, NZNA.

6 Sydney Morning Herald, 4 Jan. 1965; New Zealand Herald, 6 Feb. 1965. 7 Vines to Hill, 25 Jan. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/180551, DV 103207/3. 8 Canberra to CRO, 8 Jan. 1965, telegram, PRO, Prem 13/428. 9 Ibid.

10 Canberra to CRO, 3 Feb. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/181526, IM 1193/70/G.

11 ADEA to Washington, 28 Jan. 1965, cablegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/3/5/9 , Pt 8, Box 4190, NZNA.

12 Canberra to NZDEA, 19 Jan. 1965, telegram, ABHS, 7148, LONB 106/ 2/7, Pt 4, Box 115, NZNA.

13 See, in particular, Coral Bell, Dependent Ally, pp. 67-8; Barclay, Friends in High Places, pp. 125-8; Pemberton, All the Way, pp . 161-2.

14 Wellington to CRO, 5 Feb. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/181527, IM 1193/87.

15 Thornton , 18 April 1965, memo, MFAT, PM 85 /1 /1 , Pt 9. 16 Mclntosh to Laking, 25 Feb. 1965, letter, MFAT, Mclntosh papers LAK

8/65/013. 17 Wellington to State depar tment , 23 July 1965, airgram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, POL 3, Box 2539, USNA. 18 Bacon to State Department, 2 April 1965, airgram, RG 59, central foreign

policy file 1964-66, POL 2, Box 2537, USNA. 19 Thorn ton , interview, 7 April 1995. 20 Cabinet, 14 Dec. 1964, minute of meeting, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/8 /

1, Pt 9, Box 4669, NZNA. 21 Mclntosh to Laking, 25 Feb. 1965, letter, MFAT, Mclntosh papers LAK

8/65/013. 22 Ibid. 23 Forster to Golds, 29 Jan. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/181526, IM 1193/48/G. 24 Gregory Pemberton, 'Australia, the United States and the Indochina

crisis of 1954', Diplomatic History, XIII, 1 (1989), 45-66.

Notes 225

25 Mackie, Konfrontasi, p . 287. 26 Jakarta to Rusk, 14 Jan. 1965, telegram, Indonesia, vol. HI, country file,

NSF, Box 246, LBJL. 27 Ibid. 28 CIA, 1 July 1965, report, National Intelligence Estimates, Malaysia/Indo-

nesia file, NSF, Boxes 6-7, LBJL. 29 Rusk to Jakarta, 20 Feb. 1965, telegram, Indonesia, vol. Ill, country file,

NSF, Box 246, LBJL. 30 Ball to Johnson , 18 March 1965, memo, Indonesia, vol. IV, country

file, NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 31 Ibid. 32 James Thomson to Johnson , 24 March 1965, memo, Indonesia, vol. IV,

country file, NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 33 Bunker to Johnson , 23 April 1965, report, Indonesia, vol. IV, country

file, NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Ball to Johnson , undated (late June), memo, Indonesia, vol. IV, country

file, NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 37 See, in relation to American policy in the subcont inent , Robert J.

McMahon, Towards disillusionment and disengagement in South Asia', in Warren I. Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, eds, Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy 1963-1968 (Cambridge, 1994).

38 Warren I. Cohen, Dean Rusk (New Jersey, 1980), p . 221 . 39 Patrick Gordon Walker, Political Diaries, pp . 303-4. 40 Ibid. 41 Laking to Mclntosh, 18 March 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

420/2 /3 , Pt 30, Box 4655, NZNA. 42 Ibid. 43 Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), pp. 384-9. 44 Laking to Mclntosh, 18 March 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

420/2 /3 , Pt 30, Box 4655, NZNA. 45 Note the comparison with Pakistan, where the administrat ion strongly

condemned President Ayub's efforts at closer relations with Peking. See McMahon, 'Towards disi l lusionment ' .

46 Head to Bottomley, 10 Feb. 1965, letter, PRO, Prem 13/430. 47 Rumbold to Stewart, 5 April 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/180207, D1051/48. 48 Gordon Walker, 7 May 1965, report, PRO, Prem 13/304. 49 Ibid. 50 Callaghan to Gordon Walker, 1 Jan. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/180205,

D1051/7. 51 COS, 16 Feb. 1965, minu te of meeting, PRO, Defe 4 /181 . 52 See Pimlott, Wilson, pp. 360-3 . 53 Trend to Wilson, 14 June 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/215. 54 Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London, 1989), p . 256. 55 Trend to Wilson, 14 June 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/215; Defence

and oversea policy (official) commit tee , 26 March 1965, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 148/41, OPD(0)(65) 8.

56 Trend to Wilson, 11 June 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/215.

226 Notes

57 CRO to Kuala Lumpur, 19 Jan. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/180206, D1051/25/G.

58 Trend to Wilson, 9 April 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/214. 59 Defence and oversea policy (official) committee, 27 May 1965, minu te

of meeting, PRO, CAB 148/41, OPD(0)(65) 13. 60 FO, 2 July 1965, memcon, PRO, Prem 13/216. 61 Trend to Wilson, 9 April 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/214. 62 Gilchrist to Peck, 6 Jan. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/181490, IM 1041/

21 ; Head to CRO, 29 Jan. 1965, memo, PRO, FO 371/180206, D1051/ 25/G.

63 JIMD, 3 June 1965, note, PRO, FO 371/181493, IM 1041/68/G. 64 Ibid. 65 Ibid. 66 Ibid. 67 VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire, p. 61 . 68 McGeorge Bundy to Johnson , 27 Jan. 1965, memo, FRUS, Vietnam,

1964-68, vol. II, 1996, p. 96. 69 Ibid. 70 Herring, America's Longest War, p. 125. 71 McGeorge Bundy to Johnson , 7 Feb. 1965, memo, FRUS, Vietnam

1964-68, vol. II, p. 175. 72 VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire, p. 105. 73 Wheeler to McNamara, 20 March 1965, memo, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68,

vol. II, 1996, p. 466. 74 Mansfield to Johnson, 24 March 1965, letter, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68,

vol. II, p. 480. 75 Johnson to Mansfield, 12 April 1965, letter, FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68,

vol. II, p. 548. 76 FO, 2 May 1965, memcon, PRO, Prem 13/430. 77 Ibid. 78 Gordon Walker with Rusk, 6 March 1965, memcon, PRO, Prem 13/

693. 79 David Bruce, 23 March 1965, minute , FRUS, Vietnam, 1964-68, vol. II,

1996, p . 472. 80 Larry Berman, Planning a Tragedy: the Americanization of the War in

Vietnam (New York, 1982), p. 147; VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire, pp . 216-17.

81 Waldo Heinrichs, 'Lyndon B. Johnson: Change and Continuity, ' in Cohen and Tucker eds, Johnson Confronts the World, p. 29.

82 Cable, 23 Feb. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/180551, DV 103207/1. 83 APD, House of Representatives, vol. 45, 29 April 1965, p. 1061. 84 Andrews, Australia and China, p. 187. 85 Porter, Paul Hasluck, p. 261 . 86 Cable, 23 Feb. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/180551, DV 103207/1. 87 NZDEA, 28 June 1965, guidance telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253 /3 /

5/9, Pt 9B, Box 4191, NZNA. 88 Mclntosh to Holyoake, 3 May 1965, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253/

3/5/9, Pt 9B, Box 4191, NZNA. 89 David McCraw, 'The demanding alliance: New Zealand and the escalation

Notes 227

of the Vietnam war,' The Australian Journal of Politics and History, XXXIV, 3 (1989), 308-319, 317; Malcolm McKinnon, New Zealand in the World since 1935, p . 157.

90 Wright to Wilson, 1 March 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/693. 91 Addis to Peck, 25 Aug. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/180544, DV 103145/

218. 92 Ibid. 93 Cable, 3 Feb. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/180539, DV 103145/20/G;

Gordon Walker, 7 May 1965, report, PRO, Prem 13/304. 94 Addis to Peck, 25 Aug. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/180544, DV 103145/

218. 95 See Ponting, Breach of Promise, Morgan, Wilson and Ben Pimlott, Wilson. 96 Ziegler, Wilson, p . 206; Pimlott, Wilson, pp . 385-6; Ponting, Breach of

Promise, pp. 53-4 . 97 McGeorge Bundy to Johnson , 3 June 1965, memo, FRUS, Vietnam,

1964-68, vol. II, p . 717. 98 Wilson to Johnson , 11 Feb. 1965, telecon, PRO, Prem 13/692. 99 Ibid.

100 FO, 12 March 1965, memcon, PRO, Prem 13/693. 101 Ibid. 102 Ibid. 103 Laking to Mclntosh, 21 April 1965, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 206/15/1,

Pt 14, Box 4070, NZNA. 104 Ibid. 105 Dean to Stewart, 15 Sept. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/179559, AU 1015/44. 106 Mayhew, 23 Sept. 1965, file note, PRO, FO 371/179559, AU 1015/44. 107 Cable, 3 Feb. 1965, file note, PRO, FO 371/180539, DV 103145/20/G. 108 Stewart to Rumbold, 22 June 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/180207, D1051/

48. 109 VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire, p. 58. 110 Ibid. 111 Wilson to Tunku, 8 Aug. 1965, message; Menzies to Tunku, 9 Aug.

1965, message; Holyoake to Tunku, 9 Aug. 1965, message, PRO, Prem 13/589, Pt 1.

112 FO, 9 Aug. 1965, memcon , PRO, FO 371/181459, IM 1017/9/G.

8: Confrontation Ends, August 1965-January 1966

1 Pritchard to Bottomley, 26 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, FO 371/181528, IM 1193/134/G.

2 Lee Kuan Yew to Wilson, 23 Aug. 1965, message, PRO, Prem 13/431. 3 FO, 25 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/22, OPD(65)123. 4 Ibid. 5 CRO, 10 Sept. 1965, memcon, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/154/G. 6 FO, 25 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/22, OPD(65)123. 7 Ibid. 8 Cabinet, 15 Aug. 1965, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 130/239, MISC

76/1 .

228 Notes

9 FO, 25 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/22, OPD(65)123. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Greenhill , 13 Aug. 1965, file note, PRO, FO 371/181528, IM 1193/

132. 13 Ibid. 14 Healey to Wilson, 13 Aug. 1965, letter, PRO, Prem 13/431. 15 FO, 25 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/22, OPD(65)123. 16 Pritchard to Bottomley, 26 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, FO 371/181528,

IM 1193/134/G. 17 FO, 25 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/22, OPD(65)123. 18 Ibid. 19 Pritchard to Bottomley, 26 Aug. 1965, memo, PRO, FO 371/181528,

IM 1193/134/G. 20 Defence and oversea policy committee, 16 Sept. 1965, minute of meeting,

PRO, CAB 148/18, OPD(65)39. 21 James Murray, 6 Sept. 1965, memcon, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/

153. 22 Peck to Rumbold, 30 Sept. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/

155/G. 23 CRO, 8 Sept. 1965, Stewart with Ball, memcon, PRO, Prem 13/431. 24 Menzies to Wilson, 3 Sept. 1965, message, ABHS, 950, W4627, 253 /3 /

5/9, Pt 11, Box 4191, NZNA. 25 Canberra to MOD, 7 Sept. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM

1193/135/G. 26 Ibid. 27 White, 9 Sept. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/135/G. 28 James Murray, 6 Sept. 1965, memcon , PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/

153. 29 London to State department, 4 Sept. 1965, telegram, UK, vol. IV, country

file, NSF, Box 208, LBJL. 30 Washington to NZDEA, 16 Sept. 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627,

434 /8 /1 , Pt 10, Box 4670, NZNA; Canberra to NZDEA, 30 Oct. 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434 /8 /1 , Pt 10, Box 4670, NZNA and Wellington to State department , 31 Aug. 1965, telegram, RG 59, central foreign policy file 1964-66, DEF 1, Box 1606, USNA.

31 NZDEA to London, 6 Sept. 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/8/1, Pt 10, Box 4670, NZNA; London to State depar tment , 9 Sept. 1965, telegram, UK, vol. VI, country file, NSF, Box 208, LBJL.

32 Mclntosh to Holyoake, 24 Aug. 1965, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/ 8 /1 , Pt 9, Box 4670, NZNA.

33 Ibid. 34 Lochore to Mclntosh, 15 Oct. 1965, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 318/6/1,

Pt 29, Box 4525, NZNA. 35 Jakarta to State depar tment , 7 Sept. 1965, telegram, Indonesia, vol. IV,

country file, NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 36 Ibid. 37 London to State department, 4 Sept. 1965, telegram, UK, vol. IV, country

file, NSF, Box 208, LBJL.

Notes 229

38 Ibid. 39 Jakarta to State depar tment , 3 Sept. 1965, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, DEF 1, Box 1606, USNA. 40 James Murray, 6 Sept. 1965, memcon, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/153. 41 CRO, 8 Sept. 1965, Stewart with Ball, memcon, PRO, Prem 13/431. 42 Jakarta to State depar tment , 3 Sept. 1965, telegram, RG 59, central

foreign policy file 1964-66, DEF 1, Box 1606, USNA. 43 Canberra to NZDEA, 30 Oct. 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/

8 /1 , Pt 10, Box 4670, NZNA. 44 Ibid. 45 Ibid. 46 Mclntosh, 2 Aug. 1965, minute , ABHS, 950, W4627, 434 /8 /1 , Pt 9,

Box 4670, NZNA; Mclntosh to Holyoake, 24 Aug. 1965, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434 /8 /1 , Pt 9, Box 4670, NZNA.

47 Mclntosh, 2 Aug. 1965, minute , ABHS, 950, W4627, 434 /8 /1 , Pt 9, Box 4670, NZNA.

48 Mclntosh to Holyoake, 24 Aug. 1965, memo, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/ 8/1 , Pt 9, Box 4670, NZNA.

49 Ibid. 50 Ibid. 51 London to State department, 9 Sept. 1965, telegram, UK, vol. VI, country

file, NSF, Box 208, LBJL. 52 Ibid. 53 Ibid. 54 Ibid. 55 Rusk to Canberra, 4 Sept. 1965, telegram, Australia, vol. I, country file,

NSF, Box 233, LBJL. 56 Canberra to NZDEA, 24 Aug. 1965, telegram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/

8/1 , Pt 9, Box 4670, NZNA; Canberra to NZDEA, 27 Aug. 1965, tele-gram, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434 /8 /1 , Pt 9, Box 4670, NZNA.

57 Defence and oversea policy committee, 23 Sept. 1965, minute of meeting, PRO, CAB 148/18, OPD(65)41.

58 Trend to Wilson, 21 Sept. 1965, memo, PRO, Prem 13/431. 59 Ibid. 60 Wilson to Menzies/Holyoake, 25 Sept. 1965, telegrams, PRO, FO 371 /

181529, IM 1193/152/G. 61 Rumbold to Peck, 23 Sept. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/

155/G. 62 Peck to Rumbold, 30 Sept. 1965, letter, PRO, FO 371/181529, IM 1193/

155/G. 63 Ibid. 64 Ibid. 65 Ibid. 66 For an excellent discussion of the 'coup ' , see Crouch, Army and Poli-

tics in Indonesia, pp. 97-134. 67 See previous chapters on this point . 68 See, in particular, Crouch, Army and Politics in Indonesia, pp. 344-7

and H.W. Brands, 'The limits of manipulation: how the US didn't topple Sukarno', Journal of American History, 76, 3 (1989), 785-808.

230 Notes

69 Stanley, 13 Oct. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/181455, IM 1016/20. 70 Singapore to FO, 5 Oct. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/180316, DH

1015/167. 71 FO to Singapore, 6 Oct. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/180316, DH

1015/167. 72 JIMD to Stewart/Bottomley, 22 Dec. 1965, memo, PRO, FO 371/181531,

IM 1193/207/G. 73 Stanley, 13 Oct. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/181455, IM 1016/20. 74 Rusk to Jakarta, 29 Oct. 1965, telegram, Indonesia, vol. IV, country file,

NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 75 Ibid. 76 Cooper to McGeorge Bundy, 16 Oct. 1965, memo, Cooper Memos, name

file, NSF, Box 2, LBJL. 77 Rusk to Jakarta, 29 Oct. 1965, telegram, Indonesia, vol. IV, country file,

NSF, Box 247, LBJL. 78 Washington Post, 21 May 1990. 79 Jakarta to FO, 11 Oct. 1965, telegram, PRO, FO 371/180318, DH 1015/

179/G. 80 Peck, 29 Nov. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/181457, IM 1016/59/G. 81 Peck, 3 Dec. 1965, report, PRO, FO 371/181457, IM 1016/63/G. 82 Ibid. 83 Lochore to Mclntosh, 12 Oct. 1965, letter, ABHS, 950, W4627, 318/6/1,

Pt 29, Box 4525, NZNA. NECOLIM is a Sukarno phrase for neo-colonialism. 84 Peck, 3 Dec. 1965, report, PRO, FO 371/181457, IM 1016/63/G. 85 NZJIC, 7 Dec. 1965, report 53/65, AAFD, W3738, 235/1/2, Pt 3, Box

1332, NZNA. 86 NZJIC, 2 Nov. 1965, report 48/65, AAFD, W3738, 235/1/2, Pt 3, Box

1332, NZNA. 87 NZJIC, 16 Nov. 1965, report 50/65, AAFD, W3738, 235/1/2, Pt 3, Box

1332, NZNA. 88 Cooper to McGeorge Bundy, 16 Oct. 1965, memo, Cooper memos,

name file, NSF, Box 2, LBJL. 89 Cable, 1 Nov. 1965, minute , PRO, FO 371/181530, IM 1193/184/G. 90 Healey, 5 Oct. 1965, memo, PRO, AIR 8/2452. 91 Trend to Wilson, 12 Nov. 1965, PRO, Prem 13/216. 92 FO, 20 Oct. 1965, report, PRO, CAB 148/44, OPD(0)(65)63. 93 Ibid. 94 Trend to Wilson, 22 Nov. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/24. 95 Healey, 5 Oct. 1965, memo, PRO, AIR 8/2452. 96 Ibid. 97 DASB [obscure abbreviation] to CAS, 9 Nov. 1965, memo, PRO, AIR

8/2454. 98 Zuckerman to Wilson, 14 Nov. 1965, letter, PRO, Prem 13/216. 99 Thomson to Wilson, 17 Nov. 1965, letter, PRO, Prem 13/216.

100 Defence council, 7 Oct. 1965, minu te of meeting, PRO, AIR 8/2452. 101 Wilson to Menzies/Holyoake, 31 Dec. 1965, message, ABHS, 950, W4627,

434 /8 /1 , Pt 10, Box 4670, NZNA. 102 Healey, 5 Oct. 1965, memo, PRO, AIR 8/2452. 103 Trend to Cabinet, 22 Nov. 1965, memo, PRO, CAB 148/24.

Notes 231

104 Adams to Oliver Wright, 13 Nov. 1965, letter, PRO, Prem 13/216. 105 NZDEA, 17 Feb. 1966, report, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/8/1, Pt 10, Box

4670, NZNA. 106 Ibid. 107 Ibid. 108 Menzies to Wilson, 19 Jan. 1966, message, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/8/1,

Pt 10, Box 4670, NZNA. 109 Thornton, interview with author, Wellington, 7 April 1995. 110 Ibid. 111 Mclntosh to Templeton, 10 Feb. 1966, letter, MFAT, Mclntosh papers,

TEM 1/66/005. 112 NZDEA, 10 March 1966, report, ABHS, 950, W4627, 434/8/1, Pt 11,

Box 4670, NZNA. 113 Ibid.

Conclusion

1 J.P.D. Dunbabin, The Cold War: The Great Powers and their Allies (Lon-don, 1994), p. 198.

2 Mozingo, Chinese Policy toward Indonesia, pp. 134-7; Smith, Vietnam, vol. II, pp. 82-7.

3 Smith, Vietnam, Vol. II, pp. 31-2. 4 Paterson ed., Kennedy's Quest for Victory, p. 13; Thomas J. McCormick,

America's Half-century, p. 138. 5 For an exception, see Maga, New Pacific Community. 6 See Chin Kin Wah, Defence of Malaysia and Singapore, p. 60. 7 See Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation, pp. 283-6. 8 See, for example, Harper, A Great and Powerful Friend; Glen St J. Barclay,

Friends in High Places and Coral Bell, Dependent Ally. 9 Carl Bridge, ed., Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and

the United States since the 1930s (Melbourne, 1991), p. 2. 10 See David Lee, 'Australia, the British Commonwealth and the US, 1950-

53', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, XX, 3 (1992), 445-69; 'Australia and Anglo-American disagreement over the Quemoy-Matsu crisis, 1954-55', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, XXIII, 1 (1995), 105-128; 'Australia and allied strategy in the Far East, 1952-1957', Journal of Strategic Studies, XVI, 4 (1993), 511-38.

11 Andrews, Australia and China, pp. 184-8; Barclay, A Very Small Insurance Policy, p. 54; Porter, Paul Hasluck, p. 227.

12 Pemberton, All the Way, pp. 202-8; Edwards, Crises and Commitments, pp. 265-6, 298, 379, and Edwards, A Nation at War, pp. 63-4.

13 Edwards, Crises and Commitments, pp. 223-7. 14 Wedeman, The East Wind Subsides, pp. 190-4. 15 Andrews, Australia and China, p. 184. 16 Quote taken from Desmond Ball, ed., The ANZAC Connection (Sydney,

1985), p. 2. 17 See Mark Pearson, Paper Tiger: New Zealand's Part in SEATO, 1954-1977

(Wellington, 1989), pp. 80-95.

232 Notes

18 Edwards, Crises and Commitments, pp. 293-4. 19 Mozingo, Chinese Foreign policy, p. 210. 20 Robert Jackson, The Malayan Emergency: the Commonwealth's Wars, 1948-

1966 (London, 1991), p. 139. By comparison, the Commonwealth lost 1851 killed and 2526 wounded in the 'emergency', June 1948 to 31 August 1957. See ibid, p. 115.

21 See Lacouture, De Gaulle, p. 401. 22 Pimlott, Wilson, pp. 382-3; Morgan, Wilson, p. 270; Ziegler, Wilson,

p. 219. 23 The Guardian, 11 June 1965. 24 Holland, European Decolonisation, 1918-1981: an Introductory Survey (Lon-

don, 1985) p. 276. 25 See, for example, Ponting, Breach of Promise, pp. 49-56. 26 Robert Rhodes James, Ambitions and Realities, p. 61. 27 See Waldeman, East Wind, p. 208. 28 According to Amnesty International, approximately one million people

were murdered in the massacres which followed the abortive 'coup' of 30 September. See Julie Southwood and Patrick Flanagan, Indonesia: Law, Propaganda and Terror (London, 1983), p. 73.

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A1945 Correspondence files, multiple number series A2031 Defence committee minutes

Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet

A1209 Correspondence files, annual single number series A4940 Menzies and Holt Ministries, Cabinet files 'C single number series A5799 Defence committee agenda A5818 Seventh Menzies ministry, Cabinet submissions (1st series) A5819 Seventh Menzies ministry, Cabinet submissions (2nd series) A5827 Eighth Menzies ministry, Cabinet submissions

Private Manuscripts

M2576 Menzies papers

National Library of Australia, Canberra

MS4936 Sir Robert Menzies papers

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Well ington PM series Secretary to department of external affairs and prime minister,

general correspondence files Alister Mclntosh papers

National Archives of New Zealand, Head Office, Well ington

Department of prime minister and Cabinet - Cabinet office, multiple-number subject files, AAFD, Accession W3738

Ministry of foreign affairs and trade, head office, multiple-number-subject files, ABHS, Series 950, Accession W4627

Ministry of foreign affairs and trade, London high commission, multiple-number subject files, ABHS, Series 7148

INTERVIEWS

Sir James Cable, Cambridge, 2 and 16 September 1994, 19 April 1996. Mr Frank Corner, Wellington, 5 April 1995. Mr Anthony Golds, London, 27 September 1994. Sir George Laking, Wellington, 10 April 1995. Sir Edward Peck, Oxford, 7 November 1994. Sir Arthur Tange, Canberra, 3 February 1995. Sir Leonard Thornton, Wellington, 7 April 1995. Mr Hunter Wade, Auckland, 17 July 1995. Mr Richard Woolcott, Canberra, 6 February 1995.

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Index

Abdul Rahman, Tunku (Malaya, then Malaysia)

AMDA and British bases, 27-8 , 34, 167 expels Singapore from Malaysia,

137, 160, 201 Manila summits, 52, 65, 104 response to Indonesian attacks,

116, 121, 125 Sukarno, talks with, 56, 107 support for Malaysian federation,

26-8 , 32, 34, 65-6 Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement

(AMDA), 7, 27, 56, 63, 180, 188 see also under individual countries

ANZUS Kennedy-Barwick agreement, 83,

193 US obligations in respect to

Confrontat ion, 6 0 - 1 , 63, 68, 73-4, 77, 81-3 , 87-8, 109, 117

see also British bases (Singapore) Australia

1963-election, 86 AMDA, role in, 56, 63, 65, 67-8 ,

71, 73 ANZUS, see ANZUS armed forces: Borneo insurgency,

14, 70, 80, 83, 86, 88-9 , 99, 106-8, 135, 138-9, 191-3, 196; Laos, 191; logistical independence from Britain, 35-6, 111; Plan Althorpe, 118-19; selective compulsory service, 134; Vietnam, 14-15, 108-11, 133-5, 138-9, 153-4, 190-4

Australian Depar tment of External Affairs (ADEA), conflict with PMD, 13, 46-7, 55, 67-8 , 71, 80, 192

Britain: relations with, 14, 34-6,

46, 49-53 , 66, 80, 84-5 , 90, 110, 135, 165-6, 170, 182-3, 190-4, 201, 203; response to embassy attack, 69-71 , 80

China (People's Republic of), policy towards, 109-10, 134-5, 153-4, 193-4

Confrontat ion: response to, 13-15, 47-50, 134-5, 191-4 'forward defence' doctr ine, 30,

32, 39, 170 Indonesia, policy towards, 47-9,

89-90, 98 Malaysia, support for, 47,