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1Nuclear Processes

Standard 11:The Nuclear Process

(chapter 25)

Chemistry.Ms. Siddall.

1

Standard 11:The Nuclear Process(chapter 25)

vocabulary

Title page

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Vocabulary

1. Isotope2. Radioactivity3. Radioactive decay4. Radioisotope5. Transmutation6. Fission7. Fusion8. Half life

9. Radiation 10.Ionizing radiation 11.Alpha particle 12.Beta particle13.Positron 14.Gamma ray15.Transuranium element

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Standard 11:The Nuclear Process(chapter 25)

vocabulary

Title page

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1. Isotope: an atom with….

The atom.

Proton Neutron

Inside the nucleusOutside the nucleus

electronsNUCLEONS

charge = +1

charge = 0

charge = -1mass

= 1

mass = 0

Review & Preview

1

notes

2

Date:Topic:Objective:

Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom

Study question 1

• Complete the table

Charge massprotonneutronelectro

n

1

Study questions

2

Date:Topic:Objective:

Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom

Charge mass

proton

neutron

electron

Study question 1

+1

Atomic symbol:• Example: 14-carbon.

• Example: 235-Uranium

C14

6Protons

Protons & neutrons

U235

92Protons

Protons & neutrons

* Atoms are ranked by number of protons on the periodic table = atomic number

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Additional notes and questions

2

Date:Topic:Objective:

Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom

Charge mass

proton

neutron

electron

Study question 1

+1

Atomic symbols

Example: 14-carbon

Study question 2

The atom is made up of three particles…. The first particle is…The atomic symbol describes the number of …

study question 2

1. What is the complete atomic symbol for 25-Magnesium?

2. How many neutrons are in this atom? (show your work)

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Page summary

2

Date:Topic:Objective:

Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom

Charge mass

proton

neutron

electron

Study question 1

+1

Atomic symbols

Example: 14-carbon

Study question 2

The atom is made up of three particles…. The first particle is…The atomic symbol describes the number of …

Isotope: atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

• Example:

U92235

92 protons & 146 neutrons

92 protons & 143

neutrons

238U92

study question 3

• What are the similarities and differences between a 14-Carbon isotope and a 13-Carbon isotope?

Standard 11a: The Strong Nuclear Force

NEWS FLASH: All atoms with more than one proton must contain the same or greater number of neutrons.

The Strong Nuclear Force.• holds nucleons together.• much stronger than

electromagnetic repulsion.• extremely short range • the strongest force known (so far!)

study question 4

• Explain how protons are held together in the nucleus even though the positive charges repel each other.

Standard 11bEnergy and Types of Nuclear

Reactions

A Nuclear Reaction.• Produces about 1 million times more

energy than a chemical reaction.• energy released can be calculated

using

E = mc2

m = massc = speed of light = 3x108 m/s

study question 5

1. Which is more powerful?a. A chemical reactionb. A nuclear reaction

2. How is the energy of a nuclear reaction measured?

Fission: • A large nucleus is hit with a small particle

and splits into two or more smaller atoms.• examples: nuclear energy & nuclear

bombs (235-U is hit with a neutron)

Fusion: • Two small particles collide to form one

larger particle• Examples: thermonuclear bombs & the sun

(2 hydrogen atoms combine to form helium)

study question 6 Name the following processes:

1. Two small particles collide to form a larger particle

2. A large particle breaks apart after being hit by a small particle

Fission of Uranium in a nuclear reactor.

Nuclear Fusion.

study question 7

1. Which reaction is used for nuclear power?

2. Which is used in nuclear bombs?

3. Which powers the sun?

Radioactive Decay.•All atoms have at least one radioisotope (unstable isotope) that emits radiation.

•example = hydrogen.

1H

3

H2H

Radioisotope!

3H -1e + 3He

Radiation

Radioactive decay

3H

-1eRadiation

3He

study question 8

• Which atoms have unstable radioisotopes?

Unstable Isotopes• Out of 1500 isotopes only 154 are stable• Some isotopes take a fraction of a

second to decay, some take billions of years.

• All man made isotopes are radioactive. – e.x. Rf, Db

– They do not exist in nature because they have very short half lives.

study question 9• Name 3 atoms that are not found

in nature.

Radioactive decay• Parent isotope = radioisotope that

decays• Daughter isotope = result of parent

isotope decay (could also be radioisotope).

• Example: 238Pu 234U + 4Heparent daughter

RADIATION

study question 10

For the following reaction label:1. The parent isotope2. The daughter isotope3. The radiation

3H 3He + +1e

Standard 11c & 11d:Radiation & Effects.

There are 3 types of radiation:1. Alpha decay α• Produces alpha particle

= α = 4He (helium nucleus)• Ionizing energy• Short range• Can be stopped with thick clothing

or thick paper• Example: 240Pu 236U + 4He

study question 11

• Write the equation for the spontaneous alpha decay of 238-U

2. Beta Decay: β• Produces beta particle

= high energy electron= β = -1e or +1e (positron)

• Ionizing energy• Longer range• Can be stopped with metal foil• Example: 14C 14N + -1 β

study question 12

• Write the equation for 66- copper undergoing spontaneous beta (-1e) emission

3. Gamma decay: ɣ – Produces gamma ray

= ɣ = high energy photon.– Ionizing energy.– Very long range.– Nothing stops gamma rays entirely.– Concrete or lead offer good

protection.

– Example: 60Co 60Ni + -1e + ɣ

study question 13

1. Which is the most penetrating form of radiation?

2. Why?

Standard 11f: Half life

• Half-Life = The time it takes for ½ of a radioactive sample to decay.

• The rate of decay never changes.• Example: carbon-14 has a ½ life of 5,715

years.• After 5,715 years ½ of all 14-carbon

atoms have undergone radioactive decay

5715 years pass

Anot

her 57

15 y

ears

pas

s

Half-Life

Carbon dating

study question 14

• A body containing 0.25g 14-carbon is discovered. How old is it? (a live person contains 1.0g 14-carbon.)

Example: How much of a 100g sample of 222Rn is left after 12 days? (½ life = 4

days)• How many half-lives is that?

3• After 4 days you have…

50g• After 8 days you have…

25g• After 12 days you have…

12.5g

study question 15

• 3-hydrogen has a half life of 12 years. How much of a 20mg sample would be left after 48 years?

Example: 1.00g 210-Po is re-examined after 276 days. Only 0.25g remain. What is the ½ life of 210-Po?

• How many ½ lives elapse?• 1.00g 1 ½ life • 0.5g 1 ½ life 0.25g• 2 ½ lives• 2 ½ lives = 276 days• 1 ½ life = 138 days

study question 16

• The ½ life of 238-Uranium is about 5 billion years. If approximately half of all 238-Uranium on earth has already decayed, how old is the earth?