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Normal Flora
• Microbiota
• Normal microbiota=Normal microflora
• Microbiome
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• Resident flora
• Transient flora
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NORMAL FLORA OF THE HUMAN BODY
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Tissue tropism
Essential growth factor
Specific ligands for attachment
to specific receptors located at the
colonization site
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Advantage
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Disadvantage
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Normal flora of the skin
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Normal flora of the Eyes
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EAR
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Normal flora of the Respiratory tract
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Normal flora of the nose
• Corynebacteria
• Staphylococci (S epidermidis, S aureus)
• Streptococci
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Upper respiratory tract • Peptostreptococcus
• Anaerobic cocci
• Veilnollella
• Actillomyces
• Fusobacterium spp
• Streptococcus
• Haemophilus
• Neisseria spp.
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LOWER RESPI RATORY TRACT • Generally sterile
• Transient colonizationvirulent bacteria present in the mouth
• S. pneumoniae
• S. aureus.
• Enterobacteriaceae such as Klebsiella) cause acute disease of
the lower airway.
• Anaerobic cocci
• Anaerobic gram-negative rods
• Fungi such as Candidaalbicans
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Normal flora of the Gastrointestinal tract
Esophagus
Stomach
Proximal small intestine
Distal part of the small intestine
Large intestine (colon)
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Normal flora of the Oral cavity
• Nutrients
• Epithelial cells
• Secretions
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Throat or pharynx
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Esophagus
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Stomach
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Intestinal
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1- Protective functions competing for nutrients and receptors
or directly through the production of antimicrobial
factors, such as bacteriocins and lactic acid
2- Mucosal immune system. IgA
3- Metabolic functions, amino acid requirements
short-chain fatty acids
vitamin K, biotin, and folate and enhance ion absorption.
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Normal flora of the urogenital tract
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