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Non Fumigant Nematicides
Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma, FL
What is a nematode?
Diversity of nematodes
Thomas Blumenthal & Richard E Davis VOLUME 36 | NUMBER 12 | DECEMBER 2004 NATURE GENETICS
Inside or outside roots:
Endoparasitic– entire body inside the root
Ectoparasitic– entire body outside the root
Semi-endoparasitic- part of body inside root
Mobile or immobile:
Sedentary – mostly immobile during their life
Migratory – mobile for all their life.
Feeding habits of plant parasitic nematodes
How nematodes injure plants?
• Mechanical injury• Physiological changes• Reducing root mass
• Interact with soil fungi and bacteria
• Suppress rhizobia/VAM• Transmission of several viruses • Increase susceptibility to
environmental stress
8/12/2018
Nematode Management
Sanitation Crop rotation Biocontrol Solarization
Plant Resistance / Tolerance
Steaming Biofumigation Cover crops
Good agronomy Tillage Nematicides
7
Methyl Bromide … RIP 1932-2016
Brief History of Nematicides
•1st nematicides: fumigants - biocides▫ CS2 (1869), chloropicrin (1920), methyl
bromide, DBCP, 1,3-D, Metam (1940s)
•2nd wave: organophosphates / carbamates - insecticides
▫ Fenamiphos, aldicarb (1960s), oxamyl, ethoprophos (1970s)
•3rd wave: selective / safer nematicides▫ Late 2010’s-2020’s: New more
specific nematicides, new biological nematicides
5/05/20148
New fluorine (3-F) nematicides
New products are less toxic and more selective – true nematicides
New modes of action – or unknown;
Different soil behavior – efficacy and application
Chemical name Trade name
Structure Soil movement / solubility (water)
Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat.
Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d ? Danger
Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger
Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d ? Caution
Fluopyram Velum Poor – 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHI Warning
Fluazaindolizine Salibro(2020)
Medium+ 2000 ppm Medium 30 d ? TBD
Biological Nematicides
Bacterial toxins, Burkholderia spp.
Majestene
Capsacin (Capsicum) and allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil)
Dazitol
Nematode parasitcfungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus
Melocon
Cinnamon, clove and thyme oil
NemaKill
10
Gulf Coast REC Research Farm
8/12/2018
Beach sand … root-knot nematode = Meloidogyne javanica
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. )
• #1 nematode in Florida + the world, many crops
• Many species in FL
• Endoparasitic - Root galls
Tomato trial, fall 2016 - root gall ratings
8/14/2018
cde cde
bc
bb
bcd
e
bc
de
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
Ga
ll i
nd
ex
(0
-10
)
4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks
All nematicides reduced gall
ratings end of the season
Low-medium RKN pressure
Root-knot nematode soil counts - end of season8/12/2018
ab
b
ab
ab
b b
b
ab
ab
a
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum K-pam UTC
J2
's/2
00
cc
soil
UTC highest root-knot counts; no difference among other PPN:
stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes
Pre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (0-1 J2 / 200 cc soil)
Plant vigor(NDVI) during the season
15
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 11 weeks
ND
VI
(0-1
)
Nimitz + Vydate
Velum + Vydate
Salibro + Vydate
Vydate + Vydate
K-pam
Check
K-pam
Check
K-pam Check
3-F nematicides similar crop vigor, in between check and K-pam
Greenseeker
Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks
8/12/2018
b
ab
b b
bb
b
b
a
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate
1 lb 1 lb +Vydate
2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum
6.5 oz +Vydate
60 gal
Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC
LB
S P
ER
PL
OT
1st pick 2nd pick 3th pick
Sclerotium rolfsii
No difference 1st and 2nd pick; K-pam greatest 3rd pick
Impact on non-plant-parasitic nematodes in soil?
8/14/2018
Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups
based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial
feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e)
omnivore.
Nematode feeding groups in tomato - Early season, 10-20
days post-treatment
8/12/2018 (7-21
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Nimitz Half
Nimitz Full
Velum
Salibro
Vydate
Check
K-pam
Number per 150 cc soil
Bacterivores Fungivores (P<0.01) Omnivores (P<0.01) Herbivores
Fungivores, omnivores and herbivores
knocked out … no effect of new nematicides
Tomato Trial, spring 2017, GCREC
8/12/2018
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PicClor60 No fumigant Pic100
Chemical / biological
Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
AB
BCC
BC
AB
A
ABC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ga
ll i
nd
ex (
0-1
0)
PicClor60
17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27
Medium-high RKN pressure
Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
AB
E
BC
CD
D
AB
A
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ga
ll i
nd
ex (
0-1
0)
Pic100
17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27
Medium-high RKN pressure
Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)
A
A
A
B
B
B
C
C
C
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27
Ga
ll i
nd
ex
(0
-10
)
none PicClor60 Pic100
Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks
8/12/2018
A
BB
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pic100 PicClor60 None
LB
S P
ER
PL
OT
1st pick 2st pick 3st pick
Two on farm nematicide rescue trials March-April 2017:
(1) cantaloupe double crop after strawberry, Dover FL
• Northern root-knot nematode!
• Nimitz @ 7 pts 7 days pre-plant
• Velum @ 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant
• Vydate and Majestene 1 day pre-plant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal
• Root galls after 6 and 8 weeks
24
Nematode infection on double-crop cantaloupe,
Dover, FL, 2017, M. hapla, northern root-knot
a aab
ab
b
a
b
ab
b b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz
Ga
ll I
nd
ex (
0-1
0)
M. hapla root gall ratings on Cantaloupe
40 days 60 days
25
(2) cucumber(pickle) double crop after
cucumber, Plant City
8/12/2018
• High level of Javanese root-knot
nematode (M. javanica)
• Applied Nimitz, Velum, Vydate,
Majestene, Dazitol and Nemakill
thru drip
Nematode infection on double-crop cucumber, Plant City,
FL, 2017 – M. javanica – Javanese root-knot
27
a
ab ab
ab ab ab
c
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Majestene Nemakill Nimitz UTC Velum Dazitol Vydate
Ga
ll I
nd
ex
(G
I) (
0-1
0)
M. javanica Gall Ratings Cucumber, BG Farm, Plant City, 2017
Farming w/o Fumigants in Florida ?Anaerobic/biological soil disinfestation Soil steaming Solarization
Non-fumigant nematicides
Resistant cv’s Natural enemies / Biocontrol
Cover crops Biofumigation
28
GCREC Nematology
29
• Nematicide Testing
• New nematode problems
• Nematode resistance
• Nematode-diseases
• Cover crops
• Suppressive soils
• Other crops – Hops
Thanks Adama, Corteva, Bayer CropScience, Marrone BioInnovations for support
E-mail: [email protected]: https://uflnematodes.wordpress.com/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/uflnematology/