NOMADIC EMPIRES AND EURASIAN INTEGRATION

Chapter 18 Review

DURING WHAT PERIOD DID THE NOMADS OF CENTRAL ASIA IMPACT THE OTHER GLOBAL CIVILIZATIONS OF THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE POST CLASSICAL ERA?

A) 900 to 1100

B) 1100 to 1300

C) 1200 to 1400

D) 1300 to 1500

E) 800-900

WHAT WAS THE BASIC UNIT OF MONGOL SOCIETY?

A) The nuclear family

B) The tribe

C) The guild

D) The city-state

E) Band

HOW DID THE GEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL ASIA AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOMADIC CULTURES?

NOMADIC ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Clans, related languages

sought trade, were prominent on caravan routes

Fluidity of classes in nomadic society

Two social classes: nobles and commoners

Autonomous clans and tribes

Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity; by tenth century, Islam

HOW DID THESE PEOPLE ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT? WHAT ADVANTAGES DID THEIR ADAPTATIONS GIVE THEM?

ENVIRONMENT

Nomads drove herds in migratory cycles

Lived mostly on animal products

limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

DISCUSS THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION, TECHNIQUES, AND STRATEGIES OF THESE ASIAN NOMADS. HOW DID THESE ABILITIES MAKE THEIR MILITARY SO FORMIDABLE?

WHERE WAS THE CAPITAL OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE UNDER CHINGGIS KHAN?

A) Samarkand

B) Karakorum

C) Tatu

D) Khwarazm

E) Cambolu

Using Primary source material: Marco Polo

Read the Primary source and highlight the following: Military structures Pleasure structures Economic structures Marco Polo’s impressions

Discuss

MILITARY

Khan ("ruler") organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansion

Outstanding cavalry forces

formidable military power

Genghis KhanKublai Khan

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS NOT ONE OF THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF CHINGGIS KHANʹS IMPERIAL RULE?

A) He promulgated a legal code to end divisions and quarrels among the Mongol clans.

B) He brought peace to much of Asia.

C) He promoted the growth of trade and commerce.

D) He ordered the creation of huge pastures in northern China for the use of the Mongol

clans.

E) He promised religious toleration for many different religious groups.

CONQUEST OF NORTHERN CHINA Chinggis Khan, Mongols

raided the Jurchen in north China 1211

Controlled north China by 1220

South China ruled by the Song dynasty

Mongol/Yuan dynasty (founded 1279)

Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan by Khubilai

FACTORS

Equestrian skills

Bows

Mobile forces

Mongol overlords oversaw local administrators

Outlawed intermarriage

Tolerated religions

Confucianism lost government support

HOW DID THE MONGOLS COME TO CONQUER CHINA? WHAT WERE THE KEY ELEMENTS IN THEIR SUCCESS?

Speed

Fear

Babies

WHAT WAS THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE UNDER CHINGGIS KHAN?

A) He was converted to Islam late in his life.

B) He practiced no religious beliefs himself, but tolerated Islam only.

C) All religions were tolerated in his empire.

D) Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongol empire.

E) After the Russian campaign the Mongols became Orthodox Christians.

FOLLOWING CHINGGIS KHANʹS DEATH, WHAT WAS THE PROVISION FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THEEMPIRE?

A) It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons.

B) It was centralized with a Mongol bureaucracy located at the Chinese capital of Tatu.

C) The empire immediately fragmented into its constituent tribes and clans.

D) It passed as a single government with its capital at Karakorum to Chinggis Khanʹs oldest son.

E) Mandarins from China were brought in to help administer the empire under the guidance of the grand khan.

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF EPIDEMICS IN THE DECLINE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRES. How were the Mongol’s responsible?

After the Mongols:

The rise of the Turks

TURKISH EXPANSION INTO PERSIA AND INDIA

SALJUK TURKSIn the Abbasid Empire

Mid 8th – mide 10th centuries

Lived on borders

Traded

Joined Army

1055 – Tughril Beg recognized as sultan by caliph

Successors extend rule to Syria and Paestine

In the Byzantine Empire

Began migrating to Anatolia in 11th century

1071 – defeat Byzantines at Manzikert – take emperor

Peasants see Saljuks as liberators

Displaced Byzantine authority

WHO WAS TAMERLANE, AND WHAT WAS HIS LASTING LEGACY?

HOW DID THE TURKS COME TO TOPPLE THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE?

WHAT ROLE DID RELIGION(S) PLAY IN THE NOMADIC EMPIRES? WHAT GENERALIZATIONS CAN YOU MAKE? WHAT ARE THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES?

MAHMUD OF GHAZNI

Enemy of Buddhism and Hinduism

Attacked temples and shrines

Stripped Hindu and Buddhist establishments of their wealth

Repressed Buddhism and Hinduism and promoted Islam