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Noadswood Science, 2012
The Arm & Moments
To know the structure of the arm and to be able to work out moments
Wednesday, April 19, 2023
Skeleton
What is the skeleton?
Why do we have one?
What makes up our skeletal system?
Skeleton
Our skeleton is made up of 206 bones: calcium and other minerals make the bone strong but slightly flexible
Bone is a living tissue with a blood supply (it can repair itself if broken, and exercise and a balanced diet are important for a healthy skeleton)
The skeleton has three main functions: - Supporting the body Protecting some of the vital organs Helping the body move
Movement
Some bones in the skeleton are joined rigidly together and cannot move against each other - bones in the skull are joined like this
Other bones are joined to each other by flexible joints - muscles are needed to move bones attached by joints
Strength
The human skeleton is very strong, especially teeth…
Special support is needed if teeth are knocked out to try and make them as strong as the originals…
Skeleton
The skeleton has over 200 bones – you will need to be able to recap the bones which make up the arm…
Joints
A joint is where two or more bones meet – all synovial joints (a freely moveable joint) have the same components: - Cartilage reduces friction acting as a shock absorber Synovial fluid lubricates the joint Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid Tendons join muscle to bone enabling movement Ligaments join bone to bone, stabilising the joint
Antagonistic Muscles
Muscles can only pull, and they work by getting shorter (contract)
As muscles can only pull, each joint is moved by a pair of muscles - an antagonistic pair
Muscles are attached to bones by strong tendons - when a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone, and the bone can move if it is part of a joint
Antagonistic Muscles
The elbow joint lets our forearm move up or down, controlled by two muscles, the biceps on the front of the upper arm, and the triceps on the back of the upper arm: -
When the biceps muscle contracts, the forearm moves up
When the triceps muscle contracts, the forearm moves down
Forearm upBiceps contract (triceps relaxed)
Forearm down
Triceps contract (biceps relaxed)
Levers
The diagram shows the human arm in two positions (straight arm and arm lifted)
The human arm works as a system of levers: – Long levers are helpful A lever moves at a pivot The effort is supplied when a muscle contracts
Straight arm Arm lifted
Body Levers
In the arm, where is the pivot?
In the straightening of the arm, which muscle is contracted and in the lifting of the arm, which muscles in contracted?
The biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles, as they work against each other – what does this mean?
Straight arm Arm lifted
Body Levers
The pivot is at the middle, where the arm bends
The triceps contract when straightening the arm and the biceps contract when lifting the arm
The biceps pulls up the arm, but then is stuck… until the contracting triceps pull it back – antagonistic pair
Straight arm Arm lifted
Moments
Muscles moving bones act as simple levers – forces can make objects turn if there is a pivot (this turning effect is known as a moment)
To work out moments we need to know the force (weight) applied and the distance from the pivot where the force is applied
Pivot Moment (Nm) = Force (N) x Distance (m)
Moments
To work out moments we need to know: - The force (weight) applied The distance from the pivot where the force is applied
Force(F)
Moment(M)
Distance(D)
Force = Moment Distance Distance = Moment Force Moment = Force x Distance