No Written Warm Up today

5/10/2013We will discuss CNN student news

after we watch it.

Today – Key Issues 1&2 Presentation

Urban Patterns Project Assignment due 5/22/2013 or 5/17/2013 for extra

credit!

Movie extra credit – week of 5/20/13

Chapter 13Ch 13.

Urban Patterns

An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e

James M. Rubenstein

PPT by Abe Goldman

KI 1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown?

• I. Urbanization• A. Increasing urban percentage• B. Increasing urban populations

• II. Defining urban settlements• A. Social differences between urban and rural

settlements• B. Physical definitions of urban settlements

Percent Urban Population

Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

• What is urbanization?

• Process by which the population of cities grows.

• 2 dimensions measured by geographers:

• Number of people living in cities

• Percentage of people living in cities.

% of people on Earth living in urban areas:

• 1800 3%• 1900 14%• 1950 30%• 2008- 50% First time in history more

people lived in urban than rural areas.

• On your notes, write a statement that summarizes this change over time.

Percent GDP from Services, 2005

Large Cities

Fig. 13-2: Cities with 2 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.

Percent Urban by Region

Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

Social Differences b/t Urban and Rural

• Louis Wirth – 1930s• Urban dwellers follow different way of life than rural • What creates this difference?• 1. Large size• Urban people interact through contracts• Rural people interact in multiple contexts• 2. High density• Urban – people must be specialized and compete for limited space • Rural – everyone pitches in on most everything • 3. Social Heterogeneity• Urban – freedom to be weird • Rural – more “oversight” by community, less tolerance

Physical Differences between Urban Settlements

• Historically, easy to tell difference between urban and rural – look for the wall

Ancient Ur

Fig. 12-10: Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences.

Athens, Greece

Fig. 12-11: The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

Paris

Fig. 12-13: Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.

Why were there so few examples of “walled cities” in North America?

• Simple answer: cities were & are too new. • Too new??? What does this mean?• Large walls surrounding cities began to disappear when

military technology surpassed their usefulness. • Why would a city spend the time & $$ to build something

that was a little use? • Some examples of walled cities in US• New Amsterdam (NYC): Wall St. was actually location of

defensive wall used by Dutch against Native Americans & British.

• San Antonio??

Physical Differences b/t Urban Settlements

• Today, much more confusing• Legal definition of a city? • Urbanized Area• Central city plus contiguous suburbs w/ pop over 1,000

per sq. mile• 70% of US population live in a…• Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA

• At least 50,000 • County w/in which city is located• Adjacent counties w/ high pop & large % that work in central

city

Pflugerville Annexations

HHS

Black Hawk

HEB

Steeds Crossing

Bohl’s Place

Gatlinburg

St. Louis Metropolitan Area

Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, given its position on the Mississippi River.

Austin-Round Rock MSAAustin-Round Rock MSA

Counties in MSA

• Bastrop

• Caldwell

• Hays

• TravisAustin

743,074 (2007)

• WilliamsonRound Rock

96,992 (2007)

MSAs of TexasMSAs of TexasEach colored Each colored region region represents an represents an MSA. MSA.

How many How many principle cities principle cities can you name can you name for the MSAs?for the MSAs?

Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

• When MSAs are close together, their influences can overlap…..

• Welcome to the MEGOLOPOLIS MEGOLOPOLIS • Washington DC – Boston, Mass. (Bos-wash)• Were considered separate, then combined, then

separated again into two MSAs • Why? • While people often commute b/t the two to work or

for entertainment, the two cities have different functions and characters

Megalopolis

Fig. 13-4: The Boston–Washington corridor contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

Megolopoli at Night

BosWash• Pop: 55 million • Density: 931 per sq mile

Taikeiyo Belt (aka, Tokaido) • Pop: 90 million• Density: 2,000 per sq mile

Key Issue 2: Urban Structure• I. Three models of urban structure• A. Concentric zone model• B. Sector model• C. Multiple nuclei model• II. Geographic applications

• III. Use of the models outside North America

• A. European cities• B. LDC’s

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

Immigrant / Low Income Housing

Working Class Housing Suburbia

Middle Class

Similarities b/tSimilarities b/t Burgess Model Burgess Model

& & von Thunen Modelvon Thunen Model

Prior to the development of Prior to the development of modern transportation systems, modern transportation systems, how was the cost of land how was the cost of land affected by its distance from affected by its distance from market? market?

How has modern transportation How has modern transportation systems affected the cost of systems affected the cost of land relative to its distance from land relative to its distance from market? market?

Sector Model

Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

Why are these Models useful?

• Help geographers, economists, sociologists, and city planners explain settlement patterns.

• Combining the models allows for greater understanding of 2 things:

• 1. why people live where they do

• 2. why businesses locate where they do

Can one city represent more than one model??

• YES!!

Indianapolis: Percent Renters

Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.

Indianapolis: Household Income

Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.

Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns

Fig. 13-10: The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

Areas in white Areas in white are bodies of are bodies of water, water, government government lands or facilities.lands or facilities.

Income Distribution in Central Texas Williamson

Bastrop

Caldwell

Hays

Travis

What model does central Texas follow most closely?

Use of the Models outside of US• Generally, the opposite trends are noticed outside

the US• Europe and LDCs • The higher the income, live closer to CBD• More parks and open space • The lower the income, live further from CBD• Built high-rise apartments for workers/low income• Paris Riots in 2005 • LDCs • Layout and demographic distribution affected by

colonization

Professionals in Glasgow

Fig. 13-11: Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.

Mexico City

Fig. 13-12: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.

Squatter settlements

• UN estimates up to 200 million people live in these settlements.

• No services.

• Why do people live here?

• Go to favela presentation

Fès (Fez), Morocco

Fig. 13-13: The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Fig. 13-14: In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

Latin American City Model

Fig. 13-15: In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine. The model was developed by Larry Ford.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 13-16: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.