NJ ASK REVIEW

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Physical Science Science Safety Scientific Method

Chemistry

Physics

MATTER

Physical Properties

Describe matter without changing matter

4 general properties:

Mass, weight, volume and density

Examples 5 senses State Malleability Ductility Boiling Point Solubility Viscosity

MATTER Chemical Properties

Describes matter as it changes its chemical make-up

A new substance is formed

Examples:

Reactivity(Baking Soda + Vinegar ->

Gas)

Flammability

States / Structure Solid

- Crystalline

- Amorphous

Liquid Gas Plasma

Molecules packed together and vibrating

Molecules rolling over each other

Molecules moving all over

Molecules moving super fast speeds

Change of State Endothermic - molecules speed up Melting

Vaporization- Evaporation- Boiling

Sublimation

Exothermic

- Molecules slow down Freezing

Condensation

Elements Pure substance

(one type of atom )

Ex. Periodic Table

Gold

Hydrogen

Tin

Neon

Elements - Classification

Metals - Tin, gold, silver, aluminum

Non-Metals - Neon, Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon

Metalloids- Boron, Silicon, Arsenic

Compounds Chemical combination

of elements – changes the characteristics of the individual elements

Na + Cl -> NaCl

Water Carbon Dioxide Baking Soda Sugar

Mixtures / Solutions How matter is

organized

Heterogenous

(Easily separated)

Homogeneous

(More uniform)

Solvent- dissolving

Solute - dissolved

Solubility

Ex. Lemonade

Atomic Structure Nucleus contain

protons (+) and neutrons (=)

Electron (-) cloud / shell

What’s Inside?

How to Determine Data from an Element Key

Element Key Atomic # = # Protons

= # electrons

Atomic Mass = # Protons

+ # Neutrons

# Neutrons = At. Mass – Atomic #

13

Al

Aluminum

27.0

Physics – Matter in Motion

Matter in Motion Motion – changes in position from

reference point

Speed = Distance/time

Velocity – speed in given direction

Acceleration – Rate at which velocity changes

Force Force = push or pull

Net force = combining all forces

Same direction (+) add forces together

Opposing directions (-) subtract forces

Friction Force that opposes motion

between two surfaces touching

Sliding Rolling Fluid Static

Temperature Measure of the average kinetic energy of

the molecules in an object

Kinetic = energy in motion Potential = energy stored

- Measured with Thermometer

Gravity Force of attraction between objects due to

their masses

Mass = amount of matter in object

Weight = measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

Newton’s First Law of Motion

An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

Inertia

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied

F = ma

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

For every action – there is opposite and equal reaction

Work

Work – force causes an object to move in the direction of the force

F x D = W(joules)

Power – rate at which work is done

P = W/T ( joules/sec)

6 simple machines : mechanical device that makes work easier with only one movement

1. lever– 3 classes of lever—first class second class Third class -- Pivotal point --- fulcrumposition of fulcrum changes based on type of lever2. Wheel and axle –3. Inclined plane--ramp4. The screw– inclined plane spiraled

around a cylinder5. pulleys-fixed and moveable6. wedge--- cuts stuff

Compound machines

More than 1 simple machine working together--- more mechanical advantage

Energy - Forms

Thermal = heat

Chemical = break-down of compounds

Electrical = moving electrons

Sound = vibrations

Light = vibrations of electrically charged

particles

Nuclear = changes in nucleus of atom

Energy Transfer – CONDUCTION

Direct contact from one object to another

• Ex. Pot on stove• Ex. Metal Spoon in

Soup• Ex. Copper Pipes

Energy Transfer - CONVECTION

Movement of liquid or gas

Ex. Hot-air popper Boiling Water

(convection currents) Air Masses (weather)

Energy Transfer - RADIATION

Transfer of energy through matter or space as electromagnetic waves, visible light or infrared waves

Ex. Space Heater Microwave Oven

MAGNETISM POLES—N AND S POLES ON ENDS OF

MAGNETS LAW OF MAGNETISM:

LIKE POLES REPEL; UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT.

MAG. FIELD– AREA AROUND A MAGNET WHERE FORCES EXIST. STRONGEST AT THE POLES.

MAGNETIC DOMAINS

AREAS OF ATOMS ALIGNED IN THE MAGNET TO KEEP THE MAGNETISM. IF THEY FACE IN DIFF. DIRECTIONS, AND ARE NOT ALIGNED—NO MAGNETISM.

Electricity

2 TYPES: STATIC AND CURRENT: Static electricity is a build-up of electric

charges on an object Law of charges:

electric discharge --Static electricity is lost due to contact w/something, ex. Lightning to ground

Like charges repel; unlike charges attract

Electricity 2

Lightning rods work by directing the electric charge carried by lightning

CURRENT ELECTRICITY Electric current is a continuous flow of charge

(motion of electrons) SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY: Batteries- are made of cells that convert chemical

energy to electrical energy Generators– convert wind,water, etc Oil, gas, wind, water, steam, biomass, etc.

Electricity 3

Circuits consists of : energy source, a load, wires and sometimes a switch

Fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against circuit failure

Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy does work

Waves

Any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space

Carry Energy

Wave Properties

Amplitude = height of wave Wavelength = distance of wave Frequency = number of waves produced in

a given time Wave speed = the speed of a wave Medium – substance in which waves travel

through ( s, l , g)

Wave Interactions

Reflection – wave bounces back

Refraction – wave bends

Diffraction – wave bends around object

Interference – waves overlap

Refraction-change in direction of wave due to its speed

diffraction

In

Addition of 2 or more waves that cause new wave pattern

Mirrors

Reflect light Plane mirrors – produce virtual images

that are the same size as the objects. These images are reversed left to right

2 main kinds of mirrors: Convex mirrors curves outward–makes a

wider view of everything Concave mirrors—curves inward-

magnifies everything

SOUND

Needs a medium to travel( solid, l, or gas )

Travels with rarefactions and compressions

Like a slinky.

Wave type: longitudinal wave

LIGHT

Light travels on an ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Does not need a medium to travel through

A wave that travels on changing electric and magnetic fields

Wave type: transverse wave

Visible Light

Narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum

Humans Sight:– Longest wavelengths = red light– Shortest wavelengths = violet light

ROYGBIV Visible light colors All colors are

combined = white light

Ex. sunlight, incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs emit white light

Why we see the colors we see? When white light

shines on a strawberry, only the red light is reflected.

All the other colors of light are absorbed.

Therefore the strawberry looks red to you.

Ideas to Review

OEQ – provide full thoughts

Add extras – diagrams, data from full science background

Think before you answer question

GOOD LUCK

Machines

MACHINE

A device that helps make work easier, faster, or by changing the size or direction of the force

stop