Nixon, Ford, CarterNixon, Ford, Carter

Mr. McMinnMr. McMinn

American HistoryAmerican History

Nixon’s Domestic PolicyNixon’s Domestic Policy

How did Richard Nixon’s personality affect How did Richard Nixon’s personality affect his relationship with his staff?his relationship with his staff?

How did Nixon’s domestic policies differ How did Nixon’s domestic policies differ from those of his predecessors?from those of his predecessors?

How did Nixon apply his “southern How did Nixon apply his “southern strategy” to the issue of civil rights and to strategy” to the issue of civil rights and to his choice of Supreme Court justices?his choice of Supreme Court justices?

Describe the first manned moon landing.Describe the first manned moon landing.

Nixon in PersonNixon in Person

Although he had a reserved and remote Although he had a reserved and remote personality, many Americans respected Nixon personality, many Americans respected Nixon for his experience and service.for his experience and service.

Nixon was willing to say or do anything to defeat Nixon was willing to say or do anything to defeat his enemies, who included political opponents, his enemies, who included political opponents, the government bureaucracy, the press corps, the government bureaucracy, the press corps, and leaders of the antiwar movement. and leaders of the antiwar movement.

Believing that the executive branch needed to be Believing that the executive branch needed to be strong, Nixon gathered a close circle of trusted strong, Nixon gathered a close circle of trusted advisors around him. advisors around him.

Nixon’s StaffNixon’s Staff

Nixon’s Close AdvisorsNixon’s Close Advisors H. R. HaldemanH. R. Haldeman — After campaigning tirelessly for Nixon, — After campaigning tirelessly for Nixon,

advertising executive H. R. Haldeman became Nixon’s chief advertising executive H. R. Haldeman became Nixon’s chief of staff.of staff.

John EhrlichmanJohn Ehrlichman — — Lawyer John Ehrlichman served as Lawyer John Ehrlichman served as Nixon’s personal lawyer and rose to the post of chief Nixon’s personal lawyer and rose to the post of chief domestic advisor.domestic advisor.

John MitchellJohn Mitchell — — Asked to be Attorney General after working Asked to be Attorney General after working with Nixon’s campaign in New York, Mitchell often spoke with Nixon’s campaign in New York, Mitchell often spoke with Nixon several times a day.with Nixon several times a day.

Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger — Although he had no previous ties to — Although he had no previous ties to Nixon, Harvard government professor Henry Kissinger first Nixon, Harvard government professor Henry Kissinger first became Nixon’s national security advisor and later his became Nixon’s national security advisor and later his Secretary of State.Secretary of State.

Domestic Policy—Oil and Domestic Policy—Oil and InflationInflation

During Nixon’s first few years in office, unemployment During Nixon’s first few years in office, unemployment and inflation rose, and federal spending proved difficult and inflation rose, and federal spending proved difficult to control. In response, Nixon turned to the practice of to control. In response, Nixon turned to the practice of deficit spendingdeficit spending, or spending more money in a year , or spending more money in a year than the government receives in revenues. He also than the government receives in revenues. He also imposed two price freezes lasting several months imposed two price freezes lasting several months each.each.

When the United States supported its ally Israel in a When the United States supported its ally Israel in a war against Egypt and Syria in 1973, the Arab war against Egypt and Syria in 1973, the Arab members of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo, or ban, on imposed an embargo, or ban, on shipping oil to the United States. The resulting shipping oil to the United States. The resulting shortage resulted in high oil prices, which in turn drove shortage resulted in high oil prices, which in turn drove inflation even higher.inflation even higher.

Domestic Policy—Social Domestic Policy—Social ProgramsPrograms

Although Nixon himself supported cutting Although Nixon himself supported cutting back or eliminating federal social back or eliminating federal social programs, he did not want to alienate programs, he did not want to alienate those voters who favored them.those voters who favored them.

Under Nixon’s Under Nixon’s New FederalismNew Federalism, states , states were asked to assume greater were asked to assume greater responsibility for the well-being of their responsibility for the well-being of their citizens, taking some of this responsibility citizens, taking some of this responsibility away from the federal government. away from the federal government.

The “Southern Strategy”The “Southern Strategy”

Nixon’s Views on Civil RightsNixon’s Views on Civil Rights Nixon did not support Nixon did not support

advances in civil rights, advances in civil rights, believing that to do so would believing that to do so would cost him the support of many cost him the support of many white southern voters.white southern voters.

Hoping to win over white Hoping to win over white southern Democrats, Nixon southern Democrats, Nixon sought a “southern strategy” sought a “southern strategy” which would keep his which would keep his supporters happy.supporters happy.

Results of Nixon’s ViewsResults of Nixon’s Views Nixon’s views resulted in a Nixon’s views resulted in a

slowdown of desegregation.slowdown of desegregation. Although Nixon tried to prevent Although Nixon tried to prevent

the extension of certain the extension of certain provisions of the Voting Rights provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Congress went Act of 1965, Congress went ahead with the extension.ahead with the extension.

Busing to end segregation in Busing to end segregation in schools was slowed, but not schools was slowed, but not halted entirely, by Nixon’s halted entirely, by Nixon’s opposition to it.opposition to it.

Nixon’s Supreme CourtNixon’s Supreme Court

During Nixon’s first term in office, four of the nine During Nixon’s first term in office, four of the nine Supreme Court justices either died, resigned, or Supreme Court justices either died, resigned, or retired. This gave him the opportunity to name retired. This gave him the opportunity to name four new justices and, thus, reshape the court.four new justices and, thus, reshape the court.

Warren Burger, Nixon’s choice for Chief Justice, Warren Burger, Nixon’s choice for Chief Justice, was a moderate. However, Nixon’s later was a moderate. However, Nixon’s later appointees reflected his conservative views.appointees reflected his conservative views.

The Senate rejected two of Nixon’s nominees The Senate rejected two of Nixon’s nominees from the South, charging that they showed racial from the South, charging that they showed racial bias.bias.

The First Moon LandingThe First Moon Landing

During Nixon’s presidency, the United States During Nixon’s presidency, the United States achieved its goal of a successful moon landing.achieved its goal of a successful moon landing.

On July 20, 1969, Neil A. Armstrong became the On July 20, 1969, Neil A. Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. He was joined by first man to walk on the moon. He was joined by Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, Jr., a fellow crewman on Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin, Jr., a fellow crewman on the the Apollo 11Apollo 11 spacecraft. spacecraft.

Television viewers around the world watched the Television viewers around the world watched the moon landing, and moon landing, and Apollo 11’sApollo 11’s crew were treated crew were treated as heroes when they returned. as heroes when they returned.

Nixon’s Domestic Policy—Nixon’s Domestic Policy—AssessmentAssessment

Which of these was an effect of the 1973 OPEC oil Which of these was an effect of the 1973 OPEC oil embargo?embargo?(A) (A) Rising oil prices drove inflation higher.Rising oil prices drove inflation higher.(B) (B) Many social programs became the responsibility of the states. Many social programs became the responsibility of the states. (C) (C) Busing to desegregate schools became more widespread. Busing to desegregate schools became more widespread. (D) (D) Nixon was able to name four new Supreme Court justices.Nixon was able to name four new Supreme Court justices.

What was Nixon’s “southern strategy”? What was Nixon’s “southern strategy”? (A) (A) a way to balance the federal budgeta way to balance the federal budget(B) (B) an attempt to win the support of white southern Democratsan attempt to win the support of white southern Democrats(C) (C) the name of the first moon missionthe name of the first moon mission(D) (D) an effort to end segregationan effort to end segregation

Nixon’s Domestic Policy—Nixon’s Domestic Policy—AssessmentAssessment

Which of these was an effect of the 1973 OPEC oil embargo?Which of these was an effect of the 1973 OPEC oil embargo?(A) (A) Rising oil prices drove inflation higher.Rising oil prices drove inflation higher.

(B) (B) Many social programs became the responsibility of the states. Many social programs became the responsibility of the states.

(C) (C) Busing to desegregate schools became more widespread. Busing to desegregate schools became more widespread.

(D) (D) Nixon was able to name four new Supreme Court justices.Nixon was able to name four new Supreme Court justices.

What was Nixon’s “southern strategy”? What was Nixon’s “southern strategy”? (A) (A) a way to balance the federal budgeta way to balance the federal budget

(B) (B) an attempt to win the support of white southern Democratsan attempt to win the support of white southern Democrats

(C) (C) the name of the first moon missionthe name of the first moon mission

(D) (D) an effort to end segregationan effort to end segregation

Nixon’s Foreign PolicyNixon’s Foreign Policy

What role did Henry Kissinger play in What role did Henry Kissinger play in relaxing tensions between the United relaxing tensions between the United States and the major Communist powers?States and the major Communist powers?

What was Nixon’s policy toward the What was Nixon’s policy toward the People’s Republic of China?People’s Republic of China?

How did Nixon reach an agreement with How did Nixon reach an agreement with the Soviet Union on limiting nuclear arms?the Soviet Union on limiting nuclear arms?

Henry KissingerHenry Kissinger

Practical PoliticsPractical Politics Kissinger admired the Kissinger admired the

European political philosophy European political philosophy of of realpolitikrealpolitik, or practical , or practical politics. Under this policy, politics. Under this policy, nations make decisions based nations make decisions based on maintaining their strength on maintaining their strength rather than on moral principles.rather than on moral principles.

Kissinger applied a Kissinger applied a realpolitikrealpolitik approach to his dealings with approach to his dealings with China and the Soviet Union, China and the Soviet Union, which led to better diplomatic which led to better diplomatic relations with both nations.relations with both nations.

Public OpinionPublic Opinion Kissinger understood the Kissinger understood the

power of the media and was power of the media and was able to use it to shape public able to use it to shape public opinion.opinion.

Kissinger’s efforts in ending Kissinger’s efforts in ending the Vietnam War and easing the Vietnam War and easing Cold War tensions made him a Cold War tensions made him a celebrity. He topped a list of celebrity. He topped a list of most-admired Americans, was most-admired Americans, was often featured on the cover of often featured on the cover of TimeTime magazine, and in 1973 magazine, and in 1973 shared the Nobel peace prize.shared the Nobel peace prize.

Relaxing TensionsRelaxing Tensions

DétenteDétente Although Nixon had built a Although Nixon had built a

reputation as a strong anti-reputation as a strong anti-Communist, he and Kissinger Communist, he and Kissinger reversed the direction of reversed the direction of postwar American foreign postwar American foreign policy by holding talks with policy by holding talks with China and the Soviet Union. China and the Soviet Union.

Nixon and Kissinger’s greatest Nixon and Kissinger’s greatest accomplishment was in accomplishment was in bringing about bringing about détentedétente, or a , or a relaxation in tensions, between relaxation in tensions, between the United States and these the United States and these Communist nations.Communist nations.

Complex Foreign AffairsComplex Foreign Affairs Kissinger understood that Kissinger understood that

foreign affairs were more foreign affairs were more complicated than just a complicated than just a standoff between the United standoff between the United States and communism.States and communism.

The Soviet Union and China, The Soviet Union and China, once allies, had become bitter once allies, had become bitter enemies. This development enemies. This development had the potential to reshape had the potential to reshape global politics.global politics.

A New Approach to ChinaA New Approach to China

Easing Relations Between the United States and ChinaEasing Relations Between the United States and China Historical BackgroundHistorical Background — After its Communist takeover in 1949, the — After its Communist takeover in 1949, the

United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China, United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China, viewing the government of Taiwan as the legitimate Chinese rulers.viewing the government of Taiwan as the legitimate Chinese rulers.

Steps to Ease RelationsSteps to Ease Relations — During the early 1970s, relations eased — During the early 1970s, relations eased between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Nixon referred to the nation by name, travel and trade restrictions Nixon referred to the nation by name, travel and trade restrictions were lifted, and American table-tennis players visited China, were lifted, and American table-tennis players visited China, beginning “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”beginning “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”

Nixon’s Visit to ChinaNixon’s Visit to China — In February 1972, Nixon became the first — In February 1972, Nixon became the first American President to visit China. Touring Chinese sites in front of American President to visit China. Touring Chinese sites in front of television cameras, Nixon established the basis for future diplomatic television cameras, Nixon established the basis for future diplomatic ties during his visit.ties during his visit.

Recognizing the Chinese GovernmentRecognizing the Chinese Government — The United States decided — The United States decided to join other nations in recognizing the Chinese government. In to join other nations in recognizing the Chinese government. In October 1971, Taiwan lost its seat in the United Nations to the October 1971, Taiwan lost its seat in the United Nations to the People’s Republic of China.People’s Republic of China.

Limiting Nuclear ArmsLimiting Nuclear Arms Nixon viewed arms control as a vital part of his foreign policy. Nixon viewed arms control as a vital part of his foreign policy.

Although he had taken office planning to build more nuclear Although he had taken office planning to build more nuclear weapons, Nixon came to believe that achieving balance between weapons, Nixon came to believe that achieving balance between the superpowers was a better strategy than an increasing the superpowers was a better strategy than an increasing nuclear arms race.nuclear arms race.

In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the first In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, known as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, known as SALT ISALT I. In this . In this treaty, both nations agreed to freeze the number of certain types treaty, both nations agreed to freeze the number of certain types of missiles at 1972 levels.of missiles at 1972 levels.

SALT I demonstrated that arms control agreements between the SALT I demonstrated that arms control agreements between the superpowers were possible. However, it did not reduce the superpowers were possible. However, it did not reduce the number of weapons that either nation possessed, nor did it halt number of weapons that either nation possessed, nor did it halt the development of conventional weapon technologies.the development of conventional weapon technologies.

Nixon’s Foreign Policy—Nixon’s Foreign Policy—AssessmentAssessment

Which of these definitions best describes Which of these definitions best describes realpolitikrealpolitik? ? (A) (A) An understanding of the power of the media to shape public opinionAn understanding of the power of the media to shape public opinion

(B) (B) A push to end the arms raceA push to end the arms race

(C) (C) A relaxation in international tensionsA relaxation in international tensions

(D) (D) A political policy that advocates national strength above moral issuesA political policy that advocates national strength above moral issues

What effect did Nixon’s 1972 visit to China have on American What effect did Nixon’s 1972 visit to China have on American foreign policy?foreign policy?(A) (A) It began the practice of “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”It began the practice of “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”

(B) (B) It established the basis for diplomatic ties with China.It established the basis for diplomatic ties with China.

(C) (C) It eased relations with the Soviet Union.It eased relations with the Soviet Union.

(D) (D) It resulted in a freeze on certain types of nuclear weapons.It resulted in a freeze on certain types of nuclear weapons.

Nixon’s Foreign Policy—Nixon’s Foreign Policy—AssessmentAssessment

Which of these definitions best describes Which of these definitions best describes realpolitikrealpolitik? ? (A) (A) An understanding of the power of the media to shape public opinionAn understanding of the power of the media to shape public opinion

(B) (B) A push to end the arms raceA push to end the arms race

(C) (C) A relaxation in international tensionsA relaxation in international tensions

(D) (D) A political policy that advocates national strength above moral issuesA political policy that advocates national strength above moral issues

What effect did Nixon’s 1972 visit to China have on American What effect did Nixon’s 1972 visit to China have on American foreign policy?foreign policy?(A) (A) It began the practice of “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”It began the practice of “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”

(B) (B) It established the basis for diplomatic ties with China.It established the basis for diplomatic ties with China.

(C) (C) It eased relations with the Soviet Union.It eased relations with the Soviet Union.

(D) (D) It resulted in a freeze on certain types of nuclear weapons.It resulted in a freeze on certain types of nuclear weapons.

The Watergate ScandalThe Watergate Scandal

How did the Nixon White House battle its How did the Nixon White House battle its political enemies?political enemies?

How did the Committee to Reelect the How did the Committee to Reelect the President conduct itself during Nixon’s President conduct itself during Nixon’s reelection campaign?reelection campaign?

What was the Watergate break-in, and how What was the Watergate break-in, and how did the story of the scandal unfold?did the story of the scandal unfold?

What events led directly to Nixon’s What events led directly to Nixon’s resignation?resignation?

Battling Political EnemiesBattling Political Enemies Nixon’s suspicious and secretive nature caused the White House to Nixon’s suspicious and secretive nature caused the White House to

operate as if it were surrounded by political enemies. One result of operate as if it were surrounded by political enemies. One result of this mind-set was the creation of an “enemies list,” a list of this mind-set was the creation of an “enemies list,” a list of prominent people seen as unsympathetic to the administration.prominent people seen as unsympathetic to the administration.

When someone in the National Security Council appeared to have When someone in the National Security Council appeared to have leaked secret government information to the leaked secret government information to the New York TimesNew York Times, Nixon , Nixon ordered that ordered that wiretapswiretaps, or listening devices, be installed on the , or listening devices, be installed on the telephones of some news reporters and members of his staff.telephones of some news reporters and members of his staff.

Leaks to the press continued, including former Defense Department Leaks to the press continued, including former Defense Department official Daniel Ellsberg’s leak of the Pentagon Papers, a government official Daniel Ellsberg’s leak of the Pentagon Papers, a government study that revealed widespread deception about the situation in study that revealed widespread deception about the situation in Vietnam. Vietnam.

In response, Nixon organized a special White House unit, In response, Nixon organized a special White House unit, nicknamed the Plumbers, to stop government leaks. In September nicknamed the Plumbers, to stop government leaks. In September 1971, the Plumbers broke into the office of Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, 1971, the Plumbers broke into the office of Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, hoping to punish Ellsberg by disclosing damaging personal hoping to punish Ellsberg by disclosing damaging personal information about him. information about him.

Nixon’s Reelection CampaignNixon’s Reelection Campaign

Campaign FundingCampaign Funding The Committee to Reelect the The Committee to Reelect the

President, led by John President, led by John Mitchell, aimed to collect as Mitchell, aimed to collect as much campaign money as much campaign money as possible before a new law possible before a new law required such contributions to required such contributions to be reported.be reported.

The money that the Committee The money that the Committee collected was intended to fund collected was intended to fund both routine campaign both routine campaign activities and secret unethical activities and secret unethical actions.actions.

““Dirty Tricks”Dirty Tricks” Attempts to sabotage Nixon’s Attempts to sabotage Nixon’s

political opponents came to be political opponents came to be known as “dirty tricks.” These known as “dirty tricks.” These efforts included sending efforts included sending hecklers to disrupt Democratic hecklers to disrupt Democratic campaign meetings and campaign meetings and assigning spies to join the assigning spies to join the campaigns of opposing campaigns of opposing candidates.candidates.

One particularly damaging One particularly damaging “dirty trick” involved a faked “dirty trick” involved a faked letter that seriously hurt the letter that seriously hurt the candidacy of Edmund Muskie, candidacy of Edmund Muskie, a leading Democratic a leading Democratic presidential contender. presidential contender.

The Watergate Break-InThe Watergate Break-In In March 1972, a group within the Committee to In March 1972, a group within the Committee to

Reelect the President made plans to wiretap the Reelect the President made plans to wiretap the phones at the Democratic National Committee phones at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in Headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C. This group was led by E. Howard Washington, D.C. This group was led by E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy.Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy.

The group’s first attempt failed. During their second The group’s first attempt failed. During their second attempt on June 17, 1972, five men were arrested. attempt on June 17, 1972, five men were arrested. The money they carried was traced directly to Nixon’s The money they carried was traced directly to Nixon’s reelection campaign, linking the break-in to the reelection campaign, linking the break-in to the campaign.campaign.

The break-in and the coverup which resulted became The break-in and the coverup which resulted became known as the known as the Watergate scandalWatergate scandal..

The Watergate CoverupThe Watergate Coverup Although Nixon had not been involved in the Although Nixon had not been involved in the

break-in, he became involved in its coverup. He break-in, he became involved in its coverup. He illegally authorized the CIA to try to persuade the illegally authorized the CIA to try to persuade the FBI to stop its investigation of the break-in, on FBI to stop its investigation of the break-in, on the grounds that the matter involved “national the grounds that the matter involved “national security.”security.”

Nixon advisors launched a scheme to bribe the Nixon advisors launched a scheme to bribe the Watergate defendants into silence, as well as Watergate defendants into silence, as well as coaching them on how to lie in court.coaching them on how to lie in court.

During the months following the break-in, the During the months following the break-in, the incident was barely noticed by the public. Nixon incident was barely noticed by the public. Nixon won the 1972 election by a landslide. won the 1972 election by a landslide.

The Scandal UnfoldsThe Scandal Unfolds

The Watergate TrialThe Watergate Trial At the trial of the Watergate At the trial of the Watergate

burglars in early 1973, all the burglars in early 1973, all the defendants either pleaded defendants either pleaded guilty or were found guilty.guilty or were found guilty.

Judge John J. Sirica, presiding Judge John J. Sirica, presiding over the trial, was not over the trial, was not convinced that the full story convinced that the full story had been told. He sentenced had been told. He sentenced the burglars to long prison the burglars to long prison terms, suggesting that their terms, suggesting that their terms could be reduced if they terms could be reduced if they cooperated with upcoming cooperated with upcoming Senate hearings on Watergate.Senate hearings on Watergate.

Woodward and BernsteinWoodward and Bernstein Two young Washington Two young Washington

Post reporters, Bob Post reporters, Bob Woodward and Carl Woodward and Carl Bernstein, were influential Bernstein, were influential in tracking down in tracking down information to uncover information to uncover the Watergate story.the Watergate story.

Woodward and Bernstein Woodward and Bernstein believed that the White believed that the White House would prove to be House would prove to be involved in the Watergate involved in the Watergate scandal.scandal.

The Scandal UnfoldsThe Scandal UnfoldsThe Senate InvestigatesThe Senate Investigates Aided by Woodward and Aided by Woodward and

Bernstein and by the testimony of Bernstein and by the testimony of one of the Watergate burglars, a one of the Watergate burglars, a Senate Select Committee on Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities Presidential Campaign Activities began to investigate the began to investigate the Watergate affair.Watergate affair.

Millions of Americans watched the Millions of Americans watched the Senate hearings unfold on Senate hearings unfold on national television.national television.

Nixon attempted to protect himself Nixon attempted to protect himself by forcing two top aides to resign by forcing two top aides to resign and by proclaiming that he would and by proclaiming that he would take final responsibility for the take final responsibility for the mistakes of others.mistakes of others.

A Secret Taping SystemA Secret Taping System During the Senate hearings, During the Senate hearings,

Alexander Butterfield, a former Alexander Butterfield, a former presidential assistant, revealed presidential assistant, revealed the existence of a secret taping the existence of a secret taping system in the President’s office.system in the President’s office.

The taping system had been set The taping system had been set up to provide a historical record of up to provide a historical record of Nixon’s presidency. Now it could Nixon’s presidency. Now it could be used to show whether or not be used to show whether or not Nixon had been involved in the Nixon had been involved in the Watergate coverup. Watergate coverup.

The “Saturday Night Massacre”The “Saturday Night Massacre” In an effort to demonstrate his honesty, in May In an effort to demonstrate his honesty, in May

1973 Nixon agreed to the appointment of a 1973 Nixon agreed to the appointment of a special prosecutorspecial prosecutor for the Watergate affair. A for the Watergate affair. A special prosecutor works for the Justice special prosecutor works for the Justice Department and conducts an investigation into Department and conducts an investigation into claims of wrongdoing by government officials.claims of wrongdoing by government officials.

The Watergate special prosecutor, Archibald The Watergate special prosecutor, Archibald Cox, insisted that Nixon release the White Cox, insisted that Nixon release the White House tapes. Nixon ordered him fired on House tapes. Nixon ordered him fired on Saturday, October 20, 1973, beginning a series Saturday, October 20, 1973, beginning a series of resignations and firings that became known of resignations and firings that became known as the “Saturday Night Massacre.” as the “Saturday Night Massacre.”

An Administration in JeopardyAn Administration in Jeopardy

Problems in the Nixon Administration, 1973–1974Problems in the Nixon Administration, 1973–1974 Nixon’s public approval rating plummeted after his Nixon’s public approval rating plummeted after his

firing of Cox.firing of Cox. When Cox’s replacement, Leon Jaworski, also When Cox’s replacement, Leon Jaworski, also

requested that Nixon turn over the tapes, Nixon turned requested that Nixon turn over the tapes, Nixon turned over edited transcripts instead. Feelings of anger and over edited transcripts instead. Feelings of anger and disillusionment arose among many who read them.disillusionment arose among many who read them.

Vice President Spiro Agnew, accused of evading Vice President Spiro Agnew, accused of evading income taxes and taking bribes, resigned in early income taxes and taking bribes, resigned in early October 1973. His successor, Gerald Ford, was not October 1973. His successor, Gerald Ford, was not confirmed until two months later.confirmed until two months later.

Impeachment Hearings and Impeachment Hearings and Nixon’s ResignationNixon’s Resignation

After the Saturday Night Massacre, Congress began After the Saturday Night Massacre, Congress began the process of determining if they should the process of determining if they should impeachimpeach the the President, or charge him with misconduct while in President, or charge him with misconduct while in office.office.

In the summer of 1974, the House Judiciary In the summer of 1974, the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach Nixon on numerous Committee voted to impeach Nixon on numerous charges. Conviction, and removal from office, seemed charges. Conviction, and removal from office, seemed likely. likely.

On August 5, 1974, Nixon released the White House On August 5, 1974, Nixon released the White House tapes, with an 18 1/2 minute gap. Even with this gap, tapes, with an 18 1/2 minute gap. Even with this gap, the tapes revealed his involvement in the Watergate the tapes revealed his involvement in the Watergate coverup. On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, the first coverup. On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, the first President ever to do so. Gerald Ford was sworn in as President ever to do so. Gerald Ford was sworn in as the new President.the new President.

The Watergate Scandal—The Watergate Scandal—AssessmentAssessment

Why did members of the Committee to Reelect the President Why did members of the Committee to Reelect the President break into the Watergate apartment complex in 1972?break into the Watergate apartment complex in 1972?

(A) (A) To cover up an increasing scandalTo cover up an increasing scandal

(B) (B) To raise undocumented campaign fundsTo raise undocumented campaign funds

(C) (C) To prevent Nixon from turning over tapesTo prevent Nixon from turning over tapes

(D) (D) To wiretap phones of the Democratic National CommitteeTo wiretap phones of the Democratic National Committee

Which statement best describes Nixon’s role in the Watergate Which statement best describes Nixon’s role in the Watergate affair?affair?

(A) (A) He was involved in the break-in but not the coverup.He was involved in the break-in but not the coverup.

(B) (B) He was involved in the coverup but not the break-in.He was involved in the coverup but not the break-in.

(C) (C) He was involved in both the break-in and the coverup.He was involved in both the break-in and the coverup.

(D) (D) He was involved in neither the break-in nor the coverup.He was involved in neither the break-in nor the coverup.

The Watergate Scandal—The Watergate Scandal—AssessmentAssessment

Why did members of the Committee to Reelect the President Why did members of the Committee to Reelect the President break into the Watergate apartment complex in 1972?break into the Watergate apartment complex in 1972?

(A) (A) To cover up an increasing scandalTo cover up an increasing scandal

(B) (B) To raise undocumented campaign fundsTo raise undocumented campaign funds

(C) (C) To prevent Nixon from turning over tapesTo prevent Nixon from turning over tapes

(D) (D) To wiretap phones of the Democratic National CommitteeTo wiretap phones of the Democratic National Committee

Which statement best describes Nixon’s role in the Watergate Which statement best describes Nixon’s role in the Watergate affair?affair?

(A) (A) He was involved in the break-in but not the coverup.He was involved in the break-in but not the coverup.

(B) (B) He was involved in the coverup but not the break-in.He was involved in the coverup but not the break-in.

(C) (C) He was involved in both the break-in and the coverup.He was involved in both the break-in and the coverup.

(D) (D) He was involved in neither the break-in nor the coverup.He was involved in neither the break-in nor the coverup.

The Ford AdministrationThe Ford Administration

How did Gerald Ford become President, How did Gerald Ford become President, and why did he pardon Richard Nixon?and why did he pardon Richard Nixon?

What economic problems did the Ford What economic problems did the Ford administration face?administration face?

What actions in foreign policy did What actions in foreign policy did President Ford take during his term?President Ford take during his term?

How did Americans celebrate the nation’s How did Americans celebrate the nation’s bicentennial?bicentennial?

Ford Becomes PresidentFord Becomes President

When Gerald Ford took over the When Gerald Ford took over the Presidency following Nixon’s resignation, Presidency following Nixon’s resignation, he was viewed as a popular and he was viewed as a popular and noncontroversial political figure.noncontroversial political figure.

Ford named New York Governor Nelson Ford named New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President, rounding off Rockefeller as Vice President, rounding off an administration in which neither the an administration in which neither the President nor the Vice President had been President nor the Vice President had been elected.elected.

The Nixon PardonThe Nixon Pardon At the beginning of Ford’s presidency, At the beginning of Ford’s presidency, TimeTime

magazine noted “a mood of good feeling and magazine noted “a mood of good feeling and even exhilaration in Washington.” However, this even exhilaration in Washington.” However, this was soon to change.was soon to change.

A month after Nixon’s resignation, Ford A month after Nixon’s resignation, Ford pardoned the former President for “all offenses” pardoned the former President for “all offenses” he might have committed, avoiding future he might have committed, avoiding future prosecution. This decision proved to be prosecution. This decision proved to be unpopular, both among the general public and unpopular, both among the general public and among Nixon loyalists still facing prosecution. among Nixon loyalists still facing prosecution. As a result, many Republicans were voted out of As a result, many Republicans were voted out of office in the 1974 congressional elections. office in the 1974 congressional elections.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

The Economy StallsThe Economy Stalls Preoccupation with Watergate Preoccupation with Watergate

had prevented Nixon from had prevented Nixon from dealing with the economy. By dealing with the economy. By 1974, both inflation and 1974, both inflation and unemployment were rising, unemployment were rising, making the economy stagnant. making the economy stagnant. Economists named this situation Economists named this situation stagflation.stagflation.

Although Ford tried to restore Although Ford tried to restore public confidence in the public confidence in the economy with the voluntary economy with the voluntary “Whip Inflation Now,” or WIN “Whip Inflation Now,” or WIN program, he later recognized the program, he later recognized the need for more direct action.need for more direct action.

Government Spending and Government Spending and Conflicts With CongressConflicts With Congress

• Although Ford was generally Although Ford was generally against government spending, he against government spending, he supported an increase in supported an increase in unemployment benefits and a tax unemployment benefits and a tax cut in an effort to help the cut in an effort to help the economy.economy.

• Ford was often at odds with the Ford was often at odds with the Democratic-controlled Congress, Democratic-controlled Congress, which wanted the government to which wanted the government to take a more active role in the take a more active role in the economy. In response to Ford’s economy. In response to Ford’s vetoes, Congress created the vetoes, Congress created the highest percentage of veto highest percentage of veto overrides since the 1850s.overrides since the 1850s.

Foreign Policy–Southeast AsiaForeign Policy–Southeast Asia When North Vietnam began a new offensive against the South in When North Vietnam began a new offensive against the South in

the spring of 1975, Ford asked for military aid to help South the spring of 1975, Ford asked for military aid to help South Vietnam. However, both Congress and the American people Vietnam. However, both Congress and the American people were against further involvement in Vietnam. were against further involvement in Vietnam.

To prevent such involvement, Congress was prepared the invoke To prevent such involvement, Congress was prepared the invoke the the War Powers ActWar Powers Act, a Nixon-era law limiting the President’s , a Nixon-era law limiting the President’s ability to involve the United States in foreign conflicts without ability to involve the United States in foreign conflicts without receiving a formal declaration of war from Congress.receiving a formal declaration of war from Congress.

When Communist Cambodia captured the American merchant When Communist Cambodia captured the American merchant ship ship MayaguezMayaguez, Ford sent the marines to recapture the ship. , Ford sent the marines to recapture the ship. Forty-one American lives were lost in the effort, but the incident Forty-one American lives were lost in the effort, but the incident dispelled impressions of American weakness in Southeast Asia.dispelled impressions of American weakness in Southeast Asia.

Foreign Policy - Asia, Europe, Foreign Policy - Asia, Europe, and Africaand Africa

AsiaAsia — Ford continued Nixon’s goals of — Ford continued Nixon’s goals of friendship with China and was the first American friendship with China and was the first American President to visit Japan.President to visit Japan.

Europe and the Soviet UnionEurope and the Soviet Union — In 1975, Ford — In 1975, Ford signed the signed the Helsinki AccordsHelsinki Accords, a series of , a series of agreements on European security. He also agreements on European security. He also continued Strategic Arms Limitation Talks continued Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviet Union. (SALT) with the Soviet Union.

AfricaAfrica — Ford’s administration aimed to develop — Ford’s administration aimed to develop relationships with African countries newly relationships with African countries newly independent from colonial rule.independent from colonial rule.

The Nation’s BirthdayThe Nation’s Birthday

America’s America’s bicentennialbicentennial, or 200th , or 200th anniversary, provided Americans, anniversary, provided Americans, discouraged by Watergate, Vietnam, and discouraged by Watergate, Vietnam, and the economy, an opportunity to celebrate.the economy, an opportunity to celebrate.

Parades, concerts, air shows, political Parades, concerts, air shows, political speeches, and fireworks took place on and speeches, and fireworks took place on and around July 4, 1976, the 200th anniversary around July 4, 1976, the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.Independence.

The Ford Administration—The Ford Administration—AssessmentAssessment

Why did Ford’s popularity fall soon after his term began?Why did Ford’s popularity fall soon after his term began?(A) (A) Americans did not like having a non-elected President.Americans did not like having a non-elected President.

(B) (B) His pardon of Nixon proved to be unpopular.His pardon of Nixon proved to be unpopular.

(C) (C) His WIN program became highly effective.His WIN program became highly effective.

(D) (D) He began to develop ties with newly-independent nations.He began to develop ties with newly-independent nations.

Which of these topics was an issue on which Ford and Congress Which of these topics was an issue on which Ford and Congress disagreed?disagreed?

(A) (A) The level of government spending on economic programsThe level of government spending on economic programs

(B) (B) Celebration of the bicentennialCelebration of the bicentennial

(C) (C) The signing of the Helsinki AccordsThe signing of the Helsinki Accords

(D) (D) The recapture of the The recapture of the MayaguezMayaguez

The Ford Administration—The Ford Administration—AssessmentAssessment

Why did Ford’s popularity fall soon after his term began?Why did Ford’s popularity fall soon after his term began?(A) (A) Americans did not like having a non-elected President.Americans did not like having a non-elected President.

(B) (B) His pardon of Nixon proved to be unpopular.His pardon of Nixon proved to be unpopular.

(C) (C) His WIN program became highly effective.His WIN program became highly effective.

(D) (D) He began to develop ties with newly-independent nations.He began to develop ties with newly-independent nations.

Which of these topics was an issue on which Ford and Congress Which of these topics was an issue on which Ford and Congress disagreed?disagreed?

(A) (A) The level of government spending on economic programsThe level of government spending on economic programs

(B) (B) Celebration of the bicentennialCelebration of the bicentennial

(C) (C) The signing of the Helsinki AccordsThe signing of the Helsinki Accords

(D) (D) The recapture of the The recapture of the MayaguezMayaguez

The Carter AdministrationThe Carter Administration

What changes did Jimmy Carter bring to What changes did Jimmy Carter bring to the presidency?the presidency?

How did Carter deal with domestic issues?How did Carter deal with domestic issues?What ideals guided Carter’s foreign What ideals guided Carter’s foreign

policy?policy?What factors influenced the outcome of What factors influenced the outcome of

the 1980 election?the 1980 election?

Carter’s PresidencyCarter’s Presidency Although Gerald Ford had the advantage of being the Although Gerald Ford had the advantage of being the

incumbentincumbent, or current office holder, he faced strong , or current office holder, he faced strong opposition from Republicans inside his own party during opposition from Republicans inside his own party during the 1976 presidential election. Democrat James Earl the 1976 presidential election. Democrat James Earl (“Jimmy”) Carter won the election by a narrow margin.(“Jimmy”) Carter won the election by a narrow margin.

Carter had no national political experience and lacked an Carter had no national political experience and lacked an ability to win reluctant politicians over to his side. ability to win reluctant politicians over to his side. Nevertheless, he was well-liked for his informal approach Nevertheless, he was well-liked for his informal approach to the presidency.to the presidency.

As President, Carter appointed more women and As President, Carter appointed more women and minorities to his staff than previous administrations.minorities to his staff than previous administrations.

Carter’s Domestic Policies–Carter’s Domestic Policies–Economic Issues and DeregulationEconomic Issues and Deregulation

Economic IssuesEconomic Issues Carter had inherited an Carter had inherited an

unstable economy in which unstable economy in which inflation and unemployment inflation and unemployment continued to grow.continued to grow.

In response, Carter cut federal In response, Carter cut federal spending, mostly on social spending, mostly on social programs. This cut angered programs. This cut angered liberal Democrats.liberal Democrats.

As bond prices fell and interest As bond prices fell and interest rates rose, Americans lost rates rose, Americans lost confidence in Carter and his confidence in Carter and his economic advisors.economic advisors.

DeregulationDeregulation Carter felt that government Carter felt that government

controls on certain industries, controls on certain industries, put in place in the 1800s and put in place in the 1800s and early 1900s, hurt competition early 1900s, hurt competition and increased consumer and increased consumer costs.costs.

His move toward deregulation, His move toward deregulation, the reduction or removal of the reduction or removal of government controls, affected government controls, affected the energy, railroad, trucking, the energy, railroad, trucking, and airline industries. This and airline industries. This move, which continued during move, which continued during the next two administrations, the next two administrations, also angered many also angered many Democrats.Democrats.

Energy IssuesEnergy Issues

Energy Issues During Carter’s PresidencyEnergy Issues During Carter’s Presidency Carter’s Energy Plan — Carter’s Energy Plan — To save on rising oil prices, Carter To save on rising oil prices, Carter

asked Americans to conserve fuel in their homes, cars, and asked Americans to conserve fuel in their homes, cars, and businesses. He also created a new Cabinet department, the businesses. He also created a new Cabinet department, the Department of Energy.Department of Energy.

Response to Carter’s Energy Plan — Response to Carter’s Energy Plan — States that produced oil States that produced oil and gas fiercely opposed Carter’s conservation plans. The and gas fiercely opposed Carter’s conservation plans. The National Energy Act, passed in 1978, incorporated many of National Energy Act, passed in 1978, incorporated many of Carter’s directives.Carter’s directives.

Alternative Energy Sources and Three Mile IslandAlternative Energy Sources and Three Mile Island — One of — One of Carter’s goals was to seek alternative energy sources. A Carter’s goals was to seek alternative energy sources. A partial meltdown of a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island partial meltdown of a nuclear reactor at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, eroded people’s confidence near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, eroded people’s confidence in nuclear power.in nuclear power.

Civil Rights IssuesCivil Rights Issues Carter’s concern for moral values influenced his civil rights Carter’s concern for moral values influenced his civil rights

actions. Soon after taking office, he granted actions. Soon after taking office, he granted amnestyamnesty, or a , or a general pardon, to those who had evaded the draft during the general pardon, to those who had evaded the draft during the Vietnam War. Vietnam War.

Many of Carter’s staff appointments won the approval of African Many of Carter’s staff appointments won the approval of African Americans. However, many African Americans were Americans. However, many African Americans were disappointed by his weak support for social programs.disappointed by his weak support for social programs.

Affirmative action policies, which aimed to make up for past Affirmative action policies, which aimed to make up for past discrimination against women and minorities, were a discrimination against women and minorities, were a controversial issue during Carter’s presidency. In the landmark controversial issue during Carter’s presidency. In the landmark case case Regents of the University of California Regents of the University of California v.v. Bakke Bakke, the , the Supreme Court ruled that race could be a factor in school Supreme Court ruled that race could be a factor in school admissions but that numerical quotas could not be used.admissions but that numerical quotas could not be used.

Carter’s Foreign PolicyCarter’s Foreign Policy

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords In 1978, Carter brought In 1978, Carter brought

Egyptian President Anwar el-Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin Minister Menachem Begin together for negotiations at together for negotiations at Camp David. Camp David.

The resulting framework for The resulting framework for Middle East peace, known as Middle East peace, known as the the Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords, was , was an important step toward an important step toward peace in the Middle East. peace in the Middle East. Under its terms, Israel agreed Under its terms, Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt became Peninsula, and Egypt became the first Arab country to the first Arab country to recognize Israel officially.recognize Israel officially.

Soviet-American RelationsSoviet-American Relations Although détente was at a high Although détente was at a high

point when Carter took office, point when Carter took office, by the end of his term it was by the end of his term it was effectively dead.effectively dead.

Soviets were angered by Soviets were angered by Carter’s support of Soviet Carter’s support of Soviet dissidentsdissidents, writers and other , writers and other activists who criticized the activists who criticized the actions of their government.actions of their government.

Although a second round of Although a second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) was begun, the (SALT II) was begun, the resulting treaty was never resulting treaty was never ratified. Still, both nations ratified. Still, both nations followed its terms.followed its terms.

Soviet Invasion of AfghanistanSoviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Late in 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Late in 1979, the Soviet Union invaded neighboring Afghanistan to bolster a Soviet-neighboring Afghanistan to bolster a Soviet-supported government there. Carter called the supported government there. Carter called the invasion “a clear threat to the peace” and took invasion “a clear threat to the peace” and took steps to show American disapproval of the steps to show American disapproval of the Soviet aggression.Soviet aggression.

As one of these steps, Carter imposed a boycott As one of these steps, Carter imposed a boycott on the 1980 summer Olympic Games to be held on the 1980 summer Olympic Games to be held in Moscow. Sixty other nations eventually joined in Moscow. Sixty other nations eventually joined the boycott.the boycott.

The Iran Hostage CrisisThe Iran Hostage Crisis In January 1979, revolution broke out in Iran, replacing In January 1979, revolution broke out in Iran, replacing

its pro-American shah, Mohammed Reza Shah its pro-American shah, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlevi, with Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, an anti-Pahlevi, with Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, an anti-Western leader.Western leader.

When Carter allowed the displaced shah to enter the When Carter allowed the displaced shah to enter the United States for medical treatment, angry Khomeini United States for medical treatment, angry Khomeini followers seized the American embassy in Tehran, followers seized the American embassy in Tehran, Iran’s capital. Fifty-two Americans were taken hostage Iran’s capital. Fifty-two Americans were taken hostage and moved from place to place over the course of 444 and moved from place to place over the course of 444 days.days.

Carter’s failed attempts to secure the hostages’ Carter’s failed attempts to secure the hostages’ freedom decreased his popularity and made his freedom decreased his popularity and made his chances for reelection appear slim.chances for reelection appear slim.

The 1980 ElectionThe 1980 Election

By the end of Carter’s term, his administration By the end of Carter’s term, his administration had lost the confidence of many Americans. had lost the confidence of many Americans. Although Carter ran for reelection, the nation Although Carter ran for reelection, the nation instead chose conservative Republican instead chose conservative Republican candidate Ronald Reagan by a landslide.candidate Ronald Reagan by a landslide.

In early 1981, following months of secret talks, In early 1981, following months of secret talks, Iran agreed to release the hostages. President Iran agreed to release the hostages. President Reagan sent Carter to greet the hostages as Reagan sent Carter to greet the hostages as they arrived at a U.S. military base in West they arrived at a U.S. military base in West Germany.Germany.

The Carter Administration—The Carter Administration—AssessmentAssessment

Why was Carter in favor of deregulation? Why was Carter in favor of deregulation? (A) (A) His energy conservation plan called for it.His energy conservation plan called for it.

(B) (B) He believed that deregulation would improve affirmative action.He believed that deregulation would improve affirmative action.

(C) (C) He felt that government controls raised consumer costs.He felt that government controls raised consumer costs.

(D) (D) Many liberal Democrats were in favor of it.Many liberal Democrats were in favor of it.

Which of the following marked an end to American-Soviet Which of the following marked an end to American-Soviet détente?détente?

(A) (A) The signing of the Camp David AccordsThe signing of the Camp David Accords

(B) (B) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the resulting widespread The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the resulting widespread boycott of the Olympic Gamesboycott of the Olympic Games

(C) (C) The Iranian seizure of the American embassy in TehranThe Iranian seizure of the American embassy in Tehran

(D) (D) The ratification of the SALT II treatyThe ratification of the SALT II treaty

The Carter Administration—The Carter Administration—AssessmentAssessment

Why was Carter in favor of deregulation? Why was Carter in favor of deregulation? (A) (A) His energy conservation plan called for it.His energy conservation plan called for it.

(B) (B) He believed that deregulation would improve affirmative action.He believed that deregulation would improve affirmative action.

(C) (C) He felt that government controls raised consumer costs.He felt that government controls raised consumer costs.

(D) (D) Many liberal Democrats were in favor of it.Many liberal Democrats were in favor of it.

Which of the following marked an end to American-Soviet Which of the following marked an end to American-Soviet détente?détente?

(A) (A) The signing of the Camp David AccordsThe signing of the Camp David Accords

(B) (B) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the resulting widespread The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the resulting widespread boycott of the Olympic Gamesboycott of the Olympic Games

(C) (C) The Iranian seizure of the American embassy in TehranThe Iranian seizure of the American embassy in Tehran

(D) (D) The ratification of the SALT II treatyThe ratification of the SALT II treaty