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NIOS

VISION POINT

PAINTING Ques.1. Name the centres where pahari school miniature painting developing?

Ans. 1. The centres where Pahari school miniature painting developed are Bsholi, guler, Kangra, Chamba,

Mard, Kullu, Bilaspur, Jammu, Nalagarh, Garhwal, Kashmir, Dharamshala etc.

Ques.2. Mention where and when Tanjore painting originate?

Ans. 2. The Tanjore painting originated in some states of Deccan in Vijaynagar, Behmun.

Ques.3. What is company painting? Name the major art centre of company school?

Ans.3 Company painting is a special type of painting which was produced for euro pears and was

influenced by Euro pears taste. The major are centre of Company school was patra now the capital of

Bihar, this city became the head quarters of one of eleven areas of art centres into which the British

East India company derided Bengal.

Ques.4. Write a few lines about the relief sculpture of ‘Mahishasur Mardini’?

Ans. 4. Found in Kailash Temple (Ellora) the sculpture of Mahishasur Mardini was done during the 8th century,

it adorns the walls of Kailash temple which in turn was dedicated to Lord Shiva.

The Deer’s great battle represents a high point in the hindi iconography. It is the power of expression

and dramatic composition that makes it a remarkable relief sculpture.

Ques.5. Describe briefly the favours bronze sculpture of Nataraja in about five lines :-

Ans.5 The famous bronze sculpture of Nataraja was made during the 11th century AD. Shiva or Nataraja

was most popular and is engaged in the dance of the universe and is shown trampling on the dwarf of

illusion; in one hand he is holding the drawn of creation in his right hand the fire of destruction in is left

hand.

The lower right limb (hand) is stretched out for protection, lower left for salvation this

sculpture is remarkable for the balance of limbs and the rhythm running through them the dynamic

movement of god expresser eternal process of creation, destruction, recreation.

Ques.6. Write a short note on Qutub Minar?

Ans.6 Qutub Minar was built during 1206-1232 AD and its height is 72.56 meters, it was constructed

by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak as a symbol of victory. Red and white sandstones were used and on the top

flexor marble stones were used. Line moisture for converting its constructional work has been used.

There are carved Arabic scriptures on stones that are mainly inscriptions from the Quran and titles of

the Emperor.

Ques.7. Describe the painting “Bird Catching” at ”Baran” from Babarnama and name the painter?

Ans. 7. The painting “Bird Catching at Baran is done in tempera technique on paper. It is full of natural

surroundings and in this a bird catcher has spread a net and is hiding behind the tree covering himself

with a red screen. There is a pond in the fore ground which is full of lotus flowers, a pair of hoopoes,

sarus, snippets, ducks have gathered to drink water. The name of the painter is Bhag.

Ques.8. What are the main emes of Rajasthani miniature paintings? Mentions the period in which they

flourished?

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Ans.8 The main themes of Rajasthani miniature paintings are mainly puranic or Epics are the most

popular theme is Krishna-Leela the period in which they flourished is from 16th century (CAD) to 19th

century CAD.

Ques.9. Name the two cities where Indus Valley civilization flourished and mention its this period and describe

some features of Indus Valley art and craft.

Ans.9 The two cities where Indus Valley civilization flourished are Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, the time

period that it flourished it between 2500 BC to 1750 BC.

The features of Indus Valley art and craft is that the artifacts found here were made of Terra Cotta,

steatite clay. The designs on the storage for were simples its shape was manipulated by the potters crafty

hands. It was pointed with black colour after being baked. The seal with Bull design was made of steatite

and has elaborate design of bull to express the youterful energy. Mother goddess was made of clay and

then baked (as per terra cotta process) the figure has two bowls on either side of the head is wearing a mini

skirt with a broad belt to hold it is its place and is adorned with all kinds of jewellery

Ques.10. Write about the main characteristics of Chauri bearer (Yakshini) and where it is found?

Ans.10 The Chauri Bearer or Yakshini was made of sandstone during the 3rd century BC hairing a height of

162.5 cms. The figure carved in the round shape hairing a perfect female body. It was found in Didarganj

Patna.

Ques.11. What do you mean by ‘Chaityas and Vihara’ Describe in 2 lines?

Ans.11 The theme of Ajanta Painting chaityas was a place for worship and Viharas was the devilling place of the

monks the theme of Ajanta painting were art works based on Buddhist scriptures and mainly stories of

Jataka.

Ques.12. Write a short note on Raja Rair Verma’s paintings?

Ans.12 Raja Rair Verma belong to the royal family of Travancore. He pointed in oil and was considered to

the one of the most out standing pointer in the western style. His pointing were reproduced in oleography

and distributed, and reintroduced Indian subjects as national sacred ideals visions of which is ‘Ravana and

Jatayu are his other works include ‘Harish Chandra ‘Bheeshmas Von’ ‘Hansa Danyanti’.

Ques.13. What are the main features of Warli Painting?

Ans.13 The main features of Warli painting is that it is done by the Warli Tribe of Thane District (Maharashtra) and is

now known internationally due to Jivya Soma Mase who is a pointer. These paintings depis human and

nature relationship rather than religious sentiments. The forms are usually drawn in white on a flat colour

background, the animals depicted are snake and monkey.

Ques.14. Write a few lines on Rein Kinkar Vaij and appreciate his sculpture “Santhal Family”.

Ans.14 Ram Kinkar Vaij was associated with Nand Lal Bose and Binod Bihari Mukherjee are is known to be one of the

best known sculptures and pointers of India.

Santhal Family made by him was made of concrete as it was easily available to create a rough

texture. The sculpture of santhal family comprises of a man a woman a child and a dog who are shown

mooving towards a new destination with hope aspiration bearing their home in search of work.

Ques.15. What do you understand by folk art?

Mention the method and materials used in the making of folk painting?

Ans.15 Folk art comes use self consciously at a grass root level from peoples most fundamental life

experience. The folk artists used simple methods and materials they used locally available materials to

prepare their own colours/brushes; for fine lines they used turgs or bamboo sticks as brushes a piece of

cloth or cotton is wrapped on the tips of the turgs draw broad lines.

The colours used were made from the vegetation, locally available materials. Eg. Orange Colour was

made from Har shingar flowers. The flowers were dried in sun, then boiled to extract the colour is extracted

from beetroot green from or heed flowers. The flowers are dried and misdeed with lemon, alum, gun before

it is boiled. Black colour was obtained from rested iron put in molasses and kept for 10 days. The molasses

turn black after it is boiled. Cobalt blue comes from jamun fruits, golden colour from the skin of Anar fruit

after adding all with it the moisture is to be boiled for 48 hours.

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PAINTING

Ques.1. What do you know about Indus Valley civilization the discoveries of various art and crafts objects have

been discovered from Indus Valley sites of Harappa near Sindhu pronounce during the period 2500 BC

to 1750 BC.

Ques.2. Write short notes on:-

Ans.2 Sarnath Buddha :- This is made of Buff sand stone, founded during the gupta period 5th

century AD. Its size/height is 160 cm and artist is not known. The figure is seated in padmasan with

soles ielpturned, hand are held in Dharamchakra mudra. Ear lobe are long, eyes half closed as if is

meditates face is calm hearing a spiritual expression.

Lion Capital :- This is made of sandstone built during the 3rd century BC. It has a size/height of

213.5 cm artist is under own the figure comprises of 4 lions together of the top part of a pillar or

sthambha at Sarnatth’s painting titled Dear park and was built during king Ashoka’s reign. The Buddha

preached his first sermon here and has been adopted as the emblem of govt. of India.

Ques. 3. Describe the Ajanta painting ‘Padmapani Bodhisatva and the technique of these painting of Ajanta?

Ans.3 The painting titled ‘Padmapani Bodhisatva is considered to be a masterpiece of Indian art. The

slightly inclined posture given the suggestion of grace. The elegant feature of the face and down cast

eyes give an impression of serene meditation and compassion the ornamentation is very rationally

done, he is shown wearing a pearl and sapphire necklace colours are very soles and harmonious.

Ques. 4. Write in brief the main feature of ‘Trimurti’ at Elephanta?

Ans.4 The site of Trimurti is at Elephanta Mumbai during the 8th century AD. Trimurti is a dramatic

representation of the supreme from of Lord Shiva. He was the most commonly one who was

represented in Hindu Mythology. Brahma was the creator, Vishnu the preserver and Shiva was the

destroys. The three heads represent 3 different aspects of the God. The centre is creative (Sadashiv)left

destructive nature or aghora, right is the gracious feminine manifestation of the beauty of nature or

Vam adeva

Ques.5. Describe different aspects of making bronze sculpture with an example?

Ans.5 The different aspects of making bronze sculpture is that the technique used is that of the lost

was process :

Making a clay cover by firing in Killer.

Wrapping be was around the core to get a replica.

Coating the replica with wet clay and then drying it is the sun.

Healing should melt the was which flows out early.

Filling with metal, cast in furnace and then left to cast.

Breaking the mould to get the artifact the Dokra bronze sculpture are skillfully used by the

tribunals of Madhya Pradesh as they are experts in the lost was process.

Ques.6. Write a short note on Qutub Minar?

Ans.6 Qutub Minar is made of Red and White sand stone during 1206-1232 AC hearing a size/height of

72.56 mts. It is considered to be a symbol of victory made by Qutubuddin Aibak but later gifted at to his

sufi Master saint Bakhtiyar Kaki. It is a good example of Indo Turkish style of Architecture. Each balcony

on each story has carved Arabic scriptures, mostly inscriptions from the Quran. The top floor has

marble stone, stucco tine mixture as mortar for cementing its constructional work is used.

Ques.7. What do you know about the famous painter Ustad Mansur? Describe one of his paintings?

Ans.7 Ustad Mansur was one of the notable painless in Jahangir’s Court and was known for his

wonderful studies of bird life as well as one of the best Nughal portrait painters. ‘Jalcon’ on a Bird Rest

is a supers example of Ustad Mansur’s work the falcon is a tanned bird and is painted in tempera

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technique. The bird is painted in white and brown against a background of contrast yellow. Sharp beak,

round vigilant eyes are pointed in shades of deep yellow oclure. The bird is fastened with a weight and

a string hanging beautifully around its neck.

Ques8. Assess the influence of religion and literate Use on the Rajasthani miniature painting of 17th and 18th

century AD?

Ans.8 Rajasthani miniature painting flourished from the 16th century to 19th Century AD and fully

matured during the 17th century. The themes of these paintings are mainly puranic or Epic, Krishna

Leela is the most popular there along with some stores of the Mahabharata, Ramayan.

Ques.9. Give a brief introduction to ‘Pahari’ miniature painting?

Ans.9 A new style the developed in the Himalyan foothills of punjab garhwal and jammu was known

as Pahari school of Art. The themes of Pahari miniature paintings are influenced by classical literature,

music, local culture. The main feature is indigenous in spite of mughal influence. Pointers are spite of

Mughal influence. Pointers are masters in expressing beauty of nature and woman.

Ques.10. Why is Tanjore painting different from other paintings? Explain.

Ans.10 Tanjore painting is different from other painting because of its style, due to its embellishment

over the basic drawing with precious and semi precious stones as well as the relief word.

Ques.11. Appreciate the Company Painting ‘A Group of Kashmiri Articians’?

Ans.11 This painting is done on paper with water colours. It consists of a group of 8 men, 2 woman and

3 children are pointed in the painting. The men in the painting are engrossed in embroidering colourful

shawls. The woman are admiring the crafts manship of their their men. The whole group is sitting on a

carpet in a house which has a wooden roof. The colours used are soler deep sepia ochre, red and

contrast strongly with the white clothes of the figure. Very little shading has been used.

Ques.12. Describe the evolution of Bengal School Art?

Ans.12 Bengal school of Art developed as the Indian people were reeling under the British, they were

struggling to bring in an era of independence, self respect, self determination. Rabindra Nath Tagore

built up the Bengal School and had artistsike Nandlal Bose, Sarada, Asiff Kumar Haldar, Chuglai. The

themes as well as characteristics of Bengal school are reflected in historical, religious literary paintings.

The most significant characteristic of Bengal Schools is its colour system or “wash” technique.

Ques.13. Assess the role off Amrita Shergil in formulation of a new form of painting in India?

Ans.13 Amrita Shergil combined the Indian influence with her European technique style of painting the

painting ‘Adornment of Bride’ was achieved by the use of hand gestures; her compositions are based

on simplified form and colours. She was influenced by Ajanta murals, Rajput miniature paintings.

Ques.14. Explain the typical characteristics of folic painting and elaborate with examples?

Ans.14 The folk artist are ordinary people and express the most fundamental life experience in their

art also revolves around the social and religious sprituals like weddings, mundane, birth of a child, folk

are is an essential part of all religious functions in India.

Ques.15. Write short notes on :-

Tree of life :- The painting tree of life is a beautiful example of Kalamkari style, the design

consists of traditional Indian motifs of flower on the stylized spread of branches and leaves few birds

including two peacocks are a part of this motif.

Harsingar :- Orange colour is got from this flower. The flowers are dried in the sun and then

boiled to extract the colour, gun is added to it as a binder.

Orhud:- Green colour is get from Orhud flower, the flowers are dried and then mixed

with lemon, alum and gun before it is boiled.

Chokendar :- Red colours is extracted from chokendar (Beet roots).

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PAINTING Ques.1. With examples write about the characteristive of jewellery of Indus Valley?

The people of Indus Valley were very fond of wearing jewellery whether it be man or woman.

Jewellery was found in great abundance and included ornament made of gold, silver, gad. The jewellery

pieces include ear rings, pendants, belts, bangles, necklaces. The jade. Necklace is an excellent

example of crafts man ship, design. It is made of 30 round beads, 6 oval beads and 3 lockets in the

middle part of the necklace enhances its beauty.

Ques.2. Evaluate the development and nature of Mauryas Art.

Chandra Gupta Maurya established an empire was a great lower of art and architecture

Ashoka’s contribution included few pillars sculptures and are found throughout his was empire.

Ques.3. Analysze the technique and method of Ajanta Paintings?

Ajanta was a Buddhist settlement which was situated near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. The

technical methods of Ajanta pointing is tempera in which a rough need plaster containing cowdings

and animal hair was first pressed on to the rocks. Then a coat of fine time plaster was laid over it the

colour completely dry.

Ques .4. Estimate the chief characteristics of temple art of 8th century 12th century AD of India?

Indian Sculpture was usually meant for temple ornamentation during ancient and medieval

period. It was during the 8th century AD. That prolife building acuities throughout India. The Pala’s in

the east Cholas and Pallavas in the south, Chandella and Rashtra kulas in central part of India built

beautiful temples and the tradition temple sculpture flourished even after that in some areas like

Bengal, Rajasthan, Orissa, Mysore, Vijaynagar, till the 12th Century AD.

Ques.5. Describe the aesthetic qualities of ‘Nararaja’ sculpture of chola?

‘Nataraja’ is the name commonly known for “Dance of Shiva”. Lord Shiva is engaged in the

dance of the universe and is tramples the dwarf of illusion. He is holding the drum of creation in the

right and and the fire of destruction in the left hand. The lower right hand is stretched out in a gesture

of protection and the lower left signifies salvation. The sculpture is remarkable for the balance of the

limbs and the rhythm running through them. The cosmic dance represents the essence of the Hindu

concept of life. The dynamic movement of the god expresses the eternal process of creation,

destruction recreation.

Ques.6. Which Indo Islamic movement is considered as one of the wonders of the world? Review it?

The Taj Mahal is considered to be one of the wonders of the world; It was built by the Mughal

Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaj Mahal. White marble stone are used for its construction and is

situated on the banks of the river White marble stone are used for its construction and is situated on

the banks of the river Yamuna. The Highest dome is 186 fit high and in all the four corners. There are

four minars each 163 ft. high. The double layered domes and minarets are constructed in Iranian style,

arches, balconies are in Persian style. Geometrical decorative motifs, cubica brackets designing the

basement and the high level of platform are some of the best representation of Indian style of

architecture. (Time- 1632-1654 AD)

Ques.7. What do you know about the famous painter Nihal Chand? Describe one of his paintings?

The Pinting “Radha and Krishna” offering Betel leaf to each other is one of the master piece of

painting by the famous pointer Nihal Chand.

The painting is rendered in tradition Krishan garh style, which is particularly noticeable in the

drawing of the eyes, nose and costume. The colour ful dresses of the figures are admirably set off by

the chalky whiteness of the buildings in the background beyond the vast panorama of the lake. the

suggestion of hills and jungles in the fore ground gives a sense of depth in the space.

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Ques.8. Assess the evolution of the Bengal School of Painting the Bengal School of painting was established by

Nbaindra Nath Tagore as the wanted to develop a form of art which could be identified as Indian as

well as contemn pora in style. Artists such as Nandlal Bose, sarade Ukil, Asif Kumar Harder and others

were part if it, Many were appointed as Principles of art schools. The painting technique that was used

was the colour system also known as Wash technique.

Ques.9. Identify the enlisted painting of pointer Haji Madani and illustrate its beauty?

Haji Madani pointed the painting ‘Marriage Procession of ‘Dara Shikoh’ on paper in tempera

technique. The painting depicts all flora and fauna. The baratees are shown as joyful men, women,

young boys and girls. The bridegroom is on horse back, people are dancing, clapping, dressed in bright

clothes. Women are shown riding on elephants drummers are beating their drums and the faces are

shown either in profile/semi/profile.

Ques.10. Identify the allegorical representation of Krishna, Radha and Gopies in the painting ‘Krishna Waiting for Radha’?

‘Krishna Waiting for Radha’ was made by Nanku during 1750 AD. Its size is 12.2 x 8.1” and a These of Krishna Leela The allegorical presentation of Krishna and Radha as Paramatma and Atma, gopies as guru. The guru persuades a person to meet Paramatma- i.e. asking Radha to meet the waiting Krishna.

Ques.11. Write the names of different kinds of decease Painting?

The names of different kinds of Deceased paintings are Hyderabadi School. Tanjore School,

Golconda Nagara, Bijapur as well as traditions of Western and Northern India.

Ques.12. Why the term ‘Company Painting’ is for a special kind of painting?

The term ‘Company Painting’ is for a special kind of painting because it was produced for

Europeans and was heartily influenced by Europeans taste. It is an attempt by India artist to word in a

mixed Indo European style that would appeal to the Europeans who were employed by the various East

India Companies hence the name.

Ques.13. How does folk artist help the rural society?

Folk artist helps the rural society by making sure that their art does not go unnoticed, nor does

it become extinct whenever there is any fairs or any others event then these artists come and shown

their art to the visiting people ad to times meet good people who help then to realize their dream of

their art of nor becoming extinct but carry on for future generations to come.

Ques.14. Determine the place of Ram Kinkar in the field of contemporary sculpture?

Ram Kinkar is the pioneer of contemporary Indian Sculpture. Ram Kinkar Vaij studied at Visva

Bharti in Shanti Niketan and was closely associated with Nandlal Bose. He is one of the best known

sculptures and one of his famous sculptors titled Yaksha and Yakshini is installed at the Reserve Bank of

India new Delhi. His approach towards this handling of the subject and material was bold. He generally

used concrete which was easily available to create a rough texture. ‘Santhal family is made up of the

same medium and it comprises of a man, woman, child and a dog. They are Moring towards a new

destination with full of hope, aspiration learning behind their home in search of work.

Ques.15. Review distinctly the regional style of enlisted folk painting?

The regional style of enlisted folk painting are :-

Kalighat paintings are pointed by image makers of a locality of the same name in Kolkata the

painting is characterized by a flat back ground, predominant use of colours like red, black and yellow.

Worli Paintings are done by the Worli tribe of Thane district (Maharashtra) Human figures are

simplified into triangles and few straight lines. The painting is more a statement of human and nature

relationship.

Phad paintings is one of the famous folk paintings of Rajasthan and depicts the royal and

secular themes. Colours like red, yellow, green, black are very worm and decorative.

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Kalamkari paintings is done on cloth in batik painting. A pen like hollow is used to hold the was

so it is Caked (Kalam) i.e. pen and kari. Blocks are used to print the design on the cloth. Vegetable

colours are used for during and painting.

Madhuvani Paintings of Bihar are characterized with floral and leaf motifs in the back ground.

The forms are defined with two parallel outlines.

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PAINTING

Ques.1. Write on the main characteristics of the state ‘Mother goddess’ of Harappa?

Mother goddess is made of terra cotta hairs is a size of 8.5 x 3.4 cm. It was found in Mohenjo

Daro during 2500 BC. The status has a head gear comprising of 2 small bowl like form on either side of

the head. The figure is wearing a miniskirt with a broad belt and is odorized with a broad belt and is

odorized with all kinds of jewel.

Ques.2. Explain the aesthetic aspect of the famus Mauryan sculpture ‘Lion’ Capital from Sarrah Lion Capital was

made of sandstone during the 3rd century BC. It has a size/height of 213.5 cm. and the artist is

unknown. The capital or top part of the pillar is in Sarnath’s Dear Park. It was here that the Buddha

preached his first sermon. This sculpture has been adopted as the emblem of government of India.

Ques.3. Review the Ajanta painting ‘Padmapani Bodh satva?

The painting Padmapani Bodhisatva is considered to be a master piece of Indian art the slightly

inclined posture gives the suggestion of grace. The elegant feature of the face and down cast eyes as

impression of serene meditation compassion. The ornaments is done very rationally and is shown

wearing a pearl and sapphire necklace. The colours used are very sober and harmonious.

Ques.4. Write at least 30 words of appreciation on ‘Triumph of labour’?

‘ Triumph of labour’ is made of Bronze in the year 1954 by Shri Dev Prasad Roy Chaudhary. It is a

master piece and will remain as outstanding example of contemporary Indian sculpture. The four

figures of the depict them as being engaged in a formidable task of lifting huge rock. The distinctive

feature of this is its universal appeal and rare quality of mobility and symbolically represents the

sacrifice which Indian made for running their independence from Britisher.

Ques.5. Briefly assess the artistic achievements of Nand lal Bose?

Nand Lal Bose was Abaindra Nath’s disciple and learut at govt. school of art and Craft Calcutta.

He extended the tradition by doing paintings in a different style due to which Shanti Niketan flourished

under his .

He carefully made studies and drawings of the murals in Ajanta and Bagh cavers which later

reflected in his work. He had a great respect for the Indian tradition both in art and life.

Ques.6. Determine the main features of the architecture of Qutub Minar?

Qutub Minar was constructed as a symbol of Victory by Qutub-ud-din Aibak first slave dynasty

ruler. It is a good example of Ind Turkish style of architecture and is made of red and white sandstone

during 1206-1232 AD. It is famous for its should like form strong ribs supporting the balconies

geometric decorative caring and Arabic inscriptions along with pure Indian decorative symbols in

stylistic construction.

Ques.7. State the historical background of Mughal miniature painting?

Mughal evolution of Miniature painting was originated in Persia and continued about three

centuries in India. Humayun patronized the art of miniature painting and brought a few Persian artists

to India. Notable names were Abbus Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali. During his period miniature painting

were lively, realistic and even contained element of individual portraiture. Mughal painting achieved its

zenith during the time of Akbar and Jahangir. The main pointers of Mughal miniature were Farukh

Baigh, Aqa Raja and Ustad Mansur.

Ques.8. How did ‘Geet Govind’ influence the pointers of Pahari Miniature school?

‘Geet Govind’ became popular all over India and the pointers of Basholi were influenced by its

poetic description of ‘Krishna Leela and used it in their paintings. Basholi paintings are characteristic by

flat back grounds with simplified form of trees faces are in profile, colours warm and bright.

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Ques.9. Classify the themes of Rajasthan miniature paintings?

The themes of Rajasthan miniature paintings Rajasthani School Bundelkhand School, pahari

School, Sikh School and included themes from puranic or epics. Krishna Leela is he most popular theme

along with some stories of the Mahabharata, Ramayana. Folk lore of Rajasthan like Dhola-Maru,

Roopmati Baaj bahadur are also illustrated in these paintings.

Ques.10. Give an example of Deccan painting from Hyderabad school and narrate the thene?

The area of Deccan School, south India between the Narmada river and Krishna river. The Sufi

saint Nijam-ud-din Aulia is enjoying a Sufi song from his disciple Amir Khusro The main character is saint

Nizam-id-din, Aulia expresser his spiritual attainment and wisdom.

Ques.11. Find the root of ‘Company school’ of art?

Company school of art started when the art of Mughal and Rajput miniatures has become

exhausted Many pounters from Murshidabad Migrated to Patna (Bihar) during 1760. The city became

the head quarters of eleven areas of art centres into which the British East India company directed

Bengal this is known as company school of art.

Ques.12. Summarize a general introduction to the temple art of 8th Century in India?

Indian sculpture was meant for temple ornamentation during ancient and medieval period. The

regular building of structural temples and dressed stone beggar in the gupta period. During the 8th

Century AD there was prolific building actuaries throughout India. The Palas Cholas, Pallavas,

Rashtrakutas, Chandellas built beautiful temples, embellished with sculpture.

Ques.13. Write short notes on :-

Kalighat painting:- Kalighat paintings are pointed by image-makers of a locality of the

same area/name in Kolkata. The painting is characterized by a flat background an predominant use of

colours like black red and yellow. Use of light and shade to bring modeling is a noticeable element of

Kalighat painting.

Worli painting :- Worli paintings are done by the Worli tribe of Thane district of

Maharashtra. Humar figures are simplified into triangles and few straight lines. In spite of these

simplifications emotions are expressed in a superb way. The painting is more a statement of human

and nature relationship than religious sentiments.

Ques.14. Assess the role of Ramkinkar Bay in formulation of a new form of sculpture in India?

Ram Kinkar is the pioneer of contemporary Indian sculpture. He was closely associate with

Nandlal Bose. His approach towards handling the subject and material was bold. He used concrete

which was easily available to create a rough texture and Santhal family is an excellent example of it.

Ques.15. How are the religious and social themes expressed in Indian folk painting? Illustrate with at least two

examples?

The folk artists are ordinary people. They express the most fundamental life experience in

their art. There are also revolves around the social and religious rituals likes wedding, mundane, birth

of a child etc. Yolk art is an essential part of all religious functions in India. Kalighat folk pointers are

very cons curies about social offer. Eg. An aristocrat is getting his ear cleaned by his servant. The

distinction of their social status has been marked by the construe and dresses.

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PAINTING

Ques.1. Write a note an any one seal of Indus Valley Cirlization?

The seal with bull design is made of steatite and has been an elaborate intaglio design of a bull

as a symbol of power and strength which has been achieved by exaggerating the size of the hump and

the horns. The diagonal linear motif of the neck express the youthful energy of the animal.

Ques.2. Write an appreciative note on the ‘Capital with Lion’ of sarnath?

Capital with lion has four lions groups together and is made of sandstone during 3rd century BC.

It was built during king Ashoka’s reign. It was at this site when the Buddha preached his first sermon

thereby ‘turning the wheel of the law”. This composite sculpture shows a highly advanced from of art

and has been adopted as the emblem by govt. of India.

Ques.3. Appreciate any one painting of the Ajanta caves included in your course of study the conquest of all the

vices and temptation of the material world by Buddha during his meditation. The defeat of the women

who tried to disturb the concentration of Buddha. The female figure are depicted in different postures

and gestures of frustration and guilt feeling. The Ajanta pointers were masters in portraying famine

emotion and elegance.

Ques.4. Estimate the chief features of temple art of Century features of temple art of 8th Century to 12th

Century was that there was prolific building actuties throughout India Palas, Cholas, Pallavas,

Rashtrakutas and Chandellas built beautiful temples that were embellished with sculpture from 8th to

10th century The tradition of temple sculpture flourished even after that in some areas like Mysore,

Bengal, Rajasthan Orissa till 12th Century AD.

Ques.5. Describe the technique, material and there of the famous sculpture “Nataraja”?

Nataraja is the name which is commonly known for “Dance of Shiva” It was made during the

11th Century AD and the material used was bronze. It had a height of 98 x 84 cm.

Shiva is engaged in the dance of the universe and is trampling on the dwarf of illusion. it is a

remarkable sculpture for the balance of the lambs and the rhythm that runs through them. It expresses

the eternal process of creation dectruction and recreation.

Ques.6. Write short notes on :-

Taj Mahal :- The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaj Mahal and is made

of white marble stone. The grounds plan is 580 meters x 305 meters hairing a height of 187 mts. There

are four minars at all the four corners of the building hairing a height of 163 ft. The double layered

domes and minarets are constructed in Iran ear style, balconies and arches in Persian style.

Gol Gumbad :- Gol gumbad was built by Mohammad Adil Shah of Bijapur during the 17th

Century AD. It has am inner area of 1600 sq. meter and is made of baked bricks. In India this is the

biggest done among all the domes of the world in which the inner layer of the dome is rounded in semi

circular from whereas the outer layer is conically narrowed upward goring it a bulbous look. There are

4 octagonal minars at the 4 corners which have 7 storey’s each.

Ques.7. Describe two paintings of Nihal Chand?

(a) Radha and Krishna offering betel leaf to each other was made on hand made paper medium

tempera. The size of which is 42 x 25 cm. between 1735 AD to 1750 AD. The painting is rendered in

traditional ishangarh style and can be noticed in the drawing of the eyes nose and costume. It is one of

the masterpiece of Nihal Chand dresses are colourful.

(b) Bani Thani of Kishangarh school was made by Nihal Chand in the year 1750 AD. It is made on

handmade paper medium tempera. Faces are mostly in profile stylized eyebrow, smile on the lips.

Idea beauty is used to describe the beauty of Sri Radha and her smile (Bani Thani) is often compared

with the smile of Mona Lisa.

11

Ques. 8. How did Yolk art influence Jamuni’s Ray’s Painting?

Yolk art influenced Jamini Ray’s painting because he rejected both the Bengal School and

Western style. He portrayed all the activities of the people and expressed religious scenes, strange

ritual dances. His source of inspiration were the pata Chitras of Kalighat and terracotta toys of

Bankura.

Ques.9. State the titles of enlisted Mughal miniature paintings along with the names of the painters?

1) Bird Catching at Baran – Bhaga

2) Jahangir holding picture of Madona – Abdul Hasan

3) Falcon on a Bird Rest – Ustad Mansur

4) Kabir and Raidas – Faqir Ullah

5) Marriage Procession of Dara Shikoh – Haji Madani

Ques.10. What is Paahari Qulam ? Name the themes of this style?

The style that was developed in the Himalaya foot hills of Punjab, garhwal, Jammun and the

main feature is indigenous style in the spite of the Mughal influence. The theme is Indian Mythological

and religious stories.

Ques.11. Write a note on Tanjore painting? Why is it different from other paintings?

Tanjore art originated in Thanjanoor (Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu during the 16th Century AD hour

even most of the extant works belonged to the 19th Century AD. Most popular themes have been

Radha Krishna Vishnu and Ganesh. It is different from other paintings because of its embellishment

over the basis drawing with precious and semi precious stones as well as the relief work.

Ques.12. Write short notes on :-

A group of Kashmiri artisans :- This painting is done on paper with water colours. A group of 8

men, women and 3 children are painting in this painting. The men in the painting are engrossed in

embroidering colourful shawls and the women are admiring the craftsmanship of their men. The whole

group is sitting on a carpet in a house that has a wooden roof. The colours used are sober, deep, sepia

ochre and red, and contrast strongly little shading was used and Modeling with stippling is frequent.

The bird :- The bird was painted during the 19th Century AD, however the artist is unknown.

Medium used was black ink. Process used was Kajli in which the picture was painted with a brush

without a pencil drawing. The wing features are minutely depicted like ornamental looped curtains.

Ques.13. Describe the style and theme of Madhuvani paintings?

The women folk of Mithila paint the walls, floors and courtyards of their home during different

festivals.

Madhu vani painters mainly used religious themes in their paintings. The picture shown is that

of a goodness standing on an imaginary animal floating on water. The deity has 4 arums two with lotus

flowers, one with disc (chakras) and the other holding a conch shell (Shankha).

Ques.14. Explain the typical characteristic of folk painting and city examples?

The typical characteristic of folk paintings expression through art is an inherent quality human being.

It springs unself consciously at a grass root level from peoples most fundamental life experience. Logically available materials and prepare their own colours and brushes Tungs or bomboo sticks

are used as brush for fire line. Kalighat paintings are painted by Potuas (image maker) of West Bengal. These paintings are good

example of Yolk art. The paintings are done with home made colour like black, red and yellow. Use of

light and shade to bring modeling is interesting. The Kalamkari Yolk artist of Andhra uses both the

technique of dying and painting with vegetable colours.

The ‘Phad’ painter of Rajasthan dudes the panel into some segment and used colours like red,

yellow, green and black. These paintings are very decorative.

12

The Madhu vani paintings of Bihar characterized with floral and leaf motifs of in the back

ground. The farms are deficiency with two parallel outlines.

Ques. 15. Summarise the evolution of contemporary for Indian art?

Indians lost their was of independence in 1857, India thus became a British colony. Art

movement succeed in weaning away the young painter to the strong influence of British naturalism and

classical western art The age of theme derived from epics, classical literature that was popular among

Bengal school artist. The people were seen struggling to bring in an era of self respect, independence,

sell determination in socio economic, political spheres. Thus evolution of contemporary art emerged.

13

PAINTING Ques.1. Write on the main characteristics of the statue “Mother Goddess” of Harappa?

The statue Mother goddess of Harappa was made of terra Cotta during the period 2500 BC. It

was found in Mohenjo – Daro however the artist is unknown.

The status is made of clay and baked in fire as per the terra Cotta process. It is adorners with all

kinds of jewellery, head gear comprises of the head, third was used as an elaborate head gears. The

figure is wearing a miniskirt with a board belt to hold it in place.

Ques.2. Evaluate the development and nature of Mauryan art?

Chandra Gupta’s grandson Ashoka being the most powerful, popular emperor of his dynasty

was a great lover of art and architecture. His contributions towards this included a few pillars or

sthambas and sculptures and are found through out his vast empire particularly in and around

Magadha. However after the declare of the Mauryandy nasty nothing such remained as it was ruled by

Surgas.

Ques.3. What do you know about the technique and method of Ajanta paintings?

The technique method of Ajanta painting is tempera, in this method a rough mud plaster

containing cow dung and animal hair is first pressed on to the rocks. A fire time plaster coat was laid

over it and colour was applied after the ground was completely dry.

Ques.4. Describe the theme and beauty of the sculpture ‘Mahisasur Mardini” at Ellora Mahisasura Mardini was

built during the 8th Century. It is made of rock cut and depicts Devi Durga slaying Mahishasur the

buffalo demon. This sculpture adorns the walls of the Kailash temple which was dedicated to the

worshippers of Lord Shiva. It is the combination of grace beauty and power of expression and dramatic

composition that makes it a remarkable relief sculpture.

Ques.5. How did Bronze Sculpture develop from Indus Valley cirlization to Chola period?

From earliest times till the Modern period the Dancing girl is the earliest example of metal

sculpting (Indus Valley). It is the most outstanding bronze image popular in southern India.

Beginning of the 7th Century a school metal sculpture evolved in south Indu. The Chola dynasty

of the 10th Century produced some of the greatest works of Hindu sculpture in southern part of India.

The “lost work” process (core Perdue) was used. The sculpture are not only technically superb but are

aesthetically outstanding.

Ques.6. Write at least 30 words on the style of construction of Golegumbad?

The golegumbad was built of baked bricks during the 17th centuris y AD, its size that is the inner

area is 1600 sq. mtr. and is found in Bijapur. The baked bricks used have been cemented with line

stucco.

The double layered roofing style of Iran has been used. The inner layer of the dome is rounded

in semi circular from the outer layer is conically narrowed upward gyring it a bulbous look. There are 4

octagonal minars at the four corners which have 7th storey’s each.

Ques.7. State the names of enlisted Mughal miniature paintings along with the names of the painters the

names of enlisted Mughal miniature paintings along with the name of the painter are as follows :-

a) Bird Catching at Baran – Bhaga

b) Jahangir holding a picture of Madona – Abdul Hasan

c) Falcon on a Bird Rest – Ustad Mansur

d) Kabir and Raidas – Faqir Ullah

e) Marriage Procession of Dara Shikoh – Haji Madani

Ques.8. Indicate the special feature of “Bani Thani” Bani Thani holds a special place in the treasure of Induan

miniature painting. The style is characterized by lengthening of eyes and nose. Faces are mostly in

profile, stylized brow, smile on the lips.

14

Ques.9. Narrate the story behind the rise of “Bengal School of Art”?

Abaindra Nath Tagore wanted to develop a form of art that could be identified as Indian art at

the same time be contemporary in style and gradually built up the ‘Bengal School of Art’ and included

artists such a Nandlal Bose Sarade Ukil, Asit Kumar Halder, Chugtai and a host of others.

Ques.10. How did “Geet Govind” influence painter of Pahari miniature school?

“Geet Govind” influenced painters of Pahari miniature school as they were influenced by the

poetic description of ‘Krishna-Leela” and used these mist romantically in their painting.

Ques.11. Write short notes on:-

a) Tanjore painting :- These paintings are different from other paintings in style because of its

embellishment over the basic drawing with precious and semi precious stone/relief work. This art

originated inTanjore in Tamil Nadu during the 16th Century BC however most of it belonged to the 19th

Century and spread all over the Decca region. The most popular themes have been Radha, Krishna,

Vishnu, Ganesh.

b) Hyderabad School:- Hyderabadi School of art developed during the 18th Century AD, medium that

was used was water colours done on hand made paper technique used was tempera.

Ques.12 Explain the influence of Colonial Art on Indian painting during 19th Century CE?

Indian had become a British Colony after losing their was of independence in 1857. The Indians

felt for an art from which reflected the mood of a changing society. The availability of European prints

provided the Indian artist to express modes of expression and nesways of looking at problems.

Ques.13. Write a short note an Madhu vani Painting Madhu vani painters use religious theme in their paintings.

The woman folk of Mithi paint the walls, floors and court yard of their homes during different destival

they yse natural colours that is easely available.

Ques.14. Assess the role of Amrita Shergil in the development of contemporary Indian painting Amrita Shergil

was influenced by Ajanta murals and Rajput miniature paintings. She combined the Indian influence

with her European technique and style of painting.

Ques.15. “These folk artist are ordinary people and use very simple method and material” Explain?

These folk artists are ordinary people and use very simple methods and materials. They make

use of locally availably materials and prepare their own colours and brushes. Turgs or bamboo sticks

are used as brush for fine lines. A piece of cloth or cotton is wrapped on the tips of the turg to draw

broad lines. Colours are made from vegetation and locally availably minerals. Orange colour is made

from Harsingar. Flower, the flowers are dried in the sun, their boiled to extract colours gum is added to

it to act as binder. Red colour is extracted from beer root. Green colour from Orhud flower. The

flowers are dried and mixed with lemon, alum and gum before it is boiled. For black colour rested iron

is put in molasses and us kept for 10 days. Molasses turn black after being boiled. Cobalt blue comes

from Jamun fruits golden colour from the skin of Anar fruit after adding alum the mixture is boiled for

48 hours Turmeric.

15

PAINTING

Ques.1. State the characteristics of the Mauryan Sculpture Ashoka was the most powerful and popular

emperor. He was a great lover of art and architecture. He like others contributed to it by getting

monument built especially pillars or sthambas in which writings were etched. Sculptures too remain

and are found through out his empire especially in and around Magad later on sungas too contributed

in this field however they were related to Buddhism and included stupas of Bharhut and Sanchi,

Buddha images followed.

Ques.2. Write in short about the Konark Sun temple?

The Konark Sun Temple was dedicated to the Sun god Surya, haring an area of 10.62 hectares

and is found in Odisha. The remains of this once famous temple is the 30m high chariot with immense

wheal and horses all carved from stone. The temple is in rains especially the Shikara tower over the

sanctuary, the mandapa remains intact. That wheel remain are famed for their intricate art work

including erotic Kama and Mathura scenes. It served as important land marks for sailors in the Bay of

Bengal.

Ques.3. What was the earlier name of Halebid?

Name one more temple of Hoysala period? The earlier name of Halebid was Dorasamesdra and

one name more of the Hopala period was Kedareshwara temple.

Ques.4. What is the most favourite themes of Guler paintings?

The most favourite themes of guler painting are Sikh Gurus, Sikh dignitaries paintings of the

ruler Dalip Singh, Govardhar Chands son Prakash Chand is seen with money.

Ques.5. What are the main characteristics of Jain miniature paintings?

The main characteristics of jain miniature paintings are that it is small in size it is also a well

known Hindu and Buddhist art.

Ques.6. What is Kolan? What are the objects shown in the Kolan painting?

Kolan is the South Indian style of painting using rice flour. The objects shown in the Kolan

painting are.

Ques.7. What are the materials used in Phulkari?

The materials used in phulkari are floss silk thread on coarse hand woven cotton fabric. It was

strong, long lasting and the embroidery involved the counting the thread while doing the straight darn

stitch.

Ques.8. Which folk art form has influenced the Kantha motifs?

The folk art form that has influenced the Kantha motifs are that they are taken from rural

landscapes, ritualistic activities, objects from everyday life Kanth is a saree which is stitched in typcal

traditional style and techniques. The motifs are stylized forms of animals and human figures. The base

is pink colour of the saree is done in chain stitch with lenders various coloured threads like white green

pink, purple, brown red, yellow, grey and black.

A king like figure is sitting on the horse with an umbrella his hand some stylized forms of birds

and been are used as motifs The influence of Kalighat Pata Chitra is very clear these motifs.

16

PAINTING

Ques.1. Write 2 lines about the characteristics of Basholi paintings?

The characteristics of Basholi paintings are that the painters were influenced lay poetic

descriptions of Krishna-Leela and used these romantically themes in their paintings. They are also

characterized by flat backgrounds with simplified forms of trees. The faces are in profile, colours are

warm and bright.

Ques.2. How Tanjore paintings are different from other paintings comment.

Tanjore paintings are different from other paintings because the painters used precious and

semi precious stones over the basic drawings.

Ques.3. Write a short note on Company school of painting?

Company school of painting covers an attempt by Indian workers/artists to work in mixed Indo-

European style this art came into existence after the decline of Mughal art, this was also known as

Patna school to be used or a special type of Indian painting which was produced for Europeans and was

hearly influenced by Europeans taste.

Ques.4. Describe the sculpture “Trimurti” and mention its site.

The sculpture “Trimurti” is made of rock cut, hairing a height of 5.20 mts. Found during the 8th

Century. Shiva is shown with 3 heards, central face of Shiva, as a destroyer on the left and gracious

feminine diety on the right. The heads represent 3 different aspects of the god, center is creative or

Sadashiv, left is the destructive nature or aghora, right is the manifestation of the beauty of nature or

Vamadeva.

Ques.5. What do you know about Dokra casting and how it is done?

Dokra Casting is made of bronze and is one of the oldest metallurgical art forms. It is done by

first.

a) Making a clay cover by firing in Kolas.

b) Wrapping bee-ware around the core to get a replica.

c) Coating the replica with wet clay and then drying it is the sun.

d) Heating should melt the ware which flows out early.

e) Filling with metal. Cast in furnace and left to cast.

f) Breaking the mould to get a Dokra artifact.

Ques.6. What are the characteristics of Mughal architecture in Indo-Islamic buildings?

The Three main characteristics of Mughal architecture in Indo Islamic building are use of semi

circular domes, mehrab or conical minars that were earlier used for temple niche of Buddhist or Hindu

deities. Squirish forms of column mosques without minars, small arched niche (semi-circulars) conical

columns.

Ques.7. Write a short note on Mughal miniature paintings. Name two of them?

Mughal miniature paintings began under Humayan and completed by Akbar. These paintings

were lively and realistic and even contain elements of individual portraiture. They are small formats of

paintings which were executed with minute details. The paper was carefully burnished and preliminary

drawing was made with red ink, the paper was coated with a this wash of white pigment and on this

surface painting was done with tempera colours finally gold was used where require and then the

complete painting was again burnished.

17

Two of them are of Bird Catching at Baran by Bhag by Jahangir holding a picture of Madona by

Abul Hasan.

Ques.8. Write few lines in appreciation of “Bani Thani” of Kishan Garh School?

Bani Thani was made by Nihal Chand during 1750 AD. It is done on hand made paper using

tempera technique haring a size of 19 cm x 25 cm. It holds a special place in the treasure of Indian

miniature painting. It is characterized by the lengthening of eyes and the nose. Faces are mostly done

in profile, with a stylized brow and smile on the lips.

Ques.9. What art and craft objects were found during the discovery of Indus Valley Curlization? Name the city

where seal with Bull design was found and describe it?

The are and craft objects that were found during the discovery of Indus Valley Curlization are

a) Mother Goddess b) Seal with Bull Design c) Painted Pottery d) Jewellery (Jade Necklace).

The city where the seal with Bull Design was found is Mohenjo Daro.

The seal is made of steatite and has an elaborate design of a bull, thus showing it as a symbol

of power and strength. This has been achieved by exaggerating the size of the hump as well as the

horns. The diagonal linear motif of the neck expresses youthful energy of the animal.

Ques.10. Describe the beauty of seated Buddha and mention its period?

The seated Buddha is made of Buff sand stone during the 5th Century AD. It has a height of 160

cm however the artist is unknown. The figure is seated in Padmasan with soles upturned; hands are

held in Dharam Chakramudra. Ear loves are long eyes half closed. The face is calm hairing a spiritual

expression and behind a spiritual expression halo covered with a beautiful decoration.

Ques.11. Write a short note on the technique and methods used in creating Ajanta paintings?

The technical methods of Ajanta paintings is tempera. A rough mud plaster containing cow

dung and animal hair was first pressed on the rocks. A coat of fine lime plaster was then laid over it.

The colour was applied after the ground was completely dry.

Ques.12. Describe the painting ‘Ravana and Jatayu the painting titled ‘Ravana and Jatayu was done by Raja, Ravi

Varma and the medium used was oil. This is based on the epic Ramayana and build up a composition

on the principle of dynamic balance. Jatayu is trying to save Sita from the clutches of Ravana. Ravana

on his part has cur the right wing of Jatayu with his sword. Sita is seen covering her face as sge us

avoiding to see the cruelty of Ravana, the upward movement suggests the fleeing will Sita.

Ques.13. Write an appreciative note on Amrita Shergil’s painting ‘Adornment of Bride?

Amritas painting ‘Adornment of Bride’ was achieved by the use of hand gestures. On the

foreground there are 2 earthier gharas, one of the girls is dressing up the hair of the bride, the other

one is holding a pot. \the brides palm are painted with red colour which is used during marriage

ceremonies in India. Her aim was always to create an art connected with the soul.

Ques.14. What are the typical characteristics of folk paintings give 2 examples?

The typical characteristics of folk paintings are that the expression through art is an inherent

quality of human beings. It springs unself consciously, at a grass root level from people’s most

fundamental life experience. Locally available material are used prepare their own colours and brushes.

Turgs or bamboo sticks are used as brush for fine lines. Examples-To get red colour beet root is used to

get golden colour the skin of Amar fruit is used. Green is got from Or hand flower and black. Colony

rusted iron is put in molasses and is kept for 10 days. The molasses turn black after it is boiled.

18

PAINTING Ques.1. Who was Raja Sansar Chand and which place he belonged to?

Raja Sansar Chand was a great admirer and patron of art. He belonged to Kangra which was

one of the main centers of Pahari school of art.

Ques.2. Write a short note on Tanjore Paintings?

Tanjore painting art original in Tamilnadu during the 16th Century AD. This type of painting is

different from other arts painting style because of its embellishment over the basic drawing with

precious and semi precious stone as well as the relief work.

Ques.3. Describe in short the painting. “A group of Kashmiri Artisans”?

The painting “A group of Kashmiri Artisans” is done on paper with water colours. A group

consisting of 8 men, 2 women and 3 children are painted in this painting. The embroidering colourful

shawls. The women are admiring the craftsman ship of their men. The whole group is sitting on a

carpet in a hours which has a wooden roof. The colours that are used are sober, deep sepia, ochre red

and contrast strongly with the white clothes of the figure. Very little shading was used and modeling

with stippling is frequent.

Ques.4. Write a short note on Indus Valley Cirlization the first discoveries of the Indus Valley cirlization were

made at the site of Hara[[a near Sindh province and a lot of art and craft objects have been

discovered. The objects excavated include. Toys, seals, jewellery, pottery, statutes, tools etc. Indus

Valley cirlization flourished between 2500 BC to 1750 BC.

Ques.5. What do you know about the “Lion Capital of Sarnath” Describe in 30 words Lion Capital of Sarnath is

made of Sand stone during the 3rd Century BC Hairing a height of 213.5 cms. It has 4 lions grouped

together is the capital top part of a pillars of the sthamba of Sarnath Deer Part. It was made during the

reign of King Ashoka. It has been adapted as the emblem of Govt. of India.

Ques.6. Where are Ajanta Caves situated and what is the theme of Ajanta paintings. Describe the

characteristic features of Ajanta paintings?

Ajanta caves are situated near Aurangabad in Maharashtra. The theme of Ajanta paintings are

the art works are based on Buddhist scriptures and mainly the stories of Jataka. The characteristic

features of Ajanta paintings is that the painting is done in tempera. A rough mud plaster containing

cow dung, animal hair was first pressed on the rocks. A coat of fire line plaster was laid over it. The

colour was applied after the ground was completely dry.

Ques.7. Write a short note on Temple art and Sculpture from 8th Century AD to 10th Century AD?

Indian sculpture was meant for temple ornamentation during ancient and medieval period. It

was during the gupta period that the regular building of structural temples in bricks and dressed stone

emerged The Palas, Cholas, Pallavas Rashtra Kutas, chandelles built beautiful temples embellished

with sculpture from 8th to 10th Century AD.

Ques.8. What do you know about Dokrra casting? Write a short note on its technique Dokra casting or the lost

was (cireperdue) technique is one of the oldest metallurgical art from used in ancient cirlization in

India, China, Greece and Mesopotamia. Tribals still follow the process and involves the following

steps:-

Making a clay covering by firing in Kiln

Wrapping bee was around the core to get a replica

Coating the replica with wet clay and then drying it in the sun.

Heating should melt the was which flours out early.

Filling with metal, cast in finance and left to cast.

Breaking the mould to get a Dokra artifact.

19

Ques.9. Where is Gol Gumbad situated? Name the material used its construction?

Gol Gumbad is situated in Bijapur city of Karnataka. The material used in its construction is that

of baked bricks that have been cemented with line stucco.

Ques.10. Describe the miniature painting “Falcon on a Bird rest and name its painter?

Falcon on a Bird rest is made in tempera. The falcon shown here is that it is a tamed bird

painted in tempera technique. The falcon us painted in white and brown colours against a contrast

yellow background. Its sharp beak, round vigilant eyes are painted in shades of deep yellow orche. A

patch of light blue delineates the features on the back of its neck. The bird is fastened with a weight

and a string hanging beautifully around its neck. The painter of this miniature painting is Ustad

Mansur.

Ques.11. Who painted the paintings “Meru Ragini and what is its theme? Decribe the characteristic features of

the painting?

The painting titled “Meru Ragini” was painted by Sahibdin during 1650 AD. The theme is that it

is a love story popular in Rajasthan and is narrated both in Murals as well as miniature paintings. The

characteristics feature of the painting is that it is derided into 2 parts. In the first half Dhola and Maru

are shown seated under a yellow canopy with a red curtain in the upper composition. In the second

half Maru is caressing her pet camel. Stylized motifs of 3 trees bring a unity in the composition.

Ques.12. Describe the style and technique of Jamini Roy’s painting?

Jamini Roy developed his own unique style and his style is based on Bengal folk art form. He

used local earth colours crushed in tamarind glue or in the white of the egg; grey he used the mud of

the rivers for red he used vermillion, blue is indigo. He portrayed all the activities of people, expressed

religious scenes, strange ritual dances and his inspirations were the pata-chitras of Kalighat and

terracotta toys of Bankura.

Ques.13. Write in short about the style and theme of Phad paintings?

Phad paintings are from Rajasthan. The painting is done on rough handspun hand women cloth

after it is prepared by applying a thin layer of starch on it and missing it with the pigments to soften

their tones The outline is worked in contrasting colours on the prepared background. The painting

describes different activities of social life of various people like soldiers worshippers, horse riders royal

attendants on elephants and camels.

Ques.14. Who created the painting “Woman face”? Appreciate the paintings?

The painting “Woman face” was done by Rabindra Nath Tagore in the year 1937 the size is 50.5

x 53 cm, medium used is ink and brush on paper. His drawings and head studies come from his sub

conscious mind. He used subdued and dark tones of colours. In the above mentioned painting

(Woman face) he used light wash of pink and brown ink. The woman’s head is covered with her saree

and he lips are drawn in such a way as if she is about to whisper something.

Ques.15. What are the main features of a folk painting? Describe any one painting from your book?

The main features of a folk painting are that the expression is through art is an inherent quality

of human being. It springs unself consciously at a grass root level from peoples fundamental life

experience. They used locally available materials and prepare their own colours and brushes. Turgs or

bamboo sticks are used as brush for fine lines.

Kalighat Painting :- Kalighat paintings are painted by Potuas (image makers) of west Bengal

and are a good example of folk style painting. The paintings are done with homemade colours like

black, red and Yellow. Use of light and shade to bring modeling.