NEXT

Man taking a piece of the Berlin Wall as a souvenir after the fall of communism in East Germany (December 1989).

Struggles for Democracy,1945–Present

China and governments in Latin America, Africa, and the former Soviet bloc respond to calls for democracy.

NEXT

Struggles for Democracy,1945–Present

Map

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Democracy

The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

Changes in Central and Eastern Europe

SECTION 5 China: Reform and Reaction

Chart

NEXT

Section 1

Democracy In Latin America, economic problems andauthoritarian rule delay democracy.

NEXT

Democracy As a Goal

Democracy

Difficulties in Establishing Democracy• Common practices include free elections and

citizen participation• Also: majority rule, minority rights, constitutional

government• Difficult to establish democracy—even in U.S., took

many years• These practices need conditions in country to

support them• Education and a stable economy help• So do individual rights, rule by law, sense of

national identity

SECTION

1

NEXT

Dictators and Democracy

SECTION

1

Brazil’s Early History• Brazil: monarchy in 1822, republic controlled by

wealthy in 1889• In 1930s, dictator suppresses opposition but builds

economy

Continued . . .

Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program• Juscelino Kubitschek builds economy, new capital

city—Brasília • His followers back reforms, but conservatives object

to land reform• Land reform—breaking up huge estates into

holdings for peasants• Wealthy Brazilians support takeover by military in

1964

NEXT

Military Dictators• Military rules for two decades, building economy

but cutting wages• Standard of living—level of material comfort—

declines

continued Dictators and Democracy

SECTION

1

The Road to Democracy• In 1980s, Brazil has recession—economic slowdown• Civilian leaders elected but cannot fix economy

The 2002 Presidential Election• New election in 2002 includes rivals with different

economic views• Luis Inácio Lula da Silva wins election; hopes to

reclaim economy

Chart

NEXT

One-Party Rule

SECTION

1

Beginnings of One-Party Domination• In 1920s and 1930s, leaders build a party that

dominates Mexico• Lázaro Cárdenas rules 1934–1940, next presidents

abandon his reforms

The Party Becomes the PRI• In 1946, main party becomes PRI—Institutional

Revolutionary Party• Party controls government; fraud, corruption mar

elections• In 1968, students and workers protest, soldiers fire

on crowd• Mexico depends on oil and gas income, suffers

when prices fall Continued . . .

NEXT

Economic and Political Crises• Opposition parties gain support, force reforms in

1988• In 1994, rebels in southern Mexico state of

Chiapas stage uprising 

continued One-Party Rule

SECTION

1

The PRI Loses Control• Other parties gain many seats in Congress• Center-right candidate Vicente Fox wins presidency

in 2000

New Policies and Programs• As new president, Fox has many ambitious goals

Image

NEXT

Political and Economic Disorder

SECTION

1

Perón Rules Argentina• In 1946, Juan Perón becomes dictator in Argentina;

ousted in 1955

Repression in Argentina• Military rules into 1970s, but country develops many

problems• Government moves harshly against opposition,

killing many people

Democracy and the Economy• Government disgraced after losing Falklands war in

1982• Civilians elected to lead, but cannot solve economic

problems

Image

Continued . . .

NEXT

A Growing Crisis• Economic problems continue with high debt,

unemployment

continued Political and Economic Disorder

SECTION

1

NEXT

As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy.

Section 2

The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

NEXT

Colonial Rule Limits Democracy

The Challenge of Democracyin Africa

European Policies Cause Problems• Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic, cultural

divisions• As a result, national identity is slow to develop in

Africa • Colonial rule produces economic problems • Colonial rule also disrupts family, community life

SECTION

2

Short-Lived Democracies• Post-independence governments fragile, vulnerable

to military coups

NEXT

Civil War in Nigeria

A Land of Many Peoples• Nigeria has people from three ethnic groups, each

with own state• Country adopts federal system—state, central

governments share power

SECTION

2

War with Biafra• In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting• Military imposes martial law—temporary military

rule—in 1966• In 1967, eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new

country of Biafra• War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated, Nigeria

reunited

NEXT

Nigeria’s Nation-Building

Federal Government Restored• In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable

federal system

SECTION

2

A Return to Civilian Rule• General Sani Abacha overturns election results of

1993, takes power• He punishes dissidents—government opponents• In 1999, civilian government finally gains power

President Obasanjo• Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by

ending corruption• Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to

rebuild country

NEXT

South Africa Under Apartheid

Minority Rule• South Africa gains independence in 1931; white

minority rules

SECTION

2

Apartheid Segregates Society• In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid—

separation of races• Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for

blacks in 1959

Blacks Protest• In 1912, blacks form African National Congress

(ANC) to protest• Nelson Mandela—ANC leader imprisoned for 27

years• Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes

resulting in violence

NEXT

Struggle for Democracy

Pressure for Change• Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic

pressure on government• He asks other countries not to trade with South

Africa

SECTION

2

The First Steps• In 1990, F. W. de Klerk legalizes ANC, frees

Mandela from prison• Parliament repeals apartheid laws, grants rights to

blacks• De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be

held in 1994

Continued . . .

Image

NEXT

Majority Rule• In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament;

Mandela elected president

continued Struggle for Democracy

SECTION

2

A New Constitution• In 1996, new constitution adopted giving equal rights

to all

South Africa Today• In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected president• He faces challenges: high crime, unemployment,

rampant poverty• He hopes to increase trade with other countries• Major problem facing South Africa is high number of

people with AIDS

Section 3

The Collapse of theSoviet Union Democratic reforms bring important changes to the Soviet Union.

NEXT

NEXT

Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy

Problems Develop• Politburo—ruling committee of Communist Party;

rules USSR harshly• Leonid Brezhnev dies in 1982; two successors rule

briefly

SECTION

3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union

A Younger Leader• Mikhail Gorbachev—becomes Soviet leader in 1984• Young, energetic, skilled, wants to pursue new

policies

Glasnost Promotes Openness• To achieve economic reforms, he needs open

dialogue in society• Promotes new policy of glasnost—openness;

dissent allowed

Image

NEXT

Reforming the Economy and Politics

Economic Restructuring• People complain about lack of goods; Gorbachev

blames old system• In 1985, he introduces perestroika—policy of

economic restructuring• Hopes to make economy more efficient,

productive

SECTION

3

Democratization Opens the Political System• In 1987, he unveils plans to have more democracy• Voters, given a choice, elect many reformers to new

legislature

Foreign Policy• Gorbachev signs arms control agreements with U.S.

NEXT

The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

Ethnic Revolts• Gorbachev wants to reform Soviet Union, but

reforms lead to collapse• Non-Russian ethnic groups rebel in different

republics

SECTION

3

Continued . . .

Lithuania Defies Gorbachev• In 1990, Lithuania declares independence• Gorbachev, fearing similar actions in other republics,

sends troops

Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev• Reformer Boris Yeltsin rallies people against

Communist old guard• Old-time Communists oppose both Gorbachev and

Yeltsin

NEXT

The August Coup• In August 1991, hardliners try to seize control of

government again• Thousands of protesters and Yeltsin rally against

this move• Army refuses to attack protesters and coup

collapses

continued The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil

SECTION

3

Image

End of the Soviet Union• Government takes actions to punish Communist

Party for the coup• Many republics declare independence; Gorbachev

cannot stop them• Republics form a federation, CIS—Commonwealth of

Independent States

Map

NEXT

Russia Under Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin Faces Problems• Yeltsin aims to reform the Russian economy • Tries “shock therapy”—quick transition to free

market system• New policies bring economic chaos and hardship,

political troubles

SECTION

3

Chechnya Rebels• In 1991, Chechnya declares independence from

Russia• Yeltsin attempts to crush rebellion, causing unrest at

home• As conflict continues in 1999, he resigns in favor of

Vladimir Putin

NEXT

Russia Under Vladimir Putin

Troubles Continue in Chechnya• Fighting drags on in Chechnya• In 2002, Chechen rebels seize theater in

Moscow, many die

SECTION

3

Economic, Political, and Social Problems• Economic problems continue, leading to unstable

politics• Social problems include homelessness,

unemployment• Declines in population, standard of living, average life

expectancy

NEXT

Section 4

Changes in Central andEastern EuropeChanges in the Soviet Union lead to changes throughout Central and Eastern Europe.

NEXT

Changes in Central andEastern Europe 

The Rise of Solidarity• Workers strike to win recognition of Solidarity—

Polish labor union• Lech Walesa—leader of union—becomes national

hero

SECTION

4

Poland and Hungary Reform

Continued . . .

Solidarity Defeats Communists• Communist government bans Solidarity but cannot

solve economic woes• In 1988, workers rebel to force recognition of

Solidarity• Elections in 1989 and 1990 make Walesa president

of Poland

NEXT

Poland Votes Out Walesa• Walesa tries to build free market economy quickly• Though some progress made, many Poles

unhappy; Walesa voted out

continued Poland and Hungary Reform

SECTION

4

Hungarian Communists Disband • In 1990, voters elect non-Communist government in

Hungary• Democracy thrives; Hungary joins NATO in 1999

Poland Under Kwasniewski• Alexander Kwasniewski elected president in 1995• Brings Poland into NATO, tries to build strong

market economy

NEXT

Germany Reunifies

Resistance to Change• East Germany’s leader resists reforms as in

Poland, Hungary• Thousands of East Germans escape through

Hungary to Austria

Fall of the Berlin Wall• East Germany closes its borders, sparking massive

protests• In late 1989, new East German leader opens Berlin

Wall• By end of year, Communist government there has

collapsed

SECTION

4

Continued . . .

Image

NEXT

Reunification• Reunification—merging of the two Germanys—

achieved in 1990

continued Germany Reunifies

SECTION

4

A New Chancellor• In 1998, Kohl voted out of office• New leader—Gerhard Schroeder—has difficulty

reviving economy• Germany becomes more active in world affairs after

reunifying

Germany’s Challenges• East Germany in poor shape, needs rebuilding• This costly effort forces German leader Helmut Kohl

to raise taxes

NEXT

Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia Reforms• In 1989, large crowd in Prague protests,

demands democracy• Tough government crackdown sparks more

protests• By late 1989, Communists are gone; Václav

Havel elected president

Czechoslovakia Breaks Up• Economic reforms hurt people in Slovakia, eastern

part of country• In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into two separate

countries• Both economies grow—slow in Czech Republic;

faster in Slovakia

SECTION

4

NEXT

Overthrow in Romania

A Popular Uprising• In late 1989, Romania’s leader has army shoot

protestors• This action prompts major revolt and collapse of

Communist rule• Dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and wife executed

Christmas Day, 1989

The Romanian Economy• Corruption and crime prevalent through 1990s;

economy lags • Much of economy still owned by government, not in

private hands• But Government begins moving toward market

economy

SECTION

4

NEXT

The Breakup of Yugoslavia

Ethnic Problems• Yugoslavia has 8 ethnic groups in a federation of

6 republics

A Bloody Breakup• Milosevic, Serbian leader, tries to impose control on

whole country• Slovenia and Croatia fight off Serbian army, win

independence• In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina declares

independence; war breaks out• Serb forces practice ethnic cleansing—getting rid

of Bosnian Muslims• In 1995, U.S., UN establish peace setting up

multiethnic government

SECTION

4

Image

Continued . . .

Map

NEXT

Rebellion in Kosovo• In 1998, fighting starts in Kosovo, Serb province

of ethnic Albanians • Serbian army invades to put down Albanian

rebels with harsh force• In 1999, NATO bombs Serbia, forces Serbs to

withdraw

continued The Breakup of Yugoslavia

SECTION

4

The Region Faces Its Problems• Serbia has new leader; Milosevic faces war crimes

trials• Montenegro and Serbia form loose union, may

separate in future

NEXT

Section 5

China: Reform and Reaction In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.

NEXT

China: Reform and Reaction

Problems of Mao’s Rule• Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but

cannot• Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent

economic growth• He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive

Communist spirit• Its excesses turn many people against communism• Zhou Enlai—leader in early 1970s—pursues

moderate policies

The Legacy of Mao

SECTION

5

Chart

NEXT

China and the West

China Opened Its Doors• Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest

of world• In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations

SECTION

5

Economic Reform• In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of

Communist Party• Deng Xiaoping—becomes leader of China by 1980• Four Modernizations—Deng’s plan for economic

progress• This policy reverses strict Communist policies long

backed by Mao

NEXT

Massacre in Tiananmen Square

Unforeseen Problems• Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of

Communist leaders• Western political ideas enter China, encouraging

democracy

SECTION

5

Students Demand Democracy• In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square—

public area in Beijing

Deng Orders a Crackdown• Deng orders army to surround square, attack

protesters• Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded• Government begins large-scale campaign to end

dissent

Image

NEXT

China Enters the New Millennium

China Under Jiang• In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power• Hardliners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s

reforms• In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji• Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms

SECTION

5

Transfer of Hong Kong• Hong Kong—former British colony, city in China,

major economic power• In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China

NEXT

China Beyond 2000

Economics and Politics• Economic reforms reduce poverty in China• Though many countries have economic

problems, China’s economy grows• Many in China want political reforms• China is becoming more involved with other

countries

SECTION

5

This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.

BACK

Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint

If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4

3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline

4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation

Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open

in Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or

select the pages you want to print

Print TextPrint Text