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IIUNITEDU STATES

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V.S. p1141(0 by Paul I5.lring

March/June 1978National Science Foundation

Volume X111—Nos. 1&2

Newsletter 6International AntarcticGlaciological Project: activities,1975-1978

The International Antarctic Glaciological Project links Australia,France. the Soviet Union. the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates in a study of a large part of the east antarctic ice sheet. Since1976, when Newsletter 5 appeared (March 1976 Antarctic Journal)the coordinating council of IAGP has met in Madison. Wisconsin,U.S.A. (7-9 September 1976), Cambridge, England (17-20 September1977), and Chamonix, France (13-16 May 1978). At these meetingscouncil members and specialists discussed the preceding field sea-sons and considered the research results. This newsletter reports ac-tivities from 1975 to 1978 as summarized at the three meetings.

ICE DKILL—This water-cooled flame jetdevice penetrated the 420-meter-thickRoss Ice Shell in 9 hours on 13 December1977. A television camera, a sediment cor-er. and other equipment were loweredthrough the hole to observe and samplethe water column and ocean bottom fea-tures. Drill site is 500 kilometers south ofthe edge 04 the Texas-size ice shelf. TheBrowning Engineering Corporation, Han-over. New Hampshire, developed the drill.a central feature of the Ross Ice Shelf Pro-ject during the 1977-1978 season.

Australia. Field work has contin-ued to alternate between measure-ments along the traverse route fromCasey to Vostok Stations and coredrilling on the local ice cap. domeC. In 1975-1976 traverse line markerpositions were measured as far as350 kilometers inland by means of

Combined issueThis issue combines the March

and the June issues of the Ant-arctic Journal. Temporary lack ofstaff forced deferral of prepara-tion of these issues. We apolo-gize for inconveniences caused toreaders. Subscribers will auto-matically receive an extra issue atthe conclusion of their presentsubscript i O. S.

geoceivers (see U.S. section). Theyprovided the first detailed velocityprofile along the Casey-Vostok line.These velocities compared well withthose derived from a kinematic(steady-state) ice sheet model andwere subsequently explained as wellin dynamic terms through laboratoryresults on anisotropic ice deforma-tion (see Other Work section).

Less extensive traverses in 1976-1977 reestablished lost markers andset new ones at the junction of themain ice sheet and the VanderfordGlacier. The aim is to clarify thetransition from 110w at high basalsheer stress and low velocity (char-acteristic of the ice sheet) to flow atlow basal stress and high velocity(characteristic of outlet glaciers).

In the austral fall of 1977 and insummer 1977-1978 the emphasis ofAustralian field work switched to

core drilling on Law Dome (inlandfrom Casey). Two new holes. 420meters and 475 meters deep, wereadded to the series of holes extend-ing along a flowline from the domesummit to Cape Folger. The coreand borehole measurements, com-bined with measurements of earlierholes and modelling calculations, arehelping to clarify the crystallogra-phic and isotopic changes along par-ticle paths. They provide evidencethat internal echos are not necessari-ly depositional (isochronic) features.

In fall of 1978 a traverse penetrat-ed 4() kilometers beyond the pre-viously surveyed part of the Casey-Vostok route and set new markersfor velocity measurements by meansof geoceivers.

CIE CE

Antarctic Journal of the UnitedStates, established in 1966, reportson U.S. activities in Antarctica andrelated activities elsewhere, and ontrends in the U.S. Antarctic Pro-gram. It is published quarterly(March, June, September, and De-cember), with a fifth annual reviewissue in October, by the Division ofPolar Programs, National ScienceFoundation, Washington, D.C.20550. Telephone: 202/632-4076.

Subscription rates are $7.50 per fiveissues, domestic, and $9.50 per fiveissues, foreign; single copies are$1.10 ($1.40 foreign) except for theannual review issue, which is $3.50($4.50 foreign). Address changesand subscription matters should besent to the Superintendent of Docu-ments, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402.

The director of the National Sci-ence Foundation has determinedthat the publication of this periodi-cal is necessary in the transactionof the public business required bylaw of this agency. Use of funds forprinting this periodical has beenapproved by the director of theOffice of Management and Budgetthrough 30 September 1979.

The participation of an Australianglaciologist in major traverses by theSoviet Antarctic Expedition acrossEast Antarctica in 1977 and 1978became it significant held activity.Details are given in the U.S.S.R.section.

France. A 270-kilometer traversefrom Dumont d'Urville inland to apoint somewhat beyond the sitewhere a U.S. LC-130 airplane crash-landed in December 1971 was car-ried out during the 1975-1976 sea-son. Accumulation markers weremeasured and reestablished. Snowsamples were taken for chemicaland isotopic analyses from 2-meterpits and from 12 boreholes to depthsbetween 12 and 16 meters.

Severe sea ice conditions thwarteda major drilling operation near thecoast of Adélie Land planned forthe 1976-1977 season by preventingthe unloading of the drill. Shallowsampling and temperature measure-ments were substituted to clarifyvarious geochemical features of thefirn up to 1000 meters elevation and40 kilometers from the coast. At thesame time the drilling equipmentwas taken to McMurdo in prepara-tion for core drilling on dome C.

The dome C coring was mountedwith the help of the National Sci-ence Foundation (see U.S. section)in the 1977-1978 season. A )2-met-er-deep borehole was cored in 42days by using first an electrome-chanical device (to 138 metersdepth) and then a thermal corer.Activities included measurements oftotal gas content (to 179 meters),crystal sizes, hole diameter andtemperature, and mechanical proper-ties of the cored ice. The meltwaterwas collected, filtered, and subject-ed to measurements of radioactiveand stable isotopes. Further analysisis underway on some 8 tons of iceshipped to France.

One major result of the projectalready assured is a firm relationshipof firn void volume at close-off totemperature. This observation alsoapplies new data from the LawDome series of cores (see Australiasection). It has far-reaching implica-tions for the proper separation ofelevation and climatic effects in themajor ice core isotope profiles. An-other climaticall y significant discov-ery is an abrupt decrease in meancrystal size at the depth where the

stable isotopes indicate the end ofthe Wisconsin glaciation (seeU.S.S.R. section).

Other work during the 1977-1978season included shallow samplingprograms at dome C and at SouthPole and the start of an ice surface-atmosphere interaction program inthe coastal belt of Adélie Land.

U.S.S.R. Snow studies and sam-pling continued in 1975-1976 alongthe Mirnyy-Vostok route, especiallyat the 105 and 195 kilometer pointsand at Pionerskaya and Vostok IStations. One borehole at Vostok Iwas cored to 180 meters depth. Afourth borehole at Vostok was takento 450 meters and another hole wascored there to ISO meters for chemi-cally clean sampling.

In the 1976-1977 field season theMirnyy-Vostok route measurementswere extended to Komsomolskaya.The Vostok I borehole was deep-ened from 180 lo 3(X) meters; 1cm-perature (to 180 meters), hole incli-nation. and hole diameter were mea-sured.

At the same time results fromstudies of three boreholes cored ear-lier from a common opening at Vos-tok (to depths of 786, 'MX), and 952meters) began to flow in. Like thenew dome C core, one of the Vos-tok cores exhibited an abrupt breakin the regular grain size increasewith depth. This break coincideswith the change in the ratio of oxy-gen-IS to oxygen-16 that presumablymarks the end of the Wisconsin gla-ciation.

A traverse across East Antarcticafrom Pionerskaya toward dome Cwas initiated in the 1976-1977 fieldseason as part of the InternationalMagnetospheric Study (IMS). Thetraverse was taken to 73°15'S;II l°E. 670 kilometers from Pioner-skaya. Leveling and gravimetric andmagnetic observations were made inaddition to accumulation measure-ments along the route. An Austra-lian glaciologist used a geoceiver toobtain precise position and elevationmeasurements at 16 points betweenMirnyy and the end of the traverse.These measurements were repeatedin the 1977-1978 field season duringa second Soviet traverse that wentall the way to dome C. Results ofthe remeasurement to a point duesouth of Case y will give the first indi-cation of the ice sheet flow veloci-

2 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL

les in this remote part of East Ant-ctica. One hopes the remeasure-nts will be extended during fur-

her Soviet traverses.During the 1977-1978 field season

he chemically clean hole used foricrohiological measurements at

Vostok was deepened to 312 meters.ophysical studies continued in the

I

X)-meter hole at the same station.

United Kingdom. Logistic setbacksto the U.S. Antarctic Research Pro-gram prevented the U.K. radio echosounding team from carrying outnew airborne measurements duringthe 1975-1976 and 1976-1977 fieldseasons. Instead, they evaluatedprevious measurements with empha-sis on such features as internalechoes, subglacial lakes, and differ-ent types of subglacial surfaces. Onekey result was a detailed map of thesurface and subglacial topographiesof the dome C region. Significantdiscoveries included a basal layerwhich seems to be free of internalechoes even when the sounding sys-tem would be certain to detect theirpresence. This may be related tocrystal fabric features noted in thelowest portions of some of the Lawdome cores (see Australia section).

Effort went into the developmentof new systems for joint soundingwith the Technical University ofDenmark and into development of aflight recording system in coopera-tion with the U.S. National ScienceFoundation. Data reduction alsoreceived attention. These effortswere repaid during 1977-1978.Soundings were carried out from aU.S. Antarctic Research ProgramLC-130 along flight lines totalling24.(XX) kilometers in length. Onethird of these flight lines passed overthe IAGP area in accordance withpriorities established by the coordi-nating council of IAGP during the1977 meeting. That system of priori-ties was revised at the 1978 meetingfor future seasons. In due course itwill serve for extensions of the ra-dar soundings beyond the presentIAGP framework.

U.S.A. The U.S. Antarctic Re-search Program contributed the geo-ceiver measurements to the Austra-lian IAGP traverse in 1975-1976 (seeAustralia section). but was other-wise fully extended with the recov-ery of three LC-130 airplanes

stranded on dome C. Two of theairplanes were repaired during theseason for single flights back to theU.S. The third LC-130 was re-covered at the end of the 1976-1977season.

During 1977-1978, U.S. air sup-port made possible the French cor-ing on dome C and joint U.K.-Den-mark-U.S. radio echo sounding overEast and West Antarctica. U.S.geodetic satellites enabled the Aus-tralian glaciologist accompaying theSoviet traverses of 1976-1977 and1977-1978 to make precise and rapidpositions fixes. The results nowemerging from these joint operationsare, in their turn, providing thefoundation for a geophysical surveyof the dome C area by U.S. re-searchers in future seasons.

Other Work. The indivisible char-acter of polar research made mostof the ongoing activities in Antarcti-ca and Greenland relevant to theIAGP. Progress was reviewed care-fully at each of the IAGP councilmeetings. Technical developments,and laboratory and modeling studieswhich served polar science in gener-al, received the most attention.

Technical advances included thedevelopment of pulse radar systemsoperating at 60 and 300 megahertzand echo strength measuring sys-tems, both joint projects of IAGPworkers in the U.K. and at theTechnical University of Denmark.Other developments included a newdigitizing system (U.K.) and a fiber-optic recording oscilloscope whichgives immediate and permanenthigh-resolution radar profiles duringflights (U.S.).

The development of drilling tech-niques has been a high priority taskfor polar expeditions. A. Crary'sexhortation "to drill, drill, drillagain" as a means of clarifying thehistory and mechanisms of polar icesheets was reaffirmed at the 1976IAGP council meeting. From 1975 to1978 there were extensive drillingexperiments by U.S. workers (main-ly under the framework of the RossIce Shelf Project), peat successesby Soviet drillers who cored threeholes through the Lazarev Ice Shelfin 1976 and 1977 and another holethrough the Shackleton Ice Shelf in1978. and the achievement of aFrench )0-meter hole in cold ice atdome C at the same time U.S. engi-

neers managed the (lame-drilled holethrough the Ross Ice Shelf in 1978.The earlier U.S. feat of penetratingthe two large ice sheets (Greenlandand Antarctica) has not yet beenrepeated. Such penetrations remainamong the principal goals of theIAGP. Several holes on the sameflowline will be needed for unambi-guous interrelation of the boreholeand core data.

Drilling is being supplemented notmerely by geophysical and geochem-ical analyses of ever-increasing so-phistication, but also by modeling ofthe ice sheet, or at least of the flow-lines through the main horeholes(see Australia section). The model-ing has inspired laboratory experi-ments to clarify the flow law of po-lar ice (see Australia. France sec-tions). Because logistics setbacksimpeded field projects during 1975-1976 and 1976-1977, a good deal ofIAGP effort went into these supple-mental programs.

Geochemistry has been a majorFrench contribution to the IAGP.Their strategy is to link the neces-sarily small number of intermediateand deep cores by means of shallowdrilling and, ultimately, by modeledparticletrajectoriesalongtheDumont-d' Urville-dome (-Vostokroute. This strategy has already estab-lished the systematic change in tracechemicals and in both stable and radi-oactive isotopes from the coast tosome 800 kilometers inland. A b y

-product of great importance to under-standing climatic fluctuations iii theSouthern Hemisphere has been anobservation of recent variations of thenet accumulation rate in both spaceand t i me.

IAGP laboratory experiments onice deformation during the last fewyears have now covered the fullrange from manmade isotropic iceand moraine-loaded ice to naturalice samples with different types oforientation fabric and from variousbasic stress systems to replicas ofthe actual stresses that had acted onthe core samples examined. Onlythe normal in situ stress remains tobe simulated experimentally. This.on the other hand, has been the keyparameter reproduced in variousAustralian sliding experiments whichhave clarified the basic transitionfrom high-stress slow flow to low-stress fast flow. Such transitions areencountered around the major out-

March/June 1978

flow basins of Antarctica and aresometimes interpreted erroneouslyas marks of instability.

IAGP modeling experiments inAustralia have pointed to the surgingability of ice sheets. These experi-ments have underlined the import-ance of separating climatic and ele-vation effects in the interpretation ofisotopic profiles. The total gas vol-ume has been found to provide thenecessary information, especiallysince the dependence of the size ofvoids in newly compared ice ontemperature has been established.

Results on effects of crystal orien-tation (anisotropy) have recentlysolved a major problem in the cur-rent understanding of ice sheet dy-namics. The simplest ice sheet mo-del—one that assumes that the lossby ice flow is exactly balanced byaccumulation gains--appears togive realistic ice flow velocities inmost cases. But surface velocitiescalculated from the usual ice flowlaw as a function of stress and tem-perature are in general only half aslarge. IAGP laboratory experimentsin Australia have shown that a fa-vorable crystal orientation can prod-uce strain rates up to 4 or moretimes those of isotropic ice of thesame temperature. This result bringsthe calculated "dynamic" and ob-served velocities into accord.

The ultimate IAGP goal of model-ing the east antarctic ice sheet, then,has come appreciably more withinreach, even if the size of the icesheet remains a serious obstacle tocomputer simulations. PreliminaryAustralian modelings of the Green-land ice sheet, however, providesome hope that the east antarctic icesheet also will become manageablebefore long.

Current problems and plans. Re-cent advances in understanding havedrawn attention to problem areas.Several problems received intensivediscussion at IAGP meetings: thenature of internal radar echoes andsubglacial lakes: information to begained from radar echo strength andpolarization measurements about thegeology of the east antarctic bed-rock: determination of ice crystalanisotropy by seismic logging inhoreholes like the one on dome C:and clues to the history of EastAntarctica to be found in offshoresediments. Increasing interest is

being directed at the transition areasfrom the ice sheet to the outflowglaciers. Such transitions may wellgovern the antarctic mass balance.Discussion also focused on theseemingly echo-free basal layer ofthe ice sheet which has been inter-preted alternatively as"turbulent"or as stagnant and overridden by thehulk of the ice.

Other topics discussed by IAGPcouncil members and specialists in-cluded the profiling of the ice sheetsurface by means of constant-levelballoons and radar-equipped satel-lites (GEOS, SEASAT) the deduc-tion of surface regime parametersfrom passive microwave emisionsand the role of the atmospheric sur-face winds in the ice sheet heat andmass balance, especially in the

Land of Storms." the coastal re-gion of Adélie Land for which thelatest radar echo soundings haveprovided the first detailed topogra-phy.

The latest IAGP plans involve at-tempts to solve some of these prob-lems within logistics limitations. Inthe 1978-1979 field season the Aus-tralian traverse line from Caseytowards Vostok is to be taken toabout 670 kilometers from Casey.An Australian glaciologist again willaccompany the Soviet traverse fromMirnyy to dome C. French boreholemeasurements will be carried out ondome C. As part of the katabaticwind project, automatic weather sta-tions will be set up on dome C(U.S.) and 10) kilometers fromDumone d'Urville (France).

The U.S.S.R. expedition plans tosurvey the Komsomol skaya- Vostokroute and make another IMS trav-erse from Mirnyy to dome C. Thedevelopment of drilling techniqueswill continue at Vostok, and a 1(X)-meter hole will be drilled at Pioner-skaya. Other holes are planned atvarious locations on ice shelves.Finally, the United States plans tostart 3 years of geophysical andstrain measurements on and arounddome C.

Organization. IAGP council meet-ings have been organized by thehost expeditions (U.S. in 1976. U.K.in 1977, and France in 1978) in thepast, and this pattern will be un-changed in the future (Australia in1979).

A secretariat, formerly located inAustralia and now in the UnitedStates, provides coherence betweenmeetings. Its principal function hasbeen to produce these newsletters incollaboration with the National Sci-ence Foundation. A review paper ti-tled "LAGP—Past and Future" waspublished in the March/June 1977Antarctic Journal of the U.S. Fur-ther such contributions towards thesynthesis of IAGP results areplanned. The secretariat also tookresponsibility for the IAGP bibliog-raphy published in the review paper.The bibliography will soon be updat-ed.—U. Radok

Cumulative index toantarctic literature

The Library of Congress has pub-lished a cumulative index of the firstseven volumes of its Antarctic Bibli-ography.

Compiled and typeset by comput-er, Antarctic Bibliography Indexesto Volumes 1-7 brings under onecover the author, subject, geograph-ic, and grantee indexes to the worldantarctic literature published from1962 to 1974. (Abstracts and full bib-liographic data appear onl y in theseven earlier individual volumes.)

Distinctive typefaces make it easyto spot primary and secondary head-ings. Entries are identified using in-formative titles instead of the tedi-ous code numbers used in the earlierindividual-volume indexes.

The National Science Foundationsupported preparation of the index.

To get a copy of this clothbound783-page tome, send $12 ($14.44) forforeign mailing) to the Superintend-ent of Documents, GovernmentPrinting 0111cc, Washington. D.C.20402. Cite stock number SN 034)-0 18-(MK) 18-4.

4 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL

/V Hero cruises,

975-1977

The 38-meter-long ship Hero isI e mobile part of the U.S. researchystem centered on the Antarctic

Peninsula. Palmer Station. on An-'ers island it hundred miles north ofthe Antarctic Circle, is the station-ary portion. Together they supportinvestigations in marine biology,geology, meteorology, oceanogra-phy, and upper atmosphere physics.While Palmer supports antarctic re-search year-round. Hero spends partof the austral winter supporting re-lated research in and near southernSouth America. The wooden shipalso receives annual maintenanceduring the winter.

Hero's home port is Palmer Sta-tion, Antarctica. in recent years theship has made Ushuaia, Argentina,her home during the austral winter.

The National Science Foundationfunds operation of Hero by a con-tractor. Holmes and Narver, Inc.,Orange. California. Research is sup-ported by the Foundation throughawards of funds made in response toscientifically meritorious and opera-tionally feasible proposals.

What follows is a list of Hero'scruises since the middle of 1975.where an earlier published list leavesoff (see Research ship Hero is 7

old." by Michael Mulcahy, in4av/June 1975 Antarctic Jour-Cruise number and dates are

.ved by area of operation, chiefscientist on board, and it brief des-cription of the cruise.

Cruise 75-4. 14 June to 14 July1975. Punta Arenas to Puerto Montt,Chile. via Chilean Archipelago.I.W.D. Dalziel (Columbia Universi-ty): marine geology.

Cruise 75-5. II September to 6October 1975. Ushuaia and returnvia southwest Atlantic Ocean. Rob-ert L. Brownell, Jr. (SmithsonianInstitution): marine biology.

Cruise 75-6. 8 October to 13 Nov-ember 1975. Ushuaia and return viaGerlache Strait. Deception and Liv-ingston Islands. D.B. SmuT (Univ-ersity of Minnesota): biota of pack

Cruise 764A. 24 November to SDecember 1975. Ushuaia to PalmerStation and return. Transport ofpersonnel and supplies.

Cruise 76-1B. 9 December 1975 toII January 1976. Ushuaia and returnvia Antarctic Peninsula. I.W.D. Dal-ziel (Columbia University): tecton-ics.

Cruise 76-IC. 18 January to 7February 1976. Ushuaia to PalmerStation via Adelaide island. Mar-guerite Bay. Logistics. plus M.A.McWhinnie (DePaul University):biological sample collection.

Cruise 76-2. 17 February to 18March 1976. Ushuaia to Palmer Sta-tion and return. Logistics and sci-ence support.

('wise 76-3. 31 March to 16 April1976. Strait of Magellan. Richard C.Swartz (Environmental ProtectionAgency): Metula oil spill contamina-tion.

('wise 76-4. 22 June to 6 July1976. Ushuaia to Puerto Montt viasouthern Chilean Archipelago. Fred-eric R. Siegel (George WashingtonUniversity): sediment sampling.

('wise 76-5. 8 July to 4 August1976. Puerto Montt to Talcahuano.Chile. via Antarctic Peninsula, Sco-tia Arc, southern Andes extension.Randall Forsythe (Columbia Univ-ersity): tectonics.

Cruise 76-6. 4 October to 5 Nov-ember 1976. Ushuaia and return viaAntarctic Peninsula and GerlacheStrait. Donald B. Siniff (Universityof Minnesota): biota of pack ice.

Cruise 77- 1A. 26 November to 7December 1976. Ushuaia to PalmerStation and return via King GeorgeIsland. Logistics and science partyplacement.

('ruise 77-1B. Cancelled for re-pairs at Puerto Belgrano. Argentina.

('wise 774C. 5 January to 10 Feb-ruary 1977. Puerto Belgrano toUshuaia via South Orkney islands.I.W.D. Dalziel (Columbia Universi-ly): geology.

Cruise 77-ID. 14 February to 13March 1977. Ushuaia to Palmer Sta-tion and return. Science projectsupport in Antarctic Peninsula area.

('wise 77-2. 21 March to 21 April1977. Ushuaia to South Georgia andreturn. Gerald Kooyman and FrankTodd (Scripps institution of Ocean-ograph y and Sea World): bird andseal studies.

Cruise 77-3. 17 May to 17 June1977. Ushuaia to Navarino Island

and return. lan Ridley (Lamont-Doherty Geophysical Observatory):tectonics.

('wise 77-4. 1 July to I August1977. Ushuaia to Talcahuano. Chile.via Chilean canals and Puerto Wil-liams. I .W. D. Dalziel (ColumbiaUniversity): geology.

Cruise 77-5. 22 October to 20November 1977. Ushuaia to Antarc-tic Peninsula and return. D.B. Siniff(University of Minnesota): biologyof seals.

Seal conventionnow in force

The Convention for the Con-servation of Antarctic Seals en-tered into force on I I March1978. As specified in the conven-tion, negotiated by the 12 Antarc-tic Treaty signatories in 1972, itsprovisions become effective 30days after the seventh nationdeposits its ratification or accept-ance: this occurred on 9 February1978. Ratifying or accepting na-tions as of then were Belgium,France, Norway, South Africa,the United Kingdom, theU.S.S.R.. and the U.S.A.

The convention (I) restricts thetotal numbers killed or capturedeach year to 175,0()0 crabeaterseals, 12.00) leopard seals, and5.(XM) Weddell seals. (2) forbidskilling or capturing ROSS seals.southern elephant seals, or furseals. (3) limits sealing to annualseasons between I Septemberand the last day of February. (4)sets six sealing zones aroundAntarctica, one to be closed eachyear. (5) forbids killing or captur-ing seals in specified areas aroundthe South Orkney Islands, in thesouthwestern Ross Sea, and inEdisto Inlet, which are breedingareas or sites of long-term re-search. and (6) provides for year-ly exchange of statistical informa-tion on seals captured or killed.

The convention applies to theseas south of () degrees Southlatitude. The complete text isprinted in the May/June 1972Antarctic Journal (p. 46-49), andan announcement of U.S. ratifi-cation appears on p. 50 of theMarch/June 1977 issue.

March/June 1978

SCAR admits West

Germany, PolandThe Scientific Committee on Ant-

arctic Research (SCAR) admittedPoland and the Federal Republic ofGermany to its membership at its15th meeting at Chamonix. France,16-27 May 1978.

Polish interest in the Antarcticdates from 1897, when Polish scien-tists participated in the Belgica ex-pedition. Poland acceded to theAntarctic Treaty in 1961, establisheda year-round research station in1977, and achieved Antarctic Treatyconsultative status in July 1977 (seeSeptember 1977 Antarctic Journal,page 13). The Committee on PolarResearch, Polish Academy of Sci-ences, represented Poland at theChamonix meeting.

Germany has been interested inthe Antarctic since the Gauss expe-dition of 1901-1903. Two recentexpeditions of the Walther Herwigwere concerned with productivity ofkrill and fishes in antarctic waters,reflecting a general resurgence of thecountry's scientific interest in Ant-arctica. A year-round research sta-tion is planned. The country wasrepresented at the Chamonix meet-ing by the National Committee onAntarctic Research of the DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft.

SCAR is a nongovernmental orga-nization created in 1958 as a com-mittee of the International Councilof Scientific Unions to further thecoordination of scientific activity inAntarctica with a view to framing ascientific program of circumpolarscope and significance." The othermembers are Argentina, Australia,Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, NewZealand, Norway, South Africa, theUnited Kingdom, the U.S.S.R.. andthe U.S.A.

Deaths

James C. DolanJames C. Dolan, a radio communi-

cations specialist who served withAdmiral Richard E. Byrd on the lastU.S. antarctic expedition to Little

America in 1955, died 18 July 1977in Alexandria. Virginia.

Mr. Dolan served in the U.S.Navy for 40 years. He was an hon-orary member of the U.S. Submar-ine Veterans of World War II andserved as vice president for the eastcoast region of the Fleet ReserveAssociation in 1949. From 1970 to1975 Mr. Dolan was vice chairmanfor the Boy Scouts of America,Alexandria district.

Norman D. WatkinsNorman D. Watkins. 43, recently

the director of the Division of EarthSciences at the National ScienceFoundation, died 2 November 1977at his home in Jamestown, RhodeIsland.

Dr. Watkins joined the Universityof Rhode Island in 1970 as professorof oceanography. In his career hepublished over 100 scientific papers.He did extensive work on the histo-ry of the earth's magnetic field andhad a strong interest in deep seasediments as clues to understandingocean circulation, volcanic history,and climate. His work led to impor-tant insights into the formation ofislands such as the Azores and Ice-land.

Dr. Watkins was a driving force instudy of the geology of the southernocean area. Working first at FloridaState University and later at RhodeIsland, often with National ScienceFoundation support, he performedand directed research on ocean-bot-tom sedimentary cores and dredgedrocks collected from USNS Eltaninand other ships. His investigationsemphasized paleomagnetism and therelationship of the sedimentary re-cord to past oceanographic and cli-matic changes.

Although he was chief scientist ononly one Eltanin cruise (in 1971),Dr. Watkins had a major influenceon the ship's decade of geologicalaccomplishments. When, for lack ofoperating funds. Eltanin 's circuman-tarctic research ended unfinished in1972, he wrote: 'The cruises haveceased, but the scientific returns willcontinue for decades to come, so, inthis very real sense, Eltanin willcontinue to live and serve the scien-tific community." That statement, tolarge extent, can be particularized toits writer.

William R. MacDonaldWilliam R. McDonald, 52, the

polar mapping expert who perhapshad seen more of Antarctica thanany other person. died 9 November1977 in Annapolis, Maryland. At thetime of his death. Mr. MacDonaldwas chief of the International Activ-ities branch of the U.S. GeologicalSurvey's Topographic Division. Inthat capacity he planned and execut-ed U.S. antarctic mapping and parti-cipated in several international map-ping programs.

Mr. MacDonald's career with theU.S. Geological Survey began withphotogrammetric mapping of theBrooks Range in Alaska. His in-volvement with antarctic mappingbegan in 1954 when he used aerialphotography and the geodetic con-trols obtained in Operations High-jump and Windmill to producemaps for the International Geophysi-cal Year,

From 1960 to 1967 he planned allU.S. Navy aerial photographicflights in support of antarctic map-ping. He served on most flights asadvisor and visual navigator. Duringthis period the United States photo-graphed about I million square milesto rigid mapping standards. Mac-Donald Peak was named after himto acknowledge his role in openingAntarctica to exploration.

Mr. MacDonald represented theInterior Department on a number ofgovernment advisory groups on po-lar logistics, science, and policy. Hewas a member of the Panel on Geol-ogy and Geophysics of the Commit-tee on Polar Research (now PolarResearch Board), National Academyof Sciences. During the 1966-67 sea-son he was named by the NationalScience Foundation as assistantAntarctic Research Program repre-sentative for Christchurch. NewZealand. In 1976 the Secretary ofthe Interior appointed him to theAdvisory Committee on AntarcticNames of the U .S. Board on Geo-graphic Names.

Mr. MacDonald was active in theAntarctican Society and served sev-eral terms as its director and treas-urer. He was a member of theAmerican Society of Photogramme-try. the American Polar Societ y , andthe Arctic Institute of North Ameri-ca. His many awards included theAntarctica Service Medal.

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ANTARCTIC JOURNAL

International travel

Craddock. Campbell J. University ofWisconsin. Madison. Wiscon-sin. Paris. France. 13-21 March1978. for Plenary Assembly.Commission for the GeologicalMap of the World. DPP 78-l(R)74. 6 months. $817.

Parker. Bruce G. Virginia Polytech-nic Institute and State Universi-ty. Blacksburg, Virginia. Chamo-nix. France, 16-27 May 1978.for Symposium on the 15thmeeting, Scientific Committeeon Antarctic Research (SCAR).DPP 78-(62. 6 months. $944.

Stuckless. John S. University ofColorado, Boulder, Colorado.Tokyo. Japan. 5- 11 June 1978.for DV DP Seminar Ill. DPP 77-27761. 6 months. $1,169.

Support and services

Bawden. John. British Antarctic Sur-vey. Resupply of Palmer Stationby RRS Bransfield. DPP 77-(K)455. 6 months. $75,513.

Davis. Allan S. Department ofNav y . Washington. D.C. Ra-tions for United States Antarc-tic Research Program personnel.DPP 69-01177. 12 months.$ l05.)0.

E)eVore. George W. Florida StateUniversity. Tallahassee, Flori-da. Cturat ion of core and rockcollections. DPP 75-19723. 12months. $ 126.868.

Government of Argentine Republic.ARA Is/as ()rcadas operations.

DPP 78-02021.12 months.5484.481.

Johnson. James R. Holmes & Nar y-er. Inc., Orange, California. Sta-

tion operation and other sup-port. DPP 73-07187. 7 months.54.(XM).(MM).

Johnson. James R. Holmes & Nar y-er. Inc.. Orange, California. Op-

eration of Palmer Station and R/V Hero. DPP 74-03237. 9months. $1 .3(N).(WM).

Landrum. Betty J. Smithsonian In-stitution. Washington. D.C.Curat ion of biological speci-mens.DPP74-13988.12months. 550.558 ($I(M).588).

Langway. Chester C. State Universi-ty of New York, Buffalo, N.Y.Central ice core storage facilityand information exchange. DPP75-08512. 12 months. $35.(MX)(562,5(M)).

Nordhill. Claude H. Department ofDefense. Washington, D.C.Logistics and support. DPP 76-10886. 12 months. 525,(WM).(MM).

Spilhaus, A. F. American Geophysi-cal Union. Publication of Ant-arctic Research Series. DPP 77-21859. 12 months. 540.(KX).

Thuron y i. Geza T. Library of Con-gress. Washington. D.C. Ab-stracting and indexing servicefor current antarctic literature.DPP 70-01013. 12 months.SI 27.900.

Glaciology

Bentley, Charles R. Universit y ofWisconsin, Madison, Wiscon-sin. Geoph ysical investigation

of the E)onie C area, East Ant-arctica. DPP 77-22318. 24months. $105,352.

Gow. Anthony J. Department ofArm y , Hanover. New Hamp-shire. Texture and crystal fab-rics of ice cores from East Ant-arctica. DPP 77-22319. 12months. $36,808.

Hughes. Terence J. University ofMaine. Orono, Maine. Interac-tion of the Ross Ice Shelf andByrd Glacier. DPP 77-22204. 18months. $140.015.

Kyle. Philip R. Ohio State Universi-ty, Columbus, Ohio. Stabilityand age of the West Antarcticice sheet. DPP 77-21959. 12months. $12.087.

Sivaprasad, K. University of NewHampshire, Durham, NewHampshire. Theoretical studiesof the observed partial reflec-tions in radio echo soundings ofpolar ice. DPP 77-18(MX). 24months. $42,666.

Thompson, Lonnie G. Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus. Ohio.Microparticle stratigraphy of icecores from the Ross Ice ShelfDPP 77-19371. 12 months.$29.3(M).

Whillans, Ian M. Ohio State Uni-versity, Columbus. Ohio. Analy-sis of data from the Byrd Sta-tion strain network. DPP 76-82032. 12 months. $18,567.

Atmospheric science

Balsley. Benjamin B. and Warner L.Ecklund. National oceanic andAtmospheric Administration.Boulder. Colorado. Siple radarauroral studies. DPP 7-21827.12 months. $28.2(M).

Cahill. Laurence J. Universit y ofMinnesota. Minneapolis. Minne-sota. M ici .opu Isat ion research atSiple Station and Roherval.Quebec. DPP 77-21924. 14months. S30.(MM) ($72.505).

Heacock. Richard R. University ofAlaska. Fairbanks. Alaska.Magnetometer studies of plasmawaves at Vostok. DPP 76-52038.12 months. $75,6(X).

Helliwell, Robert A. Stanford Uni-versi(y. Stanford, California.Very-low-frequenc y probing ofthe magnetosphere from PalmerStation. DPP 76-82042. 12months. 535,4(X) ($6().4(X)).

Lanzerotti. L. J. Bell Telephone

Ioundation awards of funds forntarctic projectsOctober 1977 to 31 March 1978Following is a list of National Science Foundation antarctic awards madethe first half of fiscal 1978 (I October 1977 to 31 March 1978). Each item

ontains the name of the principal investigator or the project manager, hisr her institution, a shortened title of the project. the award number, itsluration. and the amount awarded. If an investigator received a joint awardrom more than one Foundation program. the antarctic program funds areisted first, and the total amount of the award is listed in parentheses.mounts followed by an asterisk are funding increments. International

kuthern Ocean Studies awards were made by the Division of Ocean Sd-uces. All other awards were made by the Division of Polar Programs.

March/June 1978

Laboratories, Murray Hill, NewJersey. Hydromagnetic Waveresearch at Siple S(ation. DPP77-2)76. 36 months. $1.

Matthews. Davis L. and T.J. Ro-senberg. University of Mary-land. College Park, Maryland.Rocket investigation of electronprecipitation triggered by VLFemissions. DPP 77-22401. 12months. $94,875.

Pomerarantz, Martin A. Franklin In-stitute. University of Delaware.Newark, Delaware. Cosmic rayintensity variations. DPP 76-23429. 12 months. $105. 1(n).$105. I(X).

Sheldon. William R., and Michael J.Rycroft. University of Houston.Houston, Texas. Whistler modesignals from Siple Station andrelated geophysical phenomena.DPP 75-13566. 6 months. $7.-(0).

Sheldon, William R. and J.R. Ben-brook. University of Houston,Houston, Texas. Electron pre-cipitation associated with VLFactivity at Siple Station. DPP76-22135. 12 months. $370M)($570X)).

Wilson. Charles R. University ofAlaska. Fairbanks. Alaska.Atmospheric infrasound. DPP77-22997. 24 months. $41,489.

Meteorology

Carroll. John J. and K.L. Coulson.University of California. Davis.California. Atmospheric pro-cesses and energy transfer atSouth Pole. DPP 77-19362. 12months. $66,7(M).

Hofmann, David J. and J. M. Ro-sen. University of Wyoming,Laramie. Wyoming. Fluorocar-bons, nitrous oxide, and aero-sols in the stratosphere. DPP77-21201. 12 months. $51.9W.

Murcray. David G. University ofDenver. Denver, Colorado.Atmospheric trace gas constitu-ents. DPP 77-24304. 12 months.$69.7(M).

Ohtake. Takeshi. University ofAlaska. Fairbanks, Alaska. Icecrystal precipitation DPP 76-23114. 12 months. $55,085.

Ostlund, Gote H. and A.S. Mason.University of Miami. Miami.Florida. Atmospheric tritiumsampling. DPP 76-23433. 12months. $37,117.

Peterson. Allen M. Stanford Uni-versity, Stanford. California.Automatic weather stations. DPP78-(M)548. 48 months. $292.(MM)($342.2(M)).

Schwerdtfeger, Werner, Universityof Wisconsin, Madison. Wis-consin. Meteorology. DPP 77-(45(. 12 months. $4,705.

Shaw. Glenn E. University of Alas-ka, Fairbanks. Alaska. Opticalstudies of atmospheric particu-lates. DPP 76-2029. 12 months.$4l.fX).

Warburton, Joseph A. Desert Re-search Institute. Reno. Nevada.X-hand radar at Palmer Stationfor studies of atmosphere-oceaninteractions. DPP 77-22209. 18months. $78.817.

Warburton. Joseph A. Desert Re-search Institute. Reno. Nevada.Influence of precipitation me-chanisms on the chemistry ofthe Ross Ice Shelf: laboratoryanalysis. DPP 77-22817. 12months. $503X).

Warburton, Joseph A. Desert Re-search Institute. Reno, Nevada.Origin of ice crystals in polarprecipitation. DPP 76-24*49. 12months. $86.638.

Biology and medicine

Dick. Elliot C. University of Wis-consin. Madison. Wisconsin.Respiratory virus transmissionamong personnel in isolation.DPP 76-83918. 12 months. $50.-(M)0.

El-Sayed. Sayed Z. Texas A&MUniversity. College Station,Texas. Productivity studies ofthe Weddell seal in waters oilWest Antarctica and the Indiansector of the southern ocean.DPP 76-80738. 12 months.$80.5(M).

Friedmann, E. Florida State Uni-versity, Tallahassee. Florida.Endolithic microorganisms inthe dry valleys and at DufekMassif. DPP 77-21858. 12months. $22.381.

Haschemeyer, Audrey E. City Uni-versity of New York, HunterCollege. New York. Proteinmetabolism in cold adaptationof fishes!. DPP 77-20461. 12months. $()AMX).

Kooyman. Gerald L. University ofCalifornia. San Diego. Califor-nia. Comparative aquatic biolo-

gy of eudo(herms. DPP 76-23424. $29.M)*.

Landrum. Betty J. Smithsonian In-stitution. Washington. D.C.Cooperative systematics andanalyses of polar biologicalmaterials. DPP 76-23979. 12months. $250M) ($74.9(M)).

Lipps, Jere H. Universit y of Califor-nia, Davis. California. Structureand histor y of benthic marinecommunities below the Ross IceShelf. DPP 77-21735. $2months. $33,8(M) ($63.8(X)).

McWhinnie, Mary A. DePaul Uni-versity.Chicago. Illinois. Biologi-cal investigation of antarctickrill (Euphausia superha). DPP76-23437. 12 months. $8$.2(M)($91 .(MM)).

Muchmore. Harold G. OklahomaMedical Research Foundation.Oklahoma City. Oklahoma.Human immune responses dur-ing hio-isolation. DPP 76-23789.12 months. $1083(M).

Parker, Bruce C. Virginia Polytech-nic Institute and State Universi-ty, Blacksburg, Virginia. Eco-system comparisons of oasislakes and soils. DPP 76-23996.12 months. $96,5(M).

Parmelee. David F. University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis. Minne-sota. Ecological and behavioraladaptations to antarctic environ-ments. Palmer Station. DPP 77-22(6. 12 months. $(),(XM).

Siniti. Donald B. University of Min-nesota. Minneapolis. Minnesota.Colon y behavior of marinemammals. DPP 77-21591. 12months. $59.5(M).

Siniff. Donald B. University of Min-nesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota.Role of the leopard seal in themarine ecosystem. DPP 77-2 1946. 12 months. 5*4.039.

Stross, Ra ymond G. State Univer-sity of New York, Alban y . NewYork, Personnel mobility assign-ment to Division of Polar Pro-grams. DPP 78-01692. 21months. $33,455 ($66,910).

(;eoiogy

Horns. Harold W. University ofMaine. Orono. Maine. Ross Seaglaciations: events in Wrightand Victoria Valle ys. DPP 76-23460. 12 months. $35,270.

Cassidy. William A. University ofPittsburgh. Pittsburgh. Peuns y l-

ANTARCTIC JOURNAL

'rr1

vania. Field search for meteo-rites. DPP 77-21742. 12 months.$20,361

'ollinson. James W. Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, Ohio.Stratigraphy and sedimentarypetrology of the Fremouw For-mation of the Cumulus Hills.DPP 76-23431. 12 months.Sl2fM).

)tIziel, Ian W. Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory of Col-umbia University. Palisades.New York. Structure and tec-tonic history of the Scotia Arcand the Antarctic Peninsula.DPP 74-21415. 12 months.$ l().(XM).

)enton. George H. University ofMaine. Orono, Maine. LateCenozoic glacial history. DPP74-2($)1. 12 months. $75,557.

F.Iston. Donald P. and Henry SpellU.S. Geological Survey, Res-ton, Virginia. Magnetic stratig-raphy in sediments of the dryvalleys of Southern VictoriaLand. DPP 77-13048. 12months. $37,460.

Ernst. Wallace G. and Edward S.Grew. University of California.Los Angeles. California. Petrol-ogic study of the granulite fa-cies metemorphic rocks of En-derby Land. DPP 76-80957. 12months. $16,912.

aure. Gunter. Ohio State Universi-ty. Columbus, Ohio. Geochem-istry of the B yrd/Darwin Gla-cier area in the TransantarcticMountains. DPP 77-21505. 12months. $21,995.

Sheldon. Richard P. U.S. GeologicalSurve y . Reston. Virginia. Pre-paration. printing, and distribu-tion of it uniform series of geo-logic maps. DPP 70-01(X)9. 12months. $3.5(X).

SI ichter. Louis B. and Leon S.Knopoff. University of Califor-nia. Los Angeles. California.Search at South Pole for thependulum mode of the Earth'sinner core. DPP 77-27903. 12months. $123.7(X).

Tasch. Paul. Wichita State Universi-ty. Wichita, Kansas. Systemat-ics of antarctic and other Gond-wana fossil conchostraca. DPP77-20490. 12 months. 58,038.

Wade. F. Alton. Texas Tech Uni-versity. Lubbock. Texas. Geolo-gy of Marie Byrd [,and. DPP77-19566. 12 months. $28.484.

Zeller. Edward J. University ofKansas. Lawrence, Kansas.Resource and radioactivity sur-vey by airborne gamma-rayspectrometry. DPP 77-21504. 12months. $76,02.

Ocean Sciences

Dick, Henry J. B. Woods HoleOceanographic Institution.Woods Hole. Massachusetts.Petrology and geochemistry ofthe crust and upper mantle ofthe southern circumpolar oceanbetween 30°W and 30°E. DPP77-21208. 12 months. $35.1(X).

Hayes, Dennis E. Columbia Uni-versi t y, Palisades. New York.Geophysics for Is/as Orcadascruises IS and 16. DPP 77-15586. IS months. $181,6(X).

Kellogg. Thomas B. Universit y ofMaine, Orono, Maine. Quantita-tive paleoclimatic analysis ofRoss Sea continental shelf sedi-ments. DPP 77-21083. 12months. $45,4(X).

Suess, Hans E. University of Cali-fornia, San Diego. California.Bomb-produced tritium distribu-tion in the sea. DPP 77-20579.12 months. $25. 1(X).

Williams. Douglas F. University ofSouth Carolina, Columbia.Southh Carolina. Late Cenozoicpaleoceanographic Studies ofsurface and bottom water mass-es of the southern ocean. DDP77-21929. 12 months. $27.1M.

Wise. Sherwood W. Florida StateUniversity, Tallahassee. Flori-da. Is/as Orcadas piston andtrigger cores. DPP 77-193N).$l.(,(X)*.

International Southern Ocean Studies

Baker. D. James and Richard B.Wearn. University of Washing-ton. Seattle, Washington. Trans-port measurements of the ant-arctic circumpolar current. OCE77-23444. 12 months. $177. 1(X).

Bryden. Harry L. Woods HoleOceanographic Institution.Woods Hole, Massachusetts.Dynamics of low frequencymotions and their effects on theantarctic circumpolar current inthe region east of MacquarieRidge. OCF. 77-22887. 26mouths. $398. 1(X).

DeSzoeke. Roland A. Oregon State

University. Corvallis. Oregon.Theoretical studies of harocliniceddy dynamics in the southernocean. OCE 77-22881. 12mon(hs. $4310).

Emery. William J. Texas A&MUniversity. College Station.Texas Southern ocean thermalstructure from ships of opportu-nity. OCF. 76-81371A0l.12months. $55.(XE.

Gordon. Arnold. Columbia Universi-ty. Palisades. New York. Ant-arctic oceanographic atlas. (X' E76-8(X)65A0l. 24 months. $64.-4(X).

Hayes. Stanley P. National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administra-tion. Washington. D.C. Hydro-graphic survey of the circumpolar current southeast of NewZealand in March 1978. (X1'E77-22868. 12 months. $42.(XX).

Jenkins. William J. Woods HoleOceanographic Instiution.Woods Hole. Massachusetts.Water mass renewal and circu-lation studies south of NewZealand using helium isotopesand tritium. OCE 77-22877. 25months $870X).

McCartney. Michael S. Woods HoleOceanographic Institution.Wood Hole, Massachusetts.Water mass renewal and circula-tion studies south of New Zea-land. OCE 77-22885. 13 months.$316,3(X).

Nowlin, Worth D. Texas A&MUniversity. College Station,Texas. Central administrationcoordination, and planning.OCE 77-22850. 9 months. $88.-(XX).

Nowlin. Worth D. Texas A&MUniversity, College Slat ion.Texas. Chemical and physicaloceanography of antarctic cir-cii mpolar current and frontal7OflS in the regions of DrakePassage. ()CE 76-8041OA01. 12months. $I 13,X).

Pillsbury . R. Dale. Oregon StateUniversity, Corvallis. Oregon.A stud y of the long-term varia-bility of the antarctic circumpo-lar current in Drake Passage.OCE 76-8(X)66A0l. 12 months.$ 196.7(X).

Weinberg. Elliot H. Office of NavalResearch. Washington. D.C.Support for expendable hath y th-ermographs. O(_' F. 77-26937. 12months. $350X).

March/June 1978 9

>z->

.1C

z>

Monthly climate summaryNoveniher 1977 lkceiiil,er 1977 .J.uILMry 1978

I &il Ifi ' Mc MiirdoRdinerSipleSoul h Pole Mc Mtui -do PalmerSipleSoul h Pole McMurdo PalmerSiple - (Soul h Pole

(dale)(dale) (dale)(dale)(dale) (dale)(dale)(dale) (dale)

Average ldulperalllle12.22.2 40.15.40.0 29.25.91.011.429.8("(,)

'leiBperalllre iIhIXIflltiifl 136.1 32.21.16.0 23.91.56.52.822.2

i29)(18.20) (25)(16)(10) (27)(4)(II)(24)(I)

lemperaltire minimum20.610.6 50.412.34.0 36.515.04.025.638.5e.( •) (3)(I) (5)(18)(5.7) (I)(IS)(17)(IS)(31)

Average slal ionpressure il 976.6 - 676.699I.0 687.8989.2993.0862.4685.4

Pressure 111axillitlin989.9 688.8I(X)7.6 701.4998.31(K) 1.0877.66940(lHb) (20) (22)(3) (4)(9)(20)(3(26)

Pressure niiuiiinuiii954.2 (4)3.1977.0 680.6980.8974.0852.9677.()(nib) (8) (8)(31) (22)(I)(16)(12.13)(14)

Snowfall (111111) 76 trace279 trace127 trace

Pie vailimig wind

070 030"070" 044Y'090"340"135'(kiO"direction

Average wind speed(in/see) 4.1 5.14.4 4.44.62.14.040

l'aslesl wind speed 24.7 10.828.8 12.921.018.014.413.4

Ili/sec) 169" 010"135" 01090"69"1(-4)'020

(4) (1$)(17) 25(IS)(13)(16)(I8,19)

Average sky cover5.7/1(1 4.7185.8/1(1 3.8/85.4/107.7/105.9/103.4/8

Number clear days 10 II7 693II)II

Number partly cloudy

7 69 9II9616days

Number cloudy days 11 IIIS 16If19154

Ni iiiiber days withvisibilily less i.o 2 0.3 ()0()6(1lhaii 0.4 kin

Piepared fioni infoinialuon received by lelelype from the stalious. I .oeations: McMurdo 77('51'S. I66'44)'I. Palmer 64°46'S. 64"03'W. Siple 75"56'S. 84"15'W. Aniimndsen-SeollSouth Pole tMS. For prior data and daily logs contact Nalional Climatic ( 'enter, Asheville, North Carolina 28801.

Monthly climate summary

February 1978 March *978 April 1978

I

t1e I\'l(iidoPalilleuSipleSoiilh Pole McMurdoRilnierSipkSoul h Pole McMurdoIalinerSupleSoul Ii Pole

(dale)(dale) (dale)(d,ile)(dale) (dite)(dute)(dale) (dale)

Average teinpeRitLiie("( ) II. I0.717.740.2I5.7Of)24.654.320.83.027.0

leiiiperaluie maxiinhllll1.15.1)1(f)28.8(L2f).()5.045.87.21.012.2("(') ((3)(I I)(I)(14)(18)(22)(I)(II)(18)(29)(27)(24)

l'euiiperatuiic inhllilnuin18.94.032.857.231.07.041.105.36.19.042.205.0() (27)(23)(27)(28)(31)(16)(28)(20)(30)(28)(I)(8)

Average station

cute (fill-))989.2991.()8018(,85.f)988.9992.()8(4.8()%3f)99L8992.4)862.4()$4.8

I'iessure inaxinuhlu1005.91010.08850096.51002.41016.0876.6693.214)1 5f10 13.0.()882.3702.0(nib) (14)(If))(14)(14)(25)(3)(IS)(23)(19)(8)(17)(18)

I'iesstiie ni j itiuutituil98009(74)747.5672.2975.49f)5.0848.3673.5973.7958.()849.0f)72.5

(7) (17)(26)(If))(27)(30)(II)(8)(2)(I)(8)

Snowfall (nun) trace 127tiaeetrace 25.4tuacetrace 279.4il.ie

Pievailitig winddiueetitui MTio' 050"101"340"135"070"(99"350"135"010'

Average wind s1-wed

(III/sec)5.74.87.25.47.93.45.86.16.73.47.06.7

lastesi w j uuui speed18.525.4)28.332.228.323.015.517.527.327(117.518.0

(un/see) 070"tM)"/If)4Y'(40'050"(35"350"210"OW' 4)" 0'

135"36140"35

(22)(If). 17) (14)(22)(())(17)(31)(18)((2)(4)(II))

Average sky cover7.1/I088/107.7/I04.2/88.4/I08. 1/1415.6/I()3.9186.8/108.3/106.3/I05.5/8

Ntinibeu clear days008 294)S 39 3.8 10

Number partly cloudy 76.614813421IS94.217 $

Nuuunbei cloudy (laYS2120.612- II -1821 772022.0812

Number days withisiIiiIity less

luau0.4 km I)OS 8 s 7III 4)10IS

Piepared from inforniutiouu received by teletype from the stations. I iueations: McMurdo 77'51'S. 1"401F. Palmer 64"46'S. 64"03'W. Sipte 75°56'S. 84'15'W. Amundsen-SeottSouth Pole 99"S. For print data and daily logs contact National Climatic ('enter, Asheville, North ('amolina 28801.

National Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

Official BusinessPenalty for private use, $300

Postage and Fees PaidNational Science Foinr1tion

THIRD CLASSBulk Rate

I3ILMMAIL

VAIPI1c'414I

The Federal Bar Association andthe Center for Oceans Law and Poli-cy of the University of Virginia willhost a discussion of antarctic re-sources at the National Lawyers'

Four Soviet books dealing withpolar research have been translatedinto English and published.

Dynamic Glaciology (1978. 162 p.,TI 76-52019, $8 hardcopy. $3 mi-crofiche) by P. A. Shumskiy. origi-nally was published in Moscow in1969. It presents for the first timethe basic elements of the science ofglaciers as macroscopic physicalsystems. The author combines hisoriginal views with a history of basicproblems in the field. The book isclaimed to be an essential text forglaciologists and for scientists andstudents in related fields. The authorexamined the translation, which wasperformed by U. Radok and V. J.Vinocuroff.

Geology of the Antarctic Peninsu-la (1978, 140 p., Ti' 76-52(XX), $8hardcopy. $3 microfiche) by G. E.Grikurov, originally published in1973. sets out the results of geologicstudies of the Antarctic Peninsulaand adjacent islands to 1972. Thefive chapters discuss present state ofknowledge. stratigraphy, major fea-tures of magmatism, geochronology,and tectonics. The author makesextensive use of non-Soviet litera-ture.

Radiation Regime of the ForeignArctic (1978, 189 p., TI 72-51034.

Club in Washington. D.C.. on 22February 1979. For further informa-tion. contact Norman A. Wulf, Na-jonal Science Foundation. Washing-

ton. D.C. 20550.

$9.25 hardcopy, $3 microfiche) byM.S. Marshonova and N. T. Cherni-govskii. was first published in Lenin-grad in 1971. The book systematizesand summarizes the results of acti-nometric observations made at polarstations (including drifting stations)and on expeditions. The five chap-ters discuss incidence of short-waveradiation, reflection and absorption,effective radiation, radiation balanceof the surface, and radiation balanceof the surface of glaciers.

Problems of the Arctic and theAntarctic 47(1977, 198 p., TI 76-52038, $9.25 hardcopy, $3 microf-iche) edited by A. F. Treshnikov,contains 18 papers devoted to thescientific problems posed by Polex-North and Polex-South, experimentsdesigned to study the interaction ofatmosphere, ocean, and sea ice.

Copies may be purchased fromthe National Technical InformationService, Springfield, Virginia 22161.Cite TI numbers when ordering.

The National Science Foundationarranged for the translations under aprogram that employs overseas con-tractors using foreign currenciesheld by the United States. Scientistsare invited to recommend candidatesfor translation to the Division ofPolar Programs.

Movies available forgroups and television

Two recent antarctic films, prod-uced by Image Associates for theNational Science Foundation. areavailable for loan to groups and fortelevision use.

A 27-minute movie describingU.S. research in Antarctica, prod-uced in 1978, is titled Antarctica:Laboratory for Science. It is intend-ed for general audiences with an in-terest in the sciences.

To borrow the film (there is nocharge contact Modern Talking Pic-ture Service Inc.. at 2000 L Street,N.W.. Washington. D.C. 2(M)36 (tele-phone 202/659-9234): or 1145 N.McCadden Place. Los Angeles. Cali-fornia 90038 (213/469-8282): or otherlocations. To purchase prints (color,sound, 16mm) contact Byron MotionPictures Laboratory, 65 K Street,N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002 (202/783-2700).

A 57-minutes movie produced in1975 by Image Associates for theFoundation, and shown widely ontelevision over the last 3 years, nowcan be rented. This award-winningfilm, Antarctica, narrated by Bur-gess Meredith. describes U.S. andother nations' research and activitiesin Antarctica. This film, too, is forgeneral audiences. Loans cost$19.25 for 3 to 5 days use. Contactthe Field Services Division, Audio-Visual Center, Indiana University,Bloomington. Indiana 47401 (8121337-8087).

For a list of other polar films,write the Division of Polar Pro-grams.

Lawyers to discuss resources

Four new translations from the Russian