New Work –new Learning:

People Development in the Age ofSmart Machines

EIET ConferenceMünchen, 21.11.2019

Dr. Christoph Meier

22.11.2019 © scil 2

The 2nd wave of digital1 Smart Machines & the „missing middle“2

Augmentation & people development3Implications

for PE / L&D4

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2nd wave of „digital“

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Assessment / expertise → Recommendation on medical treatmentPhoto documentation on accident → Alert on possible insurance fraudCustomer profile → Rating of credit worthiness… → …

AI

Systems thatingest / store / process / transmitdata

Deep Machine Learning: Successes in games / competitions• 1980 BKG 9.8 defeats world champion

in Backgammon

• 1997 IBM Deep Blue defeats Chessworld champion Garry Kasparov

• 2001 IBM Watson wins «Jeopardy»

• 2016 AlphaGo defeats Go-Champion Lee Sedol

• 2017 Libratus defeats Poker-Pro’s

• 2018 IBM Debater wind debatte againstisraeli debatting champion

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Bildquellen:http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Berliner/BackgammonProgramBeatsWorldChamp/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deep-Bluehttps://video.golem.de/wissenschaft/4413/watson-gewinnt-gegen-die-groessten-champions-in-der-geschichte-von-jeopardy.htmlhttps://www.geekwire.com/2016/alphago-ai-program-wins-first-game-go-showdown-lee-sedol/https://newatlas.com/ai-human-poker-victory/47659/https://youtu.be/UeF_N1r91RQ

What else can smart machines do?

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Diagnose disease Generate computer code

Learn by themselvesCreate designs

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What else can smart machines do?

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Write articles Perform surveillance

Weed out unwanted plants

…

Bildquellen:https://emerj.com/ai-case-studies/news-organization-leverages-ai-generate-automated-narratives-big-data/https://www.videoindexer.ai/media/c4c1ad4c9a/?t=1899.16https://www.srf.ch/sendungen/10vor10/kuenstliche-intelligenz-maschinen-unter-uns

Smart Machines are getting smarter all the time

22.11.2019 © scil 7

Engineering

Supvervisedlearning

Unsupervisedlearning

Neural networks(deep learning)

Reinforcementlearning

Regressions;classifications; etc.

Clustering; Principal Component Analysis; etc.

Convolutional / recurrent neural networks (CNN / RNN); etc.

Markov Decision Processes (MDP); deep Q-networks (DQN); etc.

Various developmentmethods

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The 2nd wave of digital1 Smart Machines & the „missing middle“2

Augmentation & people development3Implications

for PE / L&D4

What are the implications?

22.11.2019 © scil 9

http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/happens-robots-can-jobs/

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Bildquelle: Festo / Brugger & Kimmich 2017

What are the implications?

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http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/happens-robots-can-jobs/

Complementary cooperation of humansand smart machines enables a previously unattainable level of valuecreation

Brugger / Kimmich: Onboarding des Kollegen Roboter, changement 03/2017, S. 34

http://folkrenaissance.com/98/

"A weak human player plus a machine plus a better process is superior to (…) a strong human player plus machine and an inferior process.” (Garri Kasparov)

«Centaurs» & collaboration process

22.11.2019 © scil 11

2005: Dark horse ZackS wins Freestyle Chess Tournamenthttps://en.chessbase.com/post/dark-horse-zacks-wins-freestyle-che-tournament

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Humans & smart machines:abilities & skills

22.11.2019 © scil 12

Bildquelle:https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/focus/tech-trends/2018/no-collar-workforce.html

Smart machines: The „missing middle“

Human-only activity

Hybrid activitiesMachine-only

activityHumans complement

smart machines

Smart machines boost human capabilities

Lead

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Train for performance & acceptance• Discover, clean & tag data• Correct errors• Model interactions• Train for local conventions

Algorithmic testing / editing& output interpretation• Test & observe algorithms• Make sense of output -> insights• Explain machine to stakeholders

Manage operations & performance• Ensure data & output quality• Override decisions for

business / legal / ethical reasons• Manage (promote, demote, remove)

Requirements for success in transformation

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Success in transforming business processes by focusing on the missing middle requires:

• Mindset reimagine work (rather than focus on automation)

• Experimentation observe, test, learn, scale reimagined processes

• Leadership make a commitment to the responsible use of smart machines

• Data build a data supply chain to fuel intelligent systems

• Skills develop fusion skills

Quelle: Daugherty / Wilson (2018): Human + Machine, p. 8; 13-15.

22.11.2019 © scil 15

The 2nd wave of digital1 Smart Machines & the „missing middle“2

Augmentation & people development3Implications

for PE / L&D4

Fusion skills for the missing middle

Hybrid activities

Humans complement smart machines Smart machines empower humans

Train Explain Sustain Amplify Interact Embody

Make more time available for human tasks(e.g. physicians talking with / advising clients)

Intelligent interrogation & data analysis(e.g. when engaging in dynamic pricing)

Responsiby shape perception of machines(e.g. in autonomous vehicles)

Working «hand in hand»(e.g. employing translation software as translator)

Judgement on deviations / concerns / limits(e.g. when operating robots)

Holistic melding(«becoming one with the tool»)

Reciprocal apprenticing(e.g. role modeling for a chat bot; training humans to work well with smart machines)

Relentless reimagining(rigorously rethinking processes / creating new processes and business models)

22.11.2019 © scil 16

Quelle: Daugherty / Wilson (2018): Human + Machine, p.186-203.

Smart Machines & Augmentation

22.11.2019 © scil 17

DEVELOP smart machines?

BUILD ON the work of smart machines?

Work WITHOUT smart machines?

MANAGE the use of smart machines?

Work WITH smart machines?

Augmentationsstrategien

22.11.2019 © scil 18

People development in the age of smart machines:the augmentation strategies framework

• Be knowledgeable about specific smart machines (and their limitations)

• Work productively with these machines & train algorithms

• Provide feedback to developers

• Evaluate smart machines• Decide on where to use which

machines in what way(and where not to use them)

• Manage processes involvingsmart machines

• Contribute to further development of smart machines- individual applications- ecosystems- user interfaces- …

• Move into niches where smart machines will not be economical

• Focus on tasks that go beyond information processing & require specific human competences (e.g. creative problem solving, empathy, motivating others, etc.)

People development based on augmentation strategies: work streams

22.11.2019 © scil 19

Needs analysis & competency development

Change management

Measurement, quality gates & evaluation

Tools & workaids

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People development based on augmentation strategies: tasks & resources

22.11.2019 © scil 20

Needs analysis & competency development

Facilitation of change

Measurements, quality gates & evaluation

Tools & workaids

(…) Job analysis Prioritizedaugmentation strategy

Developmentneeds

Developmentprogram

Information – sensitization – orientation – onboarding

(…) Positioning Change balance sheet (…)

Competencechecks

Coaching & support

Basemeasurement

Readiness forchange

Work on new tasks

Evaluation /report

(…)

(…)

Toolset: Examples

22.11.2019 © scil 21

Job profile transformation analysis Development plan

Change: readiness & experience Evaluation plan

22.11.2019 © scil 22

The 2nd wave of digital1 Smart Machines & the „missing middle“2

Augmentation & people development3Implications

for PE / L&D4

Challenges for PD / L&D

• Understand AI – as it relates to our field AND to other fields

• Understand shifts in demand for competences & adjust portfolio

• Establish an effective & efficient process to serve specific client needs Which job families / jobs are affected in what way by smart machines?

How will job requirements / required competences change?

How to prepare employees for continually changing job profiles?

How to develop the required competences?

How to demonstrate success?

22.11.2019 © scil 23

Read more about this (in German)

22.11.2019 © scil 24

Dr. Christoph MeierGeschäftsführung scilWeb: www.scil.chMail: christoph.meier@unisg.chLinkedin: www.linkedin.com/in/christoph-meier-scil

swiss competence centre for innovations in learning (scil)Institut für Wirtschaftspädagogik (IWP-HSG)Universität St.GallenSt. Jakobstrasse 21CH-9000 St.Gallen

22.11.2019 © scil 25