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New Mexico, 1850-1912 and Arizona,
1863-1912
New Mexico as a Territory
• After New Mexico became part of the U.S. many New Mexicans favored statehood since it would allow them to vote for the governor and judges.
• A small percentage, the New Mexican elite, favored a territorial form of government because they could circumvent electoral democracy and directly lobby and influence the selection of public officials.
• On June 2, 1851, the Hispano (descendants of Spanish and Mexican colonists) elite controlled the first new Mexican territorial assembly with the help of Catholic Church hierarchy and merchants.
• The assembly supported slavery of Native Americans and did not fund public schools. The only schools were Catholic which only the rich could afford.
• Euro-Americans displaced many of the Hispanos in the power structure as they settled in New Mexico.
The Santa Fe Ring
• Like Texas, New Mexico was controlled by a political machine.
• In the two decades following the Civil War, ring members grabbed 80% of New Mexico land grants.
• The ring influenced the appointment of governors, judges, land surveyors, and other officials.
• The leader of the Santa Fe Ring, Thomas B. Catron, acquired over 1,000,000 acres of land just for himself.
• The U.S. and New Mexico government also took land, 54% of New Mexico.
• The result, the vast majority of Mexicans lost their land in New Mexico after it became part of the United States.
The Lincoln County War
• The conflict arose between two factions over the control of dry goods and cattle interests in the county in 1878.
• The conflict was marked by back-and-forth revenge killings.
• Further killings continued unabated for several months, climaxing in the Battle of Lincoln, a four-day gunfight and siege.
• It is also famous because Billy the Kid fought in it.
• In 1912 New Mexico became a state.
Arizona
• Arizona Territory was established in 1863 by congress.
• Its only economic enterprise was silver mining.
• Like Texas and New Mexico, it was controlled by a political elite.
• Arizona was a lawless and violent place.
Race Wars
• Cowboys from Texas used Tombstone as a base for raids on defenseless Mexican villages on the other side of the border.
• The situation would have deteriorated further but the threat of Apache forced whites and Mexican elite in Arizona to cooperate.
Native Americans
• The cooperation among races was not so commendable, as they raided Native American camps massacring men, women, and children.
• Along with the Apache, the Navajo, and Pima were all attacked, their land stolen, and their people killed.
It’s the Water
• Mining dominated Arizona and farming lagged behind. The problem was water.
• The Roosevelt Dam was built which provided irrigation for farms in Southern Arizona.
• The water was also used for agriculture in California and drinking water in Los Angeles.
• Arizona became a state in 1912.