New Insights into the Supply and Quality of Health Services in Indonesia:

8/9/2019 New Insights into the Supply and Quality of Health Services in Indonesia:

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Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo

fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja A Elagte Xfrmdfrnl ^tuky

Ngaukja Yfmx

Bfeo Hjgls

Lgao âtrjawao

Putj Carzflmj

Paoku EarjcurtjLgjd Zavuz

K J Y L N [ J F O ^ J O K L T L G F P C L O [

Eucao Klvlgfpclot





Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte

^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja





Olw Josjhets jotf tel

Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja A Elagte Xfrmdfrnl ^tuky

Ngaukja Yfmx, Bfeo Hjgls, Lgao âtrjawao,

Putj Carzflmj, Paoku Earjcurtj, aok

Lgjd Zavuz



© 9010 [el Jotlroatjfoag Iaom dfr Ylnfostruntjfo aok Klvlgfpclot / [el Xfrgk Iaom

1515 E ^trllt OX

Xasejohtfo KN 90;>>

[lglpefol2 909-;8>-1000

Jotlrolt2 www.wfrgkiaom.frh

L-cajg2 [email protected]

Agg rjhets rlslrvlk

1 9 > ; 1> 19 11 10

[ejs vfgucl js a prfkunt fd tel stadd fd tel Jotlroatjfoag Iaom dfr Ylnfostruntjfo aok Klvlgfpclot /

[el Xfrgk Iaom. [el djokjohs, jotlrprltatjfos, aok nfongusjfos lxprlsslk jo tejs vfgucl kf oft olnlssar-

jgy rldglnt tel vjlws fd tel Lxlnutjvl Kjrlntfrs fd [el Xfrgk Iaom fr tel hfvlroclots tely rlprlslot.

[el Xfrgk Iaom kfls oft huaraotll tel annurany fd tel kata jonguklk jo tejs wfrm. [el ifuokarjls, nfg-frs, klofcjoatjfos, aok ftelr jodfrcatjfo sefwo fo aoy cap jo tejs wfrm kf oft jcpgy aoy bukhlclot

fo tel part fd [el Xfrgk Iaom nfonlrojoh tel glhag status fd aoy tlrrjtfry fr tel lokfrslclot fr annlpt-

aonl fd sune ifuokarjls.

Yjhets aok Plrcjssjfos

[el catlrjag jo tejs puigjnatjfo js nfpyrjhetlk. Nfpyjoh aok/fr traoscjttjoh pfrtjfos fr agg fd tejs wfrm

wjtefut plrcjssjfo cay il a vjfgatjfo fd appgjnaigl gaw. [el Jotlroatjfoag Iaom dfr Ylnfostruntjfo aok

Klvlgfpclot / [el Xfrgk Iaom lonfurahls kjsslcjoatjfo fd jts wfrm aok wjgg ofrcaggy hraot plrcjssjfo

tf rlprfkunl pfrtjfos fd tel wfrm prfcptgy.

Dfr plrcjssjfo tf peftfnfpy fr rlprjot aoy part fd tejs wfrm, pglasl slok a rlqulst wjte nfcpgltl jodfr-

catjfo tf tel Nfpyrjhet Nglaraonl Nlotlr Jon., 999 Yfslwffk Krjvl, Kaovlrs, CA 01:9>, \Â=tlglpefol2 :85-8<0-5;00= dax2 :85-8<0-;;80= Jotlrolt2 www.nfpyrjhet.nfc.

Agg ftelr qulrjls fo rjhets aok gjnlosls, jongukjoh suisjkjary rjhets, sefugk il akkrlsslk tf tel Fddjnl fd

tel Puigjselr, [el Xfrgk Iaom, 1515 E ^trllt OX, Xasejohtfo, KN 90;>>, \Â= dax2 909-<99-9;99=

l-cajg2 [email protected].

JÎO2 :85-0-591>-59:5-1

lJÎO2 :85-0-591>-59::-5

KFJ2 10.1<:4/:85-0-591>-59:5-1

Gjirary fd Nfohrlss Natagfhjoh-jo-Puigjnatjfo Kata

Olw josjhets jotf tel prfvjsjfo fd elagte slrvjnls jo Jokfolsja 2 a elagte wfrm dfrnl stuky / NgaukjaYfmx . . . ]lt ag.S.

p. = nc. ‛ (Kjrlntjfos jo klvlgfpclot)

Jongukls ijigjfhrapejnag rldlrlonls aok joklx.

JÎO :85-0-591>-59:5-1 (agm. paplr) ‛ JÎO :85-0-591>-59::-5

1. Puigjn elagte‛Jokfolsja. 9. Puigjn elagte plrsfoolg‛Jokfolsja. >. Clkjnag plrsfoolg‛Jokfolsja.

J. Yfmx, Ngaukja, 1:4;- JJ. Xfrgk Iaom. JJJ. ^lrjls2 Kjrlntjfos jo klvlgfpclot (Xasejohtfo, K.N.)

]KOGC2 1. Elagte Caopfwlr‛Jokfolsja. 9. Elagte Pfgjny‛Jokfolsja. >. Elagte ^lrvjnls‛suppgy

& kjstrjiutjfo‛Jokfolsja. ;. Elagte ^lrvjnls Annlssjijgjty‛Jokfolsja. <. Quagjty fd Elagte Narl‛

Jokfolsja. X 84 O<>1> 9010S

YA<;1.J<<O;: 9010

>49.10:<:5‛kn99

9010009;89

Nfvlr peftf2 Aotara dftf

Nfvlr klsjho2 Oaygfr Klsjho, Xasejohtfo, K.N.



v

Dfrlwfrk xj

Anmofwglkhclots xjjj

Aiirlvjatjfos xv

Fvlrvjlw 1

Nfotlxt aok Ianmhrfuok 1

[el Jcpfrtaonl fd tel Jokfolsjao

Elagte Xfrmdfrnl 9ûccary fd Djokjohs >

Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos 5

Oftls 19

Yldlrlonls 1>

Neaptlr 1 Jotrfkuntjfo 1<

Yatjfoagl aok Fiblntjvls fd [ejs Ylpfrt 14

[el Dfnus fd tel Ylpfrt 90^trunturl aok Futgjol fd tel ^tuky 99

Oftls 9>

Yldlrlonls 9;

Nfotlots



Neaptlr 9 Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^ystlc aok Pfgjnjls

Addlntjoh tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl 9<

Elagte Futnfcls aok tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl 9<

Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel ûppgy aok Quagjty

fd tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl >9

Oftls >8

Yldlrlonls >5

Neaptlr > [el ̂ uppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte

Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls ;1

Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs,1::4„9004 ;9

Neaohls jo ^taddjoh at tel Puigjn Elagte

Danjgjtjls, Pusmlscas aok Pustu, 1::8„9008 ;8

Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Puigjn Elagte

Danjgjtjls, 1::4„9008 <0

Oftls <;

Yldlrlonls <4

Neaptlr ; Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl fd Elagte ̂ lrvjnls <8

Pattlros jo tel \sl fd ^lrvjnls aok Neaohls

jo Prfvjklr Nefjnl, 1::8„9008 <8

Nefjnl fd Prfvjklrs 40

Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Prjvatl Elagte

^lrvjnls aok \tjgjzatjfo 4<

Oftls 48

Yldlrlonls 45

Neaptlr < [el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls

aok Prantjtjfolrs 81

Neaohls jo tel ^trunturag Quagjty fd Puigjn

Elagte Danjgjtjls2 Pusmlscas aok Pustu 89

Clasurjoh Kjahofstjn Aijgjty \sjoh Jokfolsja

Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly Tjholttls 84

Neaohls jo Kjahofstjn aok [rlatclot

Aijgjty fvlr [jcl 88

Quagjty aok Jo-^lrvjnl [rajojoh 5;

Neaohls jo Quagjty aok Hrfwte fd tel

Prjvatl ^lntfr 5<

Oftls 58

Yldlrlonls 55

vj Nfotlots



Neaptlr 4 Kjsnussjfo aok Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos :1

Mly Djokjohs fo Quaotjty aok Kjstrjiutjfo :9

Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos fo Quaotjty aok

Kjstrjiutjfo :>

Mly Djokjohs Ylharkjoh Quagjty :4

Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos Ylharkjoh Quagjty :8

Durtelr Ylslarne Fptjfos2 Prfvjklr Payclot

Cltefks :5

Oftls :5

Applokjx 1 Kata ^furnls ::Oftls 100

Applokjx 9 Kldjojtjfos fd Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prfvjklrs 101

Applokjx > Nfovlrhlonl jo Quagjty 10<

Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl iy Ylhjfo 108

Yurag-\riao Kjddlrlonls jo Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl 10:

Kjddlrlonls jo Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl iy^fnjflnfofcjn ^tatus 10:

Applokjx ; Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs aok \tjgjzatjfo 111

Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr aok Nefjnl

iltwllo Prjvatl aok Puigjn ^lntfr Prfvjklrs 11>

Oftls 191

Applokjx < Elagte Prfvjklr Mofwglkhl aok telPrjvatl ̂ lntfr 19>

[el Nfrrlgatjfos iltwllo [rajojoh aok

Lxplrjlonl aok Elagte Prfvjklr Mofwglkhl 19;

Applokjx 4 [ypls fd Jonlotjvls 19:

Ijigjfhrapey 1>1

Joklx 1>>

Ifx

<.1 Dffk dfr [efuhet‛\opanmjoh tel Elagte Prfkuntjfo

Duontjfo2 Quagjty aok Elagte Futnfcls 8>

Nfotlots vjj



Djhurls

1.1 Dantfrs teat Addlnt Elagte Futnfcls 99

9.1 Hgfiag Nfcparjsfos fd Peysjnjao, Elagte Xfrmlr, aok

Efspjtag Ilk ûppgy tf Jonfcl 98

9.9 Gjdl Lxplntaony aok Jodaot Cfrtagjty vlrsus

Jonfcl, 9004 95

9.> Catlroag Cfrtagjty aok Nejgk Outrjtjfo vlrsus

Jonfcl, 9000„04 9:

9.; Jolquagjtjls acfoh Prfvjonls jo Jodaot aok Nejgk

Cfrtagjty jo Jokfolsja, 9008 >1

>.1 Oucilr fd Pusmlscas aok Yatjf fd Pusmlscas aokEfspjtags tf Pfpugatjfo, iy Prfvjonl, 9008 <9

A>.1 Lvjklonl fd Nfovlrhlonl jo Quagjty2 Neaohl jo

Nfccuojty Avlrahl Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008 104

A>.9 Ylhjfoag Kjddlrlonls jo Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl2

Neaohl jo Nfccuojty Avlrahl Tjholttl ^nfrls,

1::8„9008 105

A>.> Yurag-\riao Kjddlrlonls jo Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl2

Neaohl jo Nfccuojty Avlrahl Tjholttl ^nfrls,1::8„9008 110

[aigls

9.1 Elagte Futnfcls jo Jokfolsja aok ̂ lglntlk

Nfuotrjls, 9004 >0

>.1 Kjstrjiutjfo fd Peysjnjaos jo Jokfolsja,1::4„9004 ;>

>.9 P[[ Peysjnjaos Ylnrujtclot aok Gfnatjfo

Ngassjdjnatjfo, 1::9„9008 ;;>.> Kjstrjiutjfo fd Cjkwjvls jo Jokfolsja, 1::4 aok 9004 ;<

>.; Avlrahl Danjgjty ̂ taddjoh fd Pusmlscas aok Pustu jo

\riao aok Yurag ^lttjohs, 1::8„9008 ;8

>.< Avlrahl Danjgjty ̂ taddjoh fd Pusmlscas aok Pustu

iy Ylhjfo, 1::8„9008 ;5

>.4 Prfpfrtjfo fd Pusmlscas Peysjnjaos wjte Kuag Prantjnl,

1::8 aok 9008 ;:

>.8 Kjstrjiutjfo fd Peysjnjaos Prfvjkjoh Prjvatl ^lrvjnls

jo Jokfolsja, 1::4„9004 <>>.5 Kjstrjiutjfo fd Prjvatl Cjkwjdl Prantjnls jo Jokfolsja,

1::4„9004 <>

;.1 Neaohls jo \tjgjzatjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls vlrsus

^lgd-Clkjnatjfo <5

vjjj Nfotlots



;.9 Neaohls jo Jopatjlot aok Futpatjlot \tjgjzatjfo iy

PNL Qujotjgl <:

;.> Nefjnl fd Prfvjklr fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls welo Jgg 41

;.; Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls \tjgjzatjfo iy [ypl aok PNL Qujotjgl 41

;.< Nefjnl fd Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls Prfvjklr welo Jgg 4;

;.4 Lddlnt fd Jonrlasjoh tel Oucilr fd Prjvatl

Peysjnjaos fo Prfiaijgjty teat tel Pffr Xjgg Tjsjt

a Danjgjty welo Jgg 44

<.1 ^trunturag Jokjnatfrs aok Quagjty ̂ nfrls dfr Prloatag,

Nejgk Nuratjvl, aok Akugt Nuratjvl Narl jo 9008, iy

Ngjojnag ^lttjoh 8<<.9 ^trunturag Jokjnatfrs aok Quagjty ̂ nfrls dfr Prloatag,

Nejgk Nuratjvl, aok Akugt Nuratjvl Narl jo 1::8, iy

Ngjojnag ̂ lttjoh 8<

<.> Ngjojnag Nasl Ylqujrlk ^taokarks fd Kjahofstjn

aok [rlatclot Prantjnl 85

<.; Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte ̂ lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja,

1::8„9008, iy Ylhjfo 8:

<.< Kltajglk Quagjty ^nfrls dfr Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl,aok Akugt Nuratjvl Narl iy \riao„Yurag aok Puigjn„

Prjvatl ^lttjoh 8:

<.4 Kltajglk Quagjty ^nfrls fo Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl,

aok Akugt Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttls, iy Ngjojnag

^lttjoh, 9008 51

<.8 Nfcpltlonl Kjstrjiutjfo fd Puigjn aok Prjvatl

Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs‛^nfrls fo Tjholttls Clasurjoh

Kjahofstjn aok [rlatclot Aijgjtjls 5><.5 [ypls fd [rajojoh aok Lxplrjlonl wjte a Pfsjtjvl Lddlnt

fo Prfvjklr Quagjty êfwo iy Tjholttl ^nfrls 5<

<.: Lddlnt fd ao Jonrlasl jo Prjvatl Prantjnls fo Kjahofstjn

Aijgjty fd Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs 54

A;.1 Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls Tary

wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn ^tatus aok Annlss tf Prjvatl

Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (Dugg âcpgl) 11>

A;.9 Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls Tary

wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn ^tatus aok Annlss tf PrjvatlElagte Prfvjklrs6 (\riao Cagl âcpgl) 11;

A;.> Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls Tary


Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (\riao Dlcagl âcpgl) 11;

Nfotlots jx



A;.; Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls Tary


Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (Yurag Cagl âcpgl) 11<

A;.< Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ̂ lrvjnls Tary


Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (Yurag Dlcagl âcpgl) 11<

A;.4 Xeat Js tel Ylgatjfosejp iltwllo ^fnjflnfofcjn

^tatus aok tel Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl

^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (Dugg âcpgl) 114


^tatus aok tel Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (\riao Cagl âcpgl) 118



^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (\riao Dlcagl âcpgl) 118

A;.: Xeat Js tel Ylgatjfosejp iltwllo ^fnjflnfofcjn


^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (Yurag Cagl âcpgl) 115

A;.10 Xeat Js tel Ylgatjfosejp iltwllo ̂ fnjflnfofcjn^tatus aok tel Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl

^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (Yurag Dlcagl âcpgl) 115

A;.11 \tjgjzatjfo aok Quagjty (Agg âcpgls) 11:

A;.19 \tjgjzatjfo aok Quagjty (\riao âcpgl) 190

A;.1> \tjgjzatjfo aok Quagjty (Yurag âcpgl) 191

A<.1 Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr aok Neaohl

jo Kjstrjnt Avlrahl Prloatag Narl Tjholttl

^nfrls, 1::8„9008 19;A<.9 Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr aok Neaohl

jo Kjstrjnt Avlrahl Nejgk Nuratjvl Narl

Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008 19<

A<.> Xeat Js tel Assfnjatjfo iltwllo [rajojoh aok

tel Prloatag Narl Tjholttl ^nfrl6 194

A<.; Xeat Js tel Assfnjatjfo iltwllo [rajojoh aok

tel Nejgk Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttl ^nfrl6 198

A<.< Xeat Js tel Assfnjatjfo iltwllo [rajojoh aok

tel Akugt Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttl ^nfrl6 195

x Nfotlots



xj

Jokfolsja eas cakl jcprfvjoh tel annlss tf elagte wfrmlrs, lsplnjaggy jo

rurag arlas, aok jcprfvjoh tel quagjty fd elagte prfvjklrs mly prjfrjty

arlas fd jts olxt djvl-ylar klvlgfpclot pgao. ^jhojdjnaot stlps aok pfgjny

neaohls wlrl tamlo tf jcprfvl tel kjstrjiutjfo fd tel elagte wfrmdfrnl,

jo partjnugar tel nfotrantlk kfntfrs prfhrac aok gatlr tel nfotrantlk

cjkwjvls prfhrac, iut dlw stukjls eavl illo uoklrtamlo tf clasurl tel

antuag jcpant fd telsl pfgjnjls aok prfhracs.

[ejs stuky camls ao lddfrt tf start rlvjlwjoh tel jcpants fd past pfgj-njls aok pfgjny neaohls. Jt gjoms tel neaohls jo suppgy aok quagjty fd elagte

wfrmlrs tf past pfgjnjls jo tel arla fd elagte wfrmdfrnl iut agsf tf neaohls

jo djoaonjoh aok njvjg slrvjnl rldfrcs. Jo akkjtjfo, vlry jcpfrtaot asplnts

fd elagte prfdlssjfoag lkunatjfo aok neaohls jo klcaok dfr slrvjnls arl

rlvjlwlk.

[el stuky djokjohs sefw Jokfolsja‚s prfhrlss jo jonrlasjoh tel oucilr

fd elagte wfrmlrs aok prfvjkjoh ilttlr annlss tf elagte slrvjnls, lsplnjaggy

jo rlcftl arlas. Agtefuhe cjkwjdlry slrvjnls arl wlgg kjstrjiutlk iltwllouriao aok rurag arlas, hlolrag prantjtjfolrs arl oft klpgfylk lquaggy. [el

stuky agsf prlslots jotlrlstjoh rlsugts rlharkjoh neaohls fvlr tjcl jo

elagte prfvjklrs‚ aijgjty tf kjahofsl aok trlat jo tel arlas fd prloatag, nejgk

nuratjvl, aok akugt nuratjvl narl, usjoh tel Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly.

Dfrlwfrk



Iaslk fo tel djokjohs fd tel stuky aok nfosugtatjfos wjte tel hfvlroclot

aok wjte stamlefgklrs jo tel arla, suhhlstjfos dfr pfgjny neaohls, durtelr

rlslarne tfpjns, aok arlas dfr lxplrjclotatjfo arl gajk fut.

[el stuky klsnrjilk elrl prfvjkls vaguaigl joputs tf tel hfvlroclot

fd Jokfolsja‚s olxt djvl-ylar oatjfoag klvlgfpclot pgao aok tel fohfjoh

rldfrcs fd tel elagte wfrmdfrnl teat arl part fd tel fvlragg elagte slntfr

rldfrc, wjte tel fiblntjvl fd strlohtelojoh Jokfolsja‚s elagte systlc tf

jcprfvl elagte futnfcls. [el jodfrcatjfo aok rlsugts jo tejs stuky prf-

vjkl jcpfrtaot joputs tf duturl wfrm fo elagte prfvjklr smjggs cjx aok

nfcpfsjtjfo tf akapt tf tel neaohls jo klcaok aok ollk nrlatlk iy tel

klcfhrapejn, lpjklcjfgfhjnag, aok outrjtjfoag traosjtjfos teat arl tamjohpganl jo Jokfolsja.

Ojoa ̂ arkbuoaoj

Klputy Cjojstlr dfr Eucao Ylsfurnls aok Nugturag Addajrs

^tatl Cjojstry dfr Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Pgaoojoh

(Iapploas)

Lccaoulg Z. Bjclolz^lntfr Kjrlntfr

Last Asja Eucao Klvlgfpclot ^lntfr

Xfrgk Iaom

xjj Dfrlwfrk



xjjj

[ejs rlpfrt was prlparlk iy a tlac glk iy Ngaukja Yfmx (Glak Elagte

^plnjagjst, Last Asja Eucao Klvlgfpclot ^lntfr Klpartclot, LAÊK).

[el cajo autefrs arl Ngaukja Yfmx, Bfeo Hjgls (^lojfr Gaifr Lnfofcjst,

KLNYH), Lgao âtrjawao (Assjstaot Prfdlssfr, ^neffg fd Lnfofcjns, Hakbae

Caka \ojvlrsjty), Putj Carzflmj (^lojfr Elagte ^plnjagjst, LAÊK), Paoku

Earjcurtj (Elagte ^plnjagjst, LAÊK), aok Lgjd Zavuz (kfntfrag stuklot,

Earvark \ojvlrsjty ^neffg fd Puigjn Elagte).

[el djoag rlpfrt iloldjtlk drfc tel nfcclots fd Cahous Gjoklgfw(^lojfr Lnfofcjst, LAÊK), Bjseou Kas (^lojfr Lnfofcjst, KLNYH),

aok Carmf Tubjnjn (Elagte Lnfofcjst, EKOEL). Ftelr Xfrgk Iaom stadd

clcilrs aok prfdlssjfoags wef prfvjklk nfcclots aok assjstaonl kurjoh

tel wrjtjoh fd tel stuky jongukl Lmf Paciukj (Ylslarne Aoagyst,

LAÊK), Hlfrhl ^nejlilr (^lojfr Elagte Pfgjny Akvjslr, nfosugtaot),

Abay [aokfo (^lojfr Lnfofcjst, EKOEL), Xjggjac Xagganl (Glak

Lnfofcjst, LA^PY), Blk Drjlkcao (^lojfr Lnfofcjst, KLNYH),

Nerjstfpe Murfwsmj (^lntfr Glaklr, GNÊK), Mloolte Nefcjtz (^lojfrAkvjslr, JLHXI), Paigf Hfttrlt (Glak Lnfofcjst, ÂÊK), Carjac

Ngalsfo (Prfhrac Nffrkjoatfr, ÂÊK), Aooa Ylvloha (^lntfr Kjrlntfr,

PYLCPY), âoky Gjlilrcao (Glak Elagte Lnfofcjst, nfosugtaot), aok

Ahols ^funat (Akvjslr, AD[EL). Lkjtfrjag assjstaonl was prfvjklk iy

Nerjs ^tlwart aok Cary Djsm.

Anmofwglkhclots



Fo tel hfvlroclot sjkl, tel tlac nffrkjoatlk ngfslgy wjte, aok ilol-

djtlk drfc, tel vaguaigl joputs, rlvjlws, aok nfosugtatjfos fd, Ojoa

ârkbuoaoj (Klputy dfr Eucao Ylsfurnls aok Nugturl, Iapploas), Prfd.

Dasgj Bagag (Kjrlntfr Hlolrag fd Ejhelr Lkunatjfo, Cjojstry fd Oatjfoag

Lkunatjfo), Iaciaoh Hjatof (Neajr fd Ifark dfr Klvlgfpclot aok

Lcpfwlrclot fd EEY), Aruc Atcawjmarta (Kjrlntfr dfr Elagte aok

Nfccuojty Outrjtjfo, Iapploas), Aikurraecao (Elak fd Nlotlr dfr

EYE Pgaoojoh aok Lcpfwlrclot, Cjojstry fd Elagte ]CfES), ^rj

Xaeyuoj (Nlotlr dfr Elagte Klvlgfpclot, CfE), ûsjgawaty (Elak,

Kjvjsjfo fd Prfhrac aok Eucao Ylsfurnls, Nlotlr dfr Clkjnag Lkunatjfo

Plrsfoolg, CfE), Ejmcaokarj (Puigjn Nfccuojnatjfo Klpartclot,CfE), [atj ̂ uryatj aok Cartutj Iukjeartf (Nlotlr dfr Ylslarne aok Elagte

Klvlgfpclot, CfE), aok Arsjta Pukbj Yaearkbf (^plnjag Assjstaot tf tel

Kjrlntfr Hlolrag, Ejhelr Lkunatjfo, Cjojstry fd Oatjfoag Lkunatjfo), aok

drfc prfdlssjfoag assfnjatjfos‛Prfd. Earkyaotf ^flifof (Neajrcao fd

Kfntfr Nfuonjg), Prfd. Anejr Zaoj ^. Eacjk (Neajrcao, PP„PPOJ), aok

Earoj Mflsof (Neajrcao, PP„JIJ). [el tlac agsf anmofwglkhls tel assjs-

taonl fd a oucilr fd anaklcjns, jongukjoh Prfd. Gamsfof [rjsoaotfrf fd

Hakbae Caka \ojvlrsjty, aok Carkjatj Oakbji fd tel \ojvlrsjty fd Jokfolsja, aok fd Djrcao Xjtflgar fd ûrvlyCltlr.

[el tlac agsf iloldjtlk drfc joputs aok assjstaonl drfc tel kfofr

partolrs jo elagte jo Jokfolsja, jo partjnugar, Yfsagja ^njfrtjof (Elagte

Akvjslr, AusAJK), Ajosgly Elccjoh (Prfhrac Klvlgfpclot ^plnjagjst,

AusAJK), Meyo Xjo Xjo ûl (Nejgk ûrvjvag aok Klvlgfpclot Ngustlr,

\OJNLD), aok Draoz vfo Yflool (Prjonjpag Elagte Akvjslr, Hlslggsneadt

dur [lneojsnel Rusaccloariljt ]H[RS).

[el stuky was nfokuntlk uoklr tel hlolrag hujkaonl fd Bfanejcvfo Acsilrh (Nfuotry Kjrlntfr, Jokfolsja), Lccaoulg Bjclolz

(^lntfr Kjrlntfr, Last Asja Eucao Klvlgfpclot ^lntfr Klpartclot),

Buao Paigf \rjil (Elagte Outrjtjfo aok Pfpugatjfo ^lntfr Caoahlr),

aok Xjggjac Xagganl (Glak Lnfofcjst, Pfvlrty Ylkuntjfo aok

Lnfofcjn Caoahlclot).

[ejs stuky nfugk oft eavl illo nfokuntlk wjtefut tel hlolrfus sup-

pfrt drfc tel Austragjao hfvlroclot‚s ajk ahlony, AusAJK, aok tel \M

Klpartclot dfr Jotlroatjfoag Klvlgfpclot (KDJK).

xjv Anmofwglkhclots



xv

Asmlsmjo Asuraosj Mlsleatao Casyaramat Cjsmjo (Elagte

Josuraonl dfr tel Pffr)

Iapploas Iakao Plrlonaoaao Plciaohuoao Oasjfoag (^tatl

Cjojstry dfr Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Pgaoojoh /

Jokfolsjao Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Ahlony)

IKK Ijkao kj Klsa (vjggahl cjkwjdl)

IMO Iakao Mlplhawajao Olhara (Oatjfoag Njvjg

^lrvjnl Ahlony)IPP^KCM Iakao Plohlciaohao kao Plcilrkayaao ûcilr Kaya

Caousja Mlsleatac (Oatjfoag Jostjtutl fd Elagte /

Eucao Ylsfurnls Klvlgfpclot aok Lcpfwlrclot)

IP^ Iakao Pusat ^tatjstjm (Nlotrag Iurlau fd ^tatjstjns)

KLPML^ Klpartclo Mlsleatao (Cjojstry fd Elagte)

Klsa vjggahl

Klsa ^jaha aglrt vjggahl

KE^ Klcfhrapejn aok Elagte ̂ urvlyLAP Last Asja aok Panjdjn

HKP hrfss kfclstjn prfkunt

HK^ Hfvlroaonl aok Klnlotragjzatjfo ̂ urvly

HOJ hrfss oatjfoag jonfcl

Aiirlvjatjfos



xvj Aiirlvjatjfos

JKJ Jmatao Kfmtlr Jokfolsja (Jokfolsjao Clkjnag Assfnjatjfo)

JDG^ Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ̂ urvly

JCCPAN[ Jojtjatjvl dfr Catlroag Cfrtagjty Prfhraccl Asslssclot

JCY jodaot cfrtagjty ratl

Bacmlscas Bacjoao Mlsleatao Casyaramat (Nfccuojty Elagte

Josuraonl ^nelcl)

MMJ Mfosjg Mlkfmtlrao Jokfolsja (Jokfolsjao Clkjnag Nfuonjg)

CLOPAO Cjojstry fd ^tatl Apparatus Yldfrc

CCY catlroag cfrtagjty ratjf

CfE Cjojstry fd Elagte

CfOL Cjojstry fd Oatjfoag LkunatjfoONK ofonfccuojnaigl kjslasl

F[N fvlr tel nfuotlr

PNL plr napjta lxplokjturl

PFKL^ Pftlosj Klsa (ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjag)

Pfgjokls pfokfm ilrsagjo klsa (vjggahl cjkwjdl)

Pfsyaoku pfs plgayaoao tlrpaku (jotlhratlk elagte slrvjnls pfst)

P[[ plhawaj tjkam tltap (nfotrant lcpgfyll)

Pusmlscas pusat mlsleatao casyaramat (puigjn elagte nlotlr)Pustu pusmlscas plciaotu (auxjgjary elagte nlotlr)

Yjsmlskas rjslt mlsleatao kasar (iasjn elagte rlslarne)



1

[ejs iffm js part fd tel joputs prlparlk at tel rlqulst fd tel hfvlro-

clot fd Jokfolsja‚s oatjfoag klvlgfpclot ahlony, Iapploas, tf jodfrc

tel klvlgfpclot fd tel olxt Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Pgao 9010„1;.

Ftelr joputs jongukl rlpfrts fo elagte djoaonjoh, djsnag spanl dfr elagte,

elagte puigjn lxplokjturl rlvjlw, aok asslssclots fd catlroag elagte

aok pearcanlutjnags.

Nfotlxt aok Ianmhrfuok

Fvlr tel past klnakl, a oucilr fd jcpfrtaot rldfrcs aok traosjtjfos eavl

tamlo pganl jo Jokfolsja aok jo tel elagte slntfr jo partjnugar. [ely jongukl

tel klnlotragjzatjfo fd rlspfosjijgjtjls dfr slrvjnl klgjvlry tf tel kjstrjnt

glvlg= pfgjny rldfrcs fd tel jonlotjvl strunturl dfr elagte prfvjklrs, lspl-

njaggy rlharkjoh nfcplosatjfo dfr slrvjnl jo rlcftl arlas= aok pfgjny

neaohls tf jonrlasl tel suppgy fd cjkwjvls jo rurag aok rlcftl arlas.

Klcfhrapejn aok lpjklcjfgfhjnag traosjtjfos eavl agsf fnnurrlk, nausjohneaohls jo tel pattlro fd kjslasl prlvaglonl jo Jokfolsja. Xjte nerfojn kjs-

lasl fo tel rjsl, Jokfolsja ofw danls a kfuigl iurklo fd kjslasl. Ylsfurnls

dfr tel elagte slntfr eavl stlakjgy jonrlaslk sjonl tel djoaonjag nrjsjs jo

1::4 iut rlcajo gfw jo nfcparjsfo tf tefsl jo ftelr gfw-cjkkgl-jonfcl

Fvlrvjlw



nfuotrjls (Xfrgk Iaom 9005). Prjvatl elagte prantjtjfolrs arl ofw prf-

vjkjoh a garhl searl fd elagte narl, aok prjvatl jostjtutjfos sune as clk-

jnag aok cjkwjdlry sneffgs arl lkunatjoh a garhl searl fd tel jonfcjoh

elagte wfrmdfrnl.

[el Jokfolsjao hfvlroclot js nfccjttlk tf jcprfvjoh ifte djoaonjag

aok peysjnag annlss tf quagjty elagte narl. Past aok fohfjoh rldfrcs ajc

tf jcprfvl tel suppgy, quagjty, aok utjgjzatjfo fd narl tf prfkunl ilttlr

elagte futnfcls, partjnugargy jo rlcftl arlas aok acfoh tel pffr.

Djoaonjag prftlntjfo ahajost natastrfpejn lxplokjturls eas jcprfvlk sui-

staotjaggy sjonl tel jotrfkuntjfo fd tel elagte josuraonl prfhrac dfr tel

pffr, Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas. Durtelrcfrl, a oucilr fd glhag ants eavl illouslk as tel iasjs dfr jcprfvjoh tel quagjty fd Jokfolsjao peysjnjaos. [el

Clkjnag Prantjnl Ant (900;) suppfrtlk tel lstaigjseclot fd tel

Jokfolsjao Clkjnag Nfuonjg (MMJ), wejne prfkunlk staokarks dfr peysj-

njao nfcpltlonjls aok clkjnag lkunatjfo jo 9004. Hjvlo tel varyjoh

napanjtjls fd Jokfolsjao clkjnag sneffgs, efwlvlr, tel staokarks arl oft

jcpglclotlk nfosjstlotgy, aok, as a nfoslqulonl, garhl aok hrfwjoh varja-

tjfo jo quagjty lxjsts acfoh sneffgs aok teljr hrakuatls.

[el Jcpfrtaonl fd tel Jokfolsjao Elagte Xfrmdfrnl

[ejs stuky js nfonlrolk wjte tel jcpant fd tel aifvl-clotjfolk

rldfrcs fo tel Jokfolsjao elagte narl wfrmdfrnl. Jt js ao arla wjte hrlat

pftlotjag dfr jcprfvjoh elagte futnfcls iut agsf fol teat js nfcpglx

aok neagglohjoh. Jo Jokfolsja, sfcl mly elagte wfrmdfrnl neagglohls

rlgatl tf (a) gjcjtlk suppgy fd elagte narl prfvjklrs at tel prjcary as

wlgg as tel efspjtag glvlg= (i) payclot systlcs teat kf oft lonfurahl aofptjcag kjstrjiutjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs, lqujtaigl annlss tf narl, aok lddj-

njlot prfvjsjfo fd slrvjnls= (n) sefrtnfcjohs jo tel quagjty fd catlroag

aok nejgk narl, as wlgg as akugt narl= (k) ganm fd fvlrsjhet aok lddlntjvl

gjnlosjoh jo ao lxpaokjoh prjvatl elagte slntfr= aok (l) nfotjoujoh neag-

glohls rlgatlk tf pgaoojoh, rlnrujtclot, aok rltlotjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs,

partjnugargy sjonl klnlotragjzatjfo.

Hjvlo tel sgfw prfhrlss jo jcprfvjoh elagte futnfcls aok gjcjtlk lvj-

klonl gjomjoh elagte plrdfrcaonl aok tel elagte wfrmdfrnl jo Jokfolsja,

a prlssjoh ollk lxjsts tf caml cfrl jodfrcatjfo avajgaigl aifut past lxplrjlonls tf jodfrc duturl pfgjny neaohls. [ejs stuky sllms tf nfo-

trjiutl tf tel hfvlroclot fd Jokfolsja‚s irfaklr elagte systlc asslss-

clot iy aoswlrjoh mly elagte wfrmdfrnl qulstjfos. Jt lxacjols neaohls

jo tel suppgy aok quagjty fd elagte slrvjnl prfvjklrs aok prantjtjfolrs aok,

9 Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



welrl pfssjigl, gjoms tefsl neaohls wjte past aok fohfjoh rldfrcs. Iaslk

fo telsl aoagysls, tel stuky prfvjkls pfgjny suhhlstjfos dfr tel arlas jo

ollk fd rldfrc.

ûccary fd Djokjohs

^tuky djokjohs ejhegjhet tel jcpfrtaonl oft fogy fd jcprfvjoh tel sup-

pgy fd elagte narl, iut agsf fd jcprfvjoh quagjty, sf as tf jcprfvl elagte

futnfcls. Fvlr tel plrjfk stukjlk, jcpfrtaot hajos jo tel kltlrcjoaots

fd elagte futnfcls eavl fnnurrlk jo Jokfolsja. At tel sacl tjcl, efw-

lvlr, tel stuky sefws teat Jokfolsja, klspjtl tel sjhojdjnaot hajos, nfotjo-uls tf suddlr drfc slrjfus neagglohls jo tel oucilr aok kjstrjiutjfo, aok

jo partjnugar tel quagjty, fd jts elagte wfrmlrs.

ûppgy fd Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Elagte PrantjtjfolrsJokfolsja‚s elagte pfgjny, ‗Elagtey Jokfolsja 9010,– wejne lcpeasjzls hjv-

joh prjfrjty tf prjcary elagte narl aok iffstjoh lxplokjturls dfr elagte,

eas eak a pfsjtjvl jcpant, wjte fvlragg jonrlasls jo puigjn danjgjtjls aok

wfrmdfrnl oucilrs sjonl tel cjk-1::0s. [el jonrlasl jo tel suppgy fd elagte wfrmlrs rldglnts tel hfvlroclot‚s attlotjfo tf jonrlasjoh tel suppgy

fd elagte slrvjnls, lsplnjaggy jo rlcftl aok rurag arlas, as wlgg as sjhojdjnaot

jonrlasls jo tel puigjn iukhlt dfr elagte sjonl 900;. Jt agsf rldglnts tel

hrfwjoh iusjolss fppfrtuojtjls aok jotlrlst jo tel prfdlssjfo. Dfr lxacpgl,

jo 900>„0; clkjnag sneffgs rlnljvlk cfrl teao 50,000 appgjnatjfos,

tefuhe tely fogy eak napanjty tf taml jo ;,800 olw stuklots. [el oucilr

fd cjkwjdlry aok oursjoh sneffgs eas jonrlaslk, aok iy 9005, ;4< cjk-

wjdlry aok 459 oursjoh sneffgs jo Jokfolsja wlrl prfkunjoh aifut 10,000cjkwjvls aok >;,000 oursls lvlry ylar. ^jonl klnlotragjzatjfo, gfnag hfv-

lroclots eavl dfnuslk fo jonrlasjoh tel avajgaijgjty fd elagte narl iy hjv-

joh prjfrjty tf tel nfostruntjfo fd olw elagte nlotlrs, fr pusmlscas, aok

jonrlasjoh nfccuojty annlss tf slrvjnls terfuhe auxjgjary elagte nlotlrs,

fr pustu.

Agtefuhe tel oucilr fd peysjnjaos aok tel ratjf fd peysjnjaos tf

pfpugatjfo jo agg prfvjonls aok jo rurag arlas eavl jonrlaslk, klpgfyclot

prantjnls aok jolqujtaigl kjstrjiutjfo rlcajo slrjfus nfonlros. [el

rlnlotgy jojtjatlk pfgjny rlqujrjoh sjx cfotes fd caokatfry slrvjnl jo arlcftl arla dfr olw hrakuatls, wejne aggfws lasjlr annlss tf splnjagjst

lkunatjfo aok jongukls a gunratjvl payclot snelkugl, eas rlsugtlk jo

cfrl peysjnjaos tamjoh up pfsts jo tefsl arlas. Efwlvlr, past klpgfy-

clot pfgjnjls eavl oft suddjnjlotgy akkrlsslk kjstrjiutjfo nfonlros.

Fvlrvjlw >



Cfrl jcpfrtaot, agtefuhe tel rlslarne uoklrtamlo dfr tejs stuky aggfws

dfr a kjstjontjfo iltwllo uriao aok rurag arlas, tel kata sfurnls uslk kf

oft agways jongukl Jokfolsja‚s cfst rlcftl arlas, sfcl fd wejne arl

gjmlgy tf il slrjfusgy uoklrslrvlk (sll neaptlr 1, jo tel slntjfo Kata aok

Cltefkfgfhy). Jo akkjtjfo, tefsl rlcftl arlas teat arl jonguklk cjhet

oft il apprfprjatlgy fislrvlk, sjonl tel rurag natlhfry js suistaotjag aok

nfcprjsls slttglclots teat raohl jo sjzl (aok wfrmdfrnl suppgy) drfc

plrjuriao tf vlry rlcftl aok eark tf rlane.

^jonl 1::4, tel avlrahl oucilr fd peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas eas hrfwo.

At tel sacl tjcl, cfrl pusmlscas eavl of kfntfr, lsplnjaggy jo rurag arlas,

nfodjrcjoh kjstrjiutjfoag nfonlros. Cfrlfvlr, tel hap iltwllo rurag aokuriao arlas jo tel ratjf fd prjvatl peysjnjaos tf pfpugatjfo eas jonrlaslk,

aok at prlslot tel suppgy fd prjvatl peysjnjao slrvjnls js dar hrlatlr jo

uriao arlas. Avajgaijgjty fd cjkwjdlry slrvjnls eas agsf jonrlaslk jo ifte

uriao aok rurag arlas sjonl 1::4. [el jonrlasl jo uriao arlas was vlry sjh-

ojdjnaot iut cay il lxpgajolk iy garhl oucilrs fd dfrclr vjggahl cjk-

wjvls rlturojoh tf uriao arlas adtlr nfcpgltjoh teljr slrvjnl uoklr tel

vjggahl cjkwjdl, fr Ijkao Kj Klsa (IKK), prfhrac. \odfrtuoatlgy, jodfr-

catjfo fo oursls js suistaotjaggy ganmjoh, jo tlrcs fd ifte fvlragg oucilrsaok kjstrjiutjfo, gjcjtjoh aoagysjs fd teljr suppgy aok utjgjzatjfo.

[el klnlotragjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls cay plrcjt a cfrl lddjnjlot

pgaoojoh aok rlnrujtclot systlc. A ganm fd ngarjty fo rfgls aok rlspfosj-

ijgjtjls wjte rlsplnt tf ejrjoh aok djrjoh, efwlvlr, eas gjcjtlk tel jcpant

fd klnlotragjzatjfo jo tejs rlsplnt, sf teat a cfrl lvlo kjstrjiutjfo fd

elagte wfrmlrs eas oft fnnurrlk. [el nlotrag hfvlroclot js stjgg elavjgy

jovfgvlk jo tel rlnrujtclot, klpgfyclot, aok djoaonjoh fd puigjn kfntfrs

wfrmjoh uoklr njvjg slrvjnl nfotrants. [el ganm fd prfhrlss fo njvjg slrvjnlrldfrc durtelr jcplkls cfrl lddjnjlot pgaoojoh at agg glvlgs. At tel sacl

tjcl, gfnag hfvlroclots eavl rlnljvlk cfrl autfofcy jo tel prfvjsjfo fd

rlsfurnls dfr rlgfnatjfos aok plrdfrcaonl jonlotjvls, wejne nao eavl a

suistaotjag jcpant at tel kjstrjnt glvlg.

Hrfwte jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl peysjnjao prantjnls jo nfccuojtjls

js assfnjatlk wjte jonrlaslk utjgjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls iy pffrlr clc-

ilrs fd tel nfccuojty. [el pffr arl cfrl gjmlgy tf usl tel puigjn

pusmlscas as tel prjvatl slntfr hrfws. [ejs suhhlsts teat tel jonrlasl jo

suppgy fd elagte slrvjnl prfvjklrs rlkunls nfohlstjfo nfsts jo tel puigjn pusmlscas, wejgl agsf sfrtjoh cfrl addgulot clcilrs fd tel nfccuojty

tf prjvatl prantjnls.

Djoaggy, jt sllcs teat aggfwjoh aok lonfurahjoh kuag prantjnl eas sjhojd-

jnaotgy jonrlaslk tel suppgy fd elagte slrvjnls, jongukjoh jo rurag arlas.

; Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja





pfsjtjvlgy nfrrlgatlk wjte neaohls jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl peysjnjao

prantjnls jo tel nfccuojty. [elsl rlgatjfosejps arl statjstjnaggy sjhojdj-

naot dfr prloatag aok nejgk nuratjvl narl.

Of lvjklonl js dfuok jokjnatjoh teat kuag prantjnl fppfrtuojtjls glak

tf klngjol jo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjtjls fd elagte narl wfrmlrs

jo tel pusmlscas.9 Fol wfrry rlharkjoh tel hrfwte jo tel oucilr fd prj-

vatl peysjnjao prantjnls js teat tely cay eavl a kltrjclotag lddlnt fo tel

quagjty fd narl jo tel pusmlscas. [el stuky dfuok teat tel kjahofstjn aijg-

jty fd elagte prfvjklrs avajgaigl jo tel pusmlscas kjk oft kltlrjfratl wjte

hrfwte fd tel prjvatl slntfr. Agtefuhe tejs js a pfsjtjvl djokjoh, durtelr

stuky fd peysjnjaos‚ usl fd teljr tjcl jo puigjn aok prjvatl slrvjnls jsjcpfrtaot dfr a cfrl nfcpgltl uoklrstaokjoh fd tel nfsts aok iloldjts fd

kuag prantjnl jo Jokfolsja.

[el kjahofstjn as wlgg as tel trlatclot prantjnls fd kfntfrs dfr prloa-

tag narl arl ratlk glss ejhegy teao tefsl fd cjkwjvls, iaslk fo aoagysjs fd

kltajglk vjholttl snfrls. Fogy 95 plrnlot fd kfntfrs nelnmlk a patjlot‚s

igffk prlssurl aok dlwlr teao 4 plrnlot nelnmlk dfr prftljo jo urjol kur-

joh a prloatag vjsjt. Cune fd tel trajojoh fd tel past klnakl eas illo

dfnuslk fo jcprfvjoh cjkwjvls. Olvlrtelglss, fohfjoh quagjty nfonlroslxjst rlharkjoh cjkwjvls‚ aijgjty tf prfvjkl narl aok annuratl kjahofsls.

Hjvlo teat tel usl fd cjkwjdlry slrvjnls eas jonrlaslk cfrl teao usl fd

aoy ftelr slrvjnl, partjnugargy acfoh tel pffr, durtelr quagjty jcprfvl-

clots at tejs prfvjklr glvlg arl stjgg olnlssary, klspjtl teljr plrdfrcaonl

akvaotahl fvlr kfntfrs aok oursls. [elrl js gjttgl kjddlrlonl iltwllo cjk-

wjvls‚ prantjnls aok pusmlscas jo tlrcs fd prloatag narl= prloatag narl

prfvjklk iy prjvatl oursls sefws ratelr gfw quagjty snfrls.

Prjvatl peysjnjaos nfcparl davfraigy tf pusmlscas elagte wfrmlrswelo jt nfcls tf nejgk nuratjvl narl, aok ylt, as wjte prloatag narl, tel

fvlragg snfrls fd agg typls fd slrvjnl prfvjklrs arl fo tel gfw sjkl. Dfr

lxacpgl, as part fd tel nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl, ao jokjnatjvl quls-

tjfo js weltelr tel elagte wfrmlr asms aifut tel oaturl fd tel stffg

welo a nejgk eas kjarrela. Fogy ;9 plrnlot fd pusmlscas elagte wfrmlrs

aok ;> plrnlot fd prjvatl peysjnjaos jokjnatlk teat tely wfugk asm tejs

qulstjfo, aok lvlo dlwlr prjvatl oursls aok cjkwjvls wfugk kf sf. Frag

rleykratjfo dgujks arl akcjojstlrlk iy 8: plrnlot fd pusmlscas aok

pustu elagte wfrmlrs aok iy 8; plrnlot fd prjvatl peysjnjaos, iut iy fogy;1 plrnlot fd prjvatl cjkwjvls.

Kjddlrlonls iltwllo pusmlscas aok prjvatl peysjnjaos arl glss prf-

ofuonlk dfr akugt nuratjvl narl. Oursls nfcparl cfrl davfraigy fo tejs

vjholttl teao fo ftelrs, wjte cjkwjvls snfrjoh tel gfwlst jo tejs narl




natlhfry. Fvlragg akugt narl eas jcprfvlk carhjoaggy, jo gjol wjte

jcprfvlclots jo prloatag aok nejgk narl. Durtelr aoagysjs fd avlrahl

vjholttl snfrls iy nfcpltlony natlhfry (jo qujotjgls) jokjnatlk of cabfr

kjddlrlonls jo avlrahl qujotjgl vjholttl snfrls iltwllo puigjn aok prjvatl

prantjtjfolrs, iut agg jcprfvlk fvlr tjcl. At tel sacl tjcl, lvlo dfr tel

ejhelst nfcpltlony natlhfry, avlrahl snfrls wlrl fogy aifvl :0 plrnlot

dfr nejgk nuratjvl narl.

Prjvatl prantjnl peysjnjaos applarlk tf dfnus glss fo prfvjkjoh puigjn

elagte slrvjnls, sune as clasgls jccuojzatjfos dfr nejgkrlo aok tltaous

dfr prlhoaot wfclo, jo 9008. Dlwlr teao 19 plrnlot fd peysjnjaos eak

vannjols avajgaigl jo teljr prjvatl prantjnls, welrlas cfrl teao 99 plrnlot kjk jo 1::8. [ltaous avajgaijgjty at cjkwjvls‚ prjvatl prantjnls rlcajolk

at bust uoklr 40 plrnlot, wejne js cune ilttlr teao dfr peysjnjaos iut

stjgg dar drfc nfcpgltl nfvlrahl. Fvlragg puigjn elagte duontjfos aok

quagjty fd puigjn elagte jotlrvlotjfos applar tf eavl klnrlaslk aok

rlqujrl urhlot attlotjfo, oft fogy drfc tel nlotrag hfvlroclot iut agsf

drfc gfnag hfvlroclots. [uilrnugfsjs trlatclot slrvjnls eavl illo

rlkunlk searpgy jo prjvatl slttjohs aok pustu (auxjgjary elagte nlotlrs),

drfc cfrl teao eagd fd agg pustu aok <4 plrnlot fd prjvatl peysjnjaos jo1::8. Jo nfcparjsfo, cfrl teao :< plrnlot fd pusmlscas nfotjoulk tf

prfvjkl tuilrnugfsjs trlatclot jo 9008.

^tukjls eavl sefwo teat tel quagjty fd elagte prfdlssjfoag lkunatjfo,

lsplnjaggy dfr cjkwjvls aok oursls, js gahhjoh jo Jokfolsja (Eloolssy lt ag.

9004= Xfrgk Iaom 9005). [el nurrlot rlhugatfry draclwfrm hfvlrojoh tel

quagjty fd telsl jostjtutjfos js wlam. Fd partjnugar nfonlro js tel rapjk

hrfwte fd olw sneffgs jo tel aislonl fd a prfplr nrlklotjagjoh prfnlss.

Agtefuhe rldfrcs aok jonrlaslk jovlstclot tf akkrlss tel quagjty fd lku-natjfo dfr tel elagte prfdlssjfos arl fohfjoh, rlsugts wjgg oft il rldglntlk

jo jonrlaslk quagjty jo tel sefrt tlrc.> Oft fogy js prlslrvjnl trajojoh gah-

hjoh, iut jotlrosejps tf aggfw prantjnag ngjojnag smjggs tf il fitajolk arl agsf

jo sefrt suppgy aok fd pffr quagjty.

Jcpgjnatjfos dfr \tjgjzatjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls[el ugtjcatl iloldjnjarjls fd jcprfvlclots jo tel suppgy aok quagjty fd

slrvjnls arl tel plfpgl, aok tely eavl a nefjnl. Djrst fd agg, plfpgl neffsl

weltelr fr oft tf sllm narl welo jgg= slnfok, tely caml a nefjnl aifut wejne prfvjklr tf nfosugt. Fol wfugk lxplnt teat wjte cfrl suppgy aok

ilttlr quagjty, plfpgl wfugk neffsl tf caml cfrl usl fd teljr prldlrrlk

prfvjklr. [ejs stuky telrldfrl gffms at neaohls jo utjgjzatjfo aok, welrl

pfssjigl, kfls sf wjte nfrrlgatls fd neaohls jo trloks jo suppgy aok quagjty.

Fvlrvjlw 8



Ylnlotgy tel hfvlroclot fd Jokfolsja jotrfkunlk jts prfhrac fd elagte

josuraonl dfr tel pffr, Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas, wejne rlcfvlk djoaonjag iar-

rjlrs tf narl aok applars tf eavl jokunlk plfpgl tf sllm cfrl narl. [ejs

rldfrc sefugk il mlpt jo cjok welo jotlrprltjoh tel neaohls jo utjgjza-

tjfo, suppgy, aok quagjty.

Iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008, fvlragg usl fd ifte jopatjlot aok futpatjlot

elagte slrvjnls acfoh tefsl wef rlpfrt jggolss jonrlaslk. \sahl ratls rfsl

drfc 90.< plrnlot jo 1::8 tf 9>.0 plrnlot jo 9008 aok drfc 9.9 plrnlot

tf >.9 plrnlot dfr jopatjlot utjgjzatjfo fvlr tel sacl plrjfk. [el garhlst

jonrlasl jo fvlragg utjgjzatjfo fnnurrlk acfoh tel pffrlst qujotjgls. At tel

sacl tjcl, a garhl prfpfrtjfo fd tel pfpugatjfo dfrhfls aoy trlatclot at agg, aok teat plrnlotahl jonrlaslk drfc 9> plrnlot tf 98 plrnlot fvlr tel

plrjfk. Cfst plfpgl jo Jokfolsja‛twf-tejrks fd tel pfpugatjfo‛rlgy fo

slgd-trlatclot welo jgg.

As lxplntlk, rjnelr efuslefgks arl cfrl gjmlgy tf sllm elagte narl

welo jgg. [efsl efuslefgks agsf eavl ejhelr lkunatjfo glvlgs, wejne, gjml

ejhelr jonfcl glvlgs, arl agsf assfnjatlk wjte hrlatlr usl. Efwlvlr, utj-

gjzatjfo acfoh tel pffrlst, lsplnjaggy wfclo, eas jonrlaslk nfosjklraigy.

[el pffr jo Jokfolsjao nfccuojtjls arl cfrl gjmlgy tf neffsl puigjnprfvjklrs, wejgl tel rlgatjvlgy addgulot arl cfrl gjmlgy tf sllm narl drfc

tel prjvatl slntfr. [ejs applars tf il partjnugargy trul jo rurag arlas.

Durtelr aoagysjs jokjnatls teat tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr prfvjklrs

plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo js pfsjtjvlgy assfnjatlk wjte tel usl fd puigjn sln-

tfr danjgjtjls iy tel pffr. Jonrlasjoh tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr peysj-

njaos plr 100,000 js agsf assfnjatlk wjte jcprfvlclot jo tel avlrahl

quagjty fd slrvjnls. Jcpfrtaotgy, telrl js of lvjklonl teat kuag prantjnl

fppfrtuojtjls arl glakjoh tf a klngjol jo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjtjls fd elagte narl wfrmlrs jo tel pusmlscas.

Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos

[el djokjohs klsnrjilk aifvl drfc tel gatlst avajgaigl kata suhhlst a

oucilr fd jcpfrtaot pfgjny fptjfos dfr nfosjklratjfo iy Jokfolsjao pfg-

jny camlrs aok anaklcjns2

Pfgjny wjte Ylhark tf ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo• Cfojtfrjoh aok lvaguatjoh nurrlot klpgfyclot pfgjny applar nrunjag

tf asnlrtajo weltelr jt js ao lddlntjvl gfoh-tlrc stratlhy tf cajotajo

quagjty elagte wfrmlrs jo rlcftl arlas. [el nurrlot hfvlroclot‚s

klpgfyclot pfgjny‛a caokatfry sjx-cfote slrvjnl plrjfk jo a




rlcftl arla, nfcijolk wjte djoaonjag aok ofodjoaonjag jonlotjvls‛

applars tf eavl eak a pfsjtjvl lddlnt jo tel sefrt tlrc. Iut wejgl sefrt-

kuratjfo pfstjohs fd yfuoh prfvjklrs jo a gfnatjfo cay il suddjnjlot tf

jcprfvl plfpgl‚s annlss tf nuratjvl narl, prfcftjvl aok prlvlotjvl

narl rlqujrls a cfrl staigl prlslonl jo fol gfnatjfo iy prfvjklrs aigl

tf uoklrstaok tel partjnugar nfotlxt aok klvlgfp rlgatjfosejps wjte

teljr patjlots.

• Jo akkjtjfo tf lvaguatjfo fd tel nurrlot pfgjny fd rlkunlk caokatfry

slrvjnl, jt js ejhegy rlnfccloklk teat tel hfvlroclot fd Jokfolsja

nfotjoul tf klvlgfp aok lxplrjclot wjte ftelr jonlotjvl snelcls tfjcprfvl klpgfyclot aok losurl tel gfoh-tlrc prfvjsjfo fd quagjty

elagte slrvjnls jo rurag aok rlcftl arlas. Applokjx 4 prfvjkls a gjst-

joh fd varjfus typls fd djoaonjag aok ofodjoaonjag jonlotjvls, as ao jggus-

tratjfo fd pfssjijgjtjls.; Hakbae Caka \ojvlrsjty js nfokuntjoh sfcl

prfcjsjoh jojtjag lxplrjclots wjte ofodjoaonjag jonlotjvls, sune as

nrlatjoh a cfrl attrantjvl wfrmjoh lovjrfoclot iy irjohjoh tfhltelr

tlacs wjte ao lddlntjvl smjggs cjx, wejne clrjt cfrl attlotjfo aok

lvaguatjfo. Aok rlnlotgy, jotlroatjfoag dfnus fo klpgfyclot jssuls easturolk tf tel nrlatjfo fd a ‗rurag pjplgjol– fd prfvjklrs iy tarhltjoh

rlnrujtclot tf rurag arlas terfuhe clasurls raohjoh drfc nrlatjoh

jonrlaslk jotlrlst jo tel elagte prfdlssjfos jo slnfokary sneffgs tf

klvlgfpjoh splnjdjn rurag elagte nurrjnugucs jo elagte prfdlssjfoag

sneffgs. Lxplrjclots aok pjgfts nfugk il klvlgfplk tf lvaguatl tel

apprfprjatlolss fd telsl apprfanels jo Jokfolsja.

• [el prjvatl elagte slntfr sefugk il jonguklk jo pgaoojoh aokiukhltjoh nfosjklratjfos tf losurl cfrl fptjcag usl fd lxjstjoh

rlsfurnls. [ejs nfugk jongukl nfotrantjoh fut slrvjnls aok prfcftjoh

elagte josuraonl snelcls teat lquagjzl rljciurslclot ratls dfr

puigjn aok prjvatl prfvjklrs fd elagte narl slrvjnls. [el prjvatl sln-

tfr prfvjkls aifut fol-eagd fd agg elagte slrvjnls jo Jokfolsja aok

nfotjouls tf hrfw.

• Dfr jcprfvlclot fd pgaoojoh aok ollks-iaslk gjnlosjoh prfnlssls, jt js

rlnfccloklk teat cfrl nfcprlelosjvl kata il nfgglntlk fo wefwfrms welrl, ifte puigjngy aok prjvatlgy. At prlslot, kata nfgglntjfo js

drahclotlk aok jonfcpgltl. Gfnag hfvlroclots‚ nurrlot prfnlss dfr

gjnlosjoh olw prjvatl elagte prantjnls js joaklquatl aok js oft iaslk fo

asslssclot fd ollk= ofr kfls jt suddjnjlotgy taml lxjstjoh elagte slrvjnls

Fvlrvjlw :



jotf annfuot, lsplnjaggy tefsl prfvjklk prjvatlgy. Djoaggy, gjomjoh pgao-

ojoh wjte fvlragg njvjg slrvjnl rldfrcs js jcplratjvl.

• Cfrl tefrfuhe aoagysjs fd peysjnjao efurs splot jo puigjn aok jo prj-

vatl danjgjtjls aok tel nfst-lddlntjvlolss fd aggfwjoh kuag prantjnl js

ollklk tf hajo a ilttlr uoklrstaokjoh fd tel jcpant fd kuag prantjnl

aok tf akapt pfgjny welrl olnlssary. Jokfolsja‚s jcprlssjvl hajos jo

annlss tf elagte slrvjnls arl lxpgajolk, jo part, iy kuag prantjnl. Nfu-

pglk wjte rlcfvag fd djoaonjag iarrjlrs, kuag prantjnl eas jonrlaslk tel

usl ifte fd slrvjnls at puigjn danjgjtjls, pusmlscas aok pustu, aok fd

slrvjnls prfvjklk prjvatlgy iy peysjnjaos, cjkwjvls, aok oursls. Agtefuhe tel stuky dfuok of lvjklonl teat kuag prantjnl eas a olha-

tjvl jcpant fo tel mofwglkhl fd elagte narl prfvjklrs at tel

pusmlscas, jt kjk oft akkrlss ftelr jcpfrtaot kjclosjfos fd tel quag-

jty fd slrvjnls, sune as lddfrt aok tjcl splot wjte patjlots. Aoagysjs fd

ifte peysjnjaos‚ mofwglkhl aok teljr usl fd tjcl jo puigjn aok prjvatl

prantjnl wfugk prfvjkl a cfrl nfcpgltl pjnturl fd weltelr kuag pran-

tjnl fppfrtuojtjls eavl a olhatjvl jcpant fo tel quagjty fd narl avajg-

aigl jo tel pusmlscas.

• Cfrl uoklrstaokjoh js ollklk aifut tel jcpants fd tel sf-nagglk sfrt-

joh fd patjlots jo wejne tel pffr caml cfrl usl fd puigjn slrvjnls

wejgl tel cfrl addgulot sllm narl at prjvatl danjgjtjls. [el jojtjag jokj-

natjfo js teat tel lxjstlonl fd kuag prantjnl eas nfotrjiutlk tf tel

sfrtjoh fd patjlots. [eat cay eavl a pfsjtjvl lddlnt fo lddjnjlony, as

gfoh as tel ofo-pffr nfotjoul tf suppfrt tel puigjn systlc. Quls-

tjfos rlharkjoh lddjnjlony hajos terfuhe ejhelr-prjnlk prjvatl prfvj-sjfo, as wlgg as jcpgjnatjfos dfr quagjty jo ifte tel puigjn aok prjvatl

slntfrs, rlqujrl durtelr stuky. [el jodfrcatjfo drfc avajgaigl survlys,

efwlvlr, kfls oft aggfw ao aoagysjs fd tel efurs aok glvlg fd lddfrt

splot prfvjkjoh puigjn aok prjvatl slrvjnls.

• Jt js ejhegy rlnfccloklk teat puigjn duoks aok lddfrts appgjlk tf

losurjoh ao aklquatl suppgy fd elagte wfrmlrs jo uoklrslrvlk arlas

aok dfr tel pffr il rlvjlwlk. \sl fd puigjn elagte slrvjnls eas

klnrlaslk suistaotjaggy sjonl tel 1::8„:5 lnfofcjn aok djoaonjag nrj-sjs, aok agtefuhe sfcl jonrlasls eavl fnnurrlk sjonl 9000, utjgjzatjfo

rlcajos dar ilgfw tel largjlr glvlgs. Jostlak, utjgjzatjfo fd prjvatl elagte

slrvjnls, lsplnjaggy tefsl fd prjvatl cjkwjvls aok oursls, eas jonrlaslk.

A garhl part fd puigjn splokjoh hfls tf fplratl puigjn danjgjtjls teat




eavl sllo klngjojoh ratls fd utjgjzatjfo, lsplnjaggy iy rjnelr qujotjgls, jo

pganls welrl prjvatl slrvjnls arl avajgaigl. Cfrlfvlr, tel nfotjoujoh

fol-sjzl-djts-agg slrvjnl klgjvlry stratlhy js joaklquatl ilnausl jt kfls

oft taml jotf annfuot tel hrlat kjvlrsjty acfoh rlhjfos jo Jokfolsja.

• Jokfolsja sefugk nfosjklr aggfwjoh tel prjvjglhjoh fd nlrtajo jotlrvlo-

tjfos iy oursls aok cjkwjvls jo rurag aok rlcftl arlas. Oursls aok

cjkwjvls nfotjoul tf il acfoh tel prjcary prfvjklrs fd elagte slrv-

jnls dfr tel pffr jo rlcftl aok rurag arlas. As tel aoagysjs fd neaohls

jo utjgjzatjfo sefws, cfst plfpgl, welo jgg, ofw sllm trlatclot drfc

oursls aok cjkwjvls. Zlt tel gfw quagjty fd oursls prfvjkjoh prjvatlslrvjnls, clasurlk as aijgjty tf kjahofsl aok trlat, js agarcjoh aok

ollks urhlot attlotjfo.

• [el fvlragg pgaoojoh fd staddjoh jo tel elagte slntfr ollks tf il akaptlk

tf gfnag ollks aok tf neaohls jo pfgjny aok sefugk taml fohfjoh trao-

sjtjfos jotf annfuot. Dfr lxacpgl, jo arlas welrl caoy prjvatl-

prantjnl peysjnjaos arl prfvjkjoh nuratjvl narl, tel ganm fd a peysjnjao

jo a pusmlscas cay oft il fd nfonlro, as gfoh as tel pffr eavl annlsstf tel prjvatl peysjnjaos. Annlss nfugk il anejlvlk terfuhe neaohjoh

tel rljciurslclot pfgjnjls fd Bacmlscas tf jongukl slrvjnls iy prj-

vatl peysjnjaos.

• [el klcfhrapejn, lpjklcjfgfhjnag, aok outrjtjfoag traosjtjfos teat

arl fnnurrjoh jo Jokfolsja wjgg rlqujrl akaptatjfos jo tel smjggs cjx,

oucilrs, aok kjstrjiutjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs aok sefugk il tamlo jotf

annfuot welo klvlgfpjoh tel rldfrcs suhhlstlk elrl.

Pfgjny wjte Ylhark tf Quagjty • Dfr Jokfolsja tf jcprfvl tel quagjty fd jts elagte slrvjnls, tel rlhuga-

tfry draclwfrm teat hfvlros tel prfvjklrs aok tel quagjty fd teljr

trajojoh ollks urhlot attlotjfo. Lxplrjclots aok pjgft prfhracs

appgyjoh kjddlrlot prfvjklr payclot clneaojscs arl agsf ejhegy rln-

fccloklk. Cune fd tel jcprfvlclot jo quagjty fd slrvjnl js lcilk-

klk jo twf parts fd tel elagte systlc2 tel rlhugatfry draclwfrm aok

prfvjklr payclot jonlotjvls. [el jonrlasjoh oucilr fd prjvatl slntfrprfvjklrs, wjtefut aklquatl fvlrsjhet fd tel quagjty fd tel slrvjnls

tely prfvjkl, aok tel carhjoag jcprfvlclots jo elagte slrvjnls

klspjtl tel hrfwjoh attlotjfo tf trajojoh dfr prfvjklrs suhhlst teat

nurrlot pfgjnjls ollk tf il rlvjsjtlk.

Fvlrvjlw 11



^plnjdjn antjfos jongukl (a) lstaigjsejoh nfcpltlony aok lkunatjfo

staokarks aok a rlhugatfry ifky dfr oursls aok cjkwjvls= (i) ratjfoag-

jzjoh tel annrlkjtatjfo fd puigjn aok prjvatl elagte prfdlssjfoag trajojoh

jostjtutjfos aok losurjoh teat jt js nfcpltlony dfnuslk= aok (n) lonfur-

ahjoh tel prfdlssjfoag assfnjatjfos tf jcprfvl tel nfotjoujoh lkunatjfo

prfhrac aok tf gjom jt tf gjnlosjoh.

• Ilyfok telsl, a nfonrltl stlp teat tel hfvlroclot nfugk nfosjklr js

gjcjtjoh tel rlnrujtclot fd kfntfrs as njvjg slrvaots tf tefsl wef eavl

illo nlrtjdjlk annfrkjoh tf oatjfoag staokarks. [eat wjgg losurl tel ld-

djnjlot usl fd puigjn rlsfurnls, as wlgg as cftjvatl elagte narl prfvjklrstf fitajo annrlkjtatjfo aok nlrtjdjnatjfo. Caoy prfvjklrs arl hrakuatjoh

drfc sneffgs teat arl oft annrlkjtlk, fr arl josuddjnjlotgy annrlkjtlk,

aok tel nlrtjdjnatjfo prfnlss js ganmjoh as wlgg. Ao urhlot ollk agsf

lxjsts tf ilttlr nfotrfg tel lstaigjseclot fd olw sneffgs aok gjom telc

tf tel annrlkjtatjfo systlc.

• [el cltefk fd nlrtjdyjoh peysjnjaos, oursls, aok cjkwjvls sefugk il

strlohtelolk tf clasurl smjggs jo prfvjsjfo fd narl, oft fogy mofwglkhl,as js nurrlotgy tel prantjnl. Annrlkjtatjfo aok nlrtjdjnatjfo staokarks

aok prfnlssls dfr danjgjtjls sefugk agsf il jcprfvlk. A ollks-iaslk

castlr pgao sefugk agsf il nfosjklrlk, nfvlrjoh tel wefgl nfuotry aok

jongukjoh ifte puigjn aok prjvatl danjgjtjls aok caopfwlr. Prjvatl sln-

tfr jovfgvlclot jo clkjnag aok paraclkjnag lkunatjfo agsf warraots

strfoh puigjn slntfr fvlrsjhet tf losurl tel quagjty fd slrvjnls.

Oftls

1. [el JDG^ js a kata sfurnl avajgaigl at ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^/.

9. A olhatjvl aok sjhojdjnaot nflddjnjlot fo neaohl jo oucilr fd peysjnjao pran-

tjnls plr 100,000 nfugk il krjvlo iy tel dant teat peysjnjaos wjte sjkl pran-

tjnls wlrl oft jo teljr puigjn elagte ngjojn fddjnls at tel tjcl teat louclratfrs

sefwlk up.

>. [el Xfrgk Iaom nfdjoaonls tel Elagte Prfdlssjfoag Lkunatjfo Quagjty prfblnt,

caoahlk iy tel kjrlntfr hlolrag dfr ejhelr lkunatjfo at Jokfolsja‚s Cjojstry

fd Oatjfoag Lkunatjfo (CfOL). Jt ajcs at strlohtelojoh tel quagjty assuraonlpfgjnjls hfvlrojoh tel lkunatjfo fd elagte prfdlssjfoags jo Jokfolsja terfuhe

(a) ratjfoagjzjoh annrlkjtatjfo fd puigjn aok prjvatl elagte prfdlssjfoag trajojoh

jostjtutjfos aok losurjoh teat jt js nfcpltlony dfnuslk= (i) klvlgfpjoh

oatjfoag nfcpltlony staokarks aok tlstjoh prfnlkurls dfr nlrtjdjnatjfo aok




gjnlosjoh fd elagte prfdlssjfoags= aok (n) iujgkjoh jostjtutjfoag napanjty tf

lcpgfy rlsugts-iaslk hraots tf lonfurahl tel usl fd annrlkjtatjfo aok nlrtjdj-

natjfo staokarks jo tel klvlgfpclot fd clkjnag sneffg quagjty.

;. Dfr hujkaonl fo klvlgfpjoh ao jonlotjvl panmahl, sll Hujklgjols2 Jonlotjvls dfr

Elagte Prfdlssjfoags, Bfjot Jojtjatjvl fd tel Jotlroatjfoag Nfuonjg fd Oursls,

Jotlroatjfoag Efspjtag Dlklratjfo, Jotlroatjfoag Pearcanlutjnag Dlklratjfo,

Xfrgk Nfodlklratjfo fd Peysjnag [elrapy, Xfrgk Klotag Dlklratjfo, aok tel

Xfrgk Clkjnag Assfnjatjfo, 9005, at ettp2//www.wef.jot/wfrmdfrnlaggjaonl/

kfnuclots/JonlotjvlsVHujklgjols%90LO.pkd.

Yldlrlonls

Eloolssy, K., N. Ejnms, A. Ejgao, aok Z. Mawfoag. 9004. ‗[el [rajojoh aok

Klvlgfpclot Ollks fd Oursls jo Jokfolsja.– Paplr > fd >. Eucao Ylsfurnls

dfr Elagte ;2 10. ettp2//www.eucao-rlsfurnls-elagte/nfotlot/;/1/10.

Xfrgk Iaom. 9005. Jovlstjoh jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte2 Neagglohls aok Fppfrtuojtjls dfr

Duturl Puigjn ^plokjoh. Elagte Puigjn Lxplokjturl Ylvjlw 9005. Bamarta2 Xfrgk

Iaom.

Fvlrvjlw 1>





1<

Fvlr tel past klnakl, a oucilr fd jcpfrtaot rldfrcs aok traosjtjfos eavl

tamlo pganl jo Jokfolsja aok jo jts elagte slntfr. Xjte tel jcpglclotatjfo

fd klnlotragjzatjfo jo 9001, tel rlspfosjijgjty dfr klgjvlry fd slrvjnls,

jongukjoh elagte slrvjnls, was klglhatlk tf tel kjstrjnt glvlg. Puigjn rlsfurnls

dfr elagte eavl jonrlaslk agcfst dfurdfgk sjonl 9009, iut Jokfolsjao kjslasl

futnfcls stjgg gah tefsl fd caoy oljheifrjoh nfuotrjls (Xfrgk Iaom 9005).

At tel sacl tjcl, nerfojn kjslasls aok joburjls arl ilnfcjoh cfrl prlva-

glot wejgl nfccuojnaigl kjslasls rlcajo ao jcpfrtaot part fd tel iurklofd kjslasl, neaohjoh ollks dfr elagte narl slrvjnls aok prfvjklr smjggs. Djoaggy,

tel jcpglclotatjfo fd Gaw Of. ;0/900;, \ojvlrsag Elagte Josuraonl

Nfvlrahl, wjgg jodgulonl klcaok dfr elagte slrvjnls aok elagte wfrmlrs.

As staddjoh rlspfosjijgjtjls eavl lvfgvlk wjte klnlotragjzatjfo, aok as

tel oucilr fd trajojoh jostjtutjfos eas stlakjgy rjslo, jcpfrtaot eucao

rlsfurnl pfgjny neaohls eavl illo jotrfkunlk jo tel elagte slntfr. [el

rlnrujtclot aok jonlotjvl strunturls dfr elagte prfvjklrs eavl uoklrhfol

slvlrag neaohls fvlr tjcl, lsplnjaggy rlharkjoh rlcftl arla nfcplosatjfo.At tel sacl tjcl, tel prjvatl elagte slntfr js lxpaokjoh rapjkgy, aok a

nfcijoatjfo fd lvlots eas rlkunlk tel jodfrcatjfo teat tel hfvlroclot

eas aifut tel prjvatl elagte slntfr. [el rlhugatfry draclwfrm hfvlrojoh

eucao rlsfurnls jo tel elagte djlgk js wlam at ilst, aok puigjn fvlrsjhet

N E A P [ L Y 1

Jotrfkuntjfo



fvlr tel trajojoh fd elagte wfrmlrs aok fvlr tel prjvatl elagte slntfr js

josuddjnjlot. Hjvlo tel cjxlk plrdfrcaonl jo jcprfvjoh elagte futnfcls

jo Jokfolsja aok tel gjcjtlk lvjklonl gjomjoh ilttlr elagte systlc plr-

dfrcaonl wjte elagte wfrmdfrnl pfgjnjls, jt js apparlot teat elagte rldfrc-

lrs ollk cfrl rlglvaot jodfrcatjfo tf jodfrc tel pfgjny-camjoh prfnlss.

[ejs rlpfrt js part fd tel catlrjag prlparlk at tel rlqulst fd tel hfv-

lroclot fd Jokfolsja‚s oatjfoag klvlgfpclot ahlony, Iapploas (Iakao

Plrlonaoaao Plciaohuoao Oasjfoag, fr ^tatl Cjojstry dfr Oatjfoag

Klvlgfpclot Pgaoojoh/Jokfolsjao Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Ahlony), tf

jodfrc tel klvlgfpclot fd tel olxt Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Pgao

9010„1;. Ftelr joputs jongukl rlpfrts fo elagte djoaonjoh aok djsnagspanl dfr elagte asslssclot, a elagte puigjn lxplokjturl rlvjlw, aok

asslssclots fd catlroag elagte aok pearcanlutjnags (sll, dfr lxacpgl,

Yfmx lt ag. 900:= Xfrgk Iaom 9005, 900:a, 900:i). [ejs rlpfrt aok tefsl

largjlr joputs nfotrjiutl tf a nfcprlelosjvl rlvjlw fd tel elagte slntfr

jo Jokfolsja aok wjgg jodfrc tel klvlgfpclot fd tel olxt clkjuc-tlrc

pgao, as wlgg as tel elagte rldfrc ahloka teat wjgg elgp tel elagte slntfr

akapt tf tel olw ollks fd jts elagte systlc.

Yatjfoagl aok Fiblntjvls fd [ejs Ylpfrt

Cune eas illo wrjttlo aifut tel puigjn elagte wfrmdfrnl jo Jokfolsja,

tel prfiglcs aok nfostrajots fd caoahjoh jt, aok tel gjcjtlk jcpant fd

prlvjfus rldfrcs jo jcprfvjoh annlss tf ejhe-quagjty elagte narl. Ylslarne

splnjdjnaggy fo tel prjvatl elagte wfrmdfrnl js gjcjtlk aok dfnusls fo tel

plrjfk prlkatjoh tel klnlotragjzatjfo rldfrcs fd 9001. [el cfst nfcprl-

elosjvl rlvjlw aok hujkaonl dfr tel hfvlroclot wlrl prfvjklk jo tel1::; stuky Jokfolsja‚s Elagte Xfrm Dfrnl (Xfrgk Iaom 1::;), iut teat

stuky was wrjttlo jo a vlry kjddlrlot nfotlxt, ildfrl Jokfolsja‚s rldfrc

plrjfk fd klcfnratjzatjfo aok klnlotragjzatjfo nfcclonlk. Cfrl rlnlot

wfrm fo klnlotragjzatjfo was plrdfrclk iy tel Nlotlr fd Elagte ^lrvjnl

Caoahlclot fd Hakbae Caka \ojvlrsjty aok ftelr partolrs jo elagte pfg-

jny rlslarne jo Jokfolsja. Aoftelr aoagysjs dfnusjoh fo klnlotragjzatjfo

was narrjlk fut jo 9009 (Xfrgk Iaom 9009), aok cfrl rlnlotgy ao

fvlrvjlw paplr, Jokfolsja‚s Peysjnjaos, Cjkwjvls, aok Oursls (Xfrgk Iaom

900:i), was prfkunlk.

Tlry gjttgl aoagytjnag wfrm fo tel elagte wfrmdfrnl aok tel jcpant fd

pfgjny neaohls eas illo uoklrtamlo sjonl klnlotragjzatjfo, wjte tel

lxnlptjfo fd fol stuky fd a 9004 pfgjny neaohl nfonlrojoh tel nfotrant-

joh fd puigjn peysjnjaos (Yuswlokj 9008). [eat stuky klcfostratlk teat

sefrtlojoh tel caokatfry slrvjnl plrjfk uoklr fol fd tel hfvlroclot‚s






elagte nlotlr) wlrl fitajolk drfc tel CfE‚s Elagte Prfdjgls akcjojstra-

tjvl kataiasl, aok trloks jo tel kjstrjiutjfo fd elagte prantjtjfolrs drfc

tel PFKL^ kataiasl. PFKL^ jongukls nlosus kata hatelrlk terfuhe

jotlrvjlws fd vjggahl, fr klsa, aok njty igfnm, fr mlguraeao, elaks usjoh

kltajglk qulstjfooajrls. Lane klsa aok mlguraeao elak rlprlslots a pfp-

ugatjfo fd apprfxjcatlgy >,000, aok lane js mofwglkhlaigl aifut ifte

tel elagte wfrmdfrnl aok tel plfpgl gjvjoh jo tel burjskjntjfo.

[el elagte narl danjgjtjls survlylk jo tel JDG^ arl slglntlk annfrkjoh tf

a prfiaijgjty sacpgl drfc acfoh tel danjgjtjls teat slrvl efuslefgks jo tel

nfccuojty. [el sacpgl js krawo drfc a gjst fd danjgjtjls mofwo iy tel

efuslefgk rlspfoklots. Elagte narl danjgjtjls jongukl pusmlscas aok pustu=nfccuojty elagte pfsts ( pfsyaoku)= aok prjvatl danjgjtjls, jongukjoh prjvatl

ngjojns, kfntfrs, oursls, paraclkjns, vjggahl elagte wfrmlrs, cjkwjvls, aok

vjggahl cjkwjvls (mgjojms, pramtlm ucuc, plrawat, paraclkjns, caotra,ijkaos, aok ijkao kj klsa, rlsplntjvlgy).

[el danjgjtjls teat eavl illo rlpfrtlk as mofwo tf tel efuslefgk

elaks fr tf cfst mofwglkhlaigl rlspfoklots arl raomlk annfrkjoh tf tel

oucilr fd tjcls tely arl clotjfolk. [el sjohgl cfst drlqulotgy rlpfrtlk

danjgjty js agways nefslo dfr tel sacpgl. [wf tf dfur akkjtjfoag danjgjtjlsarl slglntlk at raokfc drfc tel lotjrl gjstjoh (Illhgl 9005). Jo lane sac-

pglk elagte danjgjty (o 3 9,>4<), tel elagte wfrmlr wjte tel ejhelst prf-

dlssjfoag raom avajgaigl at tel tjcl fd tel vjsjt js jotlrvjlwlk.; Neaohls jo

staddjoh glvlgs jo pusmlscas aok pustu arl agsf fitajolk drfc tel JDG^.

[el JDG^ aggfws jodfrcatjfo rlharkjoh elagte slrvjnl prfvjklrs tf il

catnelk tf jokjvjkuags, efuslefgks, aok nfccuojtjls, danjgjtatjoh aoagysjs

fd efw tel lclrhjoh prjvatl elagte narl slntfr addlnts annlss tf narl aok

tel quagjty fd narl rlnljvlk. [el JDG^ durtelr aggfws ao aoagysjs fd neaohls jo tel strunturag quagjty aok staddjoh fd tel pusmlscas aok pustusjonl 1::8. Agtefuhe tel strunturag quagjty fd elagte danjgjtjls js oft jo

jtslgd a clasurl fd tel quagjty fd clkjnag akvjnl, jt js a nfccfogy uslk

prfxy (Kas aok Glfoark 9005) aok agsf rldglnts Kfoailkjao‚s (1:85)

strunturag kjclosjfo fd quagjty.<

Apart drfc usjoh elagte danjgjtjls‚ strunturag nearantlrjstjns as a prfxy

dfr strunturag quagjty fd narl, elagte wfrmlr vjholttls drfc tel JDG^ nao

il uslk tf nfostrunt joklxls fd prfvjklr quagjty. [elsl joklxls clasurl

tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjtjls fd slrvjnl prfvjklrs wjtefut rlharktf teljr dfrcag status as peysjnjao, oursl, fr cjkwjdl. Kjahofstjn vjholttls

aggfw lvaguatjfo fd elagte wfrmlr mofwglkhl= tely klpjnt tel caxjcuc

quagjty clkjnag akvjnl teat wfrmlrs nfugk prfvjkl jd tely kjk agg teat tely

mofw efw tf kf.4 Jo a vjholttl, a sjcugatlk patjlot js prlslotlk tf tel




elagte wfrmlr. [el elagte wfrmlr‚s plrdfrcaonl fo tel vjholttl js ao

jokjnatfr fd ejs fr elr nfcpltlonl, smjgg, fr aijgjty (sll Kas aok Glfoark

9005). Jo tejs jostaonl, telsl kjrlnt plrdfrcaonl clasurls wlrl lcpgfylk

as varjaigls tf lxacjol efw kjddlrlonls iltwllo prfvjklrs slrvjoh

tel pffr aok tefsl slrvjoh tel ofopffr addlnt annlss tf mofwglkhlaigl

slrvjnl prfvjklrs.

Kas, Eacclr, aok Glfoark (9005) rajsl a nfonlro teat wejgl vjholttls

clasurl prfvjklr mofwglkhl, tely kf oft pjnm up lddfrt. A cfrl quagjdjlk

aok mofwglkhlaigl peysjnjao cay oft antuaggy lxlrt cune lddfrt jo ngjojnag

nfosugtatjfos, aok teus elagte pfgjny rlslarnelrs eavl rlnlotgy rlnfc-

cloklk nfcijojoh vjholttls wjte kjrlnt fislrvatjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs tflxacjol lddfrt as wlgg as mofwglkhl. Fol agsf eas tf asm weltelr lddfrt aok

mofwglkhl arl nfrrlgatlk wjte tefsl asplnts fd quagjty teat arl nfosjklrlk

jcpfrtaot. [f aoswlr tefsl qulstjfos, tel vagjkjty fd vjholttls nao il

nelnmlk dfr jotlroag nfosjstlony, aok tel rlsugts fitajolk usjoh vjholttls

cay il nfcparlk wjte tefsl fitajolk usjoh cfrl rlagjstjn jostruclots‛

jklaggy iy kjrlnt fislrvatjfo (Kas aok Glfoark 9005). Agtefuhe teat was

oft pfssjigl elrl, telsl navlats nfonlrojoh tel usl fd vjholttls ollk tf il

mlpt jo cjok welo jotlrprltjoh tel rlsugts fd tel aoagysjs ilgfw. Xejgl tel kjstjont iloldjt fd usjoh tel JDG^ gjls jo tel aijgjty tf lxpgfjt

tel paolg oaturl fd tel survly tf jcprfvl statjstjnag jklotjdjnatjfo welo

lxacjojoh tel lddlnts fd pfgjny neaohls, JDG^„iaslk aoagysls wjgg il nfc-

pglclotlk wjte kata drfc PFKL^ aok tel HK^-9 (tel slnfok rfuok fd

tel survly jo 9004). PFKL^ kata akk tf tel stuky iy prfvjkjoh jodfrca-

tjfo fo tel sjzl fd tel prjvatl slntfr, sfcltejoh teat naooft il kjstjgglk

drfc JDG^ kata. Xejgl PFKL^ kfls oft kjddlrlotjatl iltwllo prjvatl aok

puigjn prantjnls iy prfvjklr, jt plrcjts tejs kjstjontjfo iy jongukjoh jodfr-catjfo fo ‗pganl fd wfrm.– Jokjnatfr varjaigls teat arl uslk rldlr tf tel

oucilr fd kfntfrs aok cjkwjvls gjvjoh jo tel vjggahl, as wlgg as tel oucilr

fd prantjnls jo tel vjggahl, aok arl akbustlk iy pfpugatjfo sjzl. Jo akkjtjfo,

tel HK^-9 aggfws tel lxacjoatjfo fd ftelr dlaturls fd slrvjnl klgjvlry.

Djoaggy, tel JDG^ nfvlrs fogy Bava, Iagj, ûcatra, aok dlw ftelr

prfvjonls futsjkl fd telsl rlhjfos. Prfvjonls jo tel lastlro part fd

Jokfolsja arl oft jonguklk. Agtefuhe tel JDG^ nfvlrs aifut 5< plrnlot

fd tel Jokfolsjao pfpugatjfo, tel pffrlst prfvjonls arl oft jonguklk. Jo

tel dfggfwjoh neaptlrs, tel rlhjfos arl cfstgy ngassjdjlk as (a) Bava aokIagj= (i) ûcatra= aok (n) Ftelr Prfvjonls (Ousa [lohhara Iarat, ^fute

Magjcaotao, aok ^fute ûgawlsj). [el sacpgl js rlprlslotatjvl at tel

rlhjfoag glvlg, oft tel prfvjonjag glvlg, aok sf nfcparjsfos nao fogy il

cakl at tel rlhjfoag glvlg.

Jotrfkuntjfo 1:





Lkunatjfo aok tel Quagjty fd Elagte Xfrmdfrnl [rajojohLkunatjfo pfgjnjls rlharkjoh prl-slrvjnl aok jo-slrvjnl trajojoh arl

jcpfrtaot kltlrcjoaots fd tel suppgy, lddjnjlony, aok lddlntjvlolss fd tel

elagte wfrmdfrnl. [el nfsts, nfursl glohte, aok annlssjijgjty fd clkjnag

sneffgs eavl jcpfrtaot jcpants fo tel oucilr fd stuklots lorfggjoh as

wlgg as fo tel oucilr fd kfntfrs, oursls, splnjagjsts, aok ftelr elagte

wfrmlrs prfkunlk. [el prfkuntjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs js agsf addlntlk iy

tel rlcuolratjfo glvlgs aok akkjtjfoag iloldjts teat tel lkunatjfo js

lxplntlk tf yjlgk. Annrlkjtatjfo pfgjnjls durtelr addlnt tel quagjty fd tel

stadd trajolk. Jo-slrvjnl trajojoh js partjnugargy jcpfrtaot dfr iujgkjoh aok

cajotajojoh a elagte wfrmdfrnl dacjgjar wjte tel gatlst klvlgfpclots joteljr clkjnag arlas. [el hrfwte fd prjvatl slntfr lkunatjfo jostjtutjfos

js agsf addlntlk iy fvlrsjhet aok rlhugatjfos nfonlrojoh teljr gjnlosjoh

aok annrlkjtatjfo.

Frhaojzatjfo aok KlnlotragjzatjfoNeaohjoh tel frhaojzatjfo fd elagte wfrmdfrnl rlnrujtclot aok caoahl-

clot aok ftelr staddjoh pfgjnjls agsf eas tel pftlotjag tf jonrlasl tel lddj-

njlony aok lddlntjvlolss fd tel elagte wfrmdfrnl aok telrliy pfpugatjfoelagte. Akcjojstratjvl lddjnjlony nao arhuaigy il jcprfvlk terfuhe

klnlotragjzatjfo, as tel acfuot fd iurlaunratjn rlk tapl wfugk il

rlkunlk iy jovfgvjoh dlwlr glvlgs fd hfvlroclot. Lxplrjclotatjfo wfugk

il lonfurahlk, aok hrlatlr gfnag nfst nfosnjfusolss cjhet il jokunlk. A

pftlotjag krawianm fdtlo clotjfolk, efwlvlr, js tel pftlotjag dfr ejhelr

oatjfoag-glvlg traosantjfo nfsts, wejne nao rlsugt drfc gfnag akcjojstratjvl

rlkuokaonjls. Efwlvlr, klnlotragjzatjfo cjhet caml aggfnatjfo cfrl

lddjnjlot terfuhe hrlatlr rlspfosjvlolss tf gfnag ollks aok prjfrjtjls,wejgl at tel sacl tjcl nrlatjoh jonrlaslk annfuotaijgjty terfuhe gfnag

jovfgvlclot aok njvjg partjnjpatjfo. Dfr teat tf fnnur rlqujrls a cjojcuc

glvlg fd gfnag napanjty, efwlvlr, aok pfjots tfwark tel rjsms fd gfnag-glvlg

napturl (Tubjnjn, Fejrj, aok ^parmls 900:).

Djoaonjag Prftlntjfo dfr tel Pffr[el prlslonl fd a clneaojsc teat prftlnts nfosuclrs drfc djoaonjag rjsm

agsf kjrlntgy addlnts utjgjzatjfo aok tlneojnag lddjnjlony. Jo dant, aoftelr

cajo hfag fd aoy elagte systlc js djoaonjag prftlntjfo drfc jcpfvlrjse-clot kul tf natastrfpejn payclots dfr elagte narl. [el hfvlroclot jotrf-

kunlk tel Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas elagte josuraonl prfhrac dfr tel pffr jo

900<, aok iy 9005, sfcl 84 cjggjfo pffr aok ofopffr Jokfolsjaos wlrl

prfblntlk tf eavl nfvlrahl. [el prfhrac cakl sfcl neaohls tf payclot

Jotrfkuntjfo 91



systlcs aok rlcfvlk djoaonjag iarrjlrs tf tel utjgjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls

iy tel pffr. Lqujtaigl annlss tf, aok quagjty fd, elagte slrvjnls arl jcpfr-

taot kltlrcjoaots fd elagte futnfcls. Djhurl 1.1 jggustratls tel apprfane

fd tejs stuky tf aoagyzjoh telsl mly qulstjfos.

^trunturl aok Futgjol fd tel ^tuky

[ejs rlst fd tejs stuky js frhaojzlk jotf djvl neaptlrs aok slvlrag applo-

kjxls. Neaptlr 9 prfvjkls tel ianmhrfuok aok nfotlxt tf tel elagte wfrm-

dfrnl jssuls kjsnusslk jo tel suislqulot neaptlrs. Jt kjsnussls tel mly

neagglohls Jokfolsja danls wjte rlsplnt tf elagte futnfcls aok klsnrjils

mly pfgjnjls jcpglclotlk fvlr tel past klnakl teat eavl addlntlk tel

elagte wfrmdfrnl. [el arlas fd dfnus jongukl payclot systlcs, klnlotrag-

jzatjfo, lkunatjfo, aok prftlntjfo, aok tel hfvlroclot‚s gatlst prfhrac

dfr prfvjkjoh josuraonl tf tel pffr.Neaptlr > lxpgfrls elagte wfrmdfrnl suppgy jssuls, dfnusjoh cajogy fo

peysjnjaos aok cjkwjvls. Neaohls jo aisfgutl aok rlgatjvl oucilrs fvlr

tjcl aok iy hlfhrapejn arla arl kjsnusslk, as wlgg as tel ratjfs fd varjfus

typls fd elagte wfrmlrs tf pfpugatjfo aok danjgjty.


Djhurl 1.1 Dantfrs teat Addlnt Elagte Futnfcls

Pfgjnjls

Pfgjnjls

djoaonjoh aok rjsm prftlntjfo

Asmlsmjo/ Bacmlscas

payclot systlcs aok jonlotjvls

frhaojzatjfo aok klnlotragjzatjfo

lkunatjfo aok annrlkjtatjfo

ûppgy

lqujty

lqujty

sfnjflnfofcjn

status

utjgjzatjfo aok

tlneojnag lddjnjlony

elagte futnfcls aok aggfnatjvl lddjnjlony

rjsm

dantfrs

danjgjtjls prfvjklrs

Quagjty

danjgjtjls prfvjklrs

^furnl2 Autefrs.



Agtefuhe suppgy js oft kjrlntgy a prfxy dfr annlss, telsl jssuls arl put

jo nfotlxt jo neaptlr ; terfuhe lxacjoatjfo fd utjgjzatjfo pattlros fvlr

tjcl, iy prfvjklr typl.

Neaptlr < akkrlssls quagjty jssuls iy a tefrfuhe lxacjoatjfo fd danjg-

jtjls‚ strunturag quagjty nearantlrjstjns, sune as tel avajgaijgjty fd lsslotjag

clkjnjols aok nglao watlr. Elagte wfrmlrs‚ kjahofstjn aok trlatclot

mofwglkhl js asslsslk terfuhe a kjsnussjfo fd survly vjholttl snfrls aok

neaohls jo telsl jokjrlnt quagjty clasurls fvlr tel past klnakl.

Neaptlr 4 nfongukls wjte a succary fd djokjohs, wejne arl kjsnusslk

jo tel nfotlxt fd rlnfcclokatjfos drfc prlvjfus wfrm fo tel elagte

wfrmdfrnl, as wlgg as rlgatlk elagte djoaonjoh jssuls, aok klgjolatls a slt fd olw pfgjny fptjfos kjrlntgy rlgatlk tf tel djokjohs fd tejs aoagytjnag

lxpgfratjfo.

Oftls

1. [el P[[ (Plhawaj [jkam [ltap, fr nfotrant lcpgfyll ) prfhrac was jotrfkunlk

jo 1::9. \oklr tejs prfhrac, olwgy hrakuatlk kfntfrs wlrl of gfohlr jccl-

kjatlgy ejrlk as njvjg slrvaots iut wlrl rlqujrlk djrst tf dugdjgg a oforlolwaigl,terll-ylar appfjotclot as ‗ofoplrcaolot lcpgfylls– jo a prfvjonl welrl a

pfst ilnacl avajgaigl. Adtlr nfcpgltjfo fd tel P[[ nfcpugsfry slrvjnl, a

peysjnjao nfugk neffsl tf (a) durtelr splnjagjzl, (i) ilnfcl a njvjg slrvaot iy

tamjoh a rlqujrlk lxacjoatjfo, fr (n) lotlr tel prjvatl slntfr. [el P[[ prf-

hrac was dfrcaggy aifgjselk jo 9008, aok hrakuatls nao ofw kjrlntgy lotlr tel

gaifr carmlt as prjvatl prfvjklrs (Xfrgk Iaom 900:i).

9. Jojtjatjvl dfr Catlroag Cfrtagjty Prfhraccl Asslssclot, uoklr tel

Jotlroatjfoag Ylslarne Prfhrac fo Catlroag Cfrtagjty.

>. [el JDG^ js a kata sfurnl avajgaigl at ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^/=PFKL^ js annlsslk at ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/ips/pfkls/.

;. Dfr tel 9008 JDG^, tel dfggfwjoh rlspfoklots wlrl jotlrvjlwlk2 dfr tel

prloatag narl vjholttl2 hlolrag prantjtjfolrs, < plrnlot= cjkwjvls, :0 plrnlot=

paraclkjns, < plrnlot= dfr nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl2 hlolrag prantjtjfolrs,

>4 plrnlot= cjkwjvls, ;1 plrnlot= oursls, 91 plrnlot= aok paraclkjns, 9 plrnlot=

aok dfr akugt nuratjvl narl2 hlolrag prantjtjfolrs, << plrnlot= cjkwjvls,

14 plrnlot= oursls, 9< plrnlot= aok paraclkjns, 9 plrnlot.

<. Kfoailkjao‚s (1:85) ngassjn kldjojtjfo fd quagjty kldjols jt jo tlrcs fd strun-turl, prfnlss, aok futnfcl kjclosjfos.

4. A cfrl rldjolk aoagysjs, jotlroag vagjkjty fd tel vjholttls, hjvjoh kjddlrlot

wljhet vaguls dfr lane staokark rlspfosl, nao il appgjlk aok js kjsnusslk jo

cfrl kltajg jo Kas aok Eacclr 900<.

Jotrfkuntjfo 9>



Yldlrlonls

Illhgl, M. H. 9005. ‗Elagte Danjgjty aok ^neffg ûrvlys jo tel Jokfolsja DacjgyGjdl ûrvly.– Jo Arl Zfu Iljoh ^lrvlk 6 Olw [ffgs dfr Clasurjoh ^lrvjnl

Klgjvlry, lk. ̂ . Acjo, B. Kas, aok C. Hfgkstljo. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Kas, B., aok B. Eacclr. 900<. ‗Xejne Kfntfr6 Nfcijojoh Tjholttls aok Jtlc

Ylspfosl tf Clasurl Ngjojnag Nfcpltlonl.– Bfuroag fd Klvlgfpclot Lnfofcjns

85 (9)2 >;5„5>.

Kas, B., B. Eacclr, aok M. Glfoark. 9005. ‗[el Quagjty fd Clkjnag Akvjnl jo

Gfw-Jonfcl Nfuotrjls.– Bfuroag fd Lnfofcjn Plrsplntjvls 99 (9)2 :>„11;.

Kas, B., aok M. Glfoark. 9005. ‗\sjoh Tjholttls tf Clasurl tel Quagjty fd ElagteNarl.– Jo Arl Zfu Iljoh ^lrvlk 6 Olw [ffgs dfr Clasurjoh ^lrvjnl Klgjvlry,

lk. ^. Acjo, B. Kas, aok C. Hfgkstljo. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Kfoailkjao, A. 1:85. ‗[el Quagjty fd Clkjnag Narl.– ^njlonl 900 (;>;;)2 5<4„4;.

Gaohloiruoolr, B. N., N. Nasejo, aok ^. F‚Kfuhelrty, lks. 900:. Klsjhojoh aok

Jcpglclotjoh Elagte Narl Prfvjklr Payclot ^ystlcs2 Efw-tf Caouags.

Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Yfmx, N., H. ̂ nejlilr, P. Earjcurtj, A. [aokfo, aok A. ̂ fcaoateao. 900:. Elagte

Djoaonjoh jo Jokfolsja2 A Yldfrc Yfak Cap. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Yuswlokj, K. 9008. Lvaguatjfo ^tuky fd tel Klpgfyclot Pfgjny dfr Nfotrant (P[[)

Kfntfrs/Klotjsts jo Ylcftl Arlas jo ; EX^ Prfblnt Prfvjonls2 Magjcaotao

Iarat= Magjcaotao [jcur= ûcatra Iarat= Bacij. Zlar 9004„9008 . AKI

Nfosugtaot Ylpfrt. Caojga2 Asjao Klvlgfpclot Iaom.

Tubjnjn, C., M. Fejrj, aok ^. ^parmls. 900:. Xfrmjoh jo Elagte2 Djoaonjoh aok

Caoahjoh tel Puigjn ^lntfr Elagte Xfrmdfrnl. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Xfrgk Iaom. 1::;. Jokfolsja‚s Elagte Xfrm Dfrnl2 Jssuls aok Fptjfos. Ylpfrt Of.

195><-JOK. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom, Pfpugatjfo aok Eucao Ylsfurnl

Kjvjsjfo.

‛‛‛. 9009. Jokfolsja Elagte ^tratlhy jo a Pfst-Nrjsjs, Klnlotragjzjoh Jokfolsja.

Ylpfrt Of. 9:9:5-JOK. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 900<. Klnlotragjzatjfo, ^lrvjnl Klgjvlry aok Hfvlroaonl jo Jokfolsja2

Djokjohs drfc tel Hfvlroaonl aok Klnlotragjzatjfo ûrvly (HK^). Bamarta2

Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 9005. Jovlstjoh jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte2 Neagglohls aok Fppfrtuojtjls dfr


Iaom.‛‛‛. 900:a. Hjvjoh Cfrl Xljhet tf Elagte2 Asslssjoh Djsnag ^panl dfr Elagte jo

Jokfolsja. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 900:i. Jokfolsja‚s Kfntfrs, Cjkwjvls, aok Oursls2 Nurrlot ^tfnm,

Jonrlasjoh Ollks, Duturl Neagglohls aok Fptjfos. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

9; Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



9<

Xjte a pfpugatjfo fd agcfst 9>0 cjggjfo, Jokfolsja js tel dfurte cfst

pfpugfus nfuotry jo tel wfrgk. Jt js a gfw-cjkkgl-jonfcl nfuotry wjte

a plr napjta hrfss oatjfoag jonfcl (HOJ) fd \^$1,4<0 aok a oatjfoag

pfvlrty ratl fd 14.8 plrnlot (Xfrgk Iaom 900:n). A rapjkgy hrfwjoh

searl fd Jokfolsjaos, >0 plrnlot jo 900<, gjvl jo uriao arlas, aok fd tefsl,

tel cabfrjty rlsjkl fo Bava (IP^ 9005). Agtefuhe tel cabfrjty fd

Jokfolsjaos gjvl jo rurag arlas, nfokjtjfos vary suistaotjaggy iltwllo plrj-

uriao rurag aok cfrl rlcftl arlas, partjnugargy jo tel lastlro prfvjonls.Jokfolsja‚s tlrrjtfry js cakl up fd rfuhegy 18,000 jsgaoks, fd wejne aifut

8,000 arl joeaijtlk, akkjoh tf tel nfuotry‚s hlfhrapejn kjvlrsjty.

Elagte Futnfcls aok tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl

Jokfolsja eas cakl jcprlssjvl hajos jo lxtlokjoh tel rlane fd elagte

slrvjnls, lsplnjaggy prjcary narl, fvlr tel past terll klnakls. ^jonl tel

1:80s, tel hfvlroclot fd Jokfolsja eas nfostruntlk cfrl teao 5,000elagte nlotlrs, fr pusmlscas, 99,000 auxjgjary elagte nlotlrs, fr pustu,

aok cfrl teao ;<0 puigjn efspjtags. As fd 900<, telsl puigjn danjgjtjls

agfol lcpgfylk aifut ;1<,000 plfpgl. Apprfxjcatlgy 4 plrnlot fd agg

Jokfolsjao njvjg slrvaots arl elagte wfrmlrs lcpgfylk jo tel puigjn

N E A P [ L Y 9

Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^ystlc aok

Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel Elagte

Xfrmdfrnl



slntfr.1 [el prjvatl elagte slntfr hrlw lvlo dastlr kurjoh tel plrjfk, jo

part as a rlsugt fd hfvlroclot pfgjnjls aggfwjoh puigjn slntfr stadd clc-

ilrs tf wfrm part-tjcl as prjvatl prfvjklrs, a prantjnl hlolraggy rldlrrlk tf

as Jokfolsja‚s ‗glhag kuag prantjnl.–

Jo jotlroatjfoag nfcparjsfos, efwlvlr, Jokfolsja‚s ratjfs fd peysj-

njaos aok elagte wfrmlrs, as wlgg as efspjtag ilks, tf pfpugatjfo arl gfw

(djhurl 9.1). [el oucilr fd efspjtag ilks plr 1,000 pfpugatjfo js fol

fd tel gfwlst jo tel Last Asja aok Panjdjn rlhjfo, gfwlr lvlo teao tefsl fd

nfuotrjls wjte cune gfwlr jonfcl, sune as tel Gaf Plfpgl‚s Klcfnratjn

Ylpuigjn aok Tjltoac. Fo a hgfiag snagl, Jokfolsja eas sjhojdjnaotgy dlwlr

ilks teao ftelr nfuotrjls fd a sjcjgar jonfcl glvlg.[el jonrlaslk suppgy fd elagte narl aok tel dfnus fo prjcary narl fvlr

tel past dlw klnakls eavl nfotrjiutlk tf sjhojdjnaot jcprfvlclots jo

sfcl elagte futnfcls, sune as gjdl lxplntaony aok nejgk cfrtagjty. Gjdl

lxplntaony at ijrte jonrlaslk drfc 40 ylars jo 1:54 tf 4: ylars jo 9008,

aok tel jodaot cfrtagjty ratl (JCY) klnrlaslk drfc arfuok 110 plr 1,000

gjvl ijrtes jo tel largy 1:50s tf >; plr 1,000 gjvl ijrtes jo 9008 (IP^ lt

ag. 9005). Jokfolsja js fo tranm tf attajo tel Cjggloojuc Klvlgfpclot

Hfag dfr nejgk cfrtagjty (Iapploas 900:). Annfrkjoh tf hgfiag nfcpar-jsfos, Jokfolsja‚s JCY jo 9004 was gfwlr teao tel avlrahl dfr jts jonfcl

glvlg, aok jts gjdl lxplntaony was aifut avlrahl dfr jts jonfcl (djhurl 9.9).

Jokfolsja‚s plrdfrcaonl wjte rlhark tf sfcl ftelr mly elagte fut-

nfcls, efwlvlr, jongukjoh catlroag cfrtagjty aok nejgk cagoutrjtjfo, eas

illo pffr. Jokfolsja‚s catlroag cfrtagjty ratjf (CCY) js acfoh tel ejhe-

lst jo tel rlhjfo aok js cune ejhelr teao fol wfugk lxplnt dfr jts jonfcl

glvlg. Durtelrcfrl, tel prlvaglonl fd nejgk cagoutrjtjfo rlcajos ejhe

(avlrahjoh 9> plrnlot fvlr tel plrjfk 9000„04) aok js ejhe lvlo jo rlga-tjfo tf jts jonfcl glvlg (djhurl 9.>) (Xfrgk Iaom 9005). Klspjtl tel sjhojd-

jnaot jcprfvlclots jo gjdl lxplntaony, uoklr„ahl < cfrtagjty, aok jodaot

cfrtagjty, ratls arl wfrsl teao tefsl jo pllr nfuotrjls jo tel rlhjfo, jonguk-

joh Nejoa, Cagaysja, tel Pejgjppjols, [eajgaok, aok Tjltoac (taigl 9.1).

Oatjfoag avlrahl elagte jokjnatfrs casm sjhojdjnaot hlfhrapejn aok

jonfcl-rlgatlk kjsparjtjls wjtejo tel nfuotry. Jokfolsja js a garhl, kjvlrsl,

aok hlfhrapejnaggy kjsplrslk nfuotry. Jo pffrlr prfvjonls, sune as

Hfrfotagf aok Xlst Ousa [lohhara, jodaot aok nejgk cfrtagjty ratls arl

dfur tf djvl tjcls tefsl jo rjnelr prfvjonls, sune as Iagj aok Zfhyamarta

(Xfrgk Iaom 9005). Jo akkjtjfo, elagte jokjnatfrs dfr tel pffr arl dar wfrsl

teao tefsl dfr tel rjne2 tel nejgk cfrtagjty ratl acfoh tel pffrlst qujotjgl

jo 900> was >.< tjcls tel ratl acfoh tel rjnelst qujotjgls (djhurl 9.;)

(Iapploas 900:).




9 8

Nacifkja

Nejoa

JokfolsjaGaf PKY

Cagaysja

Pejgjppjols

âcfa [eajgaok

Tjltoac

0

9

;

4

5

k f n t f r s p l r 1 , 0

0 0 p f p

u g a t j f o

10 100 9<0 1,000 9,<00 10,000 9<,000

HKP plr napjta

10 100 9<0 1,000 9,<00 10,000 9<,000

HKP plr napjta

a. Kfntfr suppgy vs. jonfcl, 9000„04

Nacifkja

N

Jok

Pejgjppjols

[eajgao

Tjltoac

<

1<

<0

e l a g t e w f r m l r s p l r 1 , 0

0 0 p f p u g a t j f o

9<0 1,000

HKP

i. Elagte wfrml

JokfolsjaNacifkja

Nejoa

Gaf PKY CagaysjaPejgjppjolsâcfa

[eajgaokTjltoac

0

<

10

1<

e f s p j t a g i l k s p l r 1 , 0

0 0 p f p u g a t j f o

n. Efspjtag ilk suppgy vs. jonfcl, 9000„04

Djhurl 9.1 Hgfiag Nfcparjsfos fd Peysjnjao, Elagte Xfrmlr, aok Efspjtag Ilk ûppgy tf Jonfcl

^furnls2 XEF 9004= Xfrgk Iaom 900:n.

Oftl2 HKP 3 hrfss kfclstjn prfkunt. HKP kata jo nurrlot \^$. Gfh snagl. Kfntfr aok HKP arl kata dfr gatlst avajgaigl ylar.



Nejoa

Jokfolsja

Jokja

CagaysjaPejgjppjols

[eajgaok

Iaohgaklse

^rj Gaoma

Tjltoac

;0

<0

40

80

50

g j d l l x p l n

t a o n y ( y l a r s )

100 9<0 1,000 <,000 9<,000

HKP plr napjta (\^$)

100 9<0 1,000 <

HKP plr nap

a. Gjdl lxplntaony vs. jonfcl, 9004

Nejoa

Jokja

Cagays

Pejgjppjols

[eajgaok

Iaohgaklse

Jokfolsja

^rj Gaoma

Tjltoac

<

9<

100

9<0

j o d a o t c f r t a g j t y r a t l

i. Jodaot cfrtagjty v

^furnl2 Xfrgk Iaom 900:n.

Oftl2 HKP 3 hrfss kfclstjn prfkunt. Gfh snagl.

Djhurl 9.9 Gjdl Lxplntaony aok Jodaot Cfrtagjty vlrsus Jonfcl, 9004

9 5



Nejoa

Jokfolsja

Cagaysja

Pejgjppjols

[eajgaok

IaohgaklseJokja

^rj Gaoma

Tjltoac

<

9<

100

<00

9,<00

c a t l r o a g c f r t a g j t y r a t l

100 9<0 1,000 <,000 9<,000

HKP plr napjta (\^$)

100 9<0 1,000 <

HKP plr napjt

a. Catlroag cfrtagjty vs. jonfcl, 900<

Nejoa

Jokfols

Jokja

Pejgjppjo

Iaohgaklse

^rj GaomaTjltoac

<

10

9<

<0

n e j g k c a g o u t r j t j f o p r l v a g l o n l

i. Nejgk cagoutrjtjfo vs.

Djhurl 9.> Catlroag Cfrtagjty aok Nejgk Outrjtjfo vlrsus Jonfcl, 9000„04


Oftl2 HKP 3 hrfss kfclstjn prfkunt. Gfh snagl.

9 :



[el cjxlk plrdfrcaonl fd Jokfolsja‚s elagte systlc suhhlsts teat

Jokfolsja danls lqujty aok quagjty fd narl neagglohls teat hf ilyfok

jonrlasjoh tel suppgy fd elagte narl. Jonrlaslk suppgy fd elagte slrvjnls

kfls oft olnlssarjgy lquatl tf jcprfvlk annlssjijgjty fr utjgjzatjfo. Dfrlxacpgl, futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo ratls at ifte puigjn aok prjvatl danjgjtjls

rlcajo gfwlr teao tely wlrl ildfrl tel 1::8„:5 djoaonjag nrjsjs ejt

Jokfolsja, welo utjgjzatjfo ratls klngjolk iy >0 plrnlot. Agcfst fol-eagd

fd tefsl rlpfrtjoh jggolss rlgy fo slgd-trlatclot jo Jokfolsja.

Fonl plfpgl sllm trlatclot at a danjgjty, tel quagjty fd slrvjnls tely

rlnljvl js fdtlo pffr, as jokjnatlk iy aoagysls usjoh 1::8 Jokfolsja Dacjgy

Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^)9 kata tf stuky tel quagjty fd narl prfvjklrs (Iarilr,

Hlrtglr, aok Earjcurtj 9008a). [ejs rlpfrt dfggfws up fo jssuls rlgatlk tf

prfvjklr quagjty iy upkatjoh tel 1::8 aoagysjs wjte jodfrcatjfo drfc tel

gatlst rfuok fd tel JDG^. Jo akkjtjfo tf gfw-quagjty slrvjnls, elagte wfrm-

lrs, jo partjnugar peysjnjaos, arl fdtlo aislot drfc puigjn elagte danjgjtjls

(Neaukeury lt ag. 9004), aok garhl jolqujtjls lxjst jo tel kjstrjiutjfo fd

elagte wfrmlrs acfoh tel kjddlrlot rlhjfos jo Jokfolsja.

>0 Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja

[aigl 9.1 Elagte Futnfcls jo Jokfolsja aok ̂ lglntlk Nfuotrjls, 9004

Nfuotry fr rlhjfo

Gjdl

lxplntaony

\oklr-<

cfrtagjty

ratl

plr 1,000

ijrtes

Jodaot

cfrtagjty

ratl

plr 1,000

ijrtes

Catlroag

cfrtagjty

ratjf

plr 100,000

pfpugatjfo

(900<)

Nejgk

cagoutrjtjfo

ratl

(9000„04= %)

Iaohgaklse 4; 4: <9 <80 ;1

Nejoa 89 9; 90 ;< 8

Jokja 4; 84 <8 ;<0 ;;

Jokfolsja 45 >; 94 ;90 9>

Cagaysja 8; 19 10 49 ‛Pejgjppjols 81 >9 9; 9>0 91

^rj Gaoma 8< 1> 11 <5 9>

[eajgaok 80 5 8 110 ‛

Tjltoac 81 18 1< 1<0 98

Last Asja aok

Panjdjn (LAP) 48 ;; >< 954 9;

Gfwlr-cjkkgl-

jonfcl nfuotrjls

(GCN) 45 ;< >; 9>> 11


Oftl2 ‛ 3 oft avajgaigl. LAP aok GCN oucilrs arl uowljhetlk nfuotry avlrahls.



J o k f o

l s j a

K J Z f h y a m a r t

a

N l o t r a g

B a v a

N l o t r a g

M a g j c

a o t a o

K M J B a m a

r t a I a g j

L a s t M a g j c

a o t a o

O f r t e

̂ u g a w

l s j

L a s t B a v a

K J A n l e

I a o h m a

I l g j t u

o h B a c i

j Y j a

u

X l s t B

a v a

̂ f u t e

̂ u c a t r

a

̂ f u t e

̂ u g a w l

s j

O f r t e

̂ u c a t

N l o t r a g ^

̂ f u t e l

a s t

̂ u g a w l

s j

X l s t P a

p u a

P a p u

a

I l o h m u g u

G a c p

u o h

I a o t l o

Y j a u J s g a

o k s

X l s t M

a g j c a

o t a o

X l s t ̂ u

c a t r a

0

90

;0

40

50

100

190

k l

a t e s p l r 1 , 0

0 0

g j v l

i j r t e s

jodaot cfrtagjty nejgk cfrtagjty (ahl 1„< ylars)

Djhurl 9.; Jolquagjtjls acfoh Prfvjonls jo Jodaot aok Nejgk Cfrtagjty jo Jokfolsja, 9008

^furnl2 IP^ lt ag. 9005.

> 1



Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel ûppgy aok Quagjtyfd tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl

As clotjfolk aifvl, fvlr tel past klnakls a oucilr fd jcpfrtaot rldfrcs

eavl tamlo pganl jo Jokfolsja. ^fcl fd tel rldfrcs arl splnjdjn tf tel

elagte slntfr, sune as nfotrant kfntfr snelcls, aok ftelrs arl oft slntfr

splnjdjn iut eavl slrjfus jcpgjnatjfos dfr tel elagte slntfr, dfr lxacpgl,

klnlotragjzatjfo. [el dfggfwjoh js a irjld rlvjlw fd tel cfst jcpfrtaot

rldfrcs aok traosjtjfos.

KlnlotragjzatjfoKlnlotragjzatjfo js eavjoh ao jcpfrtaot jcpant fo tel plrdfrcaonl fd

tel elagte wfrmdfrnl. Jo 9000, Jokfolsja startlk a olw lra jo wejne

klnlotragjzatjfo pgays a nlotrag rfgl jo lddfrts tf jcprfvl tel rlspfosjvl-

olss fd slrvjnls tf tel ollks fd gfnag nfccuojtjls. [el ‗ijh iaoh– fd

klnlotragjzatjfo jo Jokfolsja tffm pganl jo 9001 aok was annfcpaojlk iy

prfdfuok neaohls jo tel rlspfosjijgjty dfr prfvjsjfo fd slrvjnls aok jo tel

ways teat eucao, djoaonjag, aok catlrjag rlsfurnls arl caoahlk.

Ylspfosjijgjty dfr tel jcpglclotatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls was traosdlrrlktf gfnag hfvlroclots, tfhltelr wjte agcfst a quartlr-cjggjfo elagte wfrm-

lrs. Jt was oft a peysjnag rlgfnatjfo, fogy ao akcjojstratjvl fol. \oklr

klnlotragjzatjfo, kjstrjnts arl rlspfosjigl dfr lcpgfyclot, klpgfyclot,

aok payclots. Efwlvlr, tel rlhugatjfos teat klglhatl autefrjty tf caml

klnjsjfos aok tel iukhlts rlqujrlk tf jcpglclot telc arl vahul. Jo

rlagjty, nlotrag hfvlroclot autefrjtjls rltajo mly klnjsjfo-camjoh rlspfo-

sjijgjtjls aok djoaonjag nfotrfg, aok cune-ollklk njvjg slrvjnl rldfrcs eavl

oft catlrjagjzlk.

As a rlsugt fd tel ganm fd smjgglk caopfwlr jo caoy kjstrjnts, as wlgg as

jts fwo rlguntaonl tf hjvl up jts trakjtjfoag kutjls, tel Cjojstry fd Elagte

js stjgg kllpgy jovfgvlk jo pgaoojoh aok caoahjoh rlhjfoag stadd aok prf-

hracs. Lxjstjoh slntfrag gaws eavl oft illo acloklk, akkjoh tf tel nfo-

dusjfo fvlr tel rfgl fd gfnag hfvlroclots. [el klvlgfpclot fd slntfrag

fiblntjvls, pfgjnjls, aok pgaos, aok rlgatlk tasms, sune as slttjoh cjojcuc

plrdfrcaonl staokarks, caopfwlr pgaoojoh, aok prlparatjfo fd tel

aoouag dfrcasj lxlrnjsl,> arl stjgg kfol nlotraggy iy tel cjojstry (Xfrgk

Iaom 900<).Gaw Of. >9/900; was loantlk wjte tel purpfsl fd akkrlssjoh uonlr-

tajotjls aok jrrlhugarjtjls fd tel djrst klnlotragjzatjfo gaw, Gaw Of.

99/1:::. [el prfnlss fd prfkunjoh rlhugatjfos tf jcpglclot tel gaw

tffm a gfoh tjcl, aok agtefuhe PP Of. >5/9005 (Plraturao Plclrjotae, fr




hfvlroclot rlhugatjfo) prfvjkls sfcl kltajgs fo tel kjvjsjfo fd rlspfo-

sjijgjtjls iltwllo akcjojstratjvl glvlgs, jt rlcajos tff hlolrag.

Klpgfyclot PfgjnjlsJo tel gatl 1:40s aok 1:80s, Jokfolsja‚s elagte systlc klvlgfpclot

was iaslk fo elagte nlotlrs at suikjstrjnt aok kjstrjnt-glvlg efspjtags

(CfE 1:59), wjte tel cajo hfag fd prfvjkjoh annlss tf prjcary narl.

[el oucilr fd puigjn elagte danjgjtjls hrlw stlakjgy. Nfccuojty slrv-

jnls wlrl jonguklk as wlgg, staddlk iy kfntfrs, cjkwjvls, aok oursls

uoklr njvjg slrvjnl nfotrants. [f losurl aklquatl nfvlrahl jo rlcftl fr

vlry rlcftl arlas, jt was cakl caokatfry dfr njvjg slrvaot stadd clc-ilrs tf slrvl a nlrtajo plrjfk fd tjcl jo puigjn danjgjtjls jo a gfnatjfo

kltlrcjolk iy tel hfvlroclot.

\otjg tel largy 1::0s, agg clkjnag sneffg hrakuatls autfcatjnaggy ilnacl

njvjg slrvaots aok wlrl figjhlk tf slrvl twf tf djvl ylars at a pusmlscas. [el

tlrc wfugk il djvl ylars jd tel pusmlscas was nfosjklrlk tf il jo a rlhugar

fr cfrl uriaojzlk arla, terll ylars jo a rurag arla, aok twf ylars jo a cfrl

rlcftl arla. Adtlr slrvjoh jo a rlcftl arla, peysjnjaos wlrl agsf cfrl gjmlgy

tf il annlptlk dfr durtelr splnjagjst trajojoh terfuhe tel puigjn systlc. Asa rlsugt, iy tel 1:50s, Jokfolsja‚s elagte systlc was ngfsl tf prfvjkjoh uoj-

vlrsag nfvlrahl dfr prjcary aok iasjn narl, aok lsslotjaggy agg kfntfrs, cjk-

wjvls, aok oursls wlrl lcpgfylk as njvjg slrvaots. [el prjvatl elagte narl

slntfr at tel tjcl was gjcjtlk.

Jo rlspfosl tf tel djsnag nrjsjs fd tel gatl 1:50s, efwlvlr, tel hfvlro-

clot jo tel largy 1::0s jotrfkunlk ao fvlragg pfgjny fd zlrf hrfwte fd

tel njvjg slrvjnl, as a clasurl tf nfotrfg puigjn splokjoh. \ogjml ftelr

nfuotrjls teat jotrfkunlk sune clasurls, Jokfolsja prfvjklk of lxnlp-

tjfo dfr clkjnag kfntfrs. [ejs pfgjny eak a strfoh jcpant, rlkunjoh tel

oucilr fd elagte wfrmlrs jo tel puigjn slntfr, lsplnjaggy peysjnjaos,; as jt

lgjcjoatlk tel cajo jonlotjvl dfr klpgfyclot tf rlcftl arlas. A rlga-

tjvlgy sefrt plrjfk fd caokatfry slrvjnl wfugk ofw il dfggfwlk iy

appfjotclot tf a njvjg slrvjnl pfsjtjfo.

[f cjtjhatl tel lddlnt fd tejs neaohl, tel Cjojstry fd Elagte jojtjatlk tel

Plhawaj [jkam [ltap (P[[), fr nfotrant peysjnjao snelcl, teat ejrlk rlnlot

clkjnag sneffg hrakuatls as nfotrantfrs, oft as njvjg slrvaots, aok rlqujrlk

a plrjfk fd slrvjnl jo uoklrslrvlk arlas. Adtlr teljr djrst terll ylars, P[[kfntfrs eak tel fppfrtuojty tf nfotjoul teljr lkunatjfo, hf jotf tel prj-

vatl slntfr, fr ilnfcl njvjg slrvaots iy tamjoh tel oatjfoag njvjg slrvjnl

lxacjoatjfo. [efsl P[[ kfntfrs wef eak slrvlk jo rlcftl fr vlry

rlcftl arlas terfuhe tel P[[ snelcl wfugk hlolraggy rlnljvl prjfrjty jo

Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^ystlc aok Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl >>



tel suislqulot njvjg slrvjnl rlnrujtclot prfnlss. At tel sacl tjcl,

neaohls wlrl cakl tf tel vjggahl cjkwjdl prfhrac, wejne agsf startlk

rlnrujtjoh cjkwjvls uoklr P[[ nfotrant snelcls, wjte tel lxplntatjfo

teat tel cjkwjvls wfugk lstaigjse telcslgvls as prjvatl prfvjklrs adtlr a

oucilr fd ylars as nfotrantfrs.

[el P[[ pfgjny neaohlk fvlr tjcl,< aok jo largy 9000 tel oucilr fd

hrakuatls kjrlntgy rlnrujtlk jotf tel njvjg slrvjnl ilhao tf dagg. Jd fol

assucls teat aifut <,000 clkjnag stuklots hrakuatl lane ylar (Xfrgk

Iaom 900:i), tel puigjn slntfr fogy aisfrilk aifut ;0 plrnlot terfuhe

tel P[[ prfhrac. Clkjnag hrakuatls wlrl hrfwjoh cfrl kjssatjsdjlk wjte

tel prfhrac pfgjny aok caokatfry slrvjnl. As a rlsugt, jo 9008, nfcpug-sfry P[[ nfotrants wlrl aifgjselk.

[el hfvlroclot rlcajolk nfonlrolk aifut prfvjkjoh clkjnag narl jo

rlcftl aok rurag arlas, efwlvlr. A olw pfgjny was lstaigjselk fddlrjoh a

sjx-cfote plrjfk fd slrvjnl jo rlcftl arlas dfr olw hrakuatls aok ao

attrantjvl sagary panmahl. Jo akkjtjfo tf tel iasl sagary, tel olw hrakuatls

rlnljvlk a cfotegy ifous acfuotjoh tf as cune as twf-aok-a-eagd tjcls

tel iasl dfr vlry rlcftl pfstjohs. [ejs jonlotjvl panmahl (hlolrfus rlcu-

olratjfo aok a sefrt tlrc fd slrvjnl), nfcijolk wjte a hrfwjoh oucilr fd clkjnag hrakuatls lotlrjoh tel gaifr carmlt adtlr ao lxpaosjfo jo tel

oucilr fd clkjnag sneffgs, eas jonrlaslk tel jotlrlst fd hrakuatls jo rurag

aok rlcftl pfstjohs. Jo akkjtjfo, slrvjnl as a P[[ nfotrant kfntfr jo a

rlcftl arla stjgg nfotrjiutls tf pfsjtjvl lvaguatjfo dfr rlnrujtclot jotf

tel njvjg slrvjnl.

Pgaoojoh dfr Elagte Xfrmdfrnl Ollks

^jonl tel 1:50s, tel Cjojstry fd Elagte eas uslk slvlrag apprfanels tfkltlrcjol stadd ollks, usjoh prfblntjfos iaslk fo nfccuojty elagte sta-

tus, klcfhrapejn neaohls, aok lxjstjoh elagte prfhracs. [el largjlst

apprfane was tf usl cjojcuc staokarks dfr staddjoh ollks, dfr lxacpgl,

fol kfntfr plr pusmlscas. [ejs was wjklgy nfosjklrlk jcprantjnag ilnausl

jt kjk oft rldglnt antuag ollk. Agtefuhe hujklgjols dfr olw cltefks teat

taml annfuot fd klcaok eavl illo kjstrjiutlk, gjttgl js mofwo aifut

gfnag hfvlroclots‚ antuag usl fd telc (Xfrgk Iaom 9005).

Adtlr tel 9001 klnlotragjzatjfo, kjstrjnts rlnljvlk autefrjty tf caoahl

pusmlscas aok puigjn efspjtags, iut tel autefrjty tf ejrl aok djrl stadd rlcajos vahul. [el kjstrjnts kjrlnt rlqulsts dfr olw stadd, partjnugargy

stratlhjn stadd sune as kfntfrs, cjkwjvls, aok oursls, tf tel Cjojstry fd

Elagte terfuhe tel prfvjonl. Cfst kjstrjnts stjgg rldlr tf oatjfoag staddjoh

>; Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



staokarks ratelr teao antuag klcaok dfr slrvjnls welo slokjoh teljr

staddjoh rlqulst.

[el Cjojstry fd Elagte aggfnatls stadd iaslk fo avajgaigl rlsfurnls aok

fo tel dfrcasj dfr a partjnugar kjstrjnt, agtefuhe avajgaigl dfrcasj kf oft

agways catne wjte kjstrjnt ollk. [el gjnlosjoh fd olw prjvatl elagte

prfvjklrs aok slrvjnl pfjots js tel rlspfosjijgjty fd gfnag hfvlroclots.

Efwlvlr, of nglar hujklgjols fr nrjtlrja lxjst as tf efw tf kltlrcjol tel

ollk dfr olw lstaigjseclots. Adtlr klnlotragjzatjfo, tel nlotrag-glvlg pgao-

ojoh uojt gfst cune fd jts jodfrcatjfo fo tel oucilr fd prjvatl prfvjklrs.

Kuag Prantjnl aok Prfvjklr Payclot Cltefks[el pfgjny fd aggfwjoh puigjn lcpgfylls tf wfrm as prjvatl prfvjklrs was

jotloklk tf nrlatl ao jonlotjvl dfr peysjnjaos aok cjkwjvls tf stay gfohlr

jo teljr kuty pfsts. Efwlvlr, scagg oucilrs fd patjlots, ganm fd annlss tf

durtelr lkunatjfo, aok cjsslk fppfrtuojtjls arl nfccfo jo rlcftl arlas

aok fdtlo stjgg caml jt kjddjnugt tf rltajo plrsfoolg. [el vjggahl cjkwjdl

prfhrac eas illo sunnlssdug jo klpgfyjoh cjkwjvls tf vjggahls, iut jt agsf

suddlrs drfc ejhe turofvlr, gfw cftjvatjfo, aok rltlotjfo prfiglcs.

Prfvjklr payclot cltefks arl acfoh caoy tffgs pfgjny camlrs nao usltf jcprfvl lddjnjlony aok arl fol fd tel nrjtjnag dantfrs addlntjoh elagte

wfrmdfrnl ileavjfr.4 Jo Jokfolsja, fogy a vlry dlw purneasjoh aok payclot

cltefks arl uslk, dfr lxacpgl, sagarjls dfr njvjg slrvaots aok P[[ nfotran-

tfrs jo puigjn prjcary narl, aok dlls dfr slrvjnls jo efspjtags aok tefsl fd

prjvatl prfvjklrs. [elsl cltefks kf oft suddjnjlotgy gjom plrdfrcaonl tf

payclot, ofr kf tely nrlatl jonlotjvls tf prfvjkl ilttlr-quagjty slrvjnls.

Puigjn LxplokjturlsJokfolsja‚s puigjn lxplokjturls jo tel elagte slntfr jonrlaslk sjhojdj-

naotgy fvlr tel past klnakl (Iapploas 900:) iut rlcajo gfw nfcparlk

tf tefsl fd ftelr nfuotrjls jo tel rlhjfo (Yfmx lt ag. 900:= Xfrgk Iaom

9005). Jonrlasls jo elagte splokjoh rldglnt tel hfvlroclot‚s prjfrjty fo

elagte, rlgatjvl tf ftelr slntfrs, as wlgg as tel avajgaijgjty fd djsnag spanl.

Jokfolsja‚s napanjty tf jonrlasl elagte splokjoh hrfws as djsnag spanl

jonrlasls, lvlo wjte tel nurrlot djoaonjag nrjsjs.

Djsnag spanl jcpgjls oft fogy ao jonrlasl jo ofcjoag splokjoh, iut agsf

jcprfvjoh tel lddjnjlony fd nurrlot futgays (Xfrgk Iaom 900:a). [elwahls fd tel elagte wfrmdfrnl nfcpfsl tel garhlst searl fd puigjn

splokjoh fo elagte‛51 plrnlot fd gfnag hfvlroclot rfutjol elagte

lxplokjturls (Xfrgk Iaom 9005). \sjoh varjfus payclot aggfwaonls

Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^ystlc aok Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl ><



cfrl stratlhjnaggy aok jcpglclotjoh rlsugts-iaslk payclot clneaojscs

arl jcpfrtaot nfosjklratjfos jo djoaonjoh ifte cfrl aok ilttlr-quagjty

elagte slrvjnls (Tubjnjn, Fejrj, aok ^parmls 900:).

[el Quagjty fd Lkunatjfoag Jostjtutjfos[el elagte lkunatjfo systlc jtslgd, tel annrlkjtatjfo fd lkunatjfo jostjtu-

tjfos, aok tel nlrtjdjnatjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs arl suiblnts fd nfonlro fvlr

quagjty. Agtefuhe sfcl systlcs eavl illo lstaigjselk, sune as teat wejne

annrlkjts clkjnag, cjkwjdlry, aok oursjoh sneffgs, annrlkjtatjfo js oft

plrdfrclk iy ao joklploklot ifky. Jo akkjtjfo, slrjfus kldjnjlonjls lxjst

jo tel staokarks, camjoh annrlkjtatjfo vlry kjddjnugt tf ilhjo wjte, aokannrlkjtatjfos teat eavl illo nfokuntlk arl oft puigjnjzlk. At tel sacl

tjcl, prjvatl jostjtutjfos prfkunjoh garhl oucilrs fd peysjnjaos, cjk-

wjvls, aok oursls arl hrfwjoh rapjkgy wjte gjttgl fvlrsjhet fvlr teljr quag-

jty (Xfrgk Iaom 900:i).

Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr

Agtefuhe tel prjvatl elagte slntfr eas hrfwo jo snagl, fvlrsjhet iy tel pui-

gjn slntfr rlcajos vlry gjcjtlk. Gjttgl js mofwo aifut prjvatl prfvjklrs, telquagjty fd teljr slrvjnls, aok efw caoy efurs tely wfrm. [el hfvlroclot

eas gfst cfst fd jts aijgjty tf jodgulonl aok fvlrsll tel prjvatl slntfr, tel

quagjty aok prfvjsjfo fd jts slrvjnls, aok jts hlfhrapejn kjstrjiutjfo. ^fcl

rlnlot stukjls kf akkrlss tel prjvatl slntfr aok wjgg il kjsnusslk welrl rlg-

lvaot, jongukjoh tel Jojtjatjvl dfr Catlroag Cfrtagjty Prfhraccl

Asslssclot (JCCPAN[) stukjls, wejne dfnus fo cjkwjvls, aok a rlnlot

stuky fo elagte wfrmlrs fo Bava.

Lstjcatls dfr agg natlhfrjls fd elagte narl prfvjklrs jokjnatl a hrfwjohprjvatl slntfr elagte wfrmdfrnl (sll Mofwgls aok Carzfgd 900>). [elsl

prfvjklrs wfrm jo prjvatl danjgjtjls (prjvatl efspjtags, trlatclot ngjojns) fr

jo teljr fwo prjvatl prantjnls, wjte fr wjtefut ao appfjotclot iy tel

hfvlroclot. Cfrlfvlr, ilnausl tel clcilrsejp gjsts aok assfnjatlk

jodfrcatjfo teat tel prfdlssjfoag sfnjltjls cajotajo arl oft up tf katl

(Elywffk aok Earaeap 900:), jt js gjmlgy teat caoy fd tel stukjls sjhojd-

jnaotgy uoklrlstjcatl tel sjzl fd tel prjvatl slntfr.

\oklrgyjoh [raosjtjfosJo Jokfolsja, as jo caoy ftelr nfuotrjls, dlrtjgjty ratls eavl klngjolk aok

tel pfpugatjfo js startjoh tf ahl. [ejs klcfhrapejn traosjtjfo aok jts assf-

njatlk lpjklcjfgfhjnag traosjtjfo wjgg neaohl tel nfcpfsjtjfo fd klcaok

dfr elagte slrvjnls aok olnlssjtatl akkjtjfoag rldfrcs tf elagte wfrmdfrnl




pgaoojoh aok caoahlclot. A oucilr fd lvlots jo tel duturl cay put

akkjtjfoag strlss fo tel elagte slntfr aok eucao rlsfurnls jo partjnugar.

[el neaohjoh kjslasl pattlros (rapjkgy lclrhjoh ofonfccuojnaigl kjs-

lasls ]ONKsS aok joburjls, wejgl nfccuojnaigl kjslasls nfotjoul tf

sprlak) aok rllclrhjoh elagte jssuls sune as pfgjf, EJT/AJK^, aok avjao

jodguloza arl gjmlgy tf rlqujrl a kjddlrlot smjgg cjx.

Cfrl plfpgl wjgg suddlr drfc ONKs as a rlsugt fd ahjoh aok jonrlaslk

prlvaglonl fd rjsm dantfrs sune as filsjty aok scfmjoh.8 [el klcaok dfr

nuratjvl aok jopatjlot narl wjgg jonrlasl, wjte jcpfrtaot jcpgjnatjfos dfr

tel oucilr fd efspjtag ilks rlqujrlk, as wlgg as smjgg rlqujrlclots dfr olw

elagte plrsfoolg. At tel sacl tjcl, tel klcaok dfr nfrl puigjn elagteduontjfos (survljggaonl, jccuojzatjfo, elagte prfcftjfo) wjgg nfotjoul

fr jonrlasl.

Jo tel claotjcl, elagte slrvjnl klgjvlry jo Jokfolsja rlgjls fo a fol-

sjzl-djts-agg cfklg, agtefuhe hrlat varjatjfo lxjsts jo elagte ollks anrfss

Jokfolsja‚s vast aok kjvlrsl tlrrjtfry. Tarjlk elagte futnfcls rldglntjoh

plrdfrcaonl arl sllo, wjte rapjkgy klngjojoh jodaot cfrtagjty aok catlr-

oag cfrtagjty ratls jo prfvjonls sune as Bava aok Iagj, iut tf a dar glss

lxtlot jo lastlro Jokfolsja, dfr lxacpgl. [el elagte slntfr wjgg ollk tfrlspfok tf tejs varjatjfo jo klcaok wjte neaohls jo jts staddjoh pfgjnjls

aok stadd smjgg cjx.

Oftls

1. Iaslk fo kata drfc tel oatjfoag njvjg slrvjnl ahlony, IMO (Iakao

Mlplhawajao Olhara), dfr 900>= ettp2//www.imo.hf.jk/statVjokf.

9. [el JDG^ js a kata sfurnl avajgaigl at ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG .̂

>. [el dfrcasj js ao aoouag upkatl fd autefrjzlk njvjg slrvjnl (Plhawaj Olhlrj, fr

PO^) pfsts jo nlotrag ahlonjls aok rlhjfoag hfvlroclots. Gfnag hfvlroclots

rlnrujt iaslk fo tel dfrcasj, uoklr strjnt hujklgjols aok suplrvjsjfo iy tel

Cjojstry fd ^tatl Apparatus Yldfrc (CLOPAO).

;. [el trloks jo klosjty fd elagte wfrmlrs dfr pfpugatjfo sefw ao jonrlasl drfc

1:5< tf 1::9, iut a klnrlasl adtlr 1::9, welo tel zlrf-hrfwte pfgjny was

loantlk aok of olw clkjnag plrsfoolg nfugk il rlnrujtlk (Iarilr, Hlrtglr,

aok Earjcurtj 9008i). [el P[[ prfhrac, efwlvlr, elgplk tf rlvlrsl tel

olhatjvl jcpant, aok telrl eas illo ao jonrlasl jo ratjfs sjonl jts jonlptjfo.<. Dfr a kltajglk fvlrvjlw fd tel P[[ prfhrac fvlr tel past twf klnakls, sll

Mguysmlos aok Djrkaus (9008) aok Yuswlokj (9008).

4. ‗Prfvjklr payclot– rldlrs tf prfnlssls terfuhe wejne duoks arl traosdlrrlk

drfc purneaslrs tf tel prfvjklrs dfr elagte slrvjnls (Hfttrlt, ^nejlilr, aok

Xatlrs 9005).

Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^ystlc aok Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl >8



8. [elsl neaohls aok tel suislqulot neaohl jo klcaok dfr elagte narl wlrl

lstjcatlk jo a rlnlot stuky dfr tel prfvjonls fd Last Bava aok Nlotrag Bava.

Annfrkjoh tf tel lstjcatls, tel rlgatjvl jcpfrtaonl fd ONKs jo tel duturl

kjslasl iurklo jo telsl twf prfvjonls wjgg jonrlasl drfc >: plrnlot jo 900<

tf <4 plrnlot jo 9090, jd tel assucptjfo fd sjhojdjnaot rlkuntjfos jo nfccu-

ojnaigl kjslasls efgks. Lvlo efgkjoh nfccuojnaigl kjslasls lquag, tel ONK

searl wfugk rjsl tf ;> plrnlot (Nefj lt ag. 9008).

Yldlrlonls

Iapploas. 900:. Plciaohuoao Mlsleatao kao Hjzj kj Jokfolsja2 Fvlrvjlw kao Araeml Klpao2 Ianmhrfuok ^tuky YPBCO 9010„901; (Elagte aok Outrjtjfoag

Klvlgfpclot jo Jokfolsja2 Ao Fvlrvjlw aok Duturl Kjrlntjfos2 Ianmhrfuok

^tuky YPBCO 9010„901;). Bamarta2 Iapploas.

Iarilr, ̂ . G., P. B. Hlrtglr, aok P. Earjcurtj. 9008a. ‗Kjddlrlonls jo Annlss tf Ejhe-

Quagjty Futpatjlot Narl jo Jokfolsja.– Elagte Addajrs 94 (>)2 w><9„44.

‛‛‛. 9008i. ‗[el Nfotrjiutjfo fd Eucao Ylsfurnls dfr Elagte tf tel Quagjty

fd Narl jo Jokfolsja.– Elagte Addajrs 94 (>)2 w>48„8:.

IP^ (Iakao Pusat ^tatjstjm ]Jokfolsja ^tatjstjns IurlauS), Oatjfoag Dacjgy Pgaoojoh

Nffrkjoatjoh Ifark, Cjojstry fd Elagte, aok Canrf Jotlroatjfoag. 9005.

Klcfhrapejn aok Elagte ûrvly 9008 . Nagvlrtfo, CK2 IP^ aok Canrf

Jotlroatjfoag. ettp2//klcfhradj.ips.hf.jk/vlrsj9/joklx.pep.

Neaukeury, O., B. Eacclr, C. Mrlclr, M. Curagjkearo, aok D. E. Yfhlrs. 9004.

‗Cjssjoh jo Antjfo2 [lanelr aok Elagte Xfrmlr Aislonl jo Klvlgfpjoh

Nfuotrjls.– Bfuroag fd Lnfofcjn Plrsplntjvls 90 (1)2 :1„114.

Nefj, Z., B. Drjlkcao, P. Elywffk, aok ^. Mfslo. 9008. ‗Dfrlnastjoh Elagte Narl

Klcaok jo a Cjkkgl-Jonfcl Nfuotry2 Kjslasl [raosjtjfos jo Last aok Nlotrag

Bava, Jokfolsja.– Ylslarne Xfrmjoh Paplr. Xfrgk Iaom, Xasejohtfo, KN.Hfttrlt, P., H. B. ^nejlilr, aok E. Y. Xatlrs, lks. 9005. Hffk Prantjnls jo Elagte

Djoaonjoh2 Glssfos drfc Yldfrcs jo Gfw- aok Cjkkgl-Jonfcl Nfuotrjls.

Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Elywffk, P. D., aok O. P. Earaeap. 900:. ‗Eucao Ylsfurnls dfr Elagte at tel

Kjstrjnt Glvlg jo Jokfolsja2 [el ^cfml aok Cjrrfrs fd Klnlotragjzatjfo.–

Eucao Ylsfurnls dfr Elagte 900: 824.

Mguysmlos, B., aok C. Djrkaus. 9008. ‗ Asslssclot fd Ylhugatfry Ylspfosjijgjtjls

aok Caoahlclot fd Elagte Xfrm Dfrnl.– Nfosugtaot rlpfrt, Xfrgk Iaom,Bamarta.

Mofwgls, B. N., aok B. Y. Carzfgd. 900>. Elagte Djoaonjoh dfr tel Pffr jo Jokfolsja.

Nfosugtaot Ylpfrt. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

CfE (Cjojstry fd Elagte). 1:59. Oatjfoag Elagte ^ystlc. Bamarta2 Jokfolsja.




Yfmx, N., H. ̂ nejlilr, P. Earjcurtj, A. [aokfo, aok A. ̂ fcaoateao. 900:. Elagte

Djoaonjoh jo Jokfolsja2 A Yldfrc Yfak Cap. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.





Tubjnjn, C., M. Fejrj, aok ^. ^parmls. 900:. Xfrmjoh jo Elagte2 Djoaonjoh aok

Caoahjoh tel Puigjn ^lntfr Elagte Xfrmdfrnl. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

XEF (Xfrgk Elagte Frhaojzatjfo). 9004. Xfrmjoh [fhltelr dfr Elagte2 [el Xfrgk

Elagte Ylpfrt 9004. Hlolva2 XEF.

Xfrgk Iaom. 900<. Njvjg ^lrvjnl Yldfrcs at tel Ylhjfoag Glvlg2 Fppfrtuojtjls aok

Nfostrajots. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 9005. Jovlstjoh jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte2 Neagglohls aok Fppfrtuojtjls dfr


Iaom.

‛‛‛. 900:a. Hjvjoh Cfrl Xljhet tf Elagte2 Asslssjoh Djsnag ^panl dfr Elagte jo

Jokfolsja. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 900:i. Jokfolsja‚s Kfntfrs, Cjkwjvls, aok Oursls2 Nurrlot ^tfnm, Jonrlasjoh

Ollks, Duturl Neagglohls, aok Fptjfos. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 900:n. Xfrgk Klvlgfpclot Jokjnatfrs. Xasejohtfo, KN2 Xfrgk Iaom.

Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^ystlc aok Pfgjnjls Addlntjoh tel Elagte Xfrmdfrnl >:





;1

[el nurrlot Jokfolsjao elagte systlc nfcprjsls puigjn aok prjvatl elagte

slrvjnls. [el prfvjsjfo fd puigjn elagte slrvjnls js tel rlspfosjijgjty fd tel

Cjojstry fd Elagte (CfE) aok suioatjfoag hfvlroclots. [elsl puigjn sln-

tfr antfrs klgjvlr ifte jopatjlot aok futpatjlot slrvjnls. Claowejgl, prjvatl

elagte narl eas illo hrfwjoh rapjkgy. Jt nfosjsts fd aciugatfry slrvjnls

prfvjklk iy prjvatl prantjtjfolrs aok iy hfvlroclot clkjnag stadd fplrat-

joh prjvatl prantjnls part-tjcl, as wlgg as prjvatl ngjojns aok splnjagjzlk

efspjtags teat prfvjkl jopatjlot narl.Jokfolsja‚s apprfane tf elagte systlc klvlgfpclot eas dfggfwlk tel

Agca Ata ‗Elagte dfr Agg– parakjhc jo teat jt eas dfnuslk fo jotlhratlk

slrvjnl prfvjsjfo at tel prjcary narl glvlg.1 Pusmlscas arl tel gjonepjo fd

tel elagte systlc, wejne js nearantlrjzlk iy elavy rlgjaonl fo elagte

wfrmlrs, oft olnlssarjgy peysjnjaos, jo tel djlgk. As wjte caoy klvlgfpjoh

nfuotrjls at teat tjcl, Jokfolsja lxpaoklk jts rurag prjcary elagte danjgj-

tjls aok cfvlk away drfc sfgl attlotjfo tf uriao efspjtags. Jokfolsja eas

garhlgy anejlvlk tel hfag fd lxpaokjoh jts prjcary narl jodrastrunturl aokpganjoh a elagte wfrmlr jo lane vjggahl. Jo akkjtjfo, iy glhagjzjoh kuag

prantjnl, tel hfvlroclot eas prfcftlk jonrlaslk avajgaijgjty fd slrvjnls

as tel prjvatl elagte slntfr eas hrfwo.

N E A P [ L Y >

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo

fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok

Elagte Danjgjtjls



Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs, 1::4„9004

[ejs slntjfo lxacjols tel hrfwte jo tel oucilr fd peysjnjaos aok cjk-wjvls jo Jokfolsja. Kata fo tel oucilr fd oursls arl oft rlgjaigl, aok

telrldfrl tely arl oft jonguklk jo tel aoagysjs fd tel suppgy fd slrvjnls.

Jt js jcpfrtaot tf kjstjohujse iltwllo puigjn aok prjvatl prfvjklrs, agtefuhe

tel kjstjontjfo eas illo sfclweat acijhufus sjonl kuag prantjnl was

aggfwlk iy gaw jo tel 1:80s. ^jonl telo tel hfvlroclot fd Jokfolsja eas

aggfwlk peysjnjaos aok cjkwjvls tf laro akkjtjfoag jonfcl drfc prjvatl

prantjnls fplratlk adtlr puigjn wfrmjoh efurs, wejne, jd gunratjvl, nfugk glak

tf jcprfvlk rltlotjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs jo rurag aok rlcftl arlas. Jo akkj-tjfo tf prfvjkjoh cfrl larojoh fppfrtuojtjls dfr elagte wfrmlrs, aggfwjoh

kuag prantjnl was agsf lxplntlk tf jonrlasl tel suppgy fd elagte slrvjnls iy

nrlatjoh ao jonlotjvl dfr prfvjklrs tf wfrm gfohlr efurs.

At prlslot, agcfst 80 plrnlot fd pusmlscas peysjnjaos aok aifut

:> plrnlot fd cjkwjvls agsf prfvjkl prjvatl slrvjnls kurjoh ofopuigjn

efurs (Losfr lt ag. 9005= Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly ]JDG^S 9008,

ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^). Efwlvlr, as eas illo tel nasl jo

caoy nfuotrjls welrl kuag prantjnl fnnurs, jt cay eavl jokunlk prfvjklr

prldlrlonl dfr slttglclot jo uriao arlas, welrl prjvatl prantjnl fppfrtu-

ojtjls arl hlolraggy hrlatlr. Dfr Jokfolsja, aoagysjs fd tel ûrvly fd Tjggahl

Pftlotjag (Pftlosj Klsa, fr PFKL^) kata prfvjkls sfcl josjhet jotf tel

jonrlaslk avajgaijgjty fd prjvatl slrvjnls.9 [ejs wjgg il kjsnusslk ilgfw,

adtlr a cfrl hlolrag kjsnussjfo fd hrfwte jo tel oucilrs fd kjddlrlot

typls fd prantjtjfolrs.

Jokfolsjao Peysjnjaos

PFKL^ kata jokjnatl teat Jokfolsja eas cfrl teao 15 peysjnjaos dfr lvlry

100,000 plfpgl, a 4 plrnlot jonrlasl jo tel ratjf sjonl 1::4 (taigl >.1).>

Agtefuhe tel ratjf rfsl drfc 1<.8 peysjnjaos plr 100,000 plfpgl jo 1::4,

tf 15.; jo 9004, jt rlcajos gfw iy jotlroatjfoag staokarks (Xfrgk Iaom

900:). Cfrlfvlr, fol sefugk oftl teat rjhet adtlr tel djoaonjag nrjsjs, tel

oucilr fd peysjnjaos plr 100,000 plfpgl klnrlaslk suistaotjaggy, partjnu-

gargy jo tel waml fd tel zlrf hrfwte pfgjny dfr tel njvjg slrvjnl teat was

suislqulotgy put jo pganl (Iarilr, Hlrtglr, aok Earjcurtj 9008i). [eat

sefugk il mlpt jo cjok welo jotlrprltjoh tel sllcjohgy scagg jonrlasl jotel elagte wfrmlr tf pfpugatjfo ratjf fvlr tel past 10 ylars.

[el ahhrlhatl oucilrs casm sjhojdjnaot kjsparjtjls jo tel oucilr fd

elagte wfrmlrs iltwllo uriao aok rurag arlas, wjte a nglar uriao ijas.

Agtefuhe agcfst 80 plrnlot fd Jokfolsjaos gjvlk jo rurag arlas jo 900<,;

uriao arlas jo agg rlhjfos nfosjstlotgy eavl cfrl peysjnjaos plr 100,000

;9 Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



plfpgl, wjte ratjfs at glast sjx tjcls hrlatlr teao tefsl jo rurag arlas. Jo9008, uriao arlas eak >4 peysjnjaos dfr lvlry 100,000 plfpgl, welrlas

rurag arlas eak fogy 4 dfr lvlry 100,000 plfpgl. Fogy 90 plrnlot fd

peysjnjaos arl iaslk jo rurag arlas welrl tel cabfrjty fd tel pfpugatjfo

gjvls. [el hap iltwllo uriao aok rurag rlcajos vlry garhl klspjtl sfcl

sjhojdjnaot prfpfrtjfoag jcprfvlclots sjonl 1::4, welo tel kjddlrlonl

was lvlo garhlr, at ljhet tjcls hrlatlr jo uriao arlas.

[el kjsparjtjls jo avajgaijgjty fd elagte prfvjklrs cay il lvlo cfrl prf-

ofuonlk acfoh uriao, rurag, rlcftl, aok vlry rlcftl rlhjfos. ^fcl kata

navlats tf mllp jo cjok welo jotlrprltjoh telsl rlsugts arl tel neaohls

jotrfkunlk jo tel ngassjdjnatjfos fd rurag, rlcftl, aok uriao arlas, as wlgg

as neaohls jo hlfhrapejnag ifuokarjls fd vjggahls sjonl klnlotragjzatjfo

(teat js, tel clrhjoh fd vjggahls aok tel rlassjhoclot fd sfcl tf kjddlrlot

kjstrjnts). [el kldjojtjfo fd ‗rurag– uslk jo kata sfurnls js agsf irfak aok

cay taml jo a vlry eltlrfhlolfus hrfup fd slttglclots, raohjoh drfc vlry

rlcftl, jsfgatlk eacglts tf plrjuriao arlas. Agtefuhe, jo aisfgutl tlrcs,

dlwlr peysjnjaos wlrl prantjnjoh jo rurag arlas jo 9008 teao jo 1::8, tel

peysjnjao tf pfpugatjfo ratjf jonrlaslk iy 10 plrnlot. [ejs pelofclofojs kul jo part tf lcjhratjfo drfc rurag arlas, wejne eas rlkunlk rurag

pfpugatjfo klosjty.

A rlhjfoag aoagysjs sefws durtelr teat kjsparjtjls iltwllo uriao aok

rurag arlas arl lvlo hrlatlr jo prfvjonls futsjkl fd Bava aok Iagj.< Xelrl

Bava aok Iagj dfggfw tel trlok jo tel oatjfoag avlrahl, ûcatra aok Ftelr

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls ;>

[aigl >.1 Kjstrjiutjfo fd Peysjnjaos jo Jokfolsja,1::4„9004

Arla

Oucilr Plr 100,000 rlsjklots

1::4 9004 Neaohl (%) 1::4 9004 Neaohl (%)

Oatjfoag >1,<;> >:,45; 9<.5 1<.4< 15.>4 18.;

\riao 9>,58: >9,05> >;.; ;0.9; >4.15 „10.1

Yurag 8,44; 8,401 „0.59 <.>: <.:4 10.4

Bava aok Iagj 1:,4>< 9>,:;; 99.0 14.15 15.<> 1;.<

\riao 14,1;1 90,5:4 9:.< >5.:8 >;.04 „19.4

Yurag >,;:; >,0;5 „19.5 ;.>8 ;.;: 9.5

ûcatra 4,905 5,<>1 >8.; 1;.49 15.89 95.1

\riao ;,>94 4,90> ;>.; ;1.:5 ;1.14 „1.:

Yurag 1,559 9,>95 9>.8 <.5< 8.4> >0.;

Ftelr Prfvjonls <,800 8,90: 94.< 1<.0: 18.;; 1<.4

\riao >,;19 ;,:5; ;4.1 ;;.84 ;0.4> „:.9

Yurag 9,955 9,99< „9.5 8.<: 8.44 0.:

^furnl2 PFKL^ (Pftlosj Klsa) survly drfc Jokfolsja‚s Nlotrag Iurlau fd ^tatjstjns (IP^) 1::4, 9004,

ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/ips/pfkls/.



Prfvjonls eavl lvlo hrlatlr kjsparjtjls iltwllo uriao aok rurag arlas jo

tel ratjf fd peysjnjaos tf pfpugatjfo.

Neaohls jo nfotrant peysjnjao (plhawaj tjkam tltap, fr P[[) prfhrac

pfgjny fvlr rlnlot ylars (sll neaptlr 9) arl rldglntlk jo tel dguntuatjoh

oucilrs fd P[[ nfotrant kfntfrs (taigl >.9). Xelrlas agcfst >,000

olw hrakuatls lotlrlk tel elagte gaifr dfrnl as P[[ kfntfrs kurjoh tel

djrst klnakl fd tel prfhrac, dlwlr lotlrlk welo kjssatjsdantjfo wjte tel

prfhrac ilnacl wjklsprlak. Adtlr tel prfhrac nlaslk tf il nfcpug-

sfry, tel oucilrs klngjolk durtelr. [el suislqulot jotrfkuntjfo fd a

sjx-cfote nfotrant, wjte a ejhe sagary dfr rlcftl arla slrvjnl, applars

tf eavl jonrlaslk tel oucilr fd hrakuatls sjhojoh up. At tel sacl tjcl,tel ejhe glvlg fd turofvlr teat js jostjtutjfoagjzlk iy fddlrjoh tlrcs as

sefrt as sjx cfotes nao agsf rlsugt jo a tlcpfrary ganm fd peysjnjaos aok

cay agsf jcpajr quagjty, sjonl cfst rlnlot hrakuatls fogy eavl gjcjtlk

prantjnag lxplrjlonl.

[el rlgatjvlgy garhl klngjol jo tel oucilr fd P[[ peysjnjaos jo

pusmlscas jo arlas ratlk ‗frkjoary– (oljtelr ‗rlcftl– ofr ‗vlry rlcftl–)

nfugk jokjnatl teat cfrl hrakuatls eavl rlnlotgy cfvlk jotf prjvatl

prantjnl. Cfrlfvlr, tel kuag prantjnl pfgjny cay eavl durtelr lonfurahlkolw hrakuatls tf hf jotf prjvatl prantjnl aok sllm lcpgfyclot jo cfrl

uriao arlas. Jo rurag arlas, dlwlr fppfrtuojtjls arjsl tf hajo lxtra jonfcl

drfc prjvatl prantjnl, camjoh rurag, aok lsplnjaggy rlcftl, pfstjohs uoat-

trantjvl. Largjlr rlslarne jo Jokfolsja aok lgslwelrl eas klcfostratlk

teat tel ifous jo akkjtjfo tf iasl sagary teat cust il pajk tf attrant

peysjnjaos tf wfrm jo rlcftl arlas nao il prfejijtjvlgy nfstgy (Nefcjtz

lt ag. 1::5). Efwlvlr tel ifous dfr P[[ kfntfrs tf slrvl jo vlry rlcftl

arlas, tfhltelr wjte tel gjcjtlk slrvjnl plrjfk, eas attrantlk a rjsjoh ouc-ilr fd olw hrakuatls.

;; Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja

[aigl >.9 P[[ Peysjnjaos Ylnrujtclot aok Gfnatjfo Ngassjdjnatjfo, 1::9„9008

Plrjfk

P[[ kfntfrs rlnrujtclot aok gfnatjfo ngassjdjnatjfo

Frkjoary Ylcftl Tlry rlcftl [ftag

1::9„9009 1:,<;: 8,0;9 >,980 9:,541

Avlrahl plr ylar 1,:<< 80; >98 9,:54900>„04 >,594 9,<18 1,55< 5,995

Avlrahl plr ylar :<8 49: ;81 9,0<8

9004„08 ::< 1,;5: 1,800 ;,15;

Avlrahl plr ylar ;:5 8;< 5<0 9,0:>

^furnl2 Yuswlokj 9008.



Jokfolsjao Cjkwjvls

Jokfolsja eas of nlotrag rlhjstratjfo systlc dfr oursls fr cjkwjvls, aok

elonl of up-tf-katl jodfrcatjfo js avajgaigl fo teljr oucilrs. Annfrkjoh

tf PFKL^, wejne at prlslot js tel cfst annuratl sfurnl fd kata,

Jokfolsja eak agcfst 50,000 cjkwjvls jo 9004. [el oucilr fd cjkwjvls

plr napjta jonrlaslk drfc >< plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo jo 1::4, tf >8 plr

100,000 jo 9004. As wjte peysjnjaos, tejs ahhrlhatl djhurl casms jciag-

aonls jo kjstrjiutjfo. \ogjml tel kjstrjiutjfo fd peysjnjaos, efwlvlr,

rurag arlas eavl ejhelr ratjfs teao uriao arlas (taigl >.>). [el PFKL^

kata agsf sefw teat ratjfs arl ejhelr jo prfvjonls futsjkl Bava aok Iagj

aok jo tel pffrlr prfvjonls fd lastlro aok nlotrag Jokfolsja, jokjnatjoh acfrl lquag kjstrjiutjfo fd cjkwjvls.

[el oatjfoag ratjf fd cjkwjvls tf pfpugatjfo eas neaohlk fogy car-

hjoaggy fvlr tjcl jo uriao arlas. \riaojzatjfo eas jonrlaslk, aok cfrl

cjkwjvls arl rlsjkjoh jo uriao arlas. Kjddlrlot pattlros lclrhl welo

fol aoagyzls neaohls jo tel oucilrs aok ratjfs dfr kjddlrlot rlhjfos. [el

tftag oucilr fd cjkwjvls jo Bava aok Iagj kjk oft neaohl fvlr tjcl, iut

a sejdt tffm pganl iltwllo uriao aok rurag arlas. Yurag arlas eak agcfst

>0 cjkwjvls plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo jo 1::4, iut fogy 98 plr 100,000jo 9004. Jo 9004, uriao arlas eak cfrl cjkwjvls, 9< plr 100,000 pfp-

ugatjfo, teao tely eak jo 1::4.

Jo Ftelr Prfvjonls, tel ratjf fd cjkwjvls jonrlaslk fvlr tel klnakl

drfc >: tf agcfst <9 plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo. A ;0 plrnlot jonrlasl jo tel

aisfgutl oucilr fd cjkwjvls jo rurag arlas nfotrjiutlk tf tejs neaohl, wjte

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls ;<

[aigl >.> Kjstrjiutjfo fd Cjkwjvls jo Jokfolsja, 1::4 aok 9004

Ylhjfo

Glvlg Plr 100,000 rlsjklots

1::4 9004 Neaohl (%) 1::4 9004 Neaohl (%)

Oatjfoag 81,01< 8:,441 19.18 ><.99 >4.54 ;.4;

\riao 18,:<5 98,50: <;.54 >0.94 >1.>4 >.4>

Yurag ;8,0;: <1,5<9 10.91 >8.9: ;0.4: :.19

Bava aok Iagj >>,;>4 >>,8<< 0.:< 98.<< 94.19 „<.1:

\riao :,58; 1<,>55 <<.5; 9>.5; 9<.05 <.91

Yurag 9>,<49 15,>48 „99.0< 9:.;8 98.04 „5.1:

ûcatra 99,59> 9;,4;< 8.:5 <>.8> <;.0: 0.48

\riao ;,858 8,9;1 <1.94 ;4.;< ;5.0< >.;<Yurag 15,0>4 18,;0; „>.<0 <4.04 <8.08 1.50

Ftelr Prfvjonls 1;,8<4 91,941 ;;.05 >:.08 <1.;< >1.48

\riao >,9:8 <,150 <8.11 ;>.9< ;9.9> „9.>4

Yurag 11,;<: 14,051 ;0.>; >5.09 <<.>; ;<.<<

^furnl2 PFKL^ 1::4, 9004.



tel ratjf fd cjkwjvls tf pfpugatjfo agsf sefwjoh ao jonrlasl. [elsl sejdts

cay il lxpgajolk iy tel strfoh lcpeasjs fd tel hfvlroclot fo pganjoh

cjkwjvls jo rurag arlas terfuhe tel vjggahl cjkwjdl prfhrac, Ijkao kj Klsa(IKK),wejne was startlk jo 1::9.

[el cajo dfnus fd tel IKK prfhrac jojtjaggy was tf pganl cjkwjvls

jo rurag vjggahls uoklr terll-ylar nfotrants. Adtlr tel jojtjag terll ylars,

cjkwjvls nfugk rlolw teljr nfotrant dfr aoftelr terll ylars, iut teat was

tel caxjcuc plrjfk. Cjkwjvls wlrl lxplntlk tf eavl nrlatlk a suddj-

njlotgy garhl ngjlot iasl iy telo tf stay lcpgfylk terfuhe tel prfvjsjfo

fd prjvatl slrvjnls. Agtlroatjvlgy, tel kjstrjnt elagte fddjnl nfugk lcpgfy

tel cjkwjvls uoklr rlhjfoag P[[ nfotrants. Lvlo kurjoh teljr nfotrant ylars, tel cjkwjvls wlrl plrcjttlk tf eavl a prjvatl prantjnl, wejne

fdtlo kfuiglk teljr jonfcl. Cjkwjvls jo rlcftl aok vlry rlcftl arlas

agsf rlnljvlk a nfosjklraigl ifous fo tfp fd teljr sagarjls, wejne nfugk il

prfvjklk iy ifte tel nlotrag aok gfnag hfvlroclots.

Xjte tel jotrfkuntjfo fd tel Klsa ^jaha, fr ‗aglrt vjggahl,– prfhrac jo

9005, vjggahl cjkwjvls rlcajo nfotrant lcpgfylls aok eavl tel fptjfo tf

ilnfcl njvjg slrvaots adtlr teljr nfotrant plrjfk.4 Agtefuhe jt js mofwo

teat caoy eavl tel klsjrl tf lotlr tel njvjg slrvjnl lvlotuaggy ilnausl fd lcpgfyclot staijgjty aok ftelr djoaonjag akvaotahls, gjttgl jodfrcatjfo js

avajgaigl fo efw caoy cjkwjvls antuaggy lotlr tel njvjg slrvjnl terfuhe

tejs prfhrac.

Jokfolsjao Oursls

PFKL^ kata sefw a klnrlasl fd olargy <0 plrnlot jo tel oucilr fd

oursls iltwllo 1::4 aok 9004, lvlo tefuhe ao lstjcatlk >;,000 olw

oursls lotlr tel gaifr carmlt lane ylar.8

Jt js vlry uogjmlgy teat ofol fd telsl olw lotraots arl rlnfrklk jo tel PFKL^ survly. PFKL^ lstjcatls

cay il ijaslk kfwowark ilnausl oursls kf oft ruo teljr fwo prantjnls

(at glast glhaggy), aok sf vjggahl elaks cay uoklrlstjcatl tel oucilr fd

oursls jo tel nfccuojty. Jokfolsja Elagte Prfdjgls, puigjselk iy tel

Cjojstry fd Elagte (CfE 9008a), aok tel HK^-9 survly ifte suhhlst

sjhojdjnaotgy ejhelr oucilrs fd oursls teao PFKL^. Elonl kata fo

oursls arl acijhufus at ilst, aok telrldfrl kltajgs fo teljr oucilrs aok

kjstrjiutjfos arl oft kjsnusslk jo tejs wfrm.

At tel sacl tjcl, Jokfolsjao oursls dugdjgg ao lxtrlclgy jcpfrtaot duontjfo jo tel elagte systlc aok arl fdtlo tel fogy elagte wfrmlrs jo

rlcftl aok pffr rurag arlas. [ely arl fdtlo rlqujrlk tf narry fut slrv-

jnls aok prfvjkl clkjnag trlatclots teat tely arl oljtelr trajolk dfr ofr

aggfwlk tf plrdfrc uoklr tel clkjnag prantjnl gaw. Prlnjslgy ilnausl




oursls prfvjkl a garhl part fd elagte slrvjnls jo rlcftl arlas aok tf tel

pffr, tel klarte fd kata rlharkjoh oursls ollks urhlot attlotjfo. [el ollk

dfr ilttlr kata fo oursls‚ prantjnls aok teljr kjstrjiutjfo, as wlgg as fo

prantjtjfolr quagjty, js prlssjoh (kjsnusslk jo tel olxt neaptlr).

Neaohls jo ^taddjoh at tel Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls,Pusmlscas aok Pustu, 1::8„9008

[el Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^) danjgjty survlys sefw teat peysj-

njao oucilrs jonrlaslk sjhojdjnaotgy, drfc 1.< peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas

jo 1::8 tf 1.: peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas jo 9008 (taigl >.;). Agtefuhe teljonrlasl js sjcjgar jo uriao aok rurag arlas, pusmlscas jo uriao arlas eavl,

fo avlrahl, cfrl teao 9.0 peysjnjaos, wejgl tely eavl fogy 1.4 jo rurag

arlas. A rlhjfoag nfcparjsfo sefws teat tel jonrlasl was lsplnjaggy garhl

jo ûcatra aok Ftelr Prfvjonls, 0.4 cfrl peysjnjaos, fo avlrahl, wejgl

jo Bava aok Iagj telrl wlrl 0.> cfrl peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas jo 9008.

Klspjtl telsl djhurls, wejne suhhlst teat tefsl arlas arl natnejoh up, Bava

aok Iagj stjgg eavl tel ejhelst oucilr fd peysjnjaos, fo avlrahl, wjte ngfsl

tf 9.0 plr pusmlscas (taigl >.<). Bava aok Iagj rlcajo tel prldlrrlk rlhjfotf slrvl jo.

At tel sacl tjcl, efwlvlr, tel JDG^ sefws a kfuigjoh jo tel ouc-

ilr fd pusmlscas wjtefut aoy peysjnjao jo 9008, drfc >.; plrnlot tf

8 plrnlot. Jo rurag arlas lsplnjaggy, agcfst : plrnlot fd pusmlscas arl

wjtefut a peysjnjao. Jo Bava aok Iagj aok jo ûcatra tel searl fd

pusmlscas wjtefut peysjnjaos jonrlaslk cfrl teao terlldfgk, wejgl jo

Ftelr Prfvjonls tel oucilr klnrlaslk. Olvlrtelglss, klspjtl tel

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls ;8

[aigl >.; Avlrahl Danjgjty ^taddjoh fd Pusmlscasaok Pustu jo \riao

aok Yurag ^lttjohs, 1::8„9008

Danjgjty

Oatjfoag \riao Yurag

1::8 9008 1::8 9008 1::8 9008

Pusmlscas

Oucilr fd peysjnjaos 1.<1 1.:0 1.4> 9.0; 1.9: 1.<5

Of peysjnjao (%) >.;0 8.00 9.;; 4.15 <.05 5.4<

Oucilr fd cjkwjvls <.5< >.4: ;.:: >.85 8.>0 >.<1Oucilr fd oursls <.0< 4.1; ;.55 4.09 <.>; 4.;9

Pustu

Oucilr fd cjkwjvls 0.:5 0.51 1.1; 1.04 0.5; 0.<0

Oucilr fd oursls 1.05 1.04 1.91 1.1: 0.:: 0.54

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^.



klnrlasl jo tel searl fd nlotlrs wjtefut a peysjnjao, Ftelr Prfvjonls

stjgg rlpfrtlk 11.> plrnlot fd pusmlscas wjtefut a peysjnjao aok, fvlr-

agg, eak tel gfwlst avlrahl oucilr fd peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas.Ao jonrlasl jo tel avlrahl oucilr fd peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas nfu-

pglk wjte a sjcugtaolfus jonrlasl jo tel oucilr fd pusmlscas wjtefut

a peysjnjao cjhet applar nfotrakjntfry at djrst iut nao il lxpgajolk iytel ngustlrjoh fd peysjnjaos jo nlrtajo arlas. [el garhl raohl arfuok tel

avlrahl oucilrs nao il uslk tf jggustratl tejs pfjot. Jo uriao arlas tel

oucilr fd kfntfrs plr danjgjty raohls drfc 0 tf 1;, wjte ao avlrahl fd 9,

aok jo rurag arlas tel oucilr varjls drfc 0 tf 10, wjte ao avlrahl fd

1.4 peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas.Jo dant, tel jonrlasl jo tel avlrahl oucilr fd peysjnjaos plr pusmlscas

cay casm a wfrslojoh fd tel sjtuatjfo. Cfrl pusmlscas eavl of peysj-

njao, wejgl peysjnjaos ngustlr jo uriao pusmlscas ilnausl fd tel hrlatlrfppfrtuojtjls dfr kuag prantjnl. Pfssjigl ftelr lxpgaoatjfos dfr tejs pel-

ofclofo nfugk jongukl tel prlvjfusgy clotjfolk neaohls jo tel hfvlro-

clot‚s klpgfyclot pfgjny dfr peysjnjaos.

[el fvlragg klngjol jo tel oucilr fd P[[ nfotrant peysjnjaos rlnrujtlk

fvlr tel plrjfk 1::4„9008 (taigl >.9) suhhlsts teat cfst fd tel akkjtjfoag

kfntfrs rlnrujtlk tf wfrm jo a pusmlscas wlrl ejrlk as njvjg slrvaots.

Ilnausl telrl js gjttgl jonlotjvl, ftelr teao tel sjx-cfote prfhrac, dfr

kfntfrs tf wfrm jo rurag arlas wjte dlwlr prjvatl prantjnl fppfrtuojtjls,

tely ngustlr jo uriao arlas. Kfntfrs rlnrujtlk as njvjg slrvaots kf oft hlt

tel ifous teat P[[ kfntfrs rlnljvl welo prantjnjoh jo rlcftl arlas.

[elrldfrl, rlnrujtclot fd kfntfrs as njvjg slrvaots wjte tel ajc fd jcprfv-

joh klpgfyclot aok kjstrjiutjfo wjgg oft olnlssarjgy jcprfvl klpgfyclot

tf rlcftl arlas.


[aigl >.< Avlrahl Danjgjty ^taddjoh fd Pusmlscas aok Pustu iy Ylhjfo, 1::8„9008

Danjgjty

Oatjfoag Bava aok Iagj ûcatra Ftelr Prfvjonls

1::8 9008 1::8 9008 1::8 9008 1::8 9008

Pusmlscas

Oucilr fd peysjnjaos 1.<1 1.:0 1.45 1.:4 1.1: 1.5< 1.0: 1.49

Of peysjnjao (%) >.; 8.0 1.< <.: 9.0 4.5 1<.: 11.>

Oucilr fd cjkwjvls <.5< >.4: <.84 >.;; 4.>> <.95 <.49 >.15

Oucilr fd oursls <.0< 4.1; ;.<5 <.40 4.14 8.14 <.5; 8.41

Pustu

Oucilr fd cjkwjvls 0.:5 0.51 1.04 0.84 1.1> 1.18 0.;; 0.91

Oucilr fd oursls 1.05 1.04 1.09 1.0: 1.14 1.05 1.14 0.5:

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^.



Jt js rlnfccloklk teat pfgjny cfvl jostlak tfwark jonlotjvl-iaslk

payclot snelcls dfr peysjnjaos. [el rlnlot neaohls jo tel P[[ nfotrant

kfntfrs prfhrac tf prfvjkl akkjtjfoag jonlotjvls dfr rlcftl arla slrvjnl

nfodjrc teat tejs nao wfrm. At tel sacl tjcl, tel dant teat tel olw nfo-

trant tlrc js fogy sjx cfotes cjhet jcpgy teat jts jcpant js fogy tlcpf-

rary aok oft olnlssarjgy sustajoaigl as a claos fd rlkunjoh tel sefrtahls

aok ejhe turofvlr jo arlas cfst jo ollk fd cfrl peysjnjaos.

As lxpgajolk aifvl, peysjnjaos wfrmjoh jo pusmlscas fdtlo prldlr

lcpgfyclot jo uriao arlas ilnausl fd kuag prantjnl fppfrtuojtjls, aok

tel kata sefw teat twf-tejrks fd telsl peysjnjaos arl lohahlk jo kuag

prantjnl. [aigl >.4 jggustratls tel prfpfrtjfo fd pusmlscas peysjnjaoswef agsf prfvjkl slrvjnls jo tel prjvatl slntfr.5 Agtefuhe tel prfpfr-

tjfo eas klngjolk sjonl 1::8, jt rlcajos vlry ejhe, at 45 plrnlot jo

9008. Xejgl twf-tejrks fd pusmlscas peysjnjaos lohahl jo kuag prantjnl,

tel JDG^ sacpgl kfls oft aggfw aoy nfongusjfos tf il krawo aifut kuag

prantjnl acfoh peysjnjaos jo hlolrag, ofr arl kata avajgaigl rlharkjoh

tel kjvjsjfo fd gaifr (oucilr fd efurs wfrmlk jo lane slntfr) fd puigjn

aok prjvatl prfvjklrs.

[el JDG^ sacpgl sefws a garhl klnrlasl jo tel oucilr fd cjkwjvlslcpgfylk jo pusmlscas aok pustu. Dar dlwlr cjkwjvls wlrl iaslk jo

pusmlscas jo 9008‛>.8 plr danjgjty vlrsus <.: jo 1::8 (taigl >.;). [el

rlvlrsl js trul fd oursls, wef oucilrlk 4.1 plr danjgjty jo 9008, nfc-

parlk wjte apprfxjcatlgy <.1 jo 1::8. [el oucilr fd cjkwjvls aok

oursls jo pustu eas agsf klngjolk= rurag arlas jo partjnugar eak sjhojdjnaotgy

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls ;:

[aigl >.4 Prfpfrtjfo fd PusmlscasPeysjnjaos wjte Kuag Prantjnl, 1::8 aok 9008

Ylhjfo

Pusmlscas peysjnjaos wjte prjvatl prantjnl (%)

1::8 9008

Agg sacpgl 84.<8 48.:4

\riao 8<.0< 44.41

Yurag 85.85 80.44

ûcatra 51.;5 45.04

\riao 59.4< 49.41

Yurag 50.99 84.>9

Bava aok Iagj 88.9> 80.0>

\riao 8;.1: 4:.00Yurag 59.:1 89.:0

Ftelr Prfvjonls 45.<9 41.09

\riao 4:.>> 40.;;

Yurag 48.59 41.4>




dlwlr cjkwjvls jo 9008. [el klnrlasl jo tel oucilr fd cjkwjvls jo

pusmlscas nao il lxpgajolk jo part iy tel hfvlroclot pfgjny hjvjoh prj-

frjty tf klpgfyclot fd cjkwjvls tf tel vjggahls jostlak fd tel pusmlscas. Xejgl telsl Ijkao kj Klsa cjkwjvls rlcajo uoklr tel suplrvjsjfo fd tel

pusmlscas, tely arl oft iaslk jo tel danjgjty. Cfrl cjkwjvls agsf wfrm as

prjvatl prfvjklrs.

Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls, 1::4„9008

Ao jcprlssjvl lxpaosjfo fd puigjn elagte systlc jodrastrunturl ilhao jo

tel 1:80s, aok iy 9004, Jokfolsja eak lstaigjselk cfrl teao 5,000 elagtenlotlrs, fr pusmlscas, fd wejne olargy >1 plrnlot prfvjkl jopatjlot narl

(CfE 9008a). Lane pusmlscas slrvls aifut 9>,000 plfpgl wjtejo a slrv-

jnl arla fd 9; squarl mjgfcltlrs (CfE 9008a). [el suppgy fd puigjn prj-

cary elagte slrvjnls eas durtelr jcprfvlk wjte tel lstaigjseclot fd

rfuhegy 99,900 auxjgjary elagte nlotlrs ( pusmlscas plciaotu, fr pustu)

aok olargy <,500 cfijgl elagte nlotlrs, pusmlscas mlgjgjoh , fd wejne <05

arl dfur-wellglk aok apprfxjcatlgy 800 arl fo ifats (CfE 9008a).:

[el oucilrs fd puigjn efspjtags aok efspjtag ilks eavl hrfwo sgfwgyaok eavl dajglk tf mllp panl wjte pfpugatjfo hrfwte. Jo 1::0, ;0; efs-

pjtags aok <:,000 puigjn ilks cakl up tel ‗cajo systlc–10 fd danjgjtjls

kjrlntgy akcjojstlrlk iy tel Cjojstry fd Elagte, pgus tefsl fplratlk iy

prfvjonls aok kjstrjnts (Xfrgk Iaom 9005, CfE 9008i).11 Jo 9008, tel

oucilrs rfsl tf <59 efspjtags aok aifut 88,991 ilks. Pusmlscas fplratl

as rldlrrag pfjots dfr kjstrjnt aok prfvjonjag efspjtags, as wlgg as dfr splnjag-

jzlk danjgjtjls aok ftelr prjvatl efspjtags.

[el sgfw lxpaosjfo jo puigjn efspjtag aok ilk oucilrs eas illopartgy fddslt iy ao jonrlasl jo prjvatl efspjtags. Jo 1::0, Jokfolsja eak

><9 prjvatl efspjtags wjte apprfxjcatlgy >1,000 ilks, aok teat jonrlaslk

tf ;<1 prjvatl efspjtags wjte <9,>00 ilks iy 9008 (CfE 9008i). Garhlgy

as a rlsugt fd prjvatl slntfr hrfwte, tel fvlragg ilk tf pfpugatjfo ratjf

jonrlaslk sgjhetgy fvlr tel plrjfk. Jt js jcpfrtaot tf oftl, efwlvlr, teat

caoy prjvatl efspjtags prfvjkl cfrl splnjagjzlk dfrcs fd narl, aok jt

rlcajos uonglar weltelr tel fvlragg lxpaosjfo eas illo jo gjol wjte

Jokfolsja‚s neaohjoh iurklo fd kjslasl fr was gjomlk tf ollk. Cfrlfvlr,

nfosjklraigl kjsparjtjls cay lxjst jo annlss tf tel akkjtjfoag ilks.Lxacjojoh elagte jodrastrunturl iy prfvjonl prfvjkls a cjxlk pjnturl

fd peysjnag annlss tf elagte narl, wjte garhl kjddlrlonls jo oucilrs fd

pusmlscas aok efspjtag ilks plr napjta. Fo avlrahl, lvlry 100,000

Jokfolsjaos arl slrvlk iy >.< pusmlscas, aok lvlry cjggjfo Jokfolsjaos

<0 Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



iy <.4 efspjtags, lquatjoh tf 9.< efspjtag ilks plr 10,000 plfpgl. Agtefuhe

tel oucilr fd pusmlscas js nfosjklrlk suddjnjlot tf cllt tel lstaigjselk

staokark fd fol pusmlscas plr >0,000 plfpgl, kjsparjtjls lxjst wjtejo aok

anrfss prfvjonls, aok tel suppgy js oft iaslk fo a ollks asslssclot. Cfst

rlcftl arlas eavl dlwlr teao fol pusmlscas plr 100,000 plfpgl, aok

sfcl arlas kf oft lvlo eavl fol efspjtag plr cjggjfo, fr glss teao twf

efspjtag ilks plr 10,000 plfpgl (djhurl >.1).

Jokfolsjao Peysjnjaos Prfvjkjoh Prjvatl Elagte ^lrvjnls

Xelo fol lxacjols tel hrfwte jo tel suppgy fd prjvatl elagte slrvjnls, jt

js apparlot teat tel oucilr fd peysjnjaos wfrmjoh prjvatlgy jonrlaslk iyagcfst 10,000 fvlr tel klnakl stukjlk, drfc 1:,:48 jo 1::4, tf 9:,4>; jo

9004. [ejs rlprlslots a ;5 plrnlot jonrlasl jo tel oucilr fd peysjnjaos

prfvjkjoh prjvatl slrvjnls (taigl >.8) aok a >5 plrnlot jonrlasl jo peysj-

njaos plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo. As lxplntlk, tel hrfwte jo tel oucilr fd

peysjnjaos prfvjkjoh prjvatl slrvjnls eas illo hrlatlst jo uriao arlas, wjte

a <4 plrnlot jonrlasl jo aisfgutl oucilrs. Yurag arlas lxplrjlonlk ao

jonrlasl fd 91 plrnlot, wjte dfur peysjnjaos prfvjkjoh prjvatl slrvjnls dfr

lvlry 100,000 plfpgl jo 9004. Ylhjfoag nfcparjsfos sefw sjcjgar trloksdfr agg prfvjonls lxnlpt ûcatra, welrl tel ratjf plr 100,000 plfpgl

klnrlaslk jo uriao arlas wejgl jonrlasjoh jo rurag arlas (taigl >.8).

Jo rurag arlas jo partjnugar, sjhojdjnaot hajos wlrl cakl jo tel suppgy fd

prjvatlgy prfvjklk slrvjnls iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008, ifte jo tlrcs fd plr-

nlotahl neaohl aok jo tel ratjf plr 100,000 plfpgl. Jo aisfgutl oucilrs,

efwlvlr, tel neaohls wlrl cune scagglr, aok tel kjsparjty jo kjstrjiutjfo

fd prjvatl slrvjnls iltwllo uriao aok rurag arlas rlcajos. [el uriao-rurag

hap jo prjvatl slrvjnls js lvlo hrlatlr teao tel hap jo tel oucilr fd peysj-njaos, wejne suppfrts tel arhuclot teat uriao arlas nfotjoul tf attrant

cfrl peysjnjaos, jo part ilnausl fd tel pfssjijgjty fd fplojoh gunratjvl prj-

vatl prantjnls. Neaohl jo tel glohte fd caokatfry P[[ slrvjnl‛ofw

klcaokjoh fogy sjx cfotes‚ slrvjnl jo rlcftl arlas‛cay eavl elgplk tf

jonrlasl tel oucilrs fd rurag peysjnjaos, at glast tlcpfrarjgy.

Jokfolsjao Cjkwjvls Prfvjkjoh Prjvatl Elagte ^lrvjnls

[el oucilr fd prjvatl cjkwjdl prantjnls hrlw suistaotjaggy iltwllo 1::4

aok 9004 (taigl >.5). [el cune hrlatlr hrfwte jo cjkwjdl prantjnls, nfc-parlk wjte tel jonrlasl jo tel oucilr fd cjkwjvls, nao il lxpgajolk iy

kuag prjvatl-puigjn prantjnl. Jo 9004, caoy cfrl cjkwjvls prantjnlk prj-

vatlgy teao kjk sf jo 1::4. [el neaohl eas illo partjnugargy sjhojdjnaot jo

Bava aok Iagj, welrl tel oucilr fd cjkwjdl prantjnls eavl cfrl teao

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls <1



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elagte nlotlr ratjf plr 100,000 ilk ratjf plr 10,000(G)

Djhurl >.1 Oucilr fd Pusmlscasaok Yatjf fd Pusmlscasaok Efspjtags tf Pfpugatjfo, iy Prfvjonl, 900

^furnl2 CfE 9008a.

Oftl2 KJ 3 kalrae jstjclwa, fr splnjag rlhjfo= KMJ 3 kalrae meusus jiumfta, fr splnjag napjtag njty kjstrjnt.

< 9



[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls <>

[aigl >.8 Kjstrjiutjfo fd Peysjnjaos Prfvjkjoh Prjvatl ^lrvjnls

jo Jokfolsja, 1::4„9004

Ylhjfo

Glvlg Plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo

1::4 9004

Neaohl

(%) 1::4 9004

Neaohl

(%)

Oatjfoag 1:,:48 9:,4>; ;5.;1 :.:0 1>.81 >5.;5

\riao 1<,898 9;,<90 <<.:1 94.<0 98.4< ;.>;

Yurag ;,9;0 <,11; 90.41 9.:5 ;.01 >;.<4

Bava aok Iagj 1>,>>9 1:,:<0 ;:.4; 10.:5 1<.;; ;0.49

\riao 10,849 18,91> <:.:; 9<.:5 95.04 5.01

Yurag 9,<80 9,8>8 4.<0 >.91 ;.0> 9<.<<

ûcatra >,555 <,;9< >:.<> :.1< 11.:1 >0.14

\riao 9,:;0 ;,008 >4.9: 95.<> 94.<: „4.8:

Yurag :;5 1,;15 ;:.<5 9.:< ;.4< <8.4>

Ftelr Prfvjonls 9,8;8 ;,9<: <<.0; 8.98 10.>1 ;1.59

\riao 9,09< >,>00 49.:4 94.<8 94.:0 1.9;

Yurag 899 :<: >9.5> 9.;0 >.>0 >8.<0



[aigl >.5 Kjstrjiutjfo fd Prjvatl Cjkwjdl Prantjnls jo Jokfolsja, 1::4„9004

Ylhjfo

Glvlg Plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo

1::4 9004

Neaohl

(%) 1::4 9004

Neaohl

(%)

Oatjfoag 18,985 ;;,414 1<5 5.<8 90.4; 1;0

\riao :55 15,45; 1,8:1 1.44 91.08 1,14:

Yurag 14,9:0 9<,:>9 <: 11.;< 90.>; 88

Bava aok Iagj 5,;<: 98,0<8 990 4.:8 90.:< 900

\riao 8>> 19,498 1,49> 1.88 90.<5 1,049Yurag 8,894 1;,;;5 58 :.44 91.95 190

ûcatra 4,0;: 19,<<; 105 1;.9; 98.<< :>

\riao 158 ;,>:> 9,9;: 1.51 9:.1< 1,<10

Yurag <,549 5,141 >: 15.99 94.84 ;4

Ftelr Prfvjonls 9,880 ;,:58 50 8.>> 19.08 4;

\riao 45 1,44; 9,>;8 0.54 1>.<4 1,;84

Yurag 9,809 >,>9> 99 5.:4 11.;> 98



trjpglk. Jo ûcatra tel oucilr kfuiglk, aok jo Ftelr Prfvjonls jt agcfst

kfuiglk. [elrl nfotjoulk tf il cfrl cjkwjdl prantjnls jo rurag arlas teao

uriao arlas jo 9004, iut tel jonrlasl jo tel oucilr fd cjkwjvls jo uriao

arlas js stjgg qujtl sjhojdjnaot. [ejs jonrlasl jo uriao arlas cay il lxpgajolk



iy a prldlrlonl dfr uriao slttglclot iy caoy cjkwjvls upfo nfcpgltjfo

fd teljr IKK nfotrant.

Jt js agsf pfssjigl teat tel 1::4 kata napturl tel plam fd tel IKK

prfhrac. Iy 9004, caoy fd tefsl cjkwjvls wlrl gjmlgy tf eavl cfvlk

ianm tf uriao arlas welo teljr nfotrants wlrl oft lxtloklk. Jo akkjtjfo,

adtlr klnlotragjzatjfo a rapjk jonrlasl jo olw K>-glvlg cjkwjdlry sneffgs

fnnurrlk, prfkunjoh garhl oucilrs fd cjkwjvls. [el puigjn slntfr nfugk

oft aisfri agg olw hrakuatls, aok as a rlsugt caoy wlot strajhet jotf prj-

vatl prantjnl. As uriao arlas fddlr cfrl bfi fppfrtuojtjls, tel cabfrjty

wlot fr staylk telrl.

[el attrantjvlolss fd tel bfi cay agsf pgay ao jcpfrtaot rfgl jo lxpgajo-joh tel jonrlasl jo tel suppgy fd cjkwjvls. Iljoh a cjkwjdl aok eavjoh a

prjvatl prantjnl js ao attrantjvl bfi fppfrtuojty dfr caoy wfclo jo

Jokfolsja. A slrjls fd stukjls plrdfrclk jo twf kjstrjnts jo Xlst Bava uoklr

tel Jojtjatjvl dfr Catlroag Cfrtagjty Prfhraccl Asslssclot (JCCPAN[)

dfuok teat cfst cjkwjvls (:> plrnlot) rlnljvlk jonfcl drfc prjvatl

ngjojnag prantjnl aok teat fo avlrahl, <5 plrnlot fd teljr tftag larojohs

nacl drfc prjvatl prantjnl (Losfr lt ag. 9005).

Fol stuky, wejne sacpglk 908 cjkwjvls prfvjkjoh slrvjnls jo 998vjggahls, eas sefwo teat aoouag jonfcls dfr vjggahl cjkwjvls nao il sui-

staotjag. [el clao prjvatl jonfcl fd cjkwjvls jo teat stuky was

\^$9,<05 plr aoouc, aok 10 plrnlot eak ao aoouag jonfcl fd cfrl

teao \^$11,000. Cfrlfvlr, tel JCCPAN[ stuky dfuok teat fppfrtuoj-

tjls tf hlolratl akkjtjfoag jonfcl drfc prjvatl prantjnl lxjst oft fogy jo

uriao arlas iut agsf jo rurag parts fd Bava. [el dant teat caoy yfuoh

Jokfolsjaos arl jotlrlstlk jo wfrmjoh as cjkwjvls js rldglntlk jo tel vlry

ejhe klcaok dfr cjkwjdlry lkunatjfo, as telrl arl cfrl teao 400 cjk-wjdlry sneffgs jo Jokfolsja.

Oftls

1. [el Agca Ata Nfodlrlonl was elgk jo 1:85 jo Mazamestao, wejne was a ̂ fvjlt

Ylpuigjn at tel tjcl. [el Agca Ata Klngaratjfo nagglk dfr ‗urhlot antjfo iy agg

hfvlroclots, agg elagte aok klvlgfpclot wfrmlrs, aok tel wfrgk nfccuojty

tf prftlnt aok prfcftl tel elagte fd agg plfpgl fd tel wfrgk– (XEF 1:85).

9. [el PFKL^ (Pftlosj Klsa, fr ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjag) survly drfcJokfolsja‚s Nlotrag Iurlau fd ^tatjstjns (IP^)= PFKL^ kata arl annlsslk at


>. Agtefuhe tel peysjnjaos rlhjstratjfo kataiasl cajotajolk iy tel Jokfolsjao

Clkjnag Nfuonjg (Mfosjg Mlkfmtlrao Jokfolsja, fr MMJ) js tel cfst rlnlot

<; Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



aok annuratl kataiasl fo tel oucilr fd peysjnjaos, MMJ kata arl fogy avajg-

aigl dfr 9008 aok kf oft jongukl jodfrcatjfo aifut weltelr peysjnjaos arl

prfvjkjoh puigjn, prjvatl, fr kuag prantjnls. [elrldfrl, jo tejs iffm, PFKL^

kata arl uslk. Dfr cfrl kltajgs fo kata aok kata sfurnls, sll Xfrgk Iaom

900:. [el kjddlrlonl jo tel tftag peysjnjao oucilrs nfuotlk iy MMJ aok

PFKL^ nao il lxpgajolk iy tel dant teat PFKL^ kfls oft jongukl kfntfrs

wef wfrm fogy jo efspjtags aok slnfokary narl fr ofoprantjnjoh peysjnjaos,

wejgl MMJ rlhjstratjfo jongukls agg kfntfrs.

;. Annfrkjoh tf IP^ aok Iapploas kata sfurnls= tejs plrnlotahl js neaohjoh rap-

jkgy wjte fohfjoh uriaojzatjfo.

<. [el Bava aok Iagj rlhjfo jongukls Iaotlo, Xlst Bava, Nlotrag Bava,Zfhyamarta, Last Bava, aok Iagj. ̂ ucatra jongukls ûcatra (agg), Yjau, Bacij,

Ilohmugu, Gacpuoh, aok Iaohma Ilgjtuoh. Ftelr Prfvjonls jongukls Ousa

[lohhara [jcur (O[[), Ousa [lohhara Iarat (O[I), Anle, Magjcaotao

(agg), ûgawlsj (agg), Cagumu (agg), aok Papua. PFKL^ nfvlrs agg prfvjonls,

welrlas tel JDG^ fogy sacpgls 1> prfvjonls. ^f wejgl tejs hrfupjoh js nfc-

prlelosjvl fogy dfr PFKL^, welo JDG^ kata arl aoagyzlk, lane rlhjfo

jongukls fogy a dlw prfvjonls. Elonl, dfr JDG^2 ûcatra‛Ofrte ûcatra,

Xlst ûcatra, ^fute ûcatra (jongukjoh a olwgy lstaigjselk prfvjonl teat

prlvjfusgy ilgfohlk tf ^fute ûcatra‛Iaohma Ilgjtuoh), aok Gacpuoh=Bava aok Iagj‛agg prfvjonls jongukjoh Iaotlo= aok Ftelr Prfvjonls‛O[I,

^fute Magjcaotao, aok ^fute ûgawlsj.

4. Iy kldjojtjfo a klsa sjaha js a vjggahl teat eas tel rlsfurnls napaijgjty aok

rlakjolss tf fvlrnfcl elagte prfiglcs iy cfijgjzjoh nfccuojty rlsfurnls.

[el Klsa ^jaha prfhrac was gauonelk as a oatjfoag prfhrac jo 9004.

8. Jodfrcatjfo drfc tel Eucao Ylsfurnls Ifark dfr Elagte Prfdlssjfoags,

KLPML^= akcjojstratjvl kata sfurnl, plrsfoag nfccuojnatjfo 9005.

5. [el JDG^ js uslk as tel kataiasl dfr tejs aoagysjs ilnausl PFKL^ kfls oft eavl tel jodfrcatjfo aok JDG^ aggfws trlok aoagysjs. [el HK^ prfvjkls

sjcjgar rlsugts dfr 9004.

:. Jo akkjtjfo tf telsl plrcaolotgy staddlk danjgjtjls, ao lxtlosjvl futrlane prf-

hrac fd pfsyaoku was lstaigjselk jo olargy 9<0,000 vjggahls iltwllo 1:80

aok 900<. Pfsyaoku lohahl jo cfotegy vjggahl hatelrjohs at wejne nfccu-

ojty vfguotllrs prfcftl catlroag aok nejgk elagte aok outrjtjfo aok dacjgy

pgaoojoh antjvjtjls.

10. [elsl djhurls kf oft jongukl efspjtags ilgfohjoh tf tel arclk dfrnls aok tel

pfgjnl fr tf ftelr cjojstrjls fr statl-fwolk lotlrprjsls, wejne, agtefuhe addjg-jatlk tf statl ahlonjls, duontjfo cfrl gjml prjvatl jostjtutjfos.

11. ^jonl klnlotragjzatjfo jo 9001, kjstrjnt efspjtags arl uoklr tel caoahlclot

fd gfnag hfvlroclot aok arl annfuotaigl tf tel iupatj (lglntlk fddjnjag at tel

kjstrjnt glvlg) aok hfvlrofr.

[el ûppgy aok Kjstrjiutjfo fd Elagte Prantjtjfolrs aok Elagte Danjgjtjls <<



Yldlrlonls

Iarilr, ̂ . G., P. B. Hlrtglr, aok P. Earjcurtj. 9008a. ‗Kjddlrlonls jo Annlss tf Ejhe-Quagjty Futpatjlot Narl jo Jokfolsja.– Elagte Addajrs 94 (>)2 w><9„44.



Nefcjtz, M. C., H. ^ltjarkj, A. Azwar, O. Jscajg, aok P. Xjkjyartj. 1::5. ‗Xeat

Kf Kfntfrs Xaot6 Klvlgfpjoh Jonlotjvls dfr Kfntfrs tf ^lrvl jo Jokfolsja‚s

Yurag aok Ylcftl Arlas.– Pfgjny Ylslarne Xfrmjoh Paplr 1555, Xfrgk Iaom,

Xasejohtfo, KN.

Losfr, [., R. Quayyuc, C. Oakbji, aok P. ̂ unaeya. 9005. ‗Glvlg aok Kltlrcjoaotsfd Jonlotjvls dfr Tjggahl Cjkwjvls jo Jokfolsja.– Elagte Pfgjny aok Pgaoojoh

Ofvlcilr 90052 1„10.

JDG^ (Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly). 1::8. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG .̂

‛‛‛. 9008. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^.

CfE (Cjojstry fd Elagte). 9008a. Jokfolsjao Elagte Prfdjgls. Bamarta2 Cjojstry fd

Elagte. ettp2//www.klpmls.hf.jk/kfwogfaks/puigjmasj/Prfdjg%90Mlsleatao%

90Jokfolsja%909008.pkd.

‛‛‛. 9008i. Jokfolsja‚s Efspjtag ^tatjstjns, ^lrjls J-JT. Bamarta2 Clkjnag ^lrvjnlJodfrcatjfo \ojt.

PFKL^ (Pftlosj Klsa, ]ûrvly fd Tjggahl PftlotjagS). 1::4. Nlotrag Iurlau fd

^tatjstjns, Jokfolsja.

‛‛‛. 9004. Nlotrag Iurlau fd ^tatjstjns, Jokfolsja.





XEF (Xfrgk Elagte Frhaojzatjfo). 1:85. Agca Ata Nfodlrlonl Klngaratjfo.

ettp2//wef.jot/epr/OPE/kfns/klngaratjfoVagcaata.pkd.

Xfrgk Iaom. 9005. Jovlstjoh jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte2 Neagglohls aok Fppfrtuojtjls

dfr Duturl Puigjn ^plokjoh. Elagte Puigjn Lxplokjturl Ylvjlw 9005. Ylpfrt

;451<-JK. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

‛‛‛. 900:. Jokfolsja‚s Kfntfrs, Cjkwjvls aok Oursls2 Nurrlot ^tfnm, Jonrlasjoh

Ollks, Duturl Neagglohls aok Fptjfos. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.




<8

[ejs neaptlr aoagyzls neaohls jo tel usl fd elagte slrvjnls fvlr tjcl,

fvlragg, aok iy typl fd prfvjklr. Xeat lxantgy krjvls jonrlasls jo slrvjnl

utjgjzatjfo js a nfcpgjnatlk qulstjfo, iut sfcl lnfofcltrjn lvjklonl

drfc tel Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^) paolg kata prfvjkls jcpfr-

taot josjhet. Hlolraggy jt js lxplntlk teat welo tel suppgy fd aok annlss

tf prfvjklrs jonrlasl, usl fd elagte slrvjnls wjgg jonrlasl. Cfrlfvlr, as

wlagte aok kjspfsaigl jonfcl rjsl, tel klcaok dfr slrvjnls js agsf gjmlgy

tf jonrlasl.1 Jo tejs neaptlr, pattlros jo tel fvlragg usl fd futpatjlot aokjopatjlot slrvjnls arl klsnrjilk, dfggfwlk iy a cfrl tefrfuhe aoagysjs fd

neaohls jo tel nefjnl fd prfvjklr.

Pattlros jo tel \sl fd ^lrvjnls aok Neaohls joPrfvjklr Nefjnl, 1::8„9008

\tjgjzatjfo ratls dfr elagte narl jonrlaslk fogy sgjhetgy fvlr tel 1::8„9008

plrjfk, iut tel cfklst jonrlasl prfiaigy casms cfrl kracatjn neaohls. Joftelr wfrks, usjoh JDG^ dfr 1::8, aok suislqulotgy JDG^ dfr 9008, prfvjkls

fogy a soapseft fd utjgjzatjfo at twf pfjots jo tjcl aok kfls oft napturl

kyoacjns jo utjgjzatjfo ratls fvlr tel klnakl. Akkjoh tel JDG^ 9000 kata

(taigl ;.1) sefws teat a suistaotjag krfp jo utjgjzatjfo fnnurrlk kurjoh aok

N E A P [ L Y ;

Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy

fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl

fd Elagte ^lrvjnls



jo tel jcclkjatl adtlrcate fd tel 1::8„:5 djoaonjag aok lnfofcjn nrjsjs,

wejne pfstkatlk tel 1::8 JDG^ survly, aok teat a nfosjklraigl jonrlasl jsapparlot ahajo iy 9008. [el krfp jo utjgjzatjfo dfggfwjoh tel nrjsjs js

jcpfrtaot tf mllp jo cjok2 utjgjzatjfo krfpplk iy olargy >0 plrnlot aok

rlcajolk gfw uotjg Bugy 900<, welo Asmlsmjo, tel elagte josuraonl prf-

hrac dfr tel pffr ofw nagglk Bacmlscas, was jotrfkunlk.9

\sjoh JDG^ kata, fol fislrvls jonrlasls jo fvlragg utjgjzatjfo fd elagte

slrvjnl danjgjtjls aok jo slgd-trlatclot iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008. Fd tefsl

wef wlrl jgg, 1:.1 plrnlot sfuhet jopatjlot narl at a danjgjty jo 1::8,

wejgl 91.1 plrnlot kjk sf jo 9008 (taigl ;.1). [el jonrlasl jo utjgjzatjfotffm pganl jo Bava aok Iagj aok jo ̂ ucatra prfvjonls, iut antuaggy krfpplk

jo Ftelr Prfvjonls. Jopatjlot slrvjnls jonrlaslk cfrl sjhojdjnaotgy, drfc

9.9 plrnlot jo 1::8 tf >.9 plrnlot jo 9008, aok jonrlasls wlrl rlnfrklk

lvlrywelrl, jongukjoh jo Ftelr Prfvjonls.

Lvlo as utjgjzatjfo jonrlaslk, a garhl prfpfrtjfo fd tel pfpugatjfo

rlgjls fo slgd-trlatclot fr dfrhfls aoy trlatclot at agg, aok tel plrnlot-

ahls rlcajolk tel sacl fvlr tel plrjfk. [wf-tejrks fd Jokfolsja‚s pfp-

ugatjfo stjgg rlgjls fo slgd-trlatclot welo jgg. Agtefuhe teat cay oft

olnlssarjgy il a olhatjvl djokjoh, as jt js oft agways olnlssary tf vjsjt a

elagte prfvjklr dfr a nfccfo kjslasl, tel vlry ejhe usl fd fvlr-tel-nfuotlr

(F[N) kruhs aok tel quagjty fd tefsl kruhs arl fd nfonlro. Jokfolsja

lxplrjlonls ejhe ratls fd jgglhag sagls fd prlsnrjptjfo kruhs iy uogjnloslk

kruhstfrls, jodfrcag futglts, peysjnjaos, aok ftelr elagte prantjtjfolrs

(Eawmjos lt ag. 900:).


[aigl ;.1 Neaohls jo \tjgjzatjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls vlrsus ^lgd-Clkjnatjfo

( plrnlot )

Ylhjfo

Futpatjlot

utjgjzatjfo

Jopatjlot

utjgjzatjfo

^lgd-clkjnatjfo2

F[N clkjnjol

Agg sacpgl 1::8 1:.1> 9.1< <:.:;

ûcatra 1<.<1 1.4: <4.:5

Bava aok Iagj 90.>< 9.;; 40.50

Ftelr Prfvjonls 15.<> 1.4; 40.0>

Agg sacpgl 9000 1;.40 9.>1 >1.5<

ûcatra 1;.8> 9.;< >1.9;

Bava aok Iagj 1;.:1 9.;9 >>.40

Ftelr Prfvjonls 1>.<8 1.5; 98.>9Agg sacpgl 9008 91.0: >.15 <:.59

ûcatra 1:.01 >.4: <5.1>

Bava aok Iagj 99.;< >.0: <5.54

Ftelr Prfvjonls 18.5> 9.:4 <5.<:


Oftl2 F[N 3 fvlr-tel-nfuotlr.



Lxnlpt dfr Ftelr Prfvjonls, tel pattlros fd jonrlasjoh utjgjzatjfo arl

sjcjgar dfr agg rlhjfos aok iy plr napjta lxplokjturl (PNL) qujotjgls jo

ifte survlys. Jt js oftaigl teat tel garhlst jonrlasl applars tf eavl tamlo

pganl jo tel pffrlr twf qujotjgls (taigl ;.9). Iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008,

futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo acfoh tel pffrlst jonrlaslk iy agcfst 9< plrnlot,

drfc 1<.> plrnlot tf 1:.0 plrnlot. Nfosjklrjoh tel krfp jcclkjatlgy

adtlr tel djoaonjag nrjsjs jo 1::8, rldglntlk jo tel JDG^ 9000 kata, tel

jonrlasl rldglnts a kfuigjoh jo tel utjgjzatjfo ratl drfc tel ylars bust adtlr

tel nrjsjs. [elsl jonrlasls cay jo part rldglnt tel lddlntjvl jcpglclota-

tjfo fd tel Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas prfhrac adtlr 900<.>

Durtelr aoagysls sefw teat jokjvjkuags gjvjoh jo efuslefgks ilgfohjohtf tel tfp twf qujotjgls fd tel kjstrjnt plr napjta lxplokjturl kjstrjiutjfo

Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl fd Elagte ^lrvjnls <:

[aigl ;.9 Neaohls jo Jopatjlot aok Futpatjlot \tjgjzatjfo iy PNL Qujotjgl

Ylhjfo

PNL Qujotjgl

1st (pffrlst) 9ok >rk ;te <te (rjnelst)

Futpatjlot Dugg sacpgl 1::8 1<.>; 15.01 1:.5> 90.>> 9>.>9

Dugg sacpgl 9000 11.<; 19.4> 14.;4 1<.>; 15.>4

Dugg sacpgl 9008 15.:9 1:.:> 90.<: 91.:: 9;.>0

ûcatra 1::8 11.8> 11.;> 18.19 18.>4 91.>1

ûcatra 9000 11.>5 1>.8; 1<.>; 1<.;: 15.89

ûcatra 9008 18.;: 15.0> 15.>: 15.;0 99.08

Bava aok Iagj 1::8 14.51 90.15 90.:4 91.0: 9;.04

Bava aok Iagj 9000 11.84 19.:0 18.1: 1<.:1 15.9:

Bava aok Iagj 9008 1:.:0 91.4; 91.:1 9>.>1 94.0:

Ftelr Prfvjonls 1::8 1>.4; 18.;5 15.<0 90.54 99.88Ftelr Prfvjonls 9000 11.04 10.88 1<.;; 1>.<> 15.90

Ftelr Prfvjonls 9008 14.>9 1;.49 18.;< 90.84 1:.;;

Jopatjlot

Dugg sacpgl 1::8 1.;5 1.<< 1.41 9.0< >.04

Dugg sacpgl 9000 1.<8 1.55 9.98 9.8: >.><

Dugg sacpgl 9008 9.0> 9.<5 9.<4 >.9; >.55

ûcatra 1::8 1.1< 1.>5 1.>1 0.58 1.:0

ûcatra 9000 1.95 9.9> 9.>8 >.11 >.;9

ûcatra 9008 9.19 9.85 9.>; >.48 ;.58

Bava aok Iagj 1::8 1.18 1.51 1.8: 9.45 >.41Bava aok Iagj 9000 1.45 1.:: 9.>4 9.81 >.59

Bava aok Iagj 9008 9.15 9.4< 9.5> >.05 ;.00

Ftelr Prfvjonls 1::8 1.15 0.45 1.95 1.10 9.;>

Ftelr Prfvjonls 9000 1.<0 1.90 1.:1 9.4: 9.0;

Ftelr Prfvjonls 9008 1.>8 9.19 1.5; >.;9 9.>5




wlrl cfrl gjmlgy tf usl a elagte narl prfvjklr welo jgg jo 9008.; Dfr tel

gfwlst terll qujotjgls, telrl js of statjstjnaggy sjhojdjnaot lddlnt fd sfnjfl-

nfofcjn status fo utjgjzatjfo. Jt js jcpfrtaot tf rlclcilr teat telsl

cfklgs sefw tel lddlnts fd pfsjtjfo jo tel wjtejo-kjstrjnt kjstrjiutjfo fd

nfosucptjfo, adtlr nfotrfggjoh dfr ylars fd sneffgjoh. Lkunatjfo js pfsj-

tjvlgy assfnjatlk wjte elagte narl utjgjzatjfo dfr twf rlasfos2 djrst, cfrl-

lkunatlk jokjvjkuags tlok tf eavl ejhelr glvlgs fd plrcaolot jonfcl aok

cay il aigl tf ifrrfw fr kraw kfwo savjohs tf nfvlr tel nfst, aok sln-

fok, jt js gjmlgy teat lkunatjfo js systlcatjnaggy rlgatlk tf mofwglkhl

aifut tel jcpfrtaonl fd elagte narl.

\tjgjzatjfo pattlros fd pffrlr aok rjnelr rlsjklots fd tel nfccuojtyagsf neaohlk iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008.< [el aoagysjs suhhlsts a >.4 plrnlot

jonrlasl jo tel prfiaijgjty teat tel pffrlst 90 plrnlot fd rlsjklots jo a

nfccuojty usl a elagte slrvjnls prfvjklr welo jgg. A scagglr jonrlasl jo

utjgjzatjfo fd 9.1 plrnlot fnnurrlk dfr efuslefgks jo tel 9ok tf ;te qujo-

tjgls fd tel nfosucptjfo kjstrjiutjfo. [el ejhelst PNL qujotjgls agsf saw

ao jonrlasl jo tel gjmlgjeffk fd sllmjoh narl.

Nefjnl fd Prfvjklrs

Jo 1::8, tel pusmlscas was tel prfvjklr fd nefjnl dfr ngfsl tf ;0 plrnlot

fd tefsl rlpfrtjoh eavjoh illo jgg.4 Aifut 9> plrnlot prldlrrlk a prjvatl

peysjnjao, aok aoftelr 9> plrnlot a prjvatl cjkwjdl fr oursl (taigl ;.>).

Iy 9008, a sejdt fnnurrlk tfwark usl fd cjkwjvls, wjte tel garhlst searl

sllmjoh narl drfc prjvatl cjkwjvls aok oursls (>0 plrnlot), telo tel

pusmlscas (9: plrnlot), aok fogy 90 plrnlot usjoh prjvatl peysjnjaos.

[aigl ;.; jggustratls tel djokjohs fo neaohls jo typl fd prfvjklr uslk, iyplr napjta lxplokjturl qujotjgls.8 [el klngjol jo utjgjzatjfo js agcfst uoj-

vlrsag jo agg tel jonfcl hrfups, iut oft dfr agg prfvjklrs, lxnlpt dfr tel

pffrlst qujotjgls wef, klspjtl a slrjfus klngjol, nfotjoulk tf usl pusmlscas

as tel prldlrrlk prfvjklr jo agcfst ;0 plrnlot fd nasls. [el rjnelr qujotjgls

uslk pusmlscas cune glss.

Jo 1::8, ;< plrnlot fd tel rlgatjvlgy pffr (1st PNL qujotjgl) aok a sjc-

jgar plrnlotahl fd tel olar-pffr (9ok PNL qujotjgl) wef wlrl jgg sfuhet

trlatclot at a pusmlscas. Iy 9008, tel plrnlotahls eak dagglo tf glss teao

;0 plrnlot fd tel pffrlst aok >> plrnlot fd tel olar-pffr. [ely kjk oft

hf tf tel prjvatl prantjtjfolrs, wefsl utjgjzatjfo agsf klngjolk, iut a garhl

jonrlasl jo usl fd prjvatl cjkwjvls aok oursls aok trakjtjfoag prantjtjfo-

lrs fnnurrlk. Jo 1::8, sfcl 9; plrnlot fd tel pffr aok 91 plrnlot fd tel

olar-pffr vjsjtlk prjvatl cjkwjvls fr oursls= tel djhurls rfsl tf >1 plrnlot




Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl fd Elagte ^lrvjnls 41

[aigl ;.> Nefjnl fd Prfvjklr fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls welo Jgg

( plrnlot )

Ylhjfo

Puigjn

efspjtag

Pusmlscas

aok pustu

Prjvatl

efspjtag

Prjvatl

ngjojn

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Oursl,

cjkwjdl

[rakjtjfoag

prantjtjfolr

Dugg sacpgl

1::8 ;.4< >:.1< >.9< ;.1< 9>.>1 99.:1 9.08

ûcatra ;.:8 ;0.04 <.<8 ;.08 15.<9 9>.4; 9.54

Bava

aok Iagj ;.;; ><.9> >.;; ;.<< 98.>; 9>.>< 1.1;

Ftelr

Prfvjonls <.95 <<.:0 0.00 9.;5 10.0: 90.1: <.;>

Dugg sacpgl9008 ;.04 9:.;0 >.1> <.94 1:.;4 >0.10 5.>4

ûcatra ;.;0 9>.>9 >.>8 ;.:9 14.<5 >8.;; :.;:

Bava

aok Iagj >.84 9:.14 >.>; 4.08 90.:< 95.85 8.4;

Ftelr

Prfvjonls <.>9 >5.<; 1.00 1.>> 1<.19 98.8; 10.50


[aigl ;.; Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls \tjgjzatjfo iy [ypl aok PNL Qujotjgl

Qujotjgl

Puigjn

efspjtag

Pusmlscas

aok pustu

Prjvatl

efspjtag

Prjvatl

ngjojn

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Oursl,

cjkwjdl

[rakjtjfoag

prantjtjfolr

Dugg sacpgl

1::8 ;.4< >:.1< >.9< ;.1< 9>.>1 99.:1 9.08

Pffrlst,

1st qujotjgl >.4: ;<.>< 9.50 ;.;4 15.0: 9>.4: 1.:1

9ok qujotjgl 9.5; ;>.41 >.;5 ;.<9 91.14 91.0> >.><>rk qujotjgl ;.;8 ;1.01 9.00 >.18 9>.<0 9;.;; 1.;1

;te qujotjgl <.;0 >8.11 >.>0 <.08 9;.19 9>.09 1.:5

Yjnelst,

<te qujotjgl 4.45 >1.15 ;.4: >.8< 95.40 9>.91 1.55

Dugg sacpgl

9008 ;.04 9:.;0 >.1> <.94 1:.;4 >0.10 5.>4

Pffrlst,

1st qujotjgl 9.8; >:.5; 1.40 >.<; 1;.8> >0.;5 8.05

9ok qujotjgl >.>8 >9.>> 1.50 ;.;< 18.>1 >9.51 8.:>

>rk qujotjgl ;.48 >0.89 >.1< 4.<; 18.<9 95.49 5.84

;te qujotjgl >.5> 9;.:8 >.89 <.5; 90.;0 >>.0< 5.15

Yjnelst,

<te qujotjgl <.<9 91.88 ;.;5 <.:; 94.:5 94.<4 5.8<






kfntfrs eas jonrlaslk, aok tel oucilrs fd cjkwjvls aok oursls

plr pusmlscas agsf klngjolk drfc 1::8 tf 9008. Ilsjkls tel ganm fd

stadd, fvlragg quagjty fd narl js agsf a nfonlro teat cay glak tf glss

utjgjzatjfo.

<. Agtefuhe tel suppgy fd pusmlscas stlakjgy jonrlaslk fvlr tel stuky

plrjfk (CfE 9008a), gjmlgy jcprfvjoh annlss, teat ilttlr annlss kjk

oft glak tf ejhelr utjgjzatjfo cjhet il lxpgajolk iy tel dant teat tel

pfpugatjfo ratjf pgaoojoh cltefk teat tel Cjojstry fd Elagte usls

kfls oft aklquatlgy napturl klcaok dfr narl.

Ylnlot stukjls iy ^parrfw, ûryaeakj, aok Xjkbaotj (9005) aok Mrusl,

Prakeao, aok ̂ parrfw (900:) sefw a pfsjtjvl lddlnt fd Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas

fo tel utjgjzatjfo fd puigjn slrvjnls, partjnugargy acfoh tel pffr, wef arl

tel iloldjnjarjls fd tel Elagte Josuraonl dfr tel Pffr prfhrac. [eat JDG^

kfls oft jongukl tel pffrlst prfvjonls cay lxpgajo tel kjddlrlonls

iltwllo JDG^ aok ûsloas rlsugts. [elrl js suppfrt dfr tejs lxpgaoatjfo

welo tel aoagysjs js nfokuntlk usjoh ûsloas kata, iut wjte fogy tel

prfvjonls teat wlrl agsf jonguklk jo JDG^. ^ffo adtlr tel 1::8„:5 djoaonjagaok lnfofcjn nrjsjs, tel utjgjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls fvlragg klngjolk sjhojd-

jnaotgy, iy aifut fol-tejrk. Annfrkjoh tf ûsloas 9000, utjgjzatjfo fd

pusmlscas aok pustu klngjolk iy aifut twf-tejrks drfc 1::8 (taigl ;.<).

Jonrlasls jo tel usl fd puigjn danjgjtjls iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008 wlrl

lsplnjaggy garhl jo ofo„JDG^ prfvjonls, iut tel jonrlasl iltwllo 9009

aok 9008 was scagglr teao tel oatjfoag avlrahl. [ejs cay lxpgajo wey

tel oatjfoag avlrahls suhhlst kjddlrlot pattlros teao tel JDG^. Pffrlr,

lastlro Jokfolsjao prfvjonls arl gjmlgy tf sll a garhlr lddlnt fd tel ElagteJosuraonl dfr tel Pffr prfhrac, sjonl a garhl part fd tel pfpugatjfo

rlnljvlk Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas narks aok usls telc at tel puigjn danjgjtjls.

Aoftelr surprjsjoh djokjoh was teat klspjtl jonrlasls jo tel suppgy fd

peysjnjaos, tel usl fd prjvatl peysjnjaos klngjolk iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008

(taigl ;.;). Lvlo tefuhe usl fd prjvatl ngjojns jonrlaslk, teat kfls oft

caml up dfr tel klngjol.10 [el fogy lxnlptjfo tf tejs pelofclofo

fnnurrlk jo Ftelr Prfvjonls, welrl tel usl fd prjvatl peysjnjaos

jonrlaslk iy fol-tejrk. [el garhlst klngjol jo usl fd prjvatl peysjnjaos

fnnurrlk jo Bava aok Iagj, wejgl jo Ftelr Prfvjonls teljr usl jonrlaslkdrfc 10 plrnlot tf 1< plrnlot. [el suppgy fd prjvatl peysjnjaos jo Ftelr

Prfvjonls kjk jonrlasl, agtefuhe oft at a sjhojdjnaotgy ejhelr ratl teao jo

Bava aok Iagj fr jo ûcatra. ûsloas kata dfr tel JDG^ prfvjonls sefw tel

sacl trlok iut wjte scagglr klngjols aok jonrlasls.

Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl fd Elagte ^lrvjnls 4>



[aigl ;.< Nefjnl fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls Prfvjklr welo Jgg

( plrnlotahl fd tefsl sllmjoh trlatclot )

âcpgl Puigjn efspjtag

Pusmlscas

aok pustu

Prjvatl

efspjtag

Prjvatl

ngjojn

Prjvatl

peysjnjao o

Agg JDG^ prfvjonls 1::8 9.19 99.<> 1.4; 1.<< 1>.5<

Ofo„JDG^ 1::8 >.:1 >>.10 1.84 1.:9 5.91 Agg JDG^ prfvjonls 9000 1.:: 19.<: 1.;: 1.95 11.>9

Ofo„JDG^ 9000 1.:4 18.10 1.45 1.9; 4.50

Agg JDG^ prfvjonls 9008 9.;; 1;.:4 1.84 ‛ 1>.84

Ofo„JDG^ 9008 >.1> 91.94 1.>8 ‛ 5.;0

^furnl2 ûsloas (oatjfoag efuslefgk survly nfokuntlk iy Jokfolsja‚s Nlotrag Iurlau fd ^tatjstjns, IP^) 1::8, 9000, 9008= ettp2//www.raok.f

Oftl2 ‛ 3 oft avajgaigl.

4 ;



Jo nfotrast, a sjhojdjnaot jonrlasl fnnurrlk jo usl fd prjvatl cjkwjvls

aok oursls. Xelrlas tel usl fd pusmlscas aok prjvatl peysjnjaos klnrlaslk,

jt applars teat patjlots wlrl cfrl gjmlgy tf sllm trlatclot drfc cjkwjvls

aok oursls. ^jcugtaolfusgy, tel oucilr fd cjkwjvls, aok prfiaigy agsf

fd oursls, hrlw sjhojdjnaotgy. Cjkwjvls aok oursls arl agsf cfrl lvlogy

kjstrjiutlk, fdtlo rlsjkjoh ngfsl tf teljr patjlots jo tel arlas welrl tely

prantjnl. Xjte jonrlaslk suppgy at ngfslr prfxjcjty tf tel patjlot, jt js

gjmlgy teat plfpgl wef arl jgg sllm trlatclot olariy, ratelr teao travlgjoh

tf tel pusmlscas fr tf prjvatl peysjnjaos wef cay il ifte cfrl lxplo-

sjvl aok dartelr away.

Jotlrlstjohgy, tel trakjtjfoag prantjtjfolr js tel prldlrrlk prfvjklr dfragcfst 10 plrnlot fd tefsl wef arl jgg, lvlo acfoh tel rjnelr qujotjgls.

Acfoh tefsl sllmjoh trlatclot, tel oucilr neffsjoh trakjtjfoag prantj-

tjfolrs jonrlaslk dfurdfgk, tf cfrl teao 5 plrnlot (taigl ;.>).11 Jt js mofwo

teat trakjtjfoag elaglrs arl vlry pfpugar jo Jokfolsja. Cfrl cjnrfstukjls

fd teljr usl aok quagjty wfugk il iloldjnjag. Fol eypftelsjs tf nfosjklr jo

tejs rlhark js tel gjom wjte tel jonrlasjoh jonjklonl fd ofonfccuojnaigl

kjslasl, dfr wejne lvlo tel rjnelr qujotjgls cay rlsfrt tf agtlroatjvl narl

welo cfklro clkjnjol kfls oft yjlgk fivjfus jcprfvlclots jo elagte.

Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Prjvatl Elagte^lrvjnls aok \tjgjzatjfo

[el hrfwte fd tel prjvatl slntfr eas nfotrjiutlk tf ao jonrlasl jo tel

suppgy fd elagte slrvjnl prfvjklrs. [el jonrlasl cay rlkunl nfohlstjfo

aok wajt tjcls at ngjojns, weltelr puigjn fr prjvatl. Ylkunjoh tejs nfst

cay lonfurahl jonrlaslk usl fd slrvjnls. Efuslefgks glss aigl tf nfvlrtel dlls fd prjvatl peysjnjaos cay oft usl elagte danjgjtjls fr cay sllm

narl drfc pffrlr-quagjty prfvjklrs. As sefwo jo taigl ;.; aifvl, pffrlr

clcilrs fd JDG^ nfccuojtjls arl cfrl gjmlgy tf usl puigjn prfvjklrs.

[aigl ;.4 prlslots tel rlsugts fd cugtjvarjatl aoagysls sefwjoh tel lddlnts

fd jonrlasls jo prjvatl peysjnjao prantjnls fo tel utjgjzatjfo fd slrvjnls

aok fo nefjnl fd prfvjklr.

Lxpaosjfo fd tel prjvatl slntfr js assfnjatlk wjte jonrlaslk usl fd agg

futpatjlot slrvjnls acfoh tel pffrlst twf qujotjgls iy >.1 plrnlot aok

>.< plrnlot, rlsplntjvlgy.19 [el assfnjatjfo iltwllo tel prjvatl slntfr aokutjgjzatjfo fd futpatjlot slrvjnls js strfohlr jo rurag arlas teao jo uriao

arlas dfr ifte clo aok wfclo. Xelo fol lxacjols tel kata fo prjvatl

peysjnjaos aok cjkwjvls slparatlgy, tel oucilr fd prjvatl kfntfrs plr

100,000 rlsjklots js cfrl strfohgy assfnjatlk wjte jonrlaslk utjgjzatjfo

Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl fd Elagte ^lrvjnls 4<



acfoh tel pffr.1> As sefwo jo taigl ;.4, ao jonrlasl jo tel oucilr fd prj-

vatl peysjnjao prantjnls plr 100,000 rlsjklots js assfnjatlk wjte ao lvlo

cfrl prfofuonlk jonrlasl jo elagte slrvjnl utjgjzatjfo iy tel pffrlr

clcilrs fd tel nfccuojty.Agtefuhe a hrlatlr oucilr fd prjvatl prfvjklrs js assfnjatlk wjte

lxpaoklk utjgjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls iy tel rlgatjvlgy pffr, tel pffr arl

cfrl gjmlgy tf neffsl tel puigjn pusmlscas welo ao jonrlasl jo prjvatl

peysjnjao prantjnl fnnurs.1; [ejs djokjoh suhhlsts teat a prfnlss fd sfrtjoh

addgulot patjlots tf prjvatl prfvjklrs tamls pganl wjte ao jonrlasl jo prj-

vatl prantjnl. ^frtjoh js gjmlgy tf fnnur ifte terfuhe tel carmlt aok

terfuhe lonfurahlclot iy pusmlscas peysjnjaos wjte prjvatl prantjnls

fo tel sjkl. Cfrl addgulot clcilrs fd tel nfccuojty cay slgd-slglnt tf

a prjvatl prfvjklr wefsl fddjnl slttjoh js cfrl applagjoh aok eas sefrtlr

wajt tjcls fr cfrl nfovlojlot efurs fd fplratjfo. A pusmlscas peysj-

njao cay agsf kjrlntgy lonfurahl addgulot patjlots tf nfcl tf teljr prjvatl

prantjnl aok pay a ejhelr dll wejgl prfvjkjoh narl tf pffrlr clcilrs fd

tel nfccuojty at tel pusmlscas. Xelo tel sacpgl js spgjt jotf rurag aok


[aigl ;.4 Lddlnt fd Jonrlasjoh tel Oucilr fd Prjvatl Peysjnjaos fo Prfiaijgjty

teat tel Pffr Xjgg Tjsjt a Danjgjty welo Jgg

âcpgl

Lddlnt fo prfiaijgjty fd

usjoh elagte slrvjnls

Lddlnt fo prfiaijgjty fd

usjoh puigjn futpatjlot slrvjnls

Agg fislrvatjfos 0.0;1**

(0.018)

0.14<***

(0.0;;)

\riao

Cagl 0.0;4*

(0.095)

0.1<0*

(0.054)

Dlcagl 0.09>

(0.09:)

0.019

(0.04:)

Yurag Cagl 0.189***

(0.0<8)

0.<01***

(0.1;4)

Dlcagl 0.11>**

(0.0<8)

0.04:

(0.1;4)

^furnl2 Autefrs.

Oftl2 [ejs taigl sefws tel jonrlaslk prfiaijgjty teat tel pffr wjgg usl elagte slrvjnls aok puigjn futpatjlot

slrvjnls welo tel oucilr fd prjvatl peysjnjao prantjnls jo tel nfccuojty jonrlasls iy 1 plr 100,000. Elrl

tel pffr arl tel gfwlst 90 plrnlot fd tel PNL kjstrjiutjfo wjtejo tel nfccuojty. ^plnjdjnaggy, tel taigl prlslots

nflddjnjlots dfr tel gfwlst qujotjgl. [el taigl sefws nflddjnjlots drfc tel kfntfr jotlrantjfo tlrc sefwo jo

Cfklg 9 fd applokjx taigls A;.1 terfuhe A;.10. ^taokark lrrfrs fd tel lstjcatlklddlnt arl sefwo jo parlotelsls. *** jokjnatls sjhojdjnaonl at tel 1 plrnlot glvlg, ** at < plrnlot, aok

* at 10 plrnlot. Dfr cfrl jodfrcatjfo fo tel cfklgs lstjcatlk, jongukjoh ftelr nearantlrjstjns jonguklk as

nfotrfgs, sll tel kjsnussjfo jo applokjx ;.





<. [elsl rlsugts wlrl klrjvlk drfc applokjx ;, taigl A;.1, Cfklg 9.

4. Dfr tefsl rlpfrtjoh iljoh jgg aok usjoh futpatjlot slrvjnls, tel JDG^ qulstjforldlrs tf slrvjnls uslk fvlr tel past ; wllms, welrlas jopatjlot utjgjzatjfo djh-

urls arl nagnugatlk iaslk fo lstjcatls fd usl fvlr tel past 19 cfotes.

8. Xjtejo-kjstrjnt plr napjta lxplokjturl qujotjgls wlrl nagnugatlk drfc tel kjs-

trjiutjfo fd ofo-elagte narl lxplokjturls wjtejo tel kjstrjnt.

5. A 9005 paplr iy ^parrfw, ûryaeakj, aok Xjkbaotj jokllk sefws a pfsjtjvl

lddlnt drfc tel Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas prfhrac fo utjgjzatjfo fd puigjn slrvjnls.

[eljr aoagysjs, efwlvlr, usls ûsloas, wejne js rlprlslotatjvl oatjfoaggy,

welrlas tel JDG^ kfls oft nfvlr lastlro Jokfolsja.

:. [el wfrm iy ^parrfw, ûryaeakj, aok Xjkbaotj (9005) sefws ao jonrlasl jo

utjgjzatjfo fd puigjn slrvjnls acfoh tel pffr. [ejs nao il lxpgajolk iy teljr

usl fd ûsloas kata, wejne jongukl tel pffrlr prfvjonls, welrl utjgjzatjfo fd

puigjn slrvjnls iy tel pffr cay il ejhelr.

10. Dfr kltajglk klsnrjptjfos fd weat nfostjtutls a puigjn aok a prjvatl ngjojn, sll

applokjx 9 fo kldjojtjfos fd elagte danjgjtjls.

11. Jo tejs djokjoh telrl js a kjsnrlpaony iltwllo ûsloas aok JDG^ djokjohs, as

sefwo jo applokjx ; taigls A;.19 aok A;.1>, teat cay il lxpgajolk iy kjd-

dlrlonl jo kldjojtjfos fd trakjtjfoag elaglrs.19. Cfklg 1 fd taigl A;.1 jo applokjx ; sefws tel rlsugts drfc lstjcatjoh tel

lddlnts fd tel prjvatl slntfr fo futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo fd elagte narl iy agg typls

fd prfvjklrs.

1>. ^ll applokjx ;, taigls A;.9 tf A;.<.

1;. [el rlgatjvlgy addgulot arl cfrl gjmlgy tf sllm narl drfc tel prjvatl slntfr.

^ll applokjx ;, taigl A;.4.

Yldlrlonls

Eawmjos, G., P. Earjcurtj, N. Yfmx, aok P. Carzflmj. 900:. Pfgjny Oftl fo

Pearcanlutjnag ^lntfr jo Jokfolsja. Pfgjny Oftl ^lrjls. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

JDG^ (Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly). 1::8. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG .̂

‛‛‛. 9008. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^.

Mrusl, J., C. Prakeao, aok Y. ^parrfw. 900:. ‗Carhjoag Iloldjt Jonjklonl fd Puigjn

Elagte ^plokjoh2 Lvjklonl drfc Jokfolsjao ûi-oatjfoag Kata.– Xfrmjoh

Paplr ;58, Jostjtutl fd ^fnjag ^tukjls, [el Oltelrgaoks.CfE (Cjojstry fd Elagte). 9008a. Jokfolsjao Elagte Prfdjgls. Bamarta2 Cjojstry fd

Elagte. ettp2//www.klpmls.hf.jk/kfwogfaks/puigjmasj/Prfdjg%90Mlsleatao%

90Jokfolsja%909008.pkd.

‛‛‛. 9008i. Jokfolsja‚s Efspjtag ^tatjstjns, ^lrjls J-JT. Bamarta2 Clkjnag ^lrvjnl

Jodfrcatjfo \ojt.




^parrfw, Y., A. ûryaeakj, aok X. Xjkbaotj. 9005. Puigjn Elagte Josuraonl dfr tel

Pffr2 [arhltjoh aok Jcpant fd Jokfolsja‚s A^ML^MJO Prfhrac. Paplr prlslotlk

at tel AINKL 9005 nfodlrlonl jo Napl [fwo, ^fute Adrjna.

ûsloas (oatjfoag efuslefgk survly nfokuntlk iy Jokfolsja‚s Nlotrag Iurlau fd

^tatjstjns, IP^). 1::8. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/ips/susloas/.

‛‛‛. 9000. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/ips/susloas/).

‛‛‛. 9008. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/ips/susloas/).

Xfrgk Iaom. 9005. Jovlstjoh jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte2 Neagglohls aok Fppfrtuojtjls dfr


Iaom.

Lddlnts fd Neaohls jo tel ûppgy fd Elagte Xfrmlrs fo tel \sl fd Elagte ^lrvjnls 4:





81

Agtefuhe tel suppgy fd elagte slrvjnls eas sjhojdjnaotgy jcprfvlk, tel

Jokfolsjao hfvlroclot eas fogy vlry rlnlotgy startlk tf nfonlotratl fo

jcprfvjoh tel quagjty fd elagte slrvjnls. Fd cfst jcpfrtaonl eavl illo

(a) neaohls jo clkjnag lkunatjfo pfgjnjls, iy wejne tel hfvlroclot js

tryjoh tf jonrlasl jts fvlrsjhet, aok (i) durtelr ngarjdjnatjfo fd tel rfgl fd

gfnag hfvlroclots jo tel rlnrujtclot aok klpgfyclot fd clkjnag stadd

aok tel jcpgjnatjfos fd teljr rlspfosjijgjtjls dfr tel quagjty fd narl.

At prlslot, efwlvlr, slrjfus quagjty nfonlros rlcajo aifut tel lkuna-tjfo systlc jtslgd aok tel suislqulot nlrtjdjnatjfo aok annrlkjtatjfo fd

elagte wfrmlrs= a slrjfus sefrtdagg jo napanjty agsf lxjsts. Agtefuhe sfcl

systlcs eavl illo lstaigjselk, sune as systlcs tf annrlkjt clkjnag, cjk-

wjdlry, aok oursjoh sneffgs, annrlkjtatjfo js oft kfol iy ao joklploklot

ifky, aok prfdlssjfoags napaigl fd plrdfrcjoh annrlkjtatjfos arl jo sefrt

suppgy. [el staokarks telcslgvls arl agsf kldjnjlot, camjoh annrlkjtatjfo

vlry kjddjnugt, aok annrlkjtatjfos teat eavl illo nfokuntlk arl oft pui-

gjselk. Hujklgjols dfr rlspfosjijgjtjls wjtejo tel rlhugatfry systlc wlrloft wlgg klgjolatlk welo hfvlroclot autefrjty was klnlotragjzlk jo

9001. [ejs sjtuatjfo eas sjonl wfrslolk ilnausl sfcl gfnag hfvlroclots

ofw jssul plrcjts fr gjnlosls tf sneffgs tf fplratl wjtefut fitajojoh a

gjnlosl drfc tel Ejhelr Lkunatjfo Kjrlntfratl fd tel Cjojstry fd Oatjfoag

Lkunatjfo (CfOL).

N E A P [ L Y <

[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte

Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs



[ejs neaptlr kjsnussls neaohls jo tel strunturag quagjty fd elagte danjgjtjls

aok tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty fd agg elagte prfvjklrs, jongukjoh

pusmlscas aok pustu aok tel terll typls fd prjvatl prantjtjfolrs, as kjsnusslk

jo neaptlr ;. Kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty, ao jcpfrtaot kjclosjfo fd

quagjty, js clasurlk drfc rlspfosl snfrls fo vjholttls rlharkjoh prloatag,

nejgk nuratjvl, aok akugt nuratjvl narl.1

Jo tejs neaptlr, pfgjnjls addlntjoh quagjty wjgg il kjsnusslk welrl gjoms

wjte stuky djokjohs applar lvjklot= efwlvlr, pfgjny neaohls jo tel arla fd

lkunatjfo eavl vlry-gfoh-tlrc lddlnts. [elsl pfgjnjls cfstgy rlgatl tf

elagte wfrmdfrnl lkunatjfo aok jo-slrvjnl trajojoh, tel annrlkjtatjfo fd

puigjn as wlgg as prjvatl lkunatjfoag jostjtutjfos, aok gjnlosjoh fd slrvjnlprfvjklrs. Prfvjklr payclot systlcs, wejne nao eavl sefrtlr-tlrc

lddlnts, arl kjsnusslk welo tely arl gjmlgy tf eavl eak ao lddlnt fo tel

quagjty fd tel narl prfvjklk, as arl neaohls kul tf tel klnlotragjzatjfo fd

slrvjnl klgjvlry jo 9001. Ilnausl a statjstjnag aoagysjs fd telsl pfgjnjls js

oft pfssjigl wjte tel kata avajgaigl, teljr nausag jcpant rlcajos acijhu-

fus. Lxpgfrjoh pftlotjag lxpgaoatjfos dfr neaohls jo quagjty js ao jcpfr-

taot arla dfr duturl pfgjny rlslarne (ifx <.1).

Neaohls jo tel ^trunturag Quagjty fd Puigjn ElagteDanjgjtjls2 Pusmlscas aokPustu

Jonrlaslk puigjn duokjoh drfc sfurnls sune as Asmlsmjo /Bacmlscas

(Elagte Josuraonl dfr tel Pffr) napjtatjfo duoks eas illo cakl avajg-

aigl at tel pusmlscas glvlg, glakjoh tf jcprfvlclots jo lovjrfoclo-

tag, eyhjlol, aok saojtatjfo staokarks. Dfr lxacpgl, agg danjgjtjls eak

ilttlr annlss tf watlr jo 9008 (taigls <.1 aok <.9). Nacpajhos iyjotlroatjfoag kfofr ahlonjls sune as tel Hgfiag Duok aok tel Xfrgk

Elagte Frhaojzatjfo, aok tel jonrlaslk attlotjfo tf splnjdjn jccu-

ojzatjfo nacpajhos arl agsf gjmlgy nfotrjiutfrs. Efwlvlr, jonrlaslk

suppgy kfls oft agways traosgatl kjrlntgy jotf jcprfvlk nejgk jccu-

ojzatjfo status. [el cfst rlnlot Klcfhrapejn aok Elagte ûrvly

(IP^ 9005) sefws teat clasgls jccuojzatjfo acfoh nejgkrlo ahls

19 tf 9> cfotes jonrlaslk drfc 40 plrnlot jo 1::8, tf 48 plrnlot jo

9008, ao jcprfvlclot fd fogy slvlo plrnlotahl pfjots. [el tarhlt ratlfd jccuojzatjfo js :0 plrnlot.

[el avajgaijgjty fd vannjols at pustu jcprfvlk kurjoh tel 10 ylars

drfc 1::8 tf 9008. Jo 1::8, fogy 9: plrnlot fd pustu eak clasgls

vannjols aok >> plrnlot eak tltaous vannjols jo stfnm. Jo 9008, tel




[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 8>

Ifx <.1

Dffk dfr [efuhet‛\opanmjoh tel Elagte PrfkuntjfoDuontjfo2 Quagjty aok Elagte Futnfcls

Jcprfvjoh tel suppgy fd elagte narl aok tel quagjty fd narl prfvjklrs arl usldug

jotlrclkjatl hfags dfr strlohtelojoh tel elagte systlc, aok eucao rlsfurnls jo

partjnugar. Zlt ao lvaguatjfo fd tel lddlntjvlolss fd pfgjnjls tf lxpaok tel suppgy

aok jcprfvl tel quagjty fd narl prfvjklrs sefugk jongukl asslssclots fd weltelr

tel pfgjnjls eavl aoy jcpant fo elagte futnfcls. Hjvlo rlnlot jonrlasls jo

splokjoh, aok nfosjklrjoh Jokfolsja‚s stjgg-cfklratl plrdfrcaonl fo nlrtajoelagte jokjnatfrs, rlslarne jotf tel rlgatjfosejp iltwllo rlsfurnls aok futnfcls

js warraotlk. [el JDG^ kata sfurnl js usldug jo tejs rlhark ilnausl jt jongukls

fiblntjvl clasurls fd elagte status. Elrl tel dfnus js oft fo tel suppgy fd eucao

rlsfurnls, iut fo prfxy clasurls fd jts quagjty.

Prlgjcjoary rlslarne dfnuslk fo elcfhgfijo glvlgs aok jrfo kldjnjlony

aolcja. Jrfo kldjnjlony, as jokjnatlk iy gfw elcfhgfijo (Ei), js assfnjatlk

wjte lglvatlk susnlptjijgjty tf kjslasl aok datjhul. Gfw elcfhgfijo cay jokj-

natl teat ao jokjvjkuag suddlrs drfc trlataigl kjsfrklrs, sune as jotlstjoag

wfrcs, aok teus jotlrantjfo wjte elagte narl prfdlssjfoags nfugk il lxplntlk

tf rlkunl tel jonjklonl fd gfw elcfhgfijo. A suistaotjag gjtlraturl klcfo-

stratls teat jrfo kldjnjlony aolcja rlsugts jo rlkunlk wfrm napanjty aok cay

teus addlnt lnfofcjn wlgg-iljoh ([efcas lt ag. 9008). Jt js gjmlgy teat tejs clasurl,

Elcfhgfijo aok Prloatag Narl (Dlcagls, ahl 1<„;:)

Glvlg Glvlg

Zlar kuccy (9008 3 1) 0.1<:*** 0.1<:***

Prloatag vjholttl snfrl (z-snfrl) 0.0;;** 0.0>5*

Pffrlst 90% „0.045 „0.048

Prloatag vjholttl snfrl Ø Pffrlst 90% 0.0>;

Lkunatjfo (ylars) „0.00> „0.00>

Ahl (ylars) „0.009 „0.009

\riao 3 1 „0.0>4 „0.0>8

Nfostaot 19.<;1*** 19.<;1***

Fislrvatjfos 10,:0; 10,:0;

Y-squarlk 0.0<4 0.0<8


Oftl2 Yfiust staokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. *** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10. Agg cfklgs nfotrfg dfr kjstrjnt

djxlk lddlnts.

(nfotjoulk)



plrnlotahls agcfst kfuiglk, aok cfrl teao eagd fd pustu ofw eavl

clasgls aok tltaous vannjols. Efwlvlr, tuilrnugfsjs trlatclot eas

wfrslolk sjonl 1::8. Jo 1::8, <> plrnlot fd pustu prfvjklk tuilrnu-

gfsjs ([I) trlatclot, iut fogy >0 plrnlot kjk sf jo 9008. Jt js uonglar

wey tejs sjtuatjfo eas wfrslolk. Pfssjigl lxpgaoatjfos jongukl dlwlr

stadd at pustus teao jo 1::8, rlkunlk avajgaijgjty fd kruhs, ganm fd fplr-

atjoh duoks adtlr klnlotragjzatjfo‛lvlo tefuhe napjtatjfo duoks drfc

Asmlsmjo /Bacmlscas nfugk il uslk dfr elagte prfcftjfo‛aok hfv-

lroclot prjfrjtjzatjfo fd catlroag elagte as a cajo jotlrvlotjfo,

wejne cay eavl kjvlrtlk attlotjfo drfc ftelr puigjn elagte prf-

hracs, sune as tel fol tf nfuotlr [I.

Peysjnjaos wfrmjoh jo prjvatl prantjnls plrdfrclk wfrsl fo ifte van-

njol avajgaijgjty aok [I trlatclot jo 9008 teao jo 1::8. [ejs js kjddjnugt


gjml caoy ftelr elagte futnfcls, js addlntlk iy annlss tf narl, nfcpltlonl fd

elagte narl prfvjklrs, aok clkjnag trlatclot. Kata drfc tel 1::8 wavl fd JDG^

jokjnatl tel pftlotjag sjhojdjnaonl fd aolcja jo Jokfolsja. A tejrk fd rlprfkun-

tjvl-ahl wfclo (ahl 1< tf ;:) wlrl dfuok tf eavl gfw glvlgs fd jrfo, as jokj-

natlk iy Ei glvlgs ilgfw 190h/G, fr hracs plr gjtlr, tel nutfdd rlnfccloklk

iy tel Xfrgk Elagte Frhaojzatjfo.

[f lxacjol weltelr neaohls jo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjtjls fd

elagte prfvjklrs traosgatl jotf jcprfvlk elagte futnfcls, tel rlgatjfosejp

iltwllo prfvjklr snfrls fo kjahofstjn aok trlatclot vjholttls aok elcfhgfijo

glvlgs fd wfclo fd nejgk-ilarjoh ahl wlrl lxacjolk. Xfclo arl tel dfnus elrl

ilnausl teljr usl fd elagte narl jonrlaslk iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008, aok fiblntjvl

elagte clasurls drfc tel JDG^, sune as elcfhgfijo, cap jotf jcprfvlclots jo

kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty teat wfugk il napturlk iy prloatag narl aok

akugt nuratjvl narl vjholttls.

Ylsugts arl sefwo jo tel annfcpaoyjoh taigl. [ely rlvlag a pfsjtjvl assfnj-

atjfo iltwllo z-snfrl fo tel prloatag vjholttl aok elcfhgfijo glvlgs. A fol

staokark klvjatjfo jonrlasl jo snfrl fo tel prloatag vjholttl js assfnjatlk wjte

ao jonrlasl drfc 0.0>5 tf 0.0;; jo elcfhgfijo glvlgs. Jo tlrcs fd rlkunjoh aol-

cja, telo, wl djok teat a fol staokark klvjatjfo jonrlasl jo tel elagte narl

prfvjklr prloatag vjholttl snfrl js assfnjatlk wjte a 9 plrnlot klngjol jo tel

prfiaijgjty teat a wfcao jo tel gfwlst plr napjtag lxplokjturl qujotjgl wjgg

il suddlrjoh drfc aolcja.

Ifx <.1 (nfotjoulk)



tf lxpgajo, as nurrlot pfgjny js dfnuslk splnjdjnaggy fo hrlatlr jovfgvlclot

iy tel prjvatl slntfr jo [I nfotrfg. [elsl djokjohs clrjt cfrl aoagysjs,

dfggfw-up tf hajo a ilttlr uoklrstaokjoh fd lxpgaoatjfos, aok suislqulot

rlnfcclokatjfos dfr pfgjny neaohls.

[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 8<

[aigl <.1 ^trunturag Jokjnatfrs aok Quagjty ^nfrls dfr Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl,

aok Akugt Nuratjvl Narl jo 9008, iy Ngjojnag ^lttjoh

( plrnlot )

Quagjty clasurls Pusmlscas Pustu

Prjvatl slttjohs

Prjvatl

oursl

Prjvatl

cjkwjdl

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Agg

slttjohs

^trunturag quagjty

Jotlroag watlr sfurnl 5: 81 50 5; 5: 5;

Jopatjlot ilks 95 > > 95 > 15

Duontjfojoh

cjnrfsnfpl 8: < 1 > 8 9<

[uilrnugfsjs slrvjnla a :< >0 5 9 ;; >5

Clasgls vannjols

jo stfnm :8 <1 < ;5 11 <1

[ltaous tfxfjk

vannjol jo stfnm :8 << : <: 19 <<

Elpatjtjs I vannjol

jo stfnm :9 <9 4 <; 14 <9

^furnl2 JDG^ 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^.

a. [el qulstjfo asmlk was weltelr clkjnag trlatclot dfr tuilrnugfsjs js avajgaigl.

Puigjn slttjohs

[aigl <.9 ^trunturag Jokjnatfrs aok Quagjty ^nfrls dfr Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl,

aok Akugt Nuratjvl Narl jo 1::8, iy Ngjojnag ^lttjoh

( plrnlot )


Prjvatl slttjohs

Prjvatl

oursl

Prjvatl

cjkwjdl

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Agg

slttjohs

^trunturag quagjty

Jotlroag watlr sfurnl 4< >> 48 84 84 44Jopatjlot ilks 15 0 1 1: 9 10

Duontjfojoh cjnrfsnfpl 51 0 1 9 5 99

[uilrnugfsjs slrvjnl :4 <> 14 4 <4 ;4

Clasgls vannjols jo stfnm :; 9: ; ;> 91 ;1

[ltaous tfxfjk vannjol

jo stfnm :; >> 4 40 9> ;4

Elpatjtjs I vannjol

jo stfnm :9 9< ; >4 9< >:

^furnl2 Iarilr, Hlrtglr, aok Earjcurtj 9008a, usjoh JDG^ 1::8.

Puigjn slttjohs




Clasurjoh Kjahofstjn Aijgjty \sjoh JokfolsjaDacjgy Gjdl ûrvly Tjholttls

[el aijgjty fd elagte prfvjklrs tf kjahofsl jggolss nfrrlntgy js clasurlk

usjoh nfccuojty aok danjgjty elagte vjholttl qulstjfos drfc tel Jokfolsja

Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^/) 1::8

aok 9008. [el jotlrvjlwlr prlslots tel elagte vjholttl fr nasl tf tel

elagte wfrmlr aok asms efw tel wfrmlr wfugk prfnllk. At tel pusmlscas,

tel ejhelst-raomjoh elagte wfrmlr avajgaigl at tel tjcl fd tel vjsjt js

jotlrvjlwlk, aok jo prjvatl slttjohs tel peysjnjao, cjkwjdl, fr oursl js

jotlrvjlwlk.[erll vjholttls arl rlgatlk tf kjahofsjs aok trlatclot fd nfokjtjfos

nfccfo jo prloatag, nejgk, aok akugt narl, rlsplntjvlgy. Dfr lxacpgl, fol

vjholttl eas a cftelr irjohjoh jo a nejgk suddlrjoh drfc kjarrela dfr cfrl

teao twf kays. Acfoh tel jtlcs teat tel jotlrvjlwlr rlnfrks js ao jokj-

natjfo fd weltelr tel elagte prfvjklr tamls tel tlcplraturl fd tel

patjlot, asms aifut drlqulony fd kjarrela, aok asms aifut tel oaturl fd tel

stffg. (Prlslonl fd igffk jo tel stffg, dfr lxacpgl, elgps tf kjstjohujse

vjrag kjarrela drfc kyslotlry.)9 [el jotlrvjlwlr telo assjhos a snfrl fd

fol dfr a nfrrlnt aoswlr fr zlrf dfr ao jonfrrlnt fr cjssjoh aoswlr tf a

prlparlk gjst fd jtlcs iaslk fo staokarks dfr kjahofsjs aok trlatclot. [wf

typls fd quagjty snfrls arl nfostruntlk dfr lane elagte nasl2 tel raw snfrl,

wejne js tel searl fd nfrrlnt rlspfosls cugtjpgjlk iy 100, aok tel ofr-

cagjzlk raw snfrl, fr z-snfrl, wejne sefws tel kjddlrlonl drfc tel clao

jo tel natlhfry kjvjklk iy tel staokark klvjatjfo.>

\sjoh 1::8 JDG^ kata, Iarilr, Hlrtglr, aok Earjcurtj (9008a) dfuok

teat pusmlscas-iaslk elagte prfvjklrs eak aifvl avlrahl kjahofstjn aijg-

jty jo prloatag narl. [ely agsf dfuok teat peysjnjaos jo prjvatl prantjnlwlrl fd ejhelr aijgjty jo kjahofsjoh nejgk aok akugt jggolssls. Oursls prf-

vjkjoh prjvatl slrvjnls eak ilgfw avlrahl aijgjty fo agg vjholttls, as kjk

cfst prfvjklrs, puigjn aok prjvatl, jo tel cfrl rlcftl aok pffr arlas jo

1::8. [el 9008 JDG^ agsf jonguklk tel elagte wfrmlr vjholttls aok teus

aggfws aoagysjs fd neaohls fvlr tjcl jo tel kjahofstjn aijgjty fd slrvjnl

prfvjklrs. Cfrlfvlr, iy gjomjoh nfccuojty-glvlg jodfrcatjfo fo kjahofs-

tjn aok trlatclot aijgjty, jt js pfssjigl tf lxacjol tel rlgatjfosejps iltwllo

quagjty, utjgjzatjfo, aok elagte futnfcls aok neaohls jo pfgjnjls addlntjoheucao rlsfurnls dfr elagte narl.

Jt sefugk il oftlk teat dfr tel puigjn slntfr, fogy pusmlscas aok pustu

arl jonguklk, welrlas prjvatl prantjtjfolr ratjohs wlrl fitajolk dfr oursls,

cjkwjvls, aok peysjnjaos. At puigjn elagte danjgjtjls, tel vjholttls wlrl



[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 88

nfokuntlk wjte tel ejhelst-glvlg elagte wfrmlr prlslot welo louclra-

tfrs arrjvlk tf nfokunt tel danjgjty survly, aok teljr rlspfosls arl uslk as

tel pusmlscas fr pustu snfrl. Jo nasls welrl of peysjnjao was prlslot, tel

plrsfo qulstjfolk nfugk eavl illo a cjkwjdl, paraclkjn, fr oursl, wejne

js nfosjklrlk rlprlslotatjvl fd tel quagjty fd narl prfvjklk at teat danjgjty

at teat tjcl.; Jotlrvjlwlrs wlrl narldug tf vjsjt puigjn danjgjtjls kurjoh pui-

gjn wfrmjoh efurs. Djoaggy, tel vjholttls rldglnt tel kjahofstjn aok trlat-

clot aijgjtjls fd iasjn elagte narl prfvjklrs aok kf oft jongukl cfrl

sfpejstjnatlk narl at slnfokary aok tlrtjary glvlgs. Efspjtag narl js oft kjs-

nusslk jo tejs stuky.

Neaohls jo Kjahofstjn aok [rlatclot Aijgjty fvlr [jcl

Iltwllo 1::8 aok 9008, statjstjnaggy sjhojdjnaot, iut scagg, jcprfvlclots

fnnurrlk jo snfrls fo kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty jo ifte uriao aok

rurag arlas fd agg rlhjfos, dfr agg terll elagte nfokjtjfos, aok jo ifte tel

puigjn aok tel prjvatl slntfr (sll taigl <.> dfr staokark rlqujrlclots).

[el snfrls sefwo jo taigl <.; rlprlslot tel plrnlotahl snfrlk nfrrlntgy

fo tel vjholttl. Dfr lxacpgl, welo tel nasl js a sjnm nejgk wjte dlvlr, jd

tel elagte wfrmlr nfrrlntgy clotjfos agg staokark kjahofstjn aok trlat-

clot prantjnls teat sefugk il lcpgfylk jo sune a nasl, tel snfrl wfugk

il 100 plrnlot.

[el snfrls fo tel prloatag narl vjholttls jo ifte tel puigjn aok tel prj-

vatl elagte slntfr jcprfvlk iy dfur plrnlotahl pfjots iltwllo 1::8 aok

9008, wjte tel hrlatlst jcprfvlclot tamjoh pganl jo Ftelr Prfvjonls.

Quagjty fd nejgk nuratjvl narl sefws sjcjgar jcprfvlclots, ifte jo cah-

ojtukl aok anrfss rlhjfos, iut startlk drfc a ejhelr iasl jo 1::8. Jo 9008,tel ejhelst nejgk nuratjvl narl snfrls wlrl dfuok jo puigjn danjgjtjls jo Bava

aok Iagj, wjte ao avlrahl snfrl fd 44 plrnlot fo kjahofstjn aok trlatclot

aijgjty staokarks.

Kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjtjls jo puigjn danjgjtjls jcprfvlk cfst dfr

nejgk narl, welrlas prjvatl prantjtjfolrs eak cfrl prfofuonlk jcprfvl-

clots dfr akugt narl. [el ejhelst kjahofstjn aijgjty dfr akugt nuratjvl narl

was dfuok jo Bava aok Iagj= tel gfwlst was dfuok jo ûcatra, klspjtl

ûcatra‚s rlnfrkjoh tel cfst sjhojdjnaot jcprfvlclot fvlr tel plrjfk.ûcatra js nfosjstlotgy ilgfw tel oatjfoag avlrahl snfrl aok sefws tel

gfwlst-quagjty kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty dfr agg terll nfokjtjfos.

Acfoh tel kjddlrlot danjgjtjls aok prantjtjfolrs, tel ilst snfrl dfr prl-

oatag kjahofstjn aijgjty aok trlatclot staokarks was dfuok at tel




pusmlscas, iut gjttgl kjddlrlonl iltwllo tel pusmlscas aok prjvatl cjk-

wjvls aok peysjnjaos js apparlot (taigl <.<).< [el ejhelst snfrls fo nejgk

narl vjholttls wlrl dfuok acfoh prjvatl peysjnjaos aok rlspfoklots at tel

pusmlscas. [el snfrls fo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot staokarks arl agsf

sefwo slparatlgy dfr uriao aok rurag arlas jo taigl <.< iut rlvlag dlw kjd-

dlrlonls iltwllo tel arlas. [ejs js oft lotjrlgy uolxplntlk, as prfvjklrs jo

ifte arlas arl tel prfkunts fd sjcjgar prlslrvjnl lkunatjfo jostjtutjfos.

[aigl <.> Ngjojnag Nasl Ylqujrlk ^taokarks fd Kjahofstjn aok [rlatclot Prantjnl

Prloatag narl

Narl dfr ao akugt wjte

rlspjratfry jodlntjfo

Narl fd a nejgk wjte

kjarrela aok vfcjtjoh

Lvaguatl eyplrtlosjvl

kjsfrklrs

Asm ejstfry fd ejhe igffk

prlssurl

[aml igffk prlssurl

[lst urjol prftljo

Asm aifut scfmjoh eaijt

[aml ejstfry aok peysjnag

Asm aifut ejstfry fdelart kjslasl

Asm aifut ejstfry fd kjailtls

Asm aifut dacjgy ejstfry

fd jggolssls

[aml eljhet clasurlclots

Xljhe patjlot

Clasurl utlrjol eljhet

Asslss weltelr ejhe-rjsm

prlhoaony

Plrdfrc kjahofstjns aok prlvlotjfo

Kltlrcjol tltaous

jccuojzatjfo status

[lst dfr slxuaggy traoscjttlk

jodlntjfos

[lst elcfhgfijo glvlgs

Akvjsl fo outrjtjfo

Hjvl jrfo-dfgatl

Lstaigjse nasl caoahlclot

systlc

Katl tel prlhoaony

Pgao dfr klgjvlry

Pgao dfr dfggfw-up vjsjts

[aml ejstfry

Asm aifut kuratjfo

fd jggolss

Asm aifut prlvjfus

rlspjratfry jggolssls

Asm aifut igffk jo nfuhe

Asm aifut nfgfr fd sputuc

Asm aifut nelst pajo

Nfokunt peysjnag sputuc [aml tlcplraturl

Gjstlo tf rlspjratjfo

Lxacjol lars

Asslss nelst jokrawjoh

Asslss dfr nyaofsjs

[lst sputuc

[aml ejstfry

Asm aifut kuratjfo fd jggolss

Asm aifut drlqulony fd jggolss

Asm aifut applaraonl fd

stffgs/vfcjt

Asm aifut igffk jo stffgs

Asm aifut dlvlr

Nfokunt peysjnag

[aml tlcplraturlNelnm dfr suomlo dfotaolggls

Nelnm smjo turhfr

[aml pugsl

Nelnm aglrtolss

Prfvjkl narl aok akvjnl

Akcjojstlr frag rleykratjfo

dgujks

Ylnfcclok welo tf

rlturo jd wfrsl

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008. ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^.



[el jcprfvlclots jo elagte prfvjklrs‚ kjahofstjn aijgjty cay il rlgatlk

tf ilttlr annlss tf jo-slrvjnl trajojoh, jodfrcatjfo, aok lkunatjfoag aok

djoaonjag rlsfurnls. Cfrl trajojoh jostjtutjfos arl fplratjoh, aok annlss tf

jodfrcatjfo js ilttlr teao jt was a klnakl ahf. Fvlragg, 9008 snfrls fo kjah-

ofstjn aok trlatclot vjholttls wlrl ejhelr jo puigjn danjgjtjls teao jo prj-

vatl fols, iut tel prjvatl slntfr js natnejoh up. [el puigjn slntfr eas ilttlr

jo-slrvjnl trajojoh fppfrtuojtjls, aok teat cay il tel rlasfo teat puigjn

slntfr danjgjtjls snfrl ejhelr.

[el searl fd prfvjklrs wjte kuag prantjnls js vlry ejhe, aok tel prfvj-

sjfo fd ifte puigjn aok prjvatl slrvjnls iy tel sacl prantjtjfolr cay

[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 8:

[aigl <.< Kltajglk Quagjty ^nfrls dfr Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl, aok Akugt

Nuratjvl Narl iy \riao„Yurag aok Puigjn„Prjvatl ^lttjoh


Prjvatl slttjohs

Prjvatl

oursl

Prjvatl

cjkwjdl

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Agg

slttjohs

Prloatag narl ;4 ;; >; ;< ;< ;<

\riao ;4 ;9 >4 ;< ;< ;4

Yurag ;8 ;< >; ;; ;; ;;

Nejgk nuratjvl narl 44 <: <8 41 48 4>

\riao 44 <: <4 49 48 4>

Yurag 44 <: <5 49 44 49

Akugt narl <5 ;: ;8 ;5 <: <;

\riao <5 <1 ;8 ;8 <: <<

Yurag <5 <1 ;: ;: <: <9


Puigjn slttjohs

[aigl <.; Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja, 1::8„9008, iy Ylhjfo

^lrvjnl

Oatjfoag slttjoh Bava aok Iagj ûcatra Ftelr Prfvjonls

1::8 9008 P3 1::8 9008 P3 1::8 9008 P3 1::8 9008 P3

Prloatag narl

Puigjn ;9 ;4 *** ;< ;8 ** >< >: ** >5 ;: ***

Prjvatl ;0 ;; *** ;> ;4 *** >; >8 ** >: ;4 ***

Nejgk nuratjvl narl

Puigjn <4 4; *** <5 44 *** ;5 <4 *** << 4< ***

Prjvatl << <: *** <8 49 *** <0 <9 <; 40 ***

Akugt nuratjvl narl

Puigjn ;: <4 *** <9 <: *** ;> ;5 *** ;; <> ***

Prjvatl ;4 <> *** ;5 <4 *** ;0 <1 *** ;; <1 ***

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^. Agg cfklgs nfotrfg dfr kjstrjnt djxlk lddlnts.

*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.






[aigl <.4 Kltajglk Quagjty ^nfrls fo Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl, aok Akugt

Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttls, iy Ngjojnag ^lttjoh, 9008

( plrnlot )

^lrvjnl Pusmlscas Pustu

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Prjvatl

cjkwjdl

Prjvatl

oursl

Prloatag narl

Lvaguatl eyplrtlosjvl kjsfrklrs

Asm aifut ejstfry fd ejhe

igffk prlssurl ;; >; 1> >: <

[aml igffk prlssurl 5: 50 95 5: 15

[lst urjol prftljo 94 15 4 91 1

Asm aifut scfmjoh eaijt >1 9: 11 >9 5[aml ejstfry aok peysjnag

Asm aifut ejstfry fd elart

kjslasl 98 91 10 98 ;

Asm aifut ejstfry

fd kjailtls >8 95 11 >; >

Asm aifut dacjgy ejstfry

fd jggolssls ;> ;> 1< ;: 8

[aml eljhet

clasurlclots 89 <: 18 4> 4

Xljhe patjlot 5: 8: 94 58 1>Clasurl utlrjol eljhet 44 <4 15 44 1>

Asslss weltelr ejhe-rjsm

prlhoaony 90 14 5 91 >

Plrdfrc kjahofstjns aok prlvlotjfo

Kltlrcjol tltaous

jccuol status 9; 99 : 94 ;

[lst dfr ^[J 1 0 1 1 0

[lst elcfhgfijo glvlgs 89 ;4 18 << 5

Akvjsl fo outrjtjfo :1 50 94 :1 15

Hjvl jrfo-dfgatl ;9 >1 19 >< ;

Lstaigjse nasl caoahlclot systlc

Katl tel prlhoaony 9; 1: < 94 ;

Pgao dfr klgjvlry 9; 15 4 9; >

Pgao dfr dfggfw-up vjsjts <8 ;; 1; <5 4

Akugt nuratjvl narl (rlspjratfry)


Asm aifut kuratjfo fd

jggolss :8 :> :; 41 :9

Asm aifut prlvjfusrlspjratfry jggolssls 90 11 99 5 1>

Asm aifut igffk

jo nfuhe <; ;9 4; >0 ;>

(nfotjoulk)




Jo suc, tel cfrl kltajglk aoagysjs sefws teat prloatag narl kjahofstjn

aok trlatclot aijgjtjls arl ejhelr at pusmlscas, iut akugt aok nejgk nura-

tjvl narl kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty snfrls arl ejhelr dfr prjvatl

peysjnjaos. [elrl js gfhjn tf tejs djokjoh, partjnugargy hjvlo tel lcpeasjs

fd puigjn pfgjny fo catlroag elagte aok tel dant teat tel Cjojstry fd

[aigl <.4 Kltajglk Quagjty ^nfrls fo Prloatag, Nejgk Nuratjvl, aok Akugt

Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttls, iy Ngjojnag ^lttjoh, 9008

( plrnlot )

^lrvjnl Pusmlscas Pustu

Prjvatl

peysjnjao

Prjvatl

cjkwjdl

Prjvatl

oursl

Asm aifut nfgfr

fd sputuc <1 >: <8 >4 >8

Asm aifut nelst pajo >: >1 ;4 9; >>

Nfokunt peysjnag aok sputuc

[aml tlcplraturl 8< 88 89 <> 81

Gjstlo tf rlspjratjfo 81 4< 45 ;; 40

Lxacjol lars >; 9> ;1 19 14Asslss nelst jokrawjoh ;0 >1 ;0 90 98

Asslss dfr nyaofsjs 84 4< 85 ;8 4<

[lst sputuc 8< 45 41 >5 4>

Nejgk nuratjvl narl (kjarrela)


Asm aifut kuratjfo

fd jggolss 54 5: 5> 8> 89

Asm aifut drlqulony

fd jggolss :> :1 5; 85 8<

Asm aifut applaraonlfd stffgs fr vfcjt <; >> << >; >;

Asm aifut igffk jo stffgs ;9 95 ;> 94 99

Asm aifut dlvlr <5 << <; ;4 ;<

Nfokunt peysjnag

[aml tlcplraturl 8< 8> 89 44 <:

Nelnm dfr suomlo

dfotaolggls 41 ;4 40 ;; ;9

Nelnm smjo turhfr 85 8< 89 4: 4;

[aml pugsl <9 ;; <8 ;9 ;9

Nelnm aglrtolss 8< 44 89 4> <;

Prfvjkl narl aok akvjnl

Akcjojstlr frag

rleykratjfo dgujks 8: 80 8; ;1 44

Ylnfcclok welo

tf rlturo jd wfrsl >< 9< >; 9< 9>


(nfotjoulk)



[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 5>

Elagte aok suioatjfoag hfvlroclots prfvjkl cfrl trajojoh tf pusmlscas

prfvjklrs. [el nfrl iusjolss fd prjvatl prantjtjfolrs, lxnlpt dfr cjkwjvls,

js nejgk aok akugt nuratjvl narl. Prjvatl cjkwjvls‚ snfrls arl vlry sjcjgar

tf tefsl fd pusmlscas fo prloatag narl iut arl glss davfraigl fo nejgk aok

akugt narl.

Dfr tel kjddlrlot vjholttls, tel nfcpltlony snfrls fd puigjn aok prj-

vatl elagte prfvjklrs wlrl raomlk jotf djvl qujotjgls (taigl <.8). Of

cabfr kjddlrlonls applar jo avlrahl qujotjgl vjholttl snfrls iltwllo

puigjn aok prjvatl prfvjklrs. Dfr agg qujotjgls, avlrahl snfrls jcprfvlk

fvlr tjcl. Lvlo dfr tel ejhelst qujotjgls, efwlvlr, avlrahl snfrls

anrfss vjholttls arl aifvl :0 plrnlot fogy dfr nejgk nuratjvl narl.[elrldfrl, klspjtl tel jcprfvlclots, tel fvlragg glvlg fd kjahofstjn

aok trlatclot aijgjty fd agg elagte prfvjklrs jo Jokfolsja rlcajos gfw.

Agg elagte wfrmlrs arl lxplntlk tf rlspfok 100 plrnlot nfrrlntgy fo

iasjn staokarks.

[aigl <.8 Nfcpltlonl Kjstrjiutjfo fd Puigjn aok Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs‛

^nfrls fo Tjholttls Clasurjoh Kjahofstjn aok [rlatclot Aijgjtjls

( plrnlot )

Nfcpltlonl

qujotjgl

1::8 9008

Prloatag

narl

Nejgk

nuratjvl

narl

Akugt

nuratjvl

narl

Prloatag

narl

Nejgk

nuratjvl

narl

Akugt

nuratjvl

narl

Puigjn

1st qujotjgl

(glast nfcpltlot) 15.4 >1.1 90.: 98.4 ;>.5 >0.8

9ok qujotjgl >;.5 ;4.8 ;1.> ;0.1 <5.> <0.0

>rk qujotjgl ;;.4 <5.> <;.< ;8.; 44.8 4>.4

;te qujotjgl <<.< 4:.4 45.9 <>.: 8:.0 89.8

<te qujotjgl (cfst

nfcpltlot) 80.1 5<.4 51.5 48.5 :>.5 51.5

Prjvatl

1st qujotjgl

(glast nfcpltlot) 18.0 94.4 99.< 9;.: 9:.: 9:.<

9ok qujotjgl >1.; ;8.0 >4.; >4.5 ;:.; ;<.<>rk qujotjgl ;;.; <5.> <0.5 ;<.0 4>.4 <;.<

;te qujotjgl <<.< 4:.5 4>.4 <<.1 88.0 45.0

<te qujotjgl

(cfst nfcpltlot) 4:.< 54.4 8;.9 4<.8 :;.1 5>.<





Quagjty aok Jo-^lrvjnl [rajojoh

[el djokjohs klsnrjilk aifvl arl cfst gjmlgy rlgatlk tf tel quagjty fd prlslrvjnl aok jo-slrvjnl trajojoh. Prlvjfus stukjls eavl sefwo teat sune

trajojoh js gahhjoh jo Jokfolsja, lsplnjaggy dfr oursls aok cjkwjvls

(Eloolssy lt ag. 9004= Xfrgk Iaom 9005). Jt sllcs apparlot teat lkuna-

tjfoag jostjtutjfos aok teljr rlhugatfry draclwfrm ollk tf il strlohte-

lolk. At prlslot, tel rlhugatfry draclwfrm hfvlrojoh tel quagjty fd

telsl jostjtutjfos js wlam. Fd partjnugar nfonlro js tel rapjk hrfwte fd

olw sneffgs wjtefut a prfplr nrlklotjagjoh prfnlss. Agtefuhe rldfrcs

aok jonrlaslk jovlstclot tf akkrlss tel quagjty fd elagte prfdlssjfoagjostjtutjfos arl fohfjoh, rlsugts jo tel dfrc fd jonrlaslk quagjty naooft

il lxplntlk jo tel sefrt tlrc.4 Oft fogy js prlslrvjnl trajojoh gahhjoh,

iut jotlrosejps tf elgp stuklots fitajo prantjnag ngjojnag smjggs arl jo sefrt

suppgy aok fd pffr quagjty.

Cfst fd tel aoagysjs jo tejs neaptlr nfotrfgs dfr a oucilr fd ianm-

hrfuok dantfrs, sune as elagte prfvjklrs‚ ahl, aok vjggahl djxlk lddlnts=

efwlvlr, lxplrjlonl aok trajojoh wlrl oft kjrlntgy jonguklk. Agtefuhe

jt js gjmlgy teat ahl js pjnmjoh up a suistaotjag part fd tel lddlnt teat

lxplrjlonl (ylars) hlolratls, sfcl durtelr aoagysjs was plrdfrclk tf

asslss tel pfssjigl nfotrjiutjfo fd trajojoh. [f asslss tel nfrrlgatjfo

iltwllo kjahofstjn aijgjty aok trajojoh teat elagte wfrmlrs aok

prfvjklrs eavl prlvjfusgy rlnljvlk, fogy JDG^ 9008 survly kata wlrl

uslk dfr cugtjvarjatl aoagysls, as teat was tel fogy wavl teat jonguklk

jodfrcatjfo fo trajojoh. Kjahofstjn aijgjty was clasurlk as klsnrjilk

aifvl, aok lstjcatlk cfklgs nfotrfgglk dfr typl fd prfvjklr, wfrm

lxplrjlonl, aok kjstrjnt djxlk lddlnts.

[el nfrrlgatjfo iltwllo trajojoh aok tel quagjty fd narl varjlk wjklgyanrfss vjholttls (taigl <.5). Of nfrrlgatjfo sllclk tf lxjst iltwllo trajo-

joh aok quagjty fd prloatag narl. [eat cay il lxpgajolk iy tel dant teat

jo-slrvjnl trajojoh jo catlroag elagte ofrcaggy dfnusls fo ijrte klgjvlry

smjggs aok oft olnlssarjgy fo prloatag narl. Dfr nejgk nuratjvl narl, a sjhojd-

jnaot pfsjtjvl nfrrlgatjfo applarlk iltwllo tel raw snfrl fo tel nejgk

nuratjvl narl vjholttl aok rlnljpt fd trajojoh dfr anutl rlspjratfry,

cagarja, outrjtjfo, aok prloatag narl. A sjhojdjnaot pfsjtjvl nfrrlgatjfo was

agsf fislrvlk iltwllo tel akugt nuratjvl narl snfrl aok rlnljpt fd tel dfg-gfwjoh typls fd trajojoh2 kjahofstjn aghfrjtec, rlspjratfry kjslasl, aok

aotjijftjns dfr rlspjratfry kjslasl (dfr tel kltajglk aoagysjs, sll applokjx <

uoklr tel elakjoh [el Nfrrlgatjfos iltwllo [rajojoh aok Lxplrjlonl aok

Elagte Prfvjklr Mofwglkhl).



Neaohls jo Quagjty aok Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr

Hrfwte jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl prantjnls cjhet irjoh aifut ljtelr

jcprfvlclots fr kltlrjfratjfo jo tel avlrahl quagjty fd clkjnag slrvjnls

avajgaigl jo a nfccuojty. Fo tel fol eaok, wjtefut gjnlosjoh aok stao-

karks, cfrl prjvatl elagte narl prfvjklrs wef arl pffrgy trajolk fr gfw

smjgglk cay glak tf a klngjol jo avlrahl quagjty. Fo tel ftelr eaok, jd olw

prjvatl prantjnls arl staddlk iy prfvjklrs wjte aifvl-avlrahl smjggs aok

kjahofstjn aijgjtjls, tely wjgg nfotrjiutl kjrlntgy tf ao jcprfvlclot jo

avlrahl quagjty. Ejhelr-quagjty prjvatl prantjnls cay agsf rajsl quagjty

jokjrlntgy jd prfvjklrs jo tel puigjn pusmlscas rlspfok pfsjtjvlgy tf nfc-

pltjtjfo drfc prjvatl prfvjklrs. Nfrrlgatjfos iltwllo hrfwte jo prjvatlelagte slrvjnls aok fvlragg kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty arl prlslotlk

jo taigl <.:. [el nfrrlgatjfos arl drfc cugtjvarjatl aoagysls lxacjojoh

neaohls jo kjahofstjn aijgjty wejgl nfotrfggjoh dfr glhany lddlnts fd past

aijgjty, neaohls jo tel sfnjflnfofcjn nearantlrjstjns fd tel nfccuojty,

aok neaohls jo klcaok dfr elagte narl.8

[el rlsugts fd tel aoagysjs prlslotlk jo taigl <.: suhhlst slvlrag nfo-

sjstlot clssahls2

Djrst, jonrlasl jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr peysjnjaos plr 100,000pfpugatjfo js assfnjatlk wjte jcprfvlclot jo tel avlrahl kjahofstjn aijg-

jty fd agg danjgjtjls. [el neaohl jo prloatag narl, nejgk nuratjvl narl, aok

akugt nuratjvl narl snfrls drfc kjahofstjn aok trlatclot vjholttls arl agg

pfsjtjvlgy nfrrlgatlk wjte neaohls jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl peysjnjao

[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 5<

[aigl <.5 [ypls fd [rajojoh aok Lxplrjlonl wjte a Pfsjtjvl Lddlnt fo

Prfvjklr Quagjty êfwo iy Tjholttl ^nfrls

Kjahofstjn vjholttl

Eas pfsjtjvl lddlnt

fo raw snfrl

Eas pfsjtjvl lddlnt fo aijgjty

tf snfrl aifvl avlrahl

Prloatag narl Of trajojoh nfrrlgatjfos Zlars fd lxplrjlonl

Nejgk nuratjvl narl Anutl rlspjratfry jodlntjfos

Cagarja

‛

Akugt nuratjvl narl Kjahofstjn aghfrjtec

Ylspjratfry kjslasl

‛


Oftl2 [ejs taigl succarjzls tel typls fd trajojoh teat eak sjhojdjnaot pfsjtjvl nfrrlgatjfo wjte kjahofstjn

vjholttl snfrls jo tel cfklgs klvlgfplk aok prlslotlk jo applokjx <, taigls A<.> tf A<.<. [el typls fd trajojohjongukl trajojoh teat tel elagte wfrmlr rlnljvlk jo tel gast 19 cfotes jo kjahofstjn aghfrjtec dfr akugt kjslasls,

ofonfccuojnaigl kjslasls, rlspjratfry kjslasls, aotjijftjns dfr rlspjratfry kjslasls (dfr akugt nuratjvl narl),

nejgk jccuojzatjfo, trlatclot dfr anutl rlspjratfry jodlntjfo, trlatclot fd kjarrela, trlatclot fd cagarja,

outrjtjfo, EJT traoscjssjfo jo prlhoaony, prloatag narl (dfr nejgk nuratjvl narl), sadl klgjvlry, ejhe-rjsm prlhoaony,

assjstaonl kurjoh gaifr, EJT jo prlhoaony, fistltrjnag lclrhlony, aok dacjgy pgaoojoh (dfr prloatag narl).

‛ 3 of lddlnt.




prantjnls jo tel nfccuojty. [elsl rlgatjfosejps arl statjstjnaggy sjhojdjnaot

dfr prloatag aok nejgk nuratjvl narl. Jt js jcpfrtaot tf oftl teat ao jonrlasl

jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr peysjnjaos js assfnjatlk wjte jcprfvl-

clots jo avlrahl kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty jo tel nfccuojty,weltelr iy a peysjnjao, cjkwjdl, fr oursl. Agtefuhe jt js kjddjnugt tf

clasurl, jt js pfssjigl teat gfwlr-glvlg stadd (oursls) cay glaro drfc cfrl

lkunatlk stadd (peysjnjaos) aok telrliy jcprfvl teljr fwo slrvjnl quagjty.

^lnfok, tel aoagysjs hjvls of lvjklonl teat kuag prantjnl fppfrtuojtjls

glak tf klngjol jo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty fd elagte narl

wfrmlrs jo tel pusmlscas.5 Fol wfrry rlharkjoh tel hrfwte jo prjvatl

prantjnls js teat jt cay eavl a kltrjclotag lddlnt fo tel quagjty fd narl jo

tel pusmlscas jd peysjnjaos iaslk jo tel pusmlscas ilgjlvl tely nao laro

suistaotjaggy ejhelr jonfcls terfuhe fplratjoh teljr fwo prjvatl pran-

tjnls. Quagjty jo tel pusmlscas cay kltlrjfratl jd peysjnjaos arl sjcpgy

oft avajgaigl. [ejs stuky dfuok teat tel kjahofstjn aijgjty fd tel elagte

narl prfvjklrs avajgaigl jo tel pusmlscas kjk oft kltlrjfratl wjte tel

hrfwte fd tel prjvatl slntfr. [ejs djokjoh js pfsjtjvl jo partjnugar

[aigl <.: Lddlnt fd ao Jonrlasl jo Prjvatl Prantjnls fo Kjahofstjn

Aijgjty fd Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs

Pfpugatjfo

âcpgl

Agg danjgjtjls Puigjn danjgjtjls

Prloatag vjholttl snfrl

Neaohl jo prjvatl peysjnjaos

plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo

0.0<8**

(0.09<)

0.091

(0.094)

Neaohl jo prjvatl cjkwjdl

prantjnls plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo

„0.001

(0.001)

„0.001

(0.01;)

Nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl snfrl

Neaohl jo prjvatl peysjnjaos


0.04:**

(0.0>1)

0.09>

(0.0>8)

Neaohl jo prjvatl cjkwjdl


„0.015

(0.098)

„0.009

(0.09<)

^furnl2 Nagnugatlk iy autefrs drfc JDG^, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^, aok PFKL^ (ettp2//www.raok.frh/

gaifr/ips/pfkls/) kata.

Oftl2 [ejs taigl sefws tel neaohl jo prloatag aok nejgk nuratjvl narl z-snfrls assfnjatlk wjte neaohls jo

oucilrs fd peysjnjao aok cjkwjdl prantjnls plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo. [el ljhet nflddjnjlots lstjcatlk jo tel taigl

succarjzl rlsugts drfc dfur cfklgs lstjcatlk jo applokjx <, taigls A<.1 aok A<.9. Nfguco 1 succarjzls tel

lddlnts fd lxpaokjoh prjvatl slntfr prfvjsjfo fo avlrahl kjahofstjn aijgjty (clasurlk as z-snfrls fd nfccuojty

avlrahl snfrl) wjtejo ao louclratjfo arla aok usls nflddjnjlots drfc Cfklg ; fd tel upplr paolg jo taigls A<.1

aok A<.9. Nfguco 9 succarjzls tel lddlnt fd prjvatl slntfr lxpaosjfo fo avlrahl kjahofstjn aijgjty jo puigjndanjgjtjls aok usls nflddjnjlots drfc Cfklg ; fd tel gfwlr paolg jo taigls A<.1 aok A<.9. ̂ taokark lrrfrs fd tel

lstjcatlk lddlnt arl sefwo jo parlotelsls. Dfr cfrl jodfrcatjfo fo tel cfklgs lstjcatlk, jongukjoh ftelr

nearantlrjstjns jonguklk as nfotrfgs, pglasl sll tel kjsnussjfo jo applokjx <, aok dfr tel dugg slt fd lstjcatjfo

rlsugts, sll taigls A<.1 aok A<.9. *** jokjnatls sjhojdjnaonl at tel 1 plrnlot glvlg, ** at < plrnlot, aok

* at 10 plrnlot.




ilnausl rlspfosls tf tel vjholttls rldglnt tel aijgjty fd pusmlscas stadd

wef wlrl prlslot welo survly akcjojstratfrs arrjvlk uoaoofuonlk. At

tel sacl tjcl, durtelr stuky fd peysjnjao tjcl usl jo puigjn aok prjvatl

slrvjnls js jcpfrtaot dfr a cfrl nfcpgltl uoklrstaokjoh fd tel nfsts

aok iloldjts fd kuag prantjnl jo Jokfolsja. Jt js lsplnjaggy jcpfrtaot

ilnausl a garhl plrnlotahl fd tel hfvlroclot‚s puigjn elagte lxplokj-

turls nfvlrs tel sagarjls fd puigjn prfvjklrs. Jt sefugk agsf il mlpt jo

cjok teat agtefuhe tel quagjty fd elagte plrsfoolg, as clasurlk iy

telsl vjholttls, js ao jcpfrtaot kjclosjfo fd narl, ftelr kjclosjfos fd

quagjty arl agsf jcpfrtaot, jongukjoh lddfrt fd tel prfvjklr, lddlntjvl-

olss, lddjnjlony, aok jotlrplrsfoag rlgatjfos, ofol fd wejne js napturlkiy tel vjholttl snfrl.

[ejrk, hjvlo tel lxjstlonl fd pfgjnjls teat eavl glk tf a vast lxpaosjfo

jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr cjkwjvls, jt js jotlrlstjoh teat jonrlasjoh

tel oucilr fd cjkwjvls plr 100,000 plfpgl js oft nfrrlgatlk wjte

jcprfvlclots jo quagjty. ^tjgg, tel aislonl fd a pfsjtjvl assfnjatjfo

iltwllo vjholttl snfrls aok oucilr fd cjkwjvls sefugk oft il jotlr-

prltlk as lvjklonl teat tel jonrlaslk oucilr fd cjkwjvls eas oft

jcprfvlk annlss tf narl fr elagte futnfcls.: [el ganm fd ao assfnjatjfonfugk klrjvl drfc tel dant teat tel jonrlasls jo oucilr fd cjkwjvls wlrl

sjcjgar anrfss nfccuojtjls wjtejo rlhjfos, sf teat adtlr tel cugtjvarjatl

aoagysjs nfotrfgs dfr rlhjfoag hrfwte jo cjkwjdl prantjnls, a slparatl cjk-

wjdl lddlnt naooft il fislrvlk.

Oftls

1. ^ll tel slntjfo Kata aok Cltefkfgfhy, jo neaptlr 1, dfr navlats jo usjohvjholttls tf clasurl quagjty.

9. Ao jcpfrtaot oftl fd nautjfo2 tel aoswlrs klcfostratl mofwglkhl, oft

prantjnl.

>. [el ofrcagjzlk snfrl, fr z-snfrl, js tel raw snfrl, cjous avlrahl raw snfrl,

kjvjklk iy tel staokark klvjatjfo fd tel raw snfrl.

;. Dfr tel 9008 JDG ,̂ tel dfggfwjoh typls fd rlspfoklots wlrl jotlrvjlwlk2 dfr tel

prloatag narl vjholttl, hlolrag prantjtjfolrs (< plrnlot), cjkwjvls (:0 plrnlot),

paraclkjns (< plrnlot)= dfr tel nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl, hlolrag prantjtjfo-lrs (>4 plrnlot), cjkwjvls (;1 plrnlot), oursls (91 plrnlot), aok paraclkjns

(9 plrnlot)= dfr akugt nuratjvl narl, hlolrag prantjtjfolrs (<< plrnlot), cjkwjvls

(14 plrnlot), oursls (9< plrnlot), aok paraclkjns (9 plrnlot).

<. As sefwo, dfr tel prloatag narl vjholttl, tel cjkwjdl at tel pusmlscas was

tel rlspfoklot qulstjfolk jo :0 plrnlot fd tel jotlrvjlws. Hjvlo teat cfst




cjkwjvls prfvjkl ifte puigjn aok prjvatl slrvjnls, jt js of surprjsl teat telrl

js gjttgl kjddlrlonl jo quagjty iltwllo tel twf prfvjklrs.

4. [el Xfrgk Iaom nfdjoaonls tel Elagte Prfdlssjfoag Lkunatjfo Quagjty prfblnt,

caoahlk iy tel Kjrlntfratl Hlolrag dfr Ejhelr Lkunatjfo at tel Jokfolsjao

Cjojstry fd Oatjfoag Lkunatjfo, wejne ajcs tf strlohtelo tel quagjty assur-

aonl pfgjnjls hfvlrojoh tel lkunatjfo fd elagte prfdlssjfoags jo Jokfolsja iy

(a) ratjfoagjzjoh annrlkjtatjfo fd puigjn aok prjvatl elagte prfdlssjfoag trajo-

joh jostjtutjfos aok losurjoh teat jt js nfcpltlony dfnuslk= (i) klvlgfpjoh

oatjfoag nfcpltlony staokarks aok tlstjoh prfnlkurls dfr nlrtjdjnatjfo aok

gjnlosjoh fd elagte prfdlssjfoags= aok (n) iujgkjoh jostjtutjfoag napanjty tf

lcpgfy rlsugts-iaslk hraots tf lonfurahl tel usl fd annrlkjtatjfo aok nlrtjdj-natjfo staokarks jo tel klvlgfpclot fd clkjnag sneffg quagjty.

8. Applokjx < nfotajos a kjsnussjfo fd tel cltefkfgfhjnag apprfane= ao lxpaoklk

slt fd rlsugts applars jo applokjx < taigls A<.1 aok A<.9.

5. A olhatjvl aok sjhojdjnaot nflddjnjlot fo neaohl jo oucilr fd peysjnjao pran-

tjnls plr 100,000 nfugk il krjvlo iy tel dant teat peysjnjaos wjte sjkl pran-

tjnls wlrl oft jo teljr puigjn elagte ngjojn fddjnls at tel tjcl teat louclratfrs

sefwlk up.

:. Ftelr rlslarne eas rajslk qulstjfos aifut weltelr jonrlasls jo tel oucilr fd

cjkwjvls eavl glk tf jcprfvlk elagte futnfcls. [el nfrrlgatjfo iltwllo

oucilr fd cjkwjvls aok catlroag klates was stukjlk jo twf kjstrjnts fd

Iaotlo prfvjonl jo 9004. Ylslarnelrs dfuok of kjddlrlonls jo tel oucilr fd

catlroag klates jo vjggahls wjte ejhelr oucilrs fd cjkwjvls (Yfoscaos lt ag.

900:). Zlt telrl arl Draomloilrh-[efcas paplrs teat suhhlst a pfsjtjvl lddlnt

fd cjkwjvls fo catlroag aok nejgk elagte (Draomloilrh aok [efcas 9001).

Yldlrlonls

Iarilr, ̂ . G., P. B. Hlrtglr, aok P. Earjcurtj. 9008a. ‗Kjddlrlonls jo Annlss tf Ejhe-

Quagjty Futpatjlot Narl jo Jokfolsja.– Elagte Addajrs 94 (>)2 w><9„44.



IP^ (Iakao Pusat ^tatjstjm ]Jokfolsja ^tatjstjns IurlauS), Oatjfoag Dacjgy

Pgaoojoh Nffrkjoatjoh Ifark, Cjojstry fd Elagte, aok Canrf Jotlroatjfoag.

9005. Klcfhrapejn aok Elagte ûrvly 9008 . Nagvlrtfo, Carygaok, \Â2 IP^

aok Canrf Jotlroatjfoag. ettp2//klcfhradj.ips.hf.jk/vlrsj9/joklx.pep.

Draomloilrh, L., aok K. [efcas. 9001. ‗Xfclo‚s Elagte aok Prlhoaony Futnfcls2

Kf ^lrvjnls Caml a Kjddlrlonl6– Klcfhrapey >5 (9)2 9<>„4<.

Eloolssy, K., N. Ejnms, A. Ejgao, aok Z. Mawfoag. 9004. ‗[el [rajojoh aok

Klvlgfpclot Ollks fd Oursls jo Jokfolsja.– Paplr > fd >. Eucao Ylsfurnls

dfr Elagte ;2 10. ettp2//www.eucao-rlsfurnls-elagte/nfotlot/;/1/10.



Yfoscaos, N., ^. ^nftt, ^. O. Qfcarjyae, L. Aneakj, K. Irauoefgtz, [. Carseagg,

L. Paciukj, M. E. Xjttlo, aok X. B. Hraeac. 900:. ‗Prfdlssjfoag Assjstaonl

kurjoh Ijrte aok Catlroag Cfrtagjty jo [wf Jokfolsjao Kjstrjnts.– Iuggltjo fd

tel Xfrgk Elagte Frhaojzatjfo 900: 582 ;14„9>.

[efcas, K., L. Draomloilrh, B. Drjlkcao, B.-P. Eaijnet, N. CnMlgvly, O. Bfols,

H. Plgtf, I. ̂ jmfmj, N. ̂ ucaotrj, aok X. ̂ urjastjoj. 9008. ‗Jrfo ûppglclotatjfo,

Jrfo Kldjnjlot Aolcja, aok Elcfhgfijofpatejls2 Lvjklonl drfc Fgklr Akugts

jo Yurag Jokfolsja.– \opuigjselk caousnrjpt, \ojvlrsjty fd Nagjdfroja, Gfs

Aohlgls.

Xfrgk Iaom. 9005. Jovlstjoh jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte2 Neagglohls aok Fppfrtuojtjls

dfr Duturl Puigjn ^plokjoh. Elagte Puigjn Lxplokjturl Ylvjlw 9005. Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

[el Quagjty fd Puigjn Elagte Danjgjtjls aok Prantjtjfolrs 5:





:1

[el Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^) kataiasl fddlrs a uojqul fppfr-

tuojty tf akkrlss tel qulstjfos teat tel stuky rajslk aifut tel suppgy aok

quagjty fd elagte prfvjklrs aok tel usl fd elagte slrvjnls, as jt aggfws nfc-

parjsfos fvlr tjcl aok jongukls quagjty clasurls. Catnejoh tel JDG^ wjte

tel PFKL^ survly (Pftlosj Klsa, fr ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjag) durtelr

camls jt pfssjigl tf aoagyzl neaohls jo tel quaotjty fd elagte prfvjklrs

aok neaohls jo quagjty, as wlgg as tel lddlnts fd tel hrfwte fd tel prjvatl

elagte wfrmdfrnl jo Jokfolsja. Agtefuhe jt sefugk il mlpt jo cjok teat tel JDG^ kfls oft jongukl cfst fd tel lastlro Jokfolsjao prfvjonls, jt

nfvlrs 5< plrnlot fd tel Jokfolsjao pfpugatjfo.

[el quagjty clasurls uslk jo tel stuky rlgatl tf strunturag quagjty at

tel danjgjty glvlg (teat js, tel avajgaijgjty fd aklquatl suppgjls aok jodra-

strunturl) aok kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty. Kjahofstjn aok trlatclot

aijgjtjls wlrl clasurlk terfuhe elagte wfrmlrs‚ rlspfosls tf vjholttl

qulstjfos rlprlslotjoh terll typls fd narl‛prloatag, nejgk nuratjvl, aok

akugt nuratjvl. [el qulstjfos clasurlk mofwglkhl, oft lddfrt, ao jcpfr-taot kjstjontjfo tf mllp jo cjok wejgl jotlrprltjoh tel rlsugts.

[ejs neaptlr slts fut suhhlstjfos dfr pfgjny kjsnussjfo aok dfr durtelr

rlslarne aok aoagysjs. ûhhlstjfos dgfwjoh kjrlntgy drfc tel lvjklonl

prlslotlk jo tejs stuky wjgg il kjsnusslk. [elsl stlc drfc djokjohs fo

N E A P [ L Y 4

Kjsnussjfo aok Pfgjny

ûhhlstjfos



tel suppgy, kjstrjiutjfo, aok quagjty fd tel elagte wfrmdfrnl. Xelrl rlg-

lvaot, rlgatlk pfgjny suhhlstjfos, stlccjoh drfc prlvjfus wfrm fo tel

elagte wfrmdfrnl, aok pfgjnjls addlntjoh elagte wfrmlrs aok teljr klpgfy-

clot aok slrvjnls arl jonguklk tf plrcjt a cfrl nfcprlelosjvl slt fd

suhhlstjfos tf Jokfolsjao stamlefgklrs. Djoaggy, pfgjny arlas welrl dur-

telr rlslarne fr aoagysjs js olnlssary arl irjldgy kjsnusslk. [elsl arl

jcpfrtaot pfgjny arlas teat sefugk oft il kjsrlharklk iut dfr wejne spl-

njdjn suhhlstjfos dfr rldfrc naooft ylt il prfvjklk. Fvlragg, tel dfggfw-

joh pfgjny rlnfcclokatjfos arl claot tf stjcugatl kliatl aok

kjsnussjfo acfoh Jokfolsjao pfgjny camlrs aok anaklcjns aok arl oft

jotloklk tf il prlsnrjptjfos.

Mly Djokjohs fo Quaotjty aok Kjstrjiutjfo

^jonl tel gatl 1::0s, tel suppgy fd elagte slrvjnls jo uriao, rurag, aok

rlcftl arlas eas hrfwo, lsplnjaggy as a rlsugt fd tel jonrlasl jo tel prfvj-

sjfo fd prjvatl slrvjnls iy puigjn prfvjklrs. Agtefuhe tejs ‗kuag prantjnl–

eas jonrlaslk fvlragg annlss tf slrvjnls, jt eas oft nfotrjiutlk tf a cfrl

lqujtaigl kjstrjiutjfo anrfss rlhjfos. ^jonl 1::4, pusmlscas eavl eak, foavlrahl, cfrl peysjnjaos. At tel sacl tjcl, efwlvlr, cfrl pusmlscas ganm

peysjnjaos, lsplnjaggy fols jo rurag arlas.

[el kjstrjiutjfo fd hlolrag prantjtjfolrs rlcajos a slrjfus nfonlro, wjte

fogy 4 plr 100,000 pfpugatjfo jo rurag arlas aok >4 plr 100,000 jo uriao

arlas. [el hfvlroclot‚s pfgjnjls tf jcprfvl tel kjstrjiutjfo fd elagte

wfrmlrs kf oft applar tf eavl illo lotjrlgy sunnlssdug, lxnlpt dfr cjk-

wjvls. Cfrl rlnlotgy, tel sefrtlojoh fd tel caokatfry plrjfk fd slrvjnl jo

rlcftl arlas drfc terll ylars tf sjx cfotes applars tf eavl jokunlk cfrlpeysjnjaos tf taml up rlcftl arla assjhoclots.

Hrfwte jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl prantjnls jo nfccuojtjls js assfnj-

atlk wjte a sjhojdjnaot jonrlasl jo usl fd elagte danjgjtjls iy pffrlr

clcilrs fd tel nfccuojty. [el pffr arl cfrl gjmlgy tf usl tel puigjn

pusmlscas as tel prjvatl slntfr hrfws. [ejs suhhlsts teat tel jonrlasl jo

suppgy fd elagte slrvjnl prfvjklrs rlkunls nfohlstjfo nfsts jo tel pui-

gjn pusmlscas, wejgl agsf sfrtjoh cfrl addgulot clcilrs fd tel nfccu-

ojty tf prjvatl prantjnls.

Fol fd tel mly iarrjlrs gjcjtjoh annlss tf elagte slrvjnls js djoaonjag2plfpgl tlok oft tf sllm narl fut fd dlar tely wjgg oft il aigl tf addfrk

jt. Xelo djoaonjag iarrjlrs arl rlcfvlk, fol wfugk lxplnt ao jonrlasl jo

utjgjzatjfo. [el Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas (Elagte Josuraonl dfr tel Pffr)

prfhrac js jotloklk tf rlcfvl djoaonjag iarrjlrs aok aggfw pffr plfpgl

:9 Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



ilttlr annlss tf elagte slrvjnls. [el JDG^ kataiasl aggfwlk aoagysjs fd

neaohls jo utjgjzatjfo iy tefsl wef eavl Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas josuraonl,

wejne sefwlk teat utjgjzatjfo iy jokjvjkuags drfc tel pffrlst 90 plrnlot

fd efuslefgks jonrlaslk iy 9.5 plrnlot adtlr tel Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas

prfhrac nfcclonlk. \sl iy jokjvjkuags jo tel olxt-pffrlst qujotjgl fd

tel gfnag plr napjta lxplokjturl kjstrjiutjfo rfsl iy 9.: plrnlot.1 Cune

fd tel neaohl jo utjgjzatjfo drfc 1::8 tf 9008 cay teus il assfnjatlk

wjte annlss tf Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas. \sl fd elagte narl iy cfrl addgulot

efuslefgks, jo tel ;te qujotjgl fd tel plr napjta lxplokjturl kjstrjiutjfo,

agsf jonrlaslk.9

Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos fo Quaotjty aok Kjstrjiutjfo

• Cfojtfrjoh aok lvaguatjoh nurrlot klpgfyclot pfgjny applar nrunjag tf

asnlrtajo weltelr jt js ao lddlntjvl gfoh-tlrc stratlhy dfr cajotajojoh

quagjty elagte wfrmlrs jo rlcftl arlas. [el nurrlot hfvlroclot‚s

klpgfyclot pfgjny fd caokatfry sjx-cfote slrvjnl jo a rlcftl arla,

nfcijolk wjte djoaonjag aok ofodjoaonjag jonlotjvls, applars tf eavl

eak a pfsjtjvl lddlnt jo tel sefrt tlrc. Agtefuhe sefrt plrjfks jo a gfnatjfo cay il suddjnjlot dfr jcprfvjoh annlss tf nuratjvl narl, prf-

cftjvl aok prlvlotjvl narl rlqujrls a cfrl staigl prlslonl jo fol

gfnatjfo, jd prfvjklrs arl tf uoklrstaok tel partjnugar nfotlxt aok mofw

patjlots.

• Jo akkjtjfo tf lvaguatjfo fd tel nurrlot pfgjny fd rlkunlk caokatfry

slrvjnl, jt js ejhegy rlnfccloklk teat tel hfvlroclot fd Jokfolsja

nfotjoul tf klvlgfp aok lxplrjclot wjte ftelr jonlotjvl snelcls tfjcprfvl klpgfyclot aok losurl teat quagjty elagte slrvjnls arl avajg-

aigl jo rurag aok rlcftl arlas dfr tel gfoh tlrc. Applokjx 4 prfvjkls

a gjstjoh fd varjfus typls fd djoaonjag aok ofodjoaonjag jonlotjvls as ao

jggustratjfo fd pfssjijgjtjls.> Hakbae Caka \ojvlrsjty js nfokuntjoh

sfcl prfcjsjoh jojtjag lxplrjclots usjoh ofodjoaonjag jonlotjvls‛

sune as nrlatjoh a cfrl applagjoh wfrmjoh lovjrfoclot iy irjohjoh

tfhltelr tlacs wjte a cjx fd smjggs‛wejne clrjt cfrl attlotjfo aok

lvaguatjfo. Ylnlotgy, attlotjfo jo tel jotlroatjfoag gjtlraturl eas

turolk tfwark nrlatjoh a ‗rurag pjplgjol– iy dfnusjoh fo rlnrujtclot drfc rurag arlas, dfr lxacpgl, nrlatjoh jonrlaslk jotlrlst jo tel elagte

prfdlssjfos jo slnfokary sneffgs aok klvlgfpjoh splnjdjn rurag nurrjnu-

gucs jo elagte prfdlssjfoag sneffgs. Dfstlrjoh lxplrjclots aok pjgfts

wjte telsl olw klvlgfpclots js rlnfccloklk.

Kjsnussjfo aok Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos :>



• Pgaoojoh aok iukhltjoh sefugk jongukl nfosjklratjfo fd tel prjvatl

elagte slntfr tf losurl cfrl fptjcag usl fd lxjstjoh rlsfurnls. [ejs

nfugk nfosjst fd nfotrantjoh fut slrvjnls aok prfcftjoh elagte josur-

aonl snelcls teat aggfw dfr lquagjzatjfo fd rljciurslclot ratls dfr

puigjn aok prjvatl prfvjklrs. [el prjvatl elagte slntfr prfvjkls aifut

fol-eagd fd agg elagte slrvjnls jo Jokfolsja aok nfotjouls tf hrfw.

• Dfr jcprfvlclot fd pgaoojoh aok ollks-iaslk gjnlosjoh prfnlssls, jt js

rlnfccloklk teat a cfrl nfcprlelosjvl slt fd kata il nfgglntlk fo

wef wfrms welrl, ifte puigjngy aok prjvatlgy. At prlslot, kata arl

drahclotlk aok jonfcpgltl. [el nurrlot prfnlss, jo wejne gfnag hfvlro-clots gjnlosl olw prjvatl elagte prantjnls, js joaklquatl aok js oft

iaslk fo ollk= ofr kfls jt suddjnjlotgy taml lxjstjoh elagte narl rlsfurnls

jotf annfuot. Gjomjoh pgaoojoh wjte fvlragg njvjg slrvjnl rldfrcs js agsf

jcplratjvl.

• A cfrl tefrfuhe aoagysjs fd tel efurs elagte narl prfvjklrs splok jo

puigjn aok jo prjvatl danjgjtjls aok fd tel nfst-lddlntjvlolss fd aggfwjoh

kuag prantjnl js ollklk tf hajo a ilttlr uoklrstaokjoh fd tel jcpant fd kuag prantjnl aok tf akapt pfgjny welrl olnlssary. Jokfolsja‚s jcprls-

sjvl hajos jo annlss tf elagte slrvjnls arl lxpgajolk jo part iy kuag

prantjnl. Nfupglk wjte rlcfvag fd djoaonjag iarrjlrs, kuag prantjnl eas

jonrlaslk utjgjzatjfo ifte fd puigjn danjgjtjls, pusmlscas aok pustu, aok

fd prjvatl peysjnjaos, cjkwjvls, aok oursls. Agtefuhe tel stuky dfuok

of lvjklonl teat kuag prantjnl eas a olhatjvl jcpant fo tel mofwglkhl

fd elagte narl prfvjklrs at tel pusmlscas, tejs stuky naooft nfcclot

fo ftelr jcpfrtaot kjclosjfos fd tel quagjty fd slrvjnls, sune as lddfrt aok tjcl splot wjte patjlots. Aoagysjs fd peysjnjaos‚ mofwglkhl aok

usl fd tjcl jo puigjn aok prjvatl prantjnl wfugk prfvjkl a cfrl nfc-

pgltl pjnturl fd weltelr kuag prantjnl fppfrtuojtjls eavl a olhatjvl

jcpant fo tel quagjty fd narl avajgaigl jo tel pusmlscas.

• Cfrl uoklrstaokjoh js ollklk aifut tel jcpant fd tel sfrtjoh fd

patjlots jo wejne tel pffr caml cfrl usl fd puigjn slrvjnls wejgl tel

cfrl addgulot sllm narl at prjvatl danjgjtjls. [el jojtjag jokjnatjfo js

teat tel lxjstlonl fd kuag prantjnl eas nfotrjiutlk tf tel sfrtjoh fd patjlots. [ejs cay eavl a pfsjtjvl jcpant fo lddjnjlony, as gfoh as tel

ofopffr nfotjoul tf suppfrt tel puigjn systlc. Qulstjfos rlharkjoh

lddjnjlony hajos drfc tel lxjstlonl fd ejhelr-prjnlk prjvatl fptjfos, as

wlgg as jcpgjnatjfos dfr quagjty jo ifte puigjn aok prjvatl slntfrs,

:; Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja



rlqujrl durtelr stuky. [el kata kf oft, efwlvlr, aggfw ao aoagysjs fd

prfvjklrs‚ efurs aok glvlg fd lddfrt splot jo prfvjkjoh puigjn aok

prjvatl slrvjnls.

• A rlvjlw js ejhegy rlnfccloklk fd tel usl fd puigjn duoks aok tel

lddfrts lxploklk tfwark losurjoh ao aklquatl suppgy fd elagte

wfrmlrs jo uoklrslrvlk arlas aok dfr tel pffrlst plr napjta lxplo-

kjturl qujotjgls. \sl fd puigjn slrvjnls eas klnrlaslk suistaotjaggy

sjonl tel 1::8„:5 lnfofcjn aok djoaonjag nrjsjs, aok agtefuhe sfcl

jonrlasls eavl fnnurrlk sjonl 9000, jt rlcajos dar ilgfw largjlr glv-

lgs. Jostlak, utjgjzatjfo fd prjvatl slrvjnls, lsplnjaggy tefsl fd prjvatlcjkwjvls aok oursls, eas jonrlaslk. A garhl part fd puigjn splokjoh

hfls tf fplratl puigjn danjgjtjls teat eavl sllo klngjojoh utjgjzatjfo

ratls, lsplnjaggy iy rjnelr qujotjgls, jo pganls welrl prjvatl slrvjnls

arl avajgaigl. Cfrlfvlr, tel nfotjoujoh fol-sjzl-djts-agg slrvjnl klgjv-

lry stratlhy jo Jokfolsja js joaklquatl, as jt kfls oft taml jotf

annfuot tel kjvlrsjty anrfss tel nfuotry‚s rlhjfos.

• Jokfolsja sefugk nfosjklr aggfwjoh a prjvjglhjoh fd nlrtajo jotlrvlo-tjfos iy oursls aok cjkwjvls jo rurag aok rlcftl arlas. Oursls aok

cjkwjvls nfotjoul tf il acfoh tel prjcary prfvjklrs fd elagte slrv-

jnls dfr tel pffr jo rlcftl aok rurag arlas. As sefwo iy tel aoagysjs fd

neaohls jo utjgjzatjfo, welo tely arl jgg, cfst plfpgl ofw sllm trlat-

clot drfc oursls aok cjkwjvls. Zlt tel gfw glvlg fd quagjty fd oursls

prfvjkjoh prjvatl slrvjnls js agarcjoh aok ollks urhlot attlotjfo.

• [el fvlragg staddjoh pgaos jo tel elagte slntfr ollk tf il akaptlk tfgfnag ollks aok tf neaohls jo pfgjnjls aok sefugk taml tel fohfjoh

klcfhrapejn, lpjklcjfgfhjnag, aok outrjtjfoag traosjtjfos jotf annfuot.

Dfr lxacpgl, jo arlas welrl caoy peysjnjaos jo prjvatl prantjnl arl

prfvjkjoh nuratjvl narl, tel ganm fd a peysjnjao jo a pusmlscas cay oft

il fd nfonlro, as gfoh as tel pffr eavl annlss tf prjvatl peysjnjaos

as wlgg. ûne ao arraohlclot nfugk il anejlvlk terfuhe neaohjoh

tel rljciurslclot pfgjnjls fd Asmlsmjo /Bacmlscas tf jongukl narl

iy prjvatl peysjnjaos.

• [el klcfhrapejn, lpjklcjfgfhjnag, aok outrjtjfoag traosjtjfos teat arl

fnnurrjoh jo Jokfolsja wjgg rlqujrl akaptatjfos jo tel smjggs cjx, oucilr,

aok kjstrjiutjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs aok sefugk il tamlo jotf annfuot

welo klvlgfpjoh tel rldfrcs suhhlstlk elrl.

Kjsnussjfo aok Pfgjny ûhhlstjfos :<



Mly Djokjohs Ylharkjoh Quagjty

[el fvlragg quagjty fd elagte slrvjnls prfvjklk, as clasurlk iy telkjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty fd tel cajo elagte narl prfvjklrs‛

hlolrag prantjtjfolrs, cjkwjvls, aok oursls‛jcprfvlk iltwllo 1::8

aok 9008. Pfsjtjvl trloks arl sllo acfoh cjkwjvls jo prloatag narl

aok acfoh hlolrag prantjtjfolrs jo akugt narl. Efwlvlr, nfosjklrjoh

tel lddfrts tf jcprfvl trajojoh teat wlrl jcpglclotlk kurjoh tel

plrjfk, tel jonrlasl js carhjoag. A garhl prfpfrtjfo fd prfvjklrs kf oft

cllt tel staokarks slt dfr quagjty elagte slrvjnls. Jt applars teat nur-

rlot lkunatjfo rlqujrlclots dfr elagte prfdlssjfoags aok tel rlhuga-tfry prfnlss hfvlrojoh tel quagjty fd elagte prfdlssjfoag lkunatjfo arl

joaklquatl. Quagjty nfotrfg fvlr prfvjklrs js agsf josuddjnjlot tf huaraotll

ejhe-quagjty elagte slrvjnls.

[el nfrrlgatjfo iltwllo prfvjklr trajojoh aok tel quagjty fd narl var-

jlk wjklgy anrfss vjholttls. Agtefuhe of nfrrlgatjfo applarlk iltwllo

trajojoh aok tel quagjty fd prloatag narl, a pfsjtjvl nfrrlgatjfo was sllo

iltwllo nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl snfrls aok prfvjklr trajojoh. A pfsj-

tjvl nfrrlgatjfo was sllo iltwllo akugt nuratjvl narl snfrl aok rlnljpt fd

tel trajojoh jo kjahofstjn aghfrjtec, rlspjratfry kjslasl, aok aotjijftjns dfr

rlspjratfry kjslasl.

Jonrlasjoh tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr peysjnjaos plr 100,000 pfpu-

gatjfo js assfnjatlk wjte jcprfvlclot jo tel avlrahl kjahofstjn aijgjty fd

agg danjgjtjls. Jcprfvlclots jo prloatag narl, nejgk nuratjvl narl, aok akugt

nuratjvl narl snfrls fo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot vjholttls arl agg pfs-

jtjvlgy nfrrlgatlk wjte neaohls jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl peysjnjao pran-

tjnls jo tel nfccuojty. [el rlgatjfosejps arl statjstjnaggy sjhojdjnaot dfr

prloatag aok nejgk nuratjvl narl.[elrl js of lvjklonl teat kuag prantjnl fppfrtuojtjls eavl glk tf a

klngjol jo tel kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty fd elagte narl wfrmlrs

jo tel pusmlscas.; Agtefuhe tejs js a pfsjtjvl djokjoh, durtelr stuky fd

peysjnjaos‚ usl fd teljr tjcl jo puigjn aok prjvatl slrvjnls js jcpfr-

taot dfr a cfrl nfcpgltl uoklrstaokjoh fd tel nfsts aok iloldjts fd

kuag prantjnl jo Jokfolsja. [ejs js lsplnjaggy jcpfrtaot ilnausl a garhl

plrnlotahl fd puigjn elagte sagary splokjoh hfls tf pay tel sagarjls fd

puigjn prfvjklrs.Tjholttls clasurl mofwglkhl, oft lddfrt. Jt sefugk il mlpt jo cjok teat

agtefuhe quagjty fd elagte plrsfoolg, as clasurlk iy tel vjholttls, js ao

jcpfrtaot kjclosjfo fd narl, ftelr kjclosjfos fd quagjty arl agsf jcpfr-

taot. [ely jongukl lddfrt fd tel prfvjklr, lddlntjvlolss, lddjnjlony, aok jotlr-

plrsfoag rlgatjfos, ofol fd wejne js napturlk iy tel vjholttl snfrl.






jongukjoh ifte danjgjtjls aok caopfwlr. Prjvatl slntfr jovfgvlclot jo

clkjnag aok paraclkjnag lkunatjfo agsf warraots strfoh puigjn slntfr

fvlrsjhet tf losurl quagjty fd slrvjnls.

Durtelr Ylslarne Fptjfos2 Prfvjklr Payclot Cltefks

Jokfolsja eas jojtjatlk sfcl jotlrlstjoh pjgfts aok lxplrjclots wjte

prfvjklr payclot cltefks, sune as tel jotrfkuntjfo fd kjahofsjs-rlgatlk

hrfups aok hgfiag iukhltjoh at tel efspjtag glvlg, iut cune cfrl nfugk

il kfol. [el cfvl tfwark uojvlrsag elagte josuraonl nfvlrahl nfugk il

uslk tf durtelr lxplrjclot wjte, aok cfklrojzl, prfvjklr payclot cltefks jo slvlrag ways2

• Klvlgfpjoh payclot systlcs iaslk fo plrdfrcaonl teat rldglnt tel

lddjnjlot nfsts fd slrvjnl prfvjsjfo aok trlat puigjn aok prjvatl slntfr

prfvjklrs sjcjgargy.

• Lvaguatjoh aok nfotjoujoh tf pjgft rlsugts-iaslk djoaonjoh systlcs,

sune as futput-iaslk payclots, hgfiag iukhlts dfr efspjtags, aok

plr kjlc nasl-iaslk kjahofsjs-rlgatlk hrfups dfr danjgjtjls aok jokj-vjkuag prfvjklrs tf jonrlasl lddjnjlony aok quagjty.

• Lxplrjclotjoh wjte ofocfoltary jonlotjvls dfr agg prfvjklrs, lspl-

njaggy cjkwjvls, jongukjoh ilttlr narllr fppfrtuojtjls, clrjt-iaslk

narllr caoahlclot, aok jcprfvlk jo-mjok iloldjts (sune as efusjoh

aok lkunatjfo), tf lonfurahl klpgfyclot tf rlcftl arlas.

Oftls

1. As js jggustratlk iy djokjohs drfc Cfklg >= sll applokjx ;, taigl A;.1.

9. Lxpgjnjt aoagysls fd tel Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas prfhrac wlrl plrdfrclk iut arl

oft jonguklk jo tejs iffm. A dugg aoagysjs fd tel lddlnts fd tel prfhrac wjgg il

prfkunlk jo a slparatl rlslarne puigjnatjfo.

>. Dfr hujkaonl fo klvlgfpjoh ao jonlotjvl panmahl, sll Hujklgjols2 Jonlotjvls

dfr Elagte Prfdlssjfoags, 9005, at ettp2//www.wef.jot/wfrmdfrnlaggjaonl/

kfnuclots/JonlotjvlsVHujklgjols%90LO.pkd.

;. A olhatjvl aok sjhojdjnaot nflddjnjlot fo neaohl jo oucilr fd peysjnjao pran-

tjnls plr 100,000 plfpgl nfugk il krjvlo iy tel dant teat peysjnjaos wjte sjkl

prantjnls wlrl oft jo teljr puigjn elagte ngjojn fddjnls at tel tjcl teat lou-

clratfrs sefwlk up.




::

[el prjcary kata sfurnl teat js uslk dfr aoagysls jo tejs stuky js tel

Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^). Dfr sfcl qulstjfos, jodfrcatjfo drfc

tel ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjag (Pftlosj Klsa, fr PFKL^) js clrhlk wjte

JDG^. ûppglclotary aoagysls drfc tel oatjfoaggy rlprlslotatjvl survlys

nagglk tel ûsloas arl uslk tf lxacjol trloks fvlr tjcl.

[el JDG^ kata nfgglntlk jo 1::>, 1::8, 9000, aok 9008„05 jongukl

danjgjty survlys, wjte jodfrcatjfo fo stadd jo ifte puigjn aok prjvatl danjg-

jtjls. Prfvjklr kata arl catnelk tf jokjvjkuag patjlots (aok pftlotjagpatjlots) wjtejo louclratjfo arlas. ^jonl tel survly dfggfws tel sacl

efuslefgks aok vjggahls fvlr tjcl, jt nao prfvjkl a usldug fppfrtuojty tf

lxacjol neaohls teat eavl fnnurrlk wjte tel hrfwte fd kuag prantjnl aok

tel prjvatl slntfr. [el ûsloas js a efuslefgk survly wjte sfcl qulstjfos

aifut jggolss aok elagte narl utjgjzatjfo, iut tel typls fd slgd-rlpfrts jt

usls suddlr drfc oftfrjfus sfurnls fd ijas. [el JDG^ 9008 kata jongukl

vjholttls teat nao il uslk tf nfostrunt clasurls fd tel quagjty fd tel

prantjnag, trlatclot-frjlotlk mofwglkhl teat elagte narl prfvjklrs pfs-slss. Quagjty clasurls nfostruntlk drfc vjholttls arl joklploklot fd tel

rlspfoklots‚ dfrcag tjtgls.

Lvlry dfur ylars tel ûsloas nfotajos a splnjag elagte cfkugl teat

jongukls elagte status qulstjfos aok jodfrcatjfo fo elagte utjgjzatjfo, as

A P P L O K J U 1

Kata ^furnls





101

A P P L O K J U 9

Kldjojtjfos fd Elagte Danjgjtjls

aok Prfvjklrs



Elagte Danjgjtjls

Elagte danjgjty Klsnrjptjfo

Puigjn efspjtag (rucae

samjt ucuc kalrae ]Y^\KS)

Puigjn efspjtag gfnatlk at tel kjstrjnt glvlg

Prjvatl efspjtag (rucae

samjt ucuc swasta ]Y^\^S)

Prjvatl efspjtag gfnatlk at tel kjstrjnt glvlg= oatjfoag aok prfvjonjag hfvlroclot lo

kldlosl dfrnls

Prjvatl efspjtag dfr

wfclo aok nejgkrlo

(rucae samjt jiu kao

aoam ]Y^JAS)

Prjvatl efspjtag dfr wfclo aok nejgkrlo gfnatlk jo tel kjstrjnt

Catlrojty ngjojn (rucaesamjt ilrsagjo ]YÎS)

Prjvatl wfclo‚s efspjtag gfnatlk jo tel kjstrjnt

Prjvatl catlrojty ngjojn

(rucae ilrsagjo ]YIS)

Prjvatl catlrojty ngjojns wjte cfrl teao twf ilks

Nfccuojty elagte

nlotlr ( pusat mlsleatao

casyaramat)

Puigjn elagte nlotlr= jo hlolrag, tely arl gfnatlk at tel suikjstrjnt glvlg.

Auxjgjary elagte nlotlr

( pustu)

Puigjn elagte suinlotlr= jo hlolrag, tely arl gfnatlk at tel suikjstrjnt glvlg, usuaggy

Tjggahl cjkwjdl

(ijkao kj klsa ]IKKS/ pfokfm ilrsagjo klsa

]pfgjoklsS)

A IKK js a vjggahl cjkwjdl wef rlnljvls a hfvlroclot sagary iut cay nearhl dfr te

prfvjkls aok rltajo tel dlls. Agtefuhe tel vjggahl cjkwjdl telfrltjnaggy gjvls jo teltelrl arl rlpfrts teat jo caoy vjggahls sel gjvls lgslwelrl, cayil jo a olariy uria

slrvjnls prfvjklk iy tel IKK cay il fddlrlk jo a rffc jo elr efusl fr jo a strunt

prfplrty fd, aok was iujgt iy, tel vjggahl hfvlroclot (pfgjokls). Jo tel pfgjokls, te

prfvjklk iy tel vjggahl cjkwjdl, wef nearhls dfr tel slrvjnls aok rltajos tel dlls

1 0 9



[rlatclot ngjojn (iagaj

plohfiatao ]IPS)

Ildfrl tel akvlot fd tel elagte nlotlr, caoy prjvatl aok puigjn trlatclot ngjojns lx

elagte nlotlr was klvlgfplk, tel puigjn trlatclot ngjojns wlrl jonfrpfratlk jotf

wjte tel rlsugt teat fogy tel prjvatl iagaj plohfiatao rlcajolk. Agtefuhe tely ea

iy tel hfvlroclot aok kfofrs, tely rlcajo a sjhojdjnaot sfurnl fd trlatclot, lsp

las. [ely arl gjnloslk iy tel gfnag hfvlroclot aok cust eavl a kfntfr as tel supcfst fd tel kfntfrs oaclk as suplrvjsfr slgkfc vjsjt, aok oursls aok sfcl cjkw

fd tel elagte narl uosuplrvjslk.

Kfntfr, prjvatl prantjnl

(kfmtlr pramtlm swasta

]KP^S curoj)

A kfntfr wefsl prjcary prfdlssjfoag antjvjty js prjvatl prantjnl aok wef kfls of

drfc tel hfvlroclot

Oursl, prjvatl prantjnl

( plrawat pramtlm swasta

]PP^S curoj)

A oursl wefsl prjcary prfdlssjfoag antjvjty js prjvatl prantjnl aok wef kfls oft

drfc tel hfvlroclot

Cjkwjdl, prjvatl prantjnl

(ijkao pramtlm swasta

]IP^S curoj)

A cjkwjdl wefsl prjcary prfdlssjfoag antjvjty js prjvatl prantjnl aok wef kfls o

drfc tel hfvlroclot

1 0 >

Elagte ^lrvjnl Prfvjklrs

Prfvjklr Klsnrjptjfo

Kfntfr (kfmtlr ) Hrakuatl fd ao Jokfolsjao clkjnag sneffg gjnloslk iy tel hfvlroclot

Oursl ( plrawat) Hrakuatl fd

1. a slmfgae plrawat mlsleatao (^PM)= stuklots lotlr at tel lok fd buojfr ejhe snef

lqujvaglot tf slojfr ejhe sneffg= fr

9. ao amaklcj plrawatao, wejne stuklots lotlr at tel lok fd slojfr ejhe sneffg= fr

>. damugtas jgcu mlplrawatao, a uojvlrsjty-glvlg nfursl at tel djrst klhrll glvlg= a sc

hrakuatls as wlgg.

Agg telsl jostjtutjfos cust il gjnloslk iy tel hfvlroclot.








„0.;

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0.9

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0.4

n e

a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

n e a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

n e a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

a. Prloatag narl vjholttl

„0.;

„0.9

0.0

0.9

0.;

0.4

i. Akugt nuratjvl narl vjholttl

„0.;

„0.9

0.0

0.9

0.;

0.4

n. Nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

nfccuojty avlrahl gfwlss djt

Djhurl A>.1 Lvjklonl fd Nfovlrhlonl jo Quagjty2 Neaohl jo Nfccuojty

Avlrahl Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008




jo 9008, aok sf sfcl fd tel apparlot klngjol cay rldglnt tel jongusjfo

fd gfwlr-quagjty prfvjklrs jo 9008. Jo tejs nasl, tel apparlot klngjol jo

quagjty cay sjcpgy rldglnt raokfcolss jo prfvjklrs sacpglk jo lane

fd tel twf survly rfuoks. Avlrahl kjahofstjn aijgjty jo tel nfccuojty

js clasurlk wjte lrrfr jo lane plrjfk ilnausl oft agg prfvjklrs arl

jonguklk jo tel sacpgl, aok clao rlvlrsjfo cay lxpgajo sfcl fd tel

apparlot nfovlrhlonl.

Aoftelr lxpgaoatjfo dfr tejs pattlro, efwlvlr, wfugk il teat jt js kjd-

djnugt tf rltajo ejhe-quagjty elagte prfvjklrs jo nfccuojty elagte ngjojns.

Jo tejs nasl, tel fislrvlk klngjols jo quagjty nfugk il nauslk iy plrsfo-

olg neaohls fvlr tel prlvjfus 10 ylars. Nfccuojtjls wjte elagte narlprfvjklrs wef snfrlk partjnugargy wlgg fo kjahofstjn vjholttls jo 1::8

wlrl oft aigl tf rltajo fr tf attrant elagte narl prfvjklrs fd tel sacl

quagjty fvlr tel 10 ylar plrjfk. Jo tejs nasl, sfcl nfovlrhlonl js krjvlo

iy a prfnlss jo wejne a nfccuojty wjte prfvjklrs at tel ejhe lok fd tel

quagjty kjstrjiutjfo sjcpgy kjk oft eavl tel gunm tf eavl elagte prfvjklrs

fd tel sacl quagjty 10 ylars gatlr.

Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl iy Ylhjfo

Kjddlrlonls jo pattlros fd vjholttl snfrl nfovlrhlonl arl agsf fislrvlk

anrfss prfvjonls. Jo djhurl A>.9, nfovlrhlonl prfnlssls arl sefwo slp-

aratlgy dfr Bava aok Iagj, ûcatra, aok Ftelr Prfvjonls dfr avlrahl

snfrls fo lane fd terll kjahofstjn vjholttls. Fo agg terll vjholttls, ao

jotlrlstjoh kjddlrlonl js fislrvlk iltwllo tefsl prfvjonls futsjkl fd

Bava aok Iagj aok fd ûcatra. Acfoh nfccuojtjls wjte avlrahl

vjholttl snfrls ilgfw rfuhegy 0.; jo 1::8, tel jonrlasl jo snfrls wascfrl prfofuonlk fvlr tel 10-ylar plrjfk. [ejs cay rldglnt lddfrts tf

jonrlasl annlss tf elagte narl prfvjklrs jo cfrl rlcftl rlhjfos, sune as

tel figjhatfry puigjn pganlclot pfgjny wjte jonlotjvls dfr rlcftl aok

rurag arla slrvjnl.

Jo akkjtjfo, kjstjont kjddlrlonls jo nfovlrhlonl pattlros anrfss tel kjd-

dlrlot vjholttls arl fislrvlk. Jo Bava aok Iagj, dfr lxacpgl, wl kf oft

fislrvl tel sacl stllp nfovlrhlonl at tel ejhe lok fd tel vjholttl kjs-

trjiutjfo dfr tel nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl as wl kf dfr tel prloatag narlaok akugt nuratjvl narl vjholttls. Nfccuojtjls jo Bava aok Iagj teat eak

elagte narl prfvjklrs wjte raw snfrls fo nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttls

aifvl 0.4 kjk oft sll sjhojdjnaot kltlrjfratjfo jo snfrls. Jo Ftelr

Prfvjonls, nfccuojtjls snfrjoh ejhe jo 1::8 saw a hrlatlr kltlrjfratjfo

Nfovlrhlonl jo Quagjty 108



jo nejgk nuratjvl narl snfrls fvlr 10 ylars. [ejs cay rldglnt hrlatlr kjddj-

nugty jo cajotajojoh quagjty elagte plrsfoolg futsjkl Bava aok Iagj.

Xjte rlsplnt tf ûcatra, sjcjgar nfovlrhlonl pattlros arl fislrvlk

anrfss agg terll vjholttls2 tel kjstrjiutjfo fd quagjty js cune oarrfwlr

jo 1::8. Nfccuojtjls wjte tel gfwlst quagjty snfrls jo 1::8 kf oft eavl snfrls as gfw as tel gfw-snfrjoh nfccuojtjls jo Bava aok Iagj

aok Ftelr Prfvjonls, aok at tel ftelr lok fd tel kjstrjiutjfo, ejhe

snfrls arl oft as ejhe. Cfrlfvlr, tel ejhelst-snfrjoh nfccuojtjls jo

ûcatra, partjnugargy dfr nejgk nuratjvl narl, kjk oft lxplrjlonl as


a. Nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl

i. Akugt nuratjvl narl vjholttl

„0.;

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0.0

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n e a

o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

„0.;

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n e a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

Bava aok Iagj ûcatra Ftelr Prfvjonls

Djhurl A>.9 Ylhjfoag Kjddlrlonls jo Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl2 Neaohl jo Nfccuojty

Avlrahl Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008







i. Nejgk nuratjvl narl vjholttl

n. Akugt nuratjvl narl vjholttl

„0.;

„0.9

0.0

0.9

0.;

0.4

n e a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

„0.;

„0.9

0.0

0.9

0.;

0.4

n e a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

„0.;

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0.0

0.9

0.;

0.4

n e a o h l

j o s

n f r l ,

1 : : 8 „ 9 0 0 8

0.0 0.9 0.; 0.4 0.5

1::8 snfrl

a. Prloatag narl vjholttl

uriao rurag

Djhurl A>.> Yurag-\riao Kjddlrlonls jo Quagjty Nfovlrhlonl2 Neaohl jo

Nfccuojty Avlrahl Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008






nfrrlgatjfo iltwllo sfnjflnfofcjn status aok utjgjzatjfo drfc ftelr

jokjvjkuag, nfccuojty, aok tlcpfrag lddlnts, wl jongukl tel dfggfwjoh

akkjtjfoag rlhrlssfrs2 Z 08 js a kuccy lquag tf 1 jo survly rfuok 9008 aok

nfotrfgs dfr neaohls jo utjgjzatjfo pattlros fvlr tel 10-ylar plrjfk= a vln-

tfr fd jokjvjkuag nearantlrjstjns, Ujt , wejne jongukl lkunatjfo, hloklr, aok

a quartjn jo ahl (fr ahl, ahl-squarlk, ahl-nuilk, aok ahl_;) tf nfotrfg dfr

nfefrt lddlnts= ao jokjnatfr varjaigl, k ujt , wejne js lquag tf fol jd tel nfc-

cuojty js ngassjdjlk as uriao= a vlntfr fd kjstrjnt jokjnatfrs, kk , wejne nfo-

trfg dfr tjcl-jovarjaot nearantlrjstjns fd tel kjstrjnt jo wejne ao jokjvjkuag

rlsjkls= aok uolxpgajolk varjatjfo aok lrrfr, c jt .1

[f lxacjol lddlnt fd hrfwte jo tel prjvatl slntfr at lane qujotjgl fd tel plr napjta lxplokjturl kjstrjiutjfo, tel dfggfwjoh was lstjcatlk2

(9)

Jo tejs cfklg, PYJT bt js tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr prantjnls plr tefu-

saok9 jo nfccuojty b at tjcl t . [el jotlrantjfo fd PYJT bt aok tel PNLjt

kuccy varjaigls pjnms up kjddlrlonls jo tel assfnjatjfo fd prjvatl prantjnl

hrfwte aok elagte danjgjty utjgjzatjfo at kjddlrlot pfjots jo tel kjstrjiutjfofd lxplokjturls. [el ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjag (Pftlosj Klsa, fr PFKL^)

nfokuntlk drfc 1::4 aok 9004 wlrl uslk tf kltlrcjol tel oucilr fd

prjvatl prantjnls jo tel gfnag nfccuojty. Ftelr varjaigls jo tejs cfklg arl

kldjolk as jo (9) aifvl. [el cfklg js durtelr lxpaoklk iy spgjttjoh tel prj-

vatl slntfr jotf kfntfrs plr tefusaok aok cjkwjvls plr tefusaok.

[aigl A;.1 djrst prlslots rlsugts usjoh tel lotjrl sacpgl. Dfr tel saml

fd parsjcfoy, wl prlslot fogy tel nflddjnjlots aok aok supprlss

tefsl ftelr nflddjnjlots teat arl oft tel fiblnt fd tel aoagysjs. Jt js lvjklot teat hrfwte fd tel prjvatl slntfr wjtejo a kjstrjnt js assfnjatlk wjte

lxpaoklk usl fd clkjnag danjgjtjls iy efuslefgks jo tel pffrlr twf qujo-

tjgls fd tel plr napjta lxplokjturl kjstrjiutjfo.

Olxt, tf kjstjohujse iltwllo tel lddlnts fd jonrlasjoh prjvatl kfntfr aok

prjvatl cjkwjdl prantjnls fo utjgjzatjfo, wl lxpaok (9) aifvl iy usjoh twf

jotlrantjfo tlrcs2 prjvatl kfntfr prantjnls plr 1,000 pfpugatjfo aok cjk-

wjdl prantjnls plr 1,000 pfpugatjfo, lane jotlrantlk wjte jokjnatfr varj-

aigls dfr qujotjgl jo tel plr napjta lxplokjturl kjstrjiutjfo. [el

nflddjnjlots drfc telsl cfklgs arl prlslotlk jo Cfklg 9 fd taigl A;.1

ilgfw. Jt js jcclkjatlgy apparlot teat hrfwte fd prjvatl peysjnjao pran-

tjnls js cfrl jcpfrtaot dfr jonrlasjoh tel utjgjzatjfo fd elagte danjgjtjls.

Agtefuhe tel cfklg nfotrfgs dfr djxlk kjddlrlonls iltwllo uriao aok

rurag gfnatjfo aok hloklr fo utjgjzatjfo ratls, jt js agsf qujtl pgausjigl

91

\ PYJT k jt jt bt jt bt u k

jt 3 + + + + +PNL PNL k' 'ιι ι α1 9( ) U• ¼ .




teat hrfwte fd tel prjvatl slntfr cay eavl kjddlrlot lddlnts jo kjddlrlot

rlhjfos aok anrfss hloklrs. Dfr tejs rlasfo, wl olxt prfnllk tf lstjcatl

(9) dfr dfur slparatl suisacpgls2 uriao cagl, uriao dlcagl, rurag cagl,

aok rurag dlcagl. Ylsugts arl sefwo jo taigls A;.9, A;.>, A;.;, aok A;.<.

Jt js apparlot teat tel hrfwte fd prjvatl slntfr elagte slrvjnls js cfrl

jcpfrtaot dfr lxpaokjoh utjgjzatjfo jo rurag arlas iy ifte clo aok

wfclo, aok ahajo, tel lddlnts arl attrjiutaigl tf hrfwte fd prjvatlpeysjnjao prantjnls.

Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr aok Nefjnl iltwlloPrjvatl aok Puigjn ^lntfr Prfvjklrs

Xl olxt lxacjolk tel rlgatjfosejp iltwllo tel prlslonl fd prjvatl slntfr

prfvjklrs aok tel nefjnl iltwllo prjvatl aok puigjn prfvjklrs anrfss tel

kjstrjiutjfo fd plr napjta lxplokjturl. [f kf tejs, wl lstjcatlk as dfggfws2

(>)

jo wejne P\Ijt js ao jokjnatfr fd weltelr jokjvjkuag j nefsl a puigjn slrv-

jnl prfvjklr jo plrjfk t . Xl lstjcatl tejs cfklg nfokjtjfoag fo jokjvjkuags

Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs aok \tjgjzatjfo 11>

[aigl A;.1 Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls Tary wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn

^tatus aok Annlss tf Prjvatl Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (Dugg âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2

vjsjtlk a elagte prfvjklr

welo jgg (yls 3 1) Iasl Ø Prjvatl

Cfklg 9

Iasl

Ø Prjvatl

kfntfr

Ø Prjvatl

cjkwjdl

Pffrlst 90 plrnlot

fd louclratjfo arla

„0.09<

]0.018S

0.0>1***

]0.019S

„0.094

]0.018S

0.0;1**

]0.018S

0.09<

]0.018S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.000 0.0><*** „0.001 0.0;0** 0.0>1*

]0.015S ]0.01>S ]0.015S ]0.015S ]0.015S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.09; „0.00; 0.09; „0.01 0.00>

]0.018S ]0.01>S ]0.018S ]0.018S ]0.015S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.0><** 0.011 0.0>4** „0.01: 0.0>8**

]0.018S ]0.01>S ]0.018S ]0.015S ]0.015S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.081*** „0.099 0.081*** „0.0;1** „0.00;

]0.015S ]0.01;S ]0.015S ]0.090S ]0.01:S

Fislrvatjfos ;9,9>4 ;9,9>4

Y-squarlk 0.9<; 0.9<;

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^, lstjcatlk iy autefrs.

Oftl2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl a ylar 9008 kuccy, lkunatjfo (jo ylars), ahl, ahl_9,

ahl_>, ahl_;, hloklr, a kuccy dfr uriao nfccuojty, aok kjstrjnt djxlk lddlnts. PNL 3 plr napjta lxplokjturl.

*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.

Cfklg 1




[aigl A;.9 Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls Tary wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn

^tatus aok Annlss tf Prjvatl Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (\riao Cagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2 vjsjtlk a

elagte prfvjklr welo jgg (yls 3 1)

Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9

Iasl Ø Prjvatl Iasl Ø Kfntfr Ø Cjkwjdl

Pffrlst 90 plrnlot fd

louclratjfo arla

„0.055***

]0.0>0S

0.0>

]0.09;S

„0.055***

]0.0>0S

0.0;4*

]0.095S

„0.015

]0.0;5S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl „0.0;4 0.01< „0.0;4 0.09; „0.008

]0.0>1S ]0.09;S ]0.0>0S ]0.0>0S ]0.0;5S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl „0.0;0 „0.004 „0.0;0 „0.008 „0.00>

]0.0>1S ]0.094S ]0.0>0S ]0.09:S ]0.0<;S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl „0.099 „0.0>1 „0.091 „0.0;5 0.09;]0.0>1S ]0.094S ]0.0>0S ]0.0>1S ]0.0<;S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot „0.005 0.009 0.000 „0.0>0 0.0:>

]0.0>1S ]0.0>0S ]0.0>1S ]0.0>;S ]0.0<5S

Fislrvatjfos 10,;5; 10,;5;

Y-squarlk 0.9<: 0.9<:




*** p 7 0.01, * p 7 0.10.

[aigl A;.> Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls Tary wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn

^tatus aok Annlss tf Prjvatl Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (\riao Dlcagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2 vjsjtlk a

elagte prfvjklr welo jgg (yls 3 1)

Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9


Pffrlst 90 plrnlot fdlouclratjfo arla

„0.059** ]0.0>9S

0.09< ]0.09;S

„0.059**]0.0>9S

0.09> ]0.09:S

0.0>9 ]0.0<0S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl „0.080** 0.0<9* „0.080** 0.0<<* 0.0;>

]0.0>9S ]0.098S ]0.0>9S ]0.0>9S ]0.0<9S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl „0.0>1 „0.0>; „0.0>1 „0.094 „0.0<0

]0.0>9S ]0.09;S ]0.0>9S ]0.0>0S ]0.0;5S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl „0.009 „0.01: „0.00> „0.095 0.008

]0.0>9S ]0.094S ]0.0>9S ]0.0>1S ]0.0<9S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.000 „0.00: „0.001 „0.0>> 0.0<9

]0.0>>S ]0.09:S ]0.0>>S ]0.0>;S ]0.0<<S

Fislrvatjfos 19,048 19,048

0.9:9 0.9:9




** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.



Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs aok \tjgjzatjfo 11<

[aigl A;.; Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls Tary wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn

^tatus aok Annlss tf Prjvatl Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (Yurag Cagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2


welo jgg (yls 3 1)

Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9



louclratjfo arla

0.0>5

]0.0;1S

0.0<>**

]0.09<S

0.0<

]0.0;0S

0.189***

]0.0<8S

0.098

]0.095S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.0<5 0.0;;* 0.08;* 0.088 0.0>>

]0.0;1S ]0.094S ]0.0;0S ]0.0<:S ]0.09:S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.08>* 0.09: 0.05<** 0.049 0.015

]0.0;1S ]0.095S ]0.0;0S ]0.041S ]0.0>>S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.04:* 0.081*** 0.0:1** 0.0:> 0.049**]0.0;1S ]0.09<S ]0.0;0S ]0.040S ]0.09:S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.195*** „0.01: 0.1>;*** „0.0<: „0.015

]0.0;1S ]0.094S ]0.0;0S ]0.040S ]0.09:S

Fislrvatjfos :,>91 :,>91

Y-squarlk 0.9>4 0.9>4




*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.

[aigl A;.< Efw Kfls \tjgjzatjfo fd Futpatjlot ^lrvjnls Tary wjte ^fnjflnfofcjn

^tatus aok Annlss tf Prjvatl Elagte Prfvjklrs6 (Yurag Dlcagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2


welo jgg (yls 3 1)

Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9



louclratjfo arla

0.11:***

]0.0;>S

0.0<:**

]0.098S

0.199***

]0.0;>S

0.11>**

]0.0<8S

0.0;>

]0.0>1S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.1;<*** 0.0<4* 0.1;5*** 0.0<> 0.0<4*

]0.0;>S ]0.09:S ]0.0;>S ]0.04>S ]0.0>;S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.185*** 0.0;> 0.151*** 0.119* 0.090

]0.0;>S ]0.095S ]0.0;>S ]0.0<5S ]0.0>>S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.15<*** 0.0;0 0.15:*** 0.011 0.0;;

]0.0;>S ]0.098S ]0.0;>S ]0.0<:S ]0.0>9S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.9><*** 0.009 0.9>5*** 0.050 „0.09>

]0.0;>S ]0.0>1S ]0.0;>S ]0.04<S ]0.0>4S

Fislrvatjfos 10,>4; 10,>4;

Y-squarlk 0.949 0.949




*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.



sllmjoh futpatjlot elagte narl slrvjnls, Ylsugts arl sefwo jo taigl A;.4.

As jo (1) aok (9) aifvl, tejs cfklg js lstjcatlk wjtefut a nfostaot tlrc

tf ejhegjhet tel avlrahl nefjnls iy plr napjta lxplokjturl qujotjgl.

As jo tel lxacjoatjfo fd tel lddlnts fd tel prjvatl slntfr fo utjgjzatjfo,

tel jotlrantjfo tlrcs arl durtelr lxpaoklk tf lxacjol slparatlgy tel

rlgatjfosejp iltwllo jonrlasls jo tel oucilr fd prjvatl slntfr peysjnjaos

aok cjkwjvls aok utjgjzatjfo fd tel puigjn slntfr. Adtlr tel rlsugts dfr tel

lotjrl sacpgl jo taigl A;.4, rlsugts drfc dfur suisacpgls (cagl uriao,

dlcagl uriao, cagl rurag, aok dlcagl rurag) arl prlslotlk jo taigls A;.8

terfuhe A;.10.


[aigl A;.4 Xeat Js tel Ylgatjfosejp iltwllo ̂ fnjflnfofcjn ^tatus aok tel

Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl ^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (Dugg âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2

usls puigjn futpatjlot

narl (yls 3 1)

Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9 Cfklg >

Iasl Iasl Ø Prjvatl Iasl Ø Kfntfr Ø Cjkwjdl

Pffrlst 90 plrnlot 0.918*** 0.154*** 0.051** 0.1:0*** 0.14<*** „0.0;<

]0.0;;S ]0.0;4S ]0.0>;S ]0.0;4S ]0.0;;S ]0.0<;S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.151*** 0.14:*** 0.0>; 0.181*** 0.0;5 0.019

]0.0;;S ]0.0;4S ]0.0>>S ]0.0;4S ]0.0;<S ]0.0<0S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.14>*** 0.18;*** „0.0>: 0.18<*** „0.0;8 „0.09;

]0.0;;S ]0.0;<S ]0.0>;S ]0.0;<S ]0.0;<S ]0.0<0S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.195*** 0.198*** „0.009 0.1>0*** „0.08< 0.045

]0.0;>S ]0.0;<S ]0.0><S ]0.0;<S ]0.0;5S ]0.0;:S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.0:5** 0.119** „0.0<1 0.119** „0.05<* „0.008

]0.0;>S ]0.0;<S ]0.0>8S ]0.0;<S ]0.0;5S ]0.0<4S

Fislrvatjfos 5,>>; 5,>>; 5,>>;

Y-squarlk 0.;48 0.;45 0.;48


Oftls2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl a ylar 9008 kuccy, lkunatjfo (jo ylars), ahl, ahl_9,


*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.



Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs aok \tjgjzatjfo 118


Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl ^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (\riao Cagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2


narl (yls 3 1)



Pffrlst 90 plrnlot 0.911*** 0.1:9** 0.0>8 0.1:<** 0.1<0* „0.>>:**

]0.085S ]0.05<S ]0.084S ]0.05;S ]0.054S ]0.1<;S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.110 0.0<5 0.19<* 0.0<; 0.089 0.9<>*

]0.085S ]0.05;S ]0.045S ]0.05;S ]0.054S ]0.1;0S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.1;4* 0.1>> 0.09; 0.1>0 0.018 0.0;;

]0.085S ]0.05<S ]0.050S ]0.05<S ]0.055S ]0.1<9S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.055 0.0:8 „0.0;< 0.0:; „0.10; 0.084

]0.085S ]0.05;S ]0.084S ]0.05>S ]0.0:9S ]0.1;0S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.09: 0.094 „0.00< 0.094 0.0>8 „0.100

]0.08:S ]0.054S ]0.05;S ]0.054S ]0.0:4S ]0.1<0S

Fislrvatjfos 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

Y-squarlk 0.;8; 0.;8< 0.;8:




*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.


Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl ^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (\riao Dlcagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2


narl (yls 3 1)



Pffrlst 90 plrnlot 0.98;*** 0.94;*** 0.09< 0.94;*** 0.019 0.04

]0.044S ]0.081S ]0.0<8S ]0.081S ]0.04:S ]0.11<S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.991*** 0.90>*** 0.0;> 0.90>*** 0.0<< 0.01:

]0.048S ]0.081S ]0.0<<S ]0.081S ]0.089S ]0.110S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.189*** 0.1:1*** „0.0<; 0.155*** „0.0:4 0.05>

]0.044S ]0.081S ]0.041S ]0.081S ]0.081S ]0.191S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.19;* 0.11:* 0.011 0.114 „0.0<8 0.90;*

]0.044S ]0.089S ]0.044S ]0.089S ]0.08;S ]0.114S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.08< 0.048 0.091 0.045 0.018 0.0>5

]0.044S ]0.089S ]0.048S ]0.089S ]0.08<S ]0.199S

Fislrvatjfos 9,8<4 9,8<4 9,8<4

Y-squarlk 0.;85 0.;8: 0.;50




*** p 7 0.01, * p 7 0.10.




[aigl A;.: Xeat Js tel Ylgatjfosejp iltwllo ̂ fnjflnfofcjn ^tatus aok tel

Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl ^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (Yurag Cagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2


narl (yls 3 1)



Pffrlst 90 plrnlot „0.0<8 „0.19; 0.91<** „0.11: 0.<01*** 0.0<1

]0.189S ]0.18>S ]0.055S ]0.18>S ]0.1;4S ]0.114S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl „0.01< „0.014 „0.00> „0.014 0.104 „0.04>

]0.189S ]0.18>S ]0.055S ]0.18>S ]0.14;S ]0.104S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl „0.0;4 „0.0>4 „0.0>: „0.0;1 0.05< „0.08:

]0.189S ]0.18>S ]0.059S ]0.189S ]0.18:S ]0.101S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl „0.0>; „0.098 „0.098 „0.094 „0.04: „0.0;0 ]0.189S ]0.18>S ]0.05>S ]0.18>S ]0.14>S ]0.101S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot „0.015 0.001 „0.058 „0.009 „0.98: „0.0;1

]0.189S ]0.18>S ]0.101S ]0.18>S ]0.1:0S ]0.19>S

Fislrvatjfos 1,<9: 1,<9: 1,<9:

Y-squarlk 0.<90 0.<9> 0.<94




*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<.

[aigl A;.10 Xeat Js tel Ylgatjfosejp iltwllo ^fnjflnfofcjn ^tatus aok tel

Nefjnl iltwllo Puigjn aok Prjvatl ^lntfr Futpatjlot Narl6 (Yurag Dlcagl âcpgl)

Klploklot varjaigl2


narl (yls 3 1)



Pffrlst 90 plrnlot 0.;;>*** 0.;4<*** „0.0;1 0.;41*** 0.04: „0.100]0.11;S ]0.11:S ]0.059S ]0.190S ]0.1;4S ]0.10<S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.;;>*** 0.;59*** „0.0:4 0.;84*** „0.1;9 „0.054

]0.11;S ]0.11:S ]0.08:S ]0.190S ]0.1;:S ]0.0:;S

PNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.;9:*** 0.;80*** „0.10: 0.;4>*** „0.1>> „0.10>

]0.11;S ]0.115S ]0.08:S ]0.190S ]0.194S ]0.10;S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.>5:*** 0.>:0*** 0.0;< 0.>5>*** 0.01> 0.0<:

]0.11>S ]0.115S ]0.05;S ]0.11:S ]0.140S ]0.100S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.>4;*** 0.;0;*** „0.119 0.>:>*** „0.981** „0.095

]0.11>S ]0.118S ]0.085S ]0.11:S ]0.1>0S ]0.0:8S

Fislrvatjfos 9,1<5 9,1<5 9,1<5

Y-squarlk 0.<1: 0.<91 0.<91




*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<.



Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs aok \tjgjzatjfo 11:

[aigl A;.11 \tjgjzatjfo aok Quagjty (Agg âcpgls)

Klploklot

varjaigl2

jokjvjkuags

vjsjt elagte

prfvjklr welo

jgg (yls 3 1) Iasl Jotlrantjfo Iasl Jotlrantjfo Iasl Jotlrantjfo

Pffrlst 90 plrnlot

fd louclratjfo

arla

„0.0<:

]0.0;1S

„0.01;

]0.011S

0.0;

]0.04>S

0.018

]0.01;S

„0.0;:**

]0.090S

0.00>

]0.004S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl „0.0>8 „0.001 0.048 „0.019 „0.0>> 0.00>

]0.0;1S ]0.011S ]0.04;S ]0.014S ]0.090S ]0.004SPNL at >rk qujotjgl „0.091 „0.004 0.10; 0.009 „0.090 0.00>

]0.0;1S ]0.011S ]0.04;S ]0.014S ]0.090S ]0.004S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl „0.00: „0.01; 0.1;0** „0.09: „0.01; „0.009

]0.0;1S ]0.011S ]0.04;S ]0.015S ]0.090S ]0.004S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.09< „0.01< 0.184*** „0.00> 0.01< „0.008

]0.0;1S ]0.019S ]0.04<S ]0.090S ]0.090S ]0.004S

Fislrvatjfos 5,401 ;,;98 9;,495

Y-squarlk 0.945 0.;9; 0.9>4

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^, lstjcatlk iy autefrs.Oftl2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl ylar kuccy, lkunatjfo (jo ylars,) ahl, ahl_9, ahl_>,

ahl_;, hloklr, aok nfccuojty typl. Jotlrantjfos jo suisacpgl fd dlcagl (1<„;: ylars), nejgkrlo (0„1; ylars),

aok akugt (1< ylars aok fgklr) arl, rlsplntjvlgy, wjte prloatag narl, nejgk nuratjvl narl, aok akugt nuratjvl narl.

PNL 3 plr napjta lxplokjturl.

*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<.

Dlcagl

(1<„;: ylars)

Nejgkrlo

(0„< ylars)

Akugt (1< ylars

aok fgklr)




[aigl A;.19 \tjgjzatjfo aok Quagjty (\riao âcpgl)

Klploklot

varjaigl2

jokjvjkuags

vjsjt elagte

prfvjklr welo


Pffrlst 90 plrnlot

fd louclratjfo

arla

„0.088

]0.0;:S

„0.090

]0.01>S

„0.0<8

]0.058S

0.09>

]0.01:S

„0.08;***

]0.09<S

0.001

]0.005S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl „0.048 „0.018 „0.018 „0.014 „0.0<4** „0.004

]0.0;:S ]0.01<S ]0.055S ]0.09>S ]0.09<S ]0.005SPNL at >rk qujotjgl „0.045 „0.01> 0.0;9 „0.00: „0.0<;** 0.001

]0.0;:S ]0.01;S ]0.055S ]0.099S ]0.09<S ]0.005S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl „0.0>1 „0.019 0.050 „0.0<<** „0.0;9* „0.004

]0.0;:S ]0.01;S ]0.055S ]0.09;S ]0.09<S ]0.005S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot „0.018 „0.090 0.0:< 0.00> „0.011 „0.00>

]0.0;:S ]0.014S ]0.0:0S ]0.095S ]0.09<S ]0.005S

Fislrvatjfos ;,:4> 9,9>0 19,::;

Y-squarlk 0.95> 0.;45 0.9>;

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^, lstjcatlk iy autefrs.Oftl2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl ylar kuccy, lkunatjfo (jo ylars), ahl, ahl_9, ahl_>,




*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.

Dlcagl

(1<„;: ylars)

Nejgkrlo

(0„< ylars)

Akugt (1< ylars

aok fgklr)



Prjvatl Elagte Narl Prfvjklrs aok \tjgjzatjfo 191

[aigl A;.1> \tjgjzatjfo aok Quagjty (Yurag âcpgl)

Klploklot

varjaigl2

jokjvjkuags

vjsjt elagte

prfvjklr welo


Pffrlst 90 plrnlot

fd louclratjfo

arla

„0.014

]0.05:S

„0.008

]0.01:S

0.98>***

]0.0::S

0.01;

]0.09>S

„0.00;

]0.0>8S

„0.001

]0.010S

PNL at 9ok qujotjgl 0.091 0.09> 0.9:1*** „0.00; 0.011 0.010

]0.05:S ]0.01:S ]0.0::S ]0.09;S ]0.0>8S ]0.010SPNL at >rk qujotjgl 0.0<5 „0.004 0.>01*** 0.09; 0.0>8 0.001

]0.05:S ]0.015S ]0.100S ]0.094S ]0.0>8S ]0.010S

PNL at ;te qujotjgl 0.0;0 „0.014 0.>>5*** 0.00< 0.0>: 0.001

]0.05:S ]0.015S ]0.100S ]0.0>0S ]0.0>8S ]0.010S

Yjnelst 90 plrnlot 0.0:5 „0.019 0.;0>*** „0.01> 0.04:* „0.01>

]0.05:S ]0.01:S ]0.100S ]0.0>1S ]0.0>8S ]0.010S

Fislrvatjfos >,4>5 9,1:8 11,4>;

Y-squarlk 0.945 0.>:5 0.9>0

^furnl2 JDG^ 1::8, 9008, ettp2//www.raok.frh/gaifr/DG^/JDG^, lstjcatlk iy autefrs.Oftl2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl ylar kuccy, lkunatjfo (jo ylars), ahl, ahl_9, ahl_>,




*** p 7 0.01, * p 7 0.10.

Dlcagl

(1<„;: ylars)

Nejgkrlo

(0„< ylars)

Akugt (1< ylars

aok fgklr)

Oftls

1. Oftl teat tel uriao jokjnatfr js aggfwlk tf vary fvlr tjcl. [ejs js kfolilnausl sfcl louclratjfo arlas teat wlrl rurag jo 1::8 wlrl ngassjdjlk as

uriao iy 9008.

9. Jo tel rlhrlssjfo cfklg, prjvatl prantjnls arl rlprlslotlk jo plr tefusaok

tlrcs, ratelr teao plr 100,000, tf danjgjtatl rlakaijgjty fd nflddjnjlots.





19>

[f kltlrcjol tel lddlnt fd prjvatl slntfr hrfwte, tel stuky lxacjolk

efw neaohl jo tel avajgaijgjty fd prjvatl elagte ngjojns jo a nfccuojty

js nfrrlgatlk wjte neaohls jo kjahofstjn vjholttl snfrls. Tarjaots fd tel

dfggfwjoh cfklg arl lxacjolk2

∄Q bt 3 i 1∄Prjv bt + i 9Q bt ∙1 + ∄ U'ξ + ûcatra + Ftelr + l bt ,

welrl ∄Q bt js tel neaohl jo nfccuojty b‚s vjholttl snfrl drfc 1::8 tf9008, aok ∄Prjv bt js tel neaohl jo oucilr fd prjvatl prantjnls plr 1,000 rls-

jklots drfc 1::8 tf 9008. Jo kjddlrlot splnjdjnatjfos, tel lddlnts fd neaoh-

joh peysjnjao prantjnls drfc cjkwjdl prantjnls arl lxacjolk slparatlgy. Jo

rlnfhojtjfo fd tel gjmlgy jcpfrtaonl fd nfovlrhlonl jo quagjty sefwo lar-

gjlr, a clasurl fd tel jojtjag vjholttl snfrl,Q bt ∙1, aok agsf a vlntfr fd neaohls

jo ftelr nfccuojty nfvarjatls, ∄ U, teat cay joklploklotgy jodgulonl quag-

jty arl jonguklk. [elsl ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl tel clkjnag danjgjty utjgjza-

tjfo ratl, pfpugatjfo plr squarl cjgl, gfh plr napjta lxplokjturl jo tellouclratjfo arla, a kuccy varjaigl dfr avajgaijgjty fd Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas

josuraonl jo 9008, aok ao jokjnatfr dfr weltelr tel nfccuojty eak ao

aspeagt rfak jo 9008. Djoaggy, tf nfotrfg dfr kjddlrlonls jo prfvjonlwjkl

hrfwte, kuccy varjaigls dfr ûcatra aok Ftelr Prfvjonls arl jonguklk.

A P P L O K J U <

Elagte Prfvjklr Mofwglkhl

aok tel Prjvatl ^lntfr



[el Nfrrlgatjfos iltwllo [rajojoh aok Lxplrjlonl

aok Elagte Prfvjklr Mofwglkhl

Arl trajojoh aok lxplrjlonl nfrrlgatlk wjte tel mofwglkhl fd elagte

prfvjklrs6 Jt js oft lasy tf aoswlr tel qulstjfo ilnausl jodfrcatjfo fo

elagte prfvjklr mofwglkhl aok prjfr trajojoh js rarlgy dfuok jo survly

kata. Efwlvlr, tel 9008 wavl fd tel JDG^ nfgglntlk tel jodfrcatjfo oln-

lssary tf lxacjol tel assfnjatjfo iltwllo trajojoh aok mofwglkhl. [el

dfggfwjoh nrfss-slntjfoag cfklg nao telrldfrl il lxacjolk2

Q b 3 a + i Pui b + [rajo' bh + k Lxplr b + c k + l b ,


[aigl A<.1 Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr aok Neaohl jo Kjstrjnt Avlrahl

Prloatag Narl Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008

Klploklot varjaigl2 Neaohl jo prloatag narl vjholttl snfrl

Jokjnatfr Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9 Cfklg > Cfklg ;

Kjstrjnt avlrahl fd agg danjgjtjls

Neaohl jo oucilr fd prjvatl prantjnls


0.01

]0.09>S

0.015

]0.01;S

Neaohl jo oucilr fd peysjnjao


0.05;*

]0.0;;S

0.0<8**

]0.09<S

Neaohl jo oucilr fd cjkwjdl


„0.09>

]0.090S

„0.001

]0.01>SGah 1::8 prloatag vjholttl snfrl „1.09:*** „1.09<***

]0.0<4S ]0.0<4S

Fislrvatjfos 9:1 9:1 9:1 9:1

Y-squarlk 0.0< 0.49 0.04 0.49

Kjstrjnt avlrahl fd puigjn danjgjtjls



„0.00;

]0.099S

0.00>

]0.01;S



0.0;;

]0.0;;S

0.091

]0.094S



„0.094

]0.09;S

„0.001

]0.01;S

Gah 1::8 prloatag vjholttl snfrl „1.0>1*** „1.09:***

]0.0<;S ]0.0<;S

Fislrvatjfos 95< 95< 95< 95<

Y-squarlk 0.0< 0.4; 0.0< 0.4;


Oftls2 Yfiust staokark lrrfrs arl jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl utjgjzatjfo ratl, pfpugatjfo plr squarl cjgl,

gfh plr napjta lxplokjturl, jokjnatfr dfr Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas josuraonl avajgaijgjty jo tel nfccuojty (yls 3 1), aok

jokjnatfr dfr aspeagt cajo rfak jo nfccuojty, agg fd wejne arl at tel nfccuojty glvlg aok jo djrst-kjddlrlonls, aok

twf rlhjfo jokjnatfrs (ûcatra 3 1 aok Ftelr Prfvjonls 3 1) tf nfotrfg dfr rlhjfoag hrfwte lddlnts.

* sjhojdjnaot at 10%= ** sjhojdjnaot at <%= *** sjhojdjnaot at 1%.



welrl Q js elagte prfvjklr mofwglkhl, Pui js kuccy varjaigl dfr puigjn

elagte prfvjklr, [rajo' js a vlntfr fd trajojoh prfhracs teat a elagte

prfvjklr cay eavl rlnljvlk kurjoh tel prlvjfus 19 cfotes, Lxplr js

elagte prfvjklr wfrm lxplrjlonl (jo ylars), aok c k js kjstrjnt djxlk lddlnt.

ûisnrjpt b rlprlslots fislrvatjfos at tel elagte prfvjklr glvlg. As jodfr-

catjfo fo typls fd trajojoh rlnljvlk iy elagte prfvjklrs js fogy avajgaigl

jo JDG^; (9008), jt js fogy pfssjigl tf lstjcatl sjcpgl nfotlcpfraolfus

nfrrlgatjfos fd trajojoh aok lxplrjlonl wjte mofwglkhl fd elagte

prfvjklrs. Kjstrjnt-glvlg djxlk lddlnts arl jonguklk jo tel lstjcatjfo tf

nfotrfg dfr uofislrvlk eltlrfhloljty, sune as kjstrjnt-glvlg elagte pfgj-

njls fr duokjoh teat cjhet il nfrrlgatlk ifte wjte fppfrtuojtjls tf

Elagte Prfvjklr Mofwglkhl aok tel Prjvatl ^lntfr 19<

[aigl A<.9 Hrfwte fd tel Prjvatl ^lntfr aok Neaohl jo Kjstrjnt Avlrahl

Nejgk Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttl ^nfrls, 1::8„9008

Klploklot varjaigl2 Neaohl jo nejgk nuratjvl narl snfrl

Jokjnatfr Cfklg 1 Cfklg 9 Cfklg > Cfklg ;

Kjstrjnt avlrahl fd agg danjgjtjls



0.004

]0.09>S

0.001

]0.015S

Neaohl jo oucilr fd peysjnjao prantjnls


0.085

]0.0;;S*

0.04:

]0.0>1S**



„0.094

]0.0>>S

„0.015

]0.098SGah 1::8 prloatag vjholttl snfrl „0.581***

]0.040S

„0.54:

]0.040S***

Fislrvatjfos 9:1 9:1 9:1 9:1

Y-squarlk 0.0; 0.<0 0.0< 0.<0

Kjstrjnt avlrahl fd puigjn danjgjtjls



0.00;

]0.098S

„0.00<

]0.090S



0.00>

]0.0<0S

0.09>

]0.0>8S

Neaohl jo oucilr fd cjkwjdl prantjnls


0.00;

]0.0>9S

„0.009

]0.09<S

Gah 1::8 prloatag vjholttl snfrl „0.848*** „0.88<

]0.040S ]0.040S***

Fislrvatjfos 955 955 955 955

Y-squarlk 0.0> 0.;> 0.0> 0.;>


Oftls2 Yfiust staokark lrrfrs arl jo iranmlts. Ftelr nfrrlgatls jongukl utjgjzatjfo ratl, pfpugatjfo plr squarl

cjgl, gfh plr napjta lxplokjturl, jokjnatfr dfr Asmlsmjo/Bacmlscas josuraonl avajgaijgjty jo tel nfccuojty (yls 3 1),

aok ao jokjnatfr dfr ao aspeagt cajo rfak jo nfccuojty, agg fd wejne arl at tel nfccuojty glvlg aok jo djrst-

kjddlrlonls, aok twf rlhjfo jokjnatfrs (ûcatra 3 1 aok Ftelr Prfvjonls 3 1) tf nfotrfg dfr rlhjfoag hrfwte lddlnts.

* sjhojdjnaot at 10%= ** sjhojdjnaot at <%= *** sjhojdjnaot at 1%.



partjnjpatl jo trajojoh tf jcprfvl mofwglkhl aok smjggs aok wjte elagte

prfvjklr mofwglkhl.

Jotlrprltjoh tel paracltlrs fd jotlrlst, h aok k , efwlvlr, sefugk il

kfol nautjfusgy. [el lstjcatlk paracltlrs nao fogy il jotlrprltlk as nfr-

rlgatjfos iltwllo elagte prfvjklr mofwglkhl aok trajojoh aok lxplrj-

lonl, rlsplntjvlgy. Pftlotjag ijasls, drfc jokjvjkuags‚ lokfhlofus taml-up

fd trajojoh fppfrtuojtjls fr drfc tarhltjoh fd trajojoh tf gfwlr-smjgglk

elagte wfrmlrs, cay glak tf ljtelr uoklr- fr fvlrstatlclot fd tel assfnj-

atjfo iltwllo trajojoh aok quagjty fd narl.


[aigl A<.> Xeat Js tel Assfnjatjfo iltwllo [rajojoh aok tel

Prloatag Narl Tjholttl ^nfrl6

Joklploklot varjaigl

Prloatag narl quagjty

Plrnlotahl

raw snfrl

^nfrlk aifvl

avlrahl (yls 3 1)

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, sadl klgjvlry

(yls 3 1)

0.01

]0.01>S

0.001

]0.01<S

0.091

]0.0;1S

0.0;0

]0.0;4S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, ejhe-rjsmprlhoaony (yls 3 1)

0.00> ]0.01<S

0.019 ]0.018S

0.00; ]0.0;8S

0.008 ]0.0<>S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, gaifr assjstaonl

(yls 3 1)

0.000

]0.01;S

0.00>

]0.018S

„0.009

]0.0;<S

„0.014

]0.0<9S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, EJT traoscjssjfo

jo prlhoaony (yls 3 1)

0.004

]0.019S

0.01>

]0.01>S

0.009

]0.0>8S

„0.09

]0.0;1S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, fistltrjnag

lclrhlony (yls 3 1)

0.00>

]0.019S

0.00>

]0.01;S

0.091

]0.0>5S

0.0><

]0.0;9S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, dacjgy pgaoojoh

(yls 3 1)

„0.011

]0.011S

„0.018

]0.019S

0.015

]0.0>>S

0.00;

]0.0>5S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, ftelr (yls 3 1) „0.009 „0.004 „0.040 „0.040 ]0.01>S ]0.01<S ]0.0;1S ]0.0;4S

Elagte prfvjklr js puigjn (yls 3 1) 0.01<** 0.0>:

]0.005S ]0.09;S

Xfrm lxplrjlonl (ylars) 0.000 0.009*

]0.000S ]0.001S

Nfostaot 0.;;8*** 0.;;0*** 0.4:8*** 0.440***

]0.00;S ]0.005S ]0.019S ]0.094S

Fislrvatjfos 1,588 1,<>8 1,588 1,<>8

Y-squarlk 0.;81 0.;:: 0.950 0.>1<


Oftls2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Kjstrjnt djxlk lddlnt js jonguklk jo lane splnjdjnatjfo.

*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.






[aigl A<.< Xeat Js tel Assfnjatjfo iltwllo [rajojoh aok tel

Akugt Nuratjvl Narl Tjholttl ^nfrl6

Joklploklot varjaigl

Akugt nuratjvl narl quagjty

Plrnlotahl

raw snfrl

^nfrlk aifvl

avlrahl (yls 3 1)

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, kjah. aghfrjtec

(yls 3 1)

0.041***

]0.01<S

0.045***

]0.018S

„0.09:

]0.0>:S

„0.098

]0.0;>S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, ofonfccuojnaigl

kjslasl (yls 3 1)

0.019

]0.01;S

0.00<

]0.014S

0.0>0

]0.0>8S

0.0>;

]0.0;9S

[rajolk jo 19 cfotes, rlspjratfry kjslasl

(yls 3 1)

0.0>>**

]0.018S

0.015

]0.01:S

„0.048

]0.0;>S

„0.041

]0.0<0S [rajolk jo 19 cfotes, aotjijftjns dfr

rlspjratfry kjslasl (yls 3 1)

0.098

]0.018S

0.0><*

]0.090S

„0.0>4

]0.0;<S

„0.0;<

]0.0<9S

Elagte prfvjklr js puigjn (yls 3 1) 0.0;;*** „0.1>9***

]0.00:S ]0.099S

Xfrm lxplrjlonl (ylars) 0.000 0.000

]0.000S ]0.001S

Nfostaot 0.<9<*** 0.<99*** 0.>95*** 0.>8;***

]0.00;S ]0.005S ]0.010S ]0.099S

Fislrvatjfos 9,1:: 1,59; 9,1:: 1,59;

Y-squarlk 0.;1> 0.;95 0.>94 0.>4>


Oftls2 ^taokark lrrfrs jo iranmlts. Kjstrjnt djxlk lddlnt js jonguklk jo lane splnjdjnatjfo.

*** p 7 0.01, ** p 7 0.0<, * p 7 0.10.





1>0 Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja

Djoaonjag Ofodjoaonjag

Ftelr djoaonjag suppfrt2• Dlggfwsejps

• Gfaos2 apprfvag, kjsnfuotjoh

ûppfrt dfr narllr aok prfdlssjfoag klvlgfpclot2• Lddlntjvl suplrvjsjfo

• Nfanejoh aok clotfrjoh

• Annlss tf suppfrt dfr trajojoh aok lkunatjfo

• âiiatjnag aok stuky glavl

Annlss tf slrvjnls, sune as2

• Elagte

• Nejgk narl aok sneffgs

• Ylnrlatjfoag danjgjtjls

• Efusjoh

• [raospfrtJotrjosjn rlwarks2

• Bfi satjsdantjfo

• Plrsfoag anejlvlclot

• Nfccjtclot tf searlk vaguls

• Ylsplnt dfr nfgglahuls aok nfccuojty

• Clcilrsejp fd tlac, ilgfohjoh

^furnl2 Hujklgjols2 Jonlotjvls dfr Elagte Prfdlssjfoags, bfjot jojtjatjvl fd tel Jotlroatjfoag Nfuonjg fd Oursls,

Jotlroatjfoag Efspjtag Dlklratjfo, Jotlroatjfoag Pearcanlutjnag Dlklratjfo, Xfrgk Nfodlklratjfo fd Peysjnag

[elrapy, Xfrgk Klotag Dlklratjfo, aok tel Xfrgk Clkjnag Assfnjatjfo, 9005, ettp2//www.wef.jot/wfrmdfrnl

aggjaonl/kfnuclots/JonlotjvlsVHujklgjols%90LO.pkd.



1>1

Akjfltfcf, ^. C. 9008. ‗Pfpugatjfo Prfblntjfo, Klcfhrapejn Ifous aok jts

Jcpant fo Drll Iasjn Lkunatjfo jo Jokfolsja.– Nfosugtaot rlpfrt, Xfrgk Iaom,

Bamarta.

Arao, C., aok C. Buwfof. 9004. ‗Iloldjt Jonjklonl fd Elagte Lxplokjturls jo

Klnlotragjzlk Jokfolsja.– Ianmhrfuok Paplr dfr Camjoh tel Olw Jokfolsja

Xfrm dfr tel Pffr , Xfrgk Iaom, Bamarta.

Iapploas-IP^-\ODPA. 900<. Prfylmsj Plokukum Jokfolsja 9000„909< (Jokfolsjao

Pfpugatjfo Prfblntjfo). Bamarta2 Iapploas.Ifuok, B. 1::1. ‗^lgd-Ylpfrtlk vlrsus Fiblntjvl Clasurls fd Elagte jo

Yltjrlclot Cfklgs.– Bfuroag fd Eucao Ylsfurnls 94 (1)2 104„>5.

NDEY (Nlotlr dfr Elagte Ylslarne). 9001. ‗Lnfofcjn Aoagysjs „ Ijkao Kj Klsa

(IKK) Prfhrac.– Nfosugtaot rlpfrt, \ojvlrsjty fd Jokfolsja, Bamarta.

Klatfo, A. ^., aok N. E. Paxsfo. 1::5. ‗Ahjoh aok Jolquagjty jo Jonfcl aok

Elagte.– Aclrjnao Lnfofcjn Ylvjlw 55 (9)2 9;5„<>.

Losfr, [., C. Oakbji, R. Quayyuc, aok A. Clhrajoj. 9005. ‗Puigjn Duokjoh dfr

Nfccuojty-Iaslk ^mjgglk Klgjvlry Narl jo Jokfolsja2 [f Xeat Lxtlot Arltel Pffr Iloldjtjoh6– Lurfplao Bfuroag fd Elagte Lnfofcjns : (;)2 >5<.

Mfglecajolo-Ajtmlo, Y. G., 900;. ‗Klnlotragjzatjfo‚s Jcpant fo tel Elagte

Xfrmdfrnl2 Plrsplntjvls fd Caoahlrs, Xfrmlrs aok Oatjfoag Glaklrs.– Eucao

Ylsfurnls dfr Elagte 92 <.

Ijigjfhrapey



CnHarry, M. 900;. ‗Elagte aok Yltjrlclot2 Kf Neaohls jo Elagte Addlnt

Yltjrlclot Lxplntatjfos6– Bfuroag fd Eucao Ylsfurnls >: (>)2 49;„;5.

Pargjaclotary Nfccjssjfo U. 9005. \opuigjselk rlpfrt iy Clkjnag Lkunatjfo

Xfrmjoh Hrfup, Bamarta.

Yfilrts, C. B., X. Esjaf, P. Ilrcao, aok C. Y. Yljne. 900;. Hlttjoh Elagte Yldfrc

Yjhet2 A Hujkl tf Jcprfvjoh Plrdfrcaonl aok Lqujty. Olw Zfrm2 Fxdfrk

\ojvlrsjty Prlss.

^tatjstjns Jokfolsja, IMMIO, Jokfolsja Cjojstry fd Elagte, aok Canrf

Jotlroatjfoag. 9005. ‗Jokfolsja Klcfhrapejn aok Elagte ûrvly 90082

Prlgjcjoary Ylpfrt.– Bamarta2 ^tatjstjns Jokfolsja, aok Nagvlrtfo, CK2 Canrf

Jotlroatjfoag.

[eairaoy, E. 9004. ‗Eucao Ylsfurnls jo Klnlotragjzlk Elagte ^ystlcs jo

Jokfolsja, Neagglohls dfr Lqujty.– Ylhjfoag Elagte Dfruc 10 (1)2 8<„55.

\ÂJK (KY^P). 9004. ‗Klnlotragjzatjfo 90042 ^tfnm [amjoh fo Jokfolsja‚s

Ylnlot Klnlotragjzatjfo Yldfrcs. ûccary fd Djokjohs.– Kfofr Xfrmjoh

Hrfup fo Klnlotragjzatjfo, Bamarta.

Xfrgk Elagte Frhaojzatjfo, \ojtlk Oatjfos Nejgkrlo‚s Duok, \ojtlk Oatjfos

Pfpugatjfo Duok, aok Xfrgk Iaom. 9008. Catlroag Cfrtagjty jo 900<. Hlolva2

Xfrgk Elagte Frhaojzatjfo. Xfrgk Iaom. 900;. ‗Klnlotragjzatjfo jo Jokfolsja‚s Elagte ^lntfr2 [el Nlotrag

Hfvlroclot‚s Yfgl.– Xfrmjoh paplr 8, Xfrgk Iaom, Bamarta.

‛‛‛. 9004. Camjoh ̂ lrvjnls Xfrm dfr tel Pffr2 Ojol Nasl t̂ukjls drfc Jokfolsja.

Bamarta2 Xfrgk Iaom.

1>9 Ijigjfhrapey



1>>

A

akugt nuratjvl narl, <, 4„8lkunatjfo aok quagjty fd elagte

wfrmdfrnl trajojoh, 5;, 5<t , 195t JDG^ vjholttls fo quagjty fd slrvjnl, 8<t ,

84, 85„8:t , 50, 51„59t , 104 d quagjty nfovlrhlonl iy rlhjfo, 108„:,

105 d aglrt vjggahl (Klsa ^jaha) prfhrac, ;4,

<<o4Agca Ata ‗Elagte dfr Agg– parakjhc, ;1,

<;o1aolcja, 8>„8;i, 50 Asmlsmjo/Bacmlsca (elagte josuraonl

dfr tel pffr), 9, 5, 11, 91,<5, <:, 49„4>, 48o9

auxjgjary elagte nlotlrs. ^ll pustu

I

ianmhrfuok aok nfotlxt, 1„9, 99, 9<„>:klnlotragjzatjfo, >9„>>klpgfyclot pfgjnjls, >>„>;kuag prantjnl aok prfvjklr payclot

cltefks, ><elagte lkunatjfo systlc, quagjty fd, >4prjvatl slntfr hrfwte, >4

prfvjklr payclot cltefks, ><puigjn lxplokjturls, ><„>4uoklrgyjoh traosjtjfos, 11, >4„>8

Iagj. ^ll Bava aok IagjIapploas (Jokfolsjao Oatjfoag

Klvlgfpclot Ahlony), 1, 14Iarilr, ^. G., 84Ijkao Kj Klsa (IKK= vjggahl cjkwjdl)

prfhrac, ;, <0, <;, 109

iukhltjoh. ^ll puigjn lxplokjturls

N

nejgk nuratjvl narl, <„4lkunatjfo aok quagjty fd elagte

wfrmdfrnl trajojoh, 5;, 5<t ,19<t , 198t

JDG^ quagjty fd slrvjnl vjholttls, 8<t , 84,85, 85„8:t , 50, 59t , 5>, 104 d

quagjty nfovlrhlonl iy rlhjfo, 108„:,

105 d nejgk cagoutrjtjfo, 94, 9: d nejgk cfrtagjty, 94, >1 d . ^ll agsf jodaot

cfrtagjty ratlnefjnl fd prfvjklrs, 40„4<,

41t , 4;t , 11>„91nerfojn kjslasl, jonrlasl jo, 1, 1<, >8, >5o8

Joklx

Ifxls, djhurls, oftls, aok taigls arl jokjnatlk iy i, d, o, aok t dfggfwjoh pahl oucilrs.



njvjg slrvjnlcjkwjvls, lcpgfyclot fd, ;4

peysjnjaos, lcpgfyclot fd, ;5rldfrc, ;, 10, >>

nfotrant lcpgfyll prfhrac. ^ll P[[prfhrac

K

Kas, B., 1:kata aok cltefkfgfhy, 18„1:, ::„100klnlotragjzatjfo, >, ;, 1<, 91, >9„>>kldjojtjfos fd elagte danjgjtjls aok

prfvjklrs, 101„;Klcfhrapejn aok Elagte ûrvly(9005), 89

klcfhrapejns fd Jokfolsja, 9<, 94pfvlrty rlkuntjfo, 48o1uoklrgyjoh traosjtjfos, 11, >4„>8

klpgfyclot pfgjnjls, >„;, >>„>;pfgjny rlnfcclokatjfos dfr, 5„:

Klsa ^jaha (aglrt vjggahl) prfhrac, ;4,<<o4

kjahofstjn aok trlatclot aijgjty, 88„5>

clasurjoh drfc Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdlûrvly vjholttls, <, 15„1:, 9>o4,84„88, 85t , 5>t , 5;, 5<t , 58oo;„<,10<„10, 104 d

quagjty fd, <, 88„5>, 85t kjslasl prlvaglonl, 1, 1<, >8Kfoailkjao‚s kldjojtjfo fd

quagjty, 15, 9>o<kuag prantjnl, ;, 4, 5

lddlnt fd glhagjzatjfo fd, ><, ;1, ;9pfgjny rlnfcclokatjfos dfr, 10

pusmlscas peysjnjaos, ;9, ;:, ;:t quagjty fd elagte slrvjnls aok, 8:„50quagjty fd slrvjnls aok, 54„58

L

lkunatjfo aok quagjty fd elagte wfrmdfrnltrajojoh, 8, 91, >4, 5;„5<, 19>„95

annrlkjtatjfo aok nlrtjdjnatjfo staokarks,8, 19, >4, 81

akugt nuratjvl narl, 5;, 5<t , 195t

appgjnatjfos tf clkjnag sneffgs, >nejgk nuratjvl narl, 5;, 5<t , 19<t , 198t kjahofstjn aijgjty jcprfvlclots aok, 8:jotlrosejps, sefrtahl fd, 8, 5;gaw loantjoh staokarks dfr, 9catlroag elagte, <cjkwjvls, <;

prloatag narl, 5;, 5<t , 19;„95,19;t , 194t

lkunatjfo glvlg assfnjatlk wjte utjgjzatjfofd elagte slrvjnls, 40

D

dacjgy prantjnl peysjnjaos, <djoaonjag prftlntjfo dfr tel pffr, 9, 91„99.

^ll agsf Asmlsmjo/Bacmlsca (elagtejosuraonl dfr tel pffr)

dfnus fd stuky, 90„99 dfrcasj (njvjg slrvjnl pfsts), ><, >8o>

H

Hakbae Caka \ojvlrsjty, :Nlotlr fd Elagte ^lrvjnl

Caoahlclot, 14hloklr kjddlrlonls jo utjgjzatjfo. ^ll

utjgjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnlshlolrag prantjtjfolrs. ^ll agsf peysjnjaos

kjstrjiutjfo fd, xjlclrhlony fistltrjn trajojoh dfr, <

Hlrtglr, P. B., 84hgfiag nfcparjsfos fd peysjnjao, elagte

wfrmlr, aok efspjtag ilk suppgytf jonfcl, 94, 98 d

Hgfiag Duok, 89Hfrfotagf prfvjonl, 94

E

Eacclr, B., 1:Earjcurtj, P., 84

elagte lkunatjfo systlc. ^ll lkunatjfo aokquagjty fd elagte wfrmdfrnl trajojoh‗Elagte dfr Agg– (Agca Ata Nfodlrlonl),

;1, <;o1elagte josuraonl. ^ll Asmlsmjo/Bacmlsca

(elagte josuraonl dfr tel pffr)elagte futnfcls, 9, 9<„>1

lqujtaigl annlss tf elagte slrvjnlsaok, 99, 99 d , >0

hgfiag nfcparjsfos, 94, 98„9: d , >0t quagjty fd elagte slrvjnls aok, 8>„8;i

Elagte Prfdlssjfoag Lkunatjfo Quagjtyprfblnt, 19„1>o>, 55o4

elagte splokjoh. ^ll puigjn lxplokjturls‗Elagtey Jokfolsja 9010,– >elcfhgfijo glvlgs, 8>„8;iefspjtags

kldjojtjfo fd, 109

1>; Joklx



kjstrjiutjfo fd, <0, <9 d hgfiag nfcparjsfos fd efspjtag ilk

suppgy tf jonfcl, 94, 98 d caoahlclot fd kjstrjnt efspjtags, <<o11utjgjzatjfo pattlros, 41t , 4;t

J

JDG^. ^ll Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvlyjgglhag sagls fd prlsnrjptjfo kruhs, <5JCCPAN[. ^ll Jojtjatjvl dfr Catlroag

Cfrtagjty Prfhraccl Asslssclot jccuojzatjfos. ^ll vannjols aok

jccuojzatjfosjcpfrtaonl fd Jokfolsjao elagtewfrmdfrnl, 9„>

jonlotjvls, :, 90, ;;, ;:, 19:„>0Jokfolsja Dacjgy Gjdl ûrvly (JDG^), xj,

<, 18, 15, 9>oo>„;, ::kata sefrtnfcjohs, 1:, 4>kjahofstjn vjholttls, <, 15„1:, 9>o4,

84„88, 85„5>t , 5;, 5<t , 58oo;„<,10<„10, 104 d

kuag prantjnl, ;:<

pusmlscas staddjoh, ;8quagjty fd narl prfvjklrs aok, >0quagjty fd trajojoh aok, 5;utjgjzatjfo ratls, <8„<5, <5t

Jokfolsjao Clkjnag Assfnjatjfo (JKJ), <Jokfolsjao Clkjnag Nfuonjg (MMJ), 9,

<;„<<o>Jokfolsja‚s Elagte Xfrm Dfrnl (Xfrgk Iaom

1::;), 14Jokfolsja‚s Peysjnjaos, Cjkwjvls, aok

Oursls (Xfrgk Iaom 900:), 14

jodaot cfrtagjty ratl, 94, 95 d , >1 d , >8Jojtjatjvl dfr Catlroag Cfrtagjty

Prfhraccl Asslssclot (JCCPAN[), 18, 9>o9, <;

jopatjlot vs. futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo, >0,<:, <:t , 41t

jo-slrvjnl trajojoh, 5;„5<. ^ll agsflkunatjfo aok quagjty fd elagtewfrmdfrnl trajojoh

jrfo kldjnjlony aolcja, 8>„8;i, 50

B

Bacmlsca (Nfccuojty Elagte Josuraonl^nelcl). ^ll Asmlsmjo/Bacmlsca(elagte josuraonl dfr tel pffr)

Bava aok Iagjnefjnl fd prfvjklr, 41t

nfvlrahl fd rlhjfo, <<o<jopatjlot vs. futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo, <:t

cjkwjdl kjstrjiutjfo, ;<, ;<t peysjnjao kjstrjiutjfo, ;>, ;>t , ;8prjvatl peysjnjao utjgjzatjfo, 4> pusmlscas aok efspjtag kjstrjiutjfo, <9 d pusmlscas staddjoh, ;8, ;5t quagjty nfovlrhlonl, 108„:, 105 d utjgjzatjfo ratls, <5, <5t

Bjcjolz, Lccaoulg Z., xjj

M

MMJ. ^ll Jokfolsjao Clkjnag NfuonjgMrusl, J., 4>

G

Gaw Of. >9/900;, tf nfrrlnt prfiglcs joklnlotragjzatjfo gaw (Gaw Of.99/1:::), >9

Gaw Of. ;0/900;, \ojvlrsag ElagteJosuraonl Nfvlrahl, 1<

Glfoark, M., 1:

gjnlosjoh prantjnls, :„10, 19, 81gjdl lxplntaony, 94, 95 d gfnag hfvlroclot autfofcy. ^ll

klnlotragjzatjfo

C

caoahlclot fd plrsfoolg. ^ll rlnrujtclot aok caoahlclot fd elagtewfrmdfrnl

caokatfry slrvjnl plrjfk, >>. ^ll agsf P[[

(nfotrant lcpgfyll) prfhracsefrtlojoh fd, 14„18, >;, ;:catlroag elagte, <, 8;catlroag cfrtagjty, 94, 9: d , >8clasgls jccuojzatjfos, 8, 89, 8;Clkjnag Prantjnl Ant (900;), 9cjkwjvls

akugt nuratjvl narl, 50, 51„59t , 5>neaohl jo suppgy (1::4„9004), >

prjvatl prantjnl, <1, <>„<;, <>t rurag vs. uriao, ;<„;4, ;<t

nejgk nuratjvl narl, 50, 59t , 5>njvjg slrvjnl lcpgfyclot fd, ;4kldjojtjfo fd, 10>, 10;kjstrjiutjfo fd, xj, ;, ;<„;4jo kuag prantjnl. ^ll kuag prantjnlprloatag narl, 8:t , 50, 51t , 5>as prfvjklr fd nefjnl, 40, 41t , 4;t

Joklx 1><



P[[ prfhrac. ^ll P[[ (nfotrant lcpgfyll) prfhrac

pusmlscas aok pustu lcpgfyclotfd, ;8t , ;:„<0

quagjty fd slrvjnls, 8<t , 54t , 58, 55o:jo rlcftl aok uoklrslrvlk arlas, 11, 18trajojoh fd, <, 4utjgjzatjfo ratls fd prjvatl cjkwjvls, 40,

41t , 4;t , 4<lddlnt fd jonrlasjoh oucilr fd prjvatl

cjkwjvls, 48vannjols avajgaijgjty, 8vjggahl cjkwjdl prfhrac (Ijkao kj Klsa,

IKK), ;, ;4, <0Cjggloojuc Klvlgfpclot Hfag fo

jodaot cfrtagjty, 94Cjojstry fd Elagte (CfE)

Klnlcilr 900< pgatdfrc, 18Elagte Prfdjgls akcjojstratjvl

kataiasl, 15efspjtags fplratlk iy, <0Jokfolsja Elagte Prfdjgls, ;4pgaoojoh dfr elagte wfrmdfrnl

ollks, >;„><, ;1pfst-klnlotragjzatjfo rfgl fd, >9

O

Oatjfoag Klvlgfpclot Pgao 9010„1;,1, 14

ourslsakugt nuratjvl narl, 50, 51„59t neaohl jo suppgy (1::4„9004), >, ;4„;8nejgk nuratjvl narl, 50, 59t kldjojtjfo fd, 10>

ganm fd kata fo kjstrjiutjfo aokoucilr fd, ;, ;9, ;4

prloatag slrvjnls, 4, 50, 51t as prfvjklr fd nefjnl, 40, 41t , 4;t pusmlscas aok pustu lcpgfyclot

fd, ;8t , ;:quagjty fd slrvjnls, 8<t , 84jo rlcftl aok uoklrslrvlk arlas, 11utjgjzatjfo ratls fd prjvatl oursls, 40,

41t , 4;t , 4<

F

fiblntjvls fd stuky, 14„1:Ftelr Prfvjonls

nfvlrahl fd rlhjfos, <<o<jopatjlot vs. futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo, <:t cjkwjdl kjstrjiutjfo, ;<, ;<t , ;5t , <>, <>t

peysjnjao kjstrjiutjfo, ;>„;;, ;>t ,;8, ;5t , <>t

prjvatl peysjnjao utjgjzatjfo, 4> pusmlscas aok efspjtag kjstrjiutjfo, <9 d pusmlscas staddjoh, ;8„;5, ;5t quagjty nfovlrhlonl, 108„:, 105 d utjgjzatjfo ratls, <5, <5t

futnfcls. ^ll elagte futnfclsfutpatjlot slrvjnls. ^ll jopatjlot vs.

futpatjlot utjgjzatjfofvlr-tel-nfuotlr (F[N) kruhs,

usl fd, <5, <5t

P

payclot systlcs, 90, ><. ^ll agsfjonlotjvls

peysjnjaosneaohl jo suppgy (1::4„9004), >

annuratl kata fo, <;„<<o>prjvatl prantjnl, <1, <>t rurag vs. uriao kjstrjiutjfo, ;9„;;, ;>t

nejgk nuratjvl narl, 8:t , 50, 59t , 5>kldjojtjfo fd, 10>jo kuag prantjnl. ^ll kuag prantjnlhgfiag nfcparjsfos fd peysjnjao suppgy

tf jonfcl, 94, 98 d prloatag narl, 8:t , 50, 51t prjvatl, <1

as prfvjklr fd nefjnl, 40„4>,41t , 4;t

quagjty fd slrvjnls, 8<t , 84P[[ prfhrac. ^ll P[[ (nfotrant

lcpgfyll) prfhrac

pjgft prfhracs, rlnfcclokatjfo fd, 11pgaoojoh dfr elagte wfrmdfrnl ollks, :„10,11, >;„><

PFKL^. ^ll ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjagpfgjny rlnfcclokatjfos, 5„19, 9>

fo quagjty fd elagte slrvjnls, 11„19fo suppgy aok kjstrjiutjfo, 5„11

tel pffr Asmlsmjo/Bacmlsca (elagte josuraonl),

9, 5, 11, 91, <5, <:, 49„4>, 48o9pfvlrty rlkuntjfo sjonl 1::8„:5, 48o1

utjgjzatjfo prantjnls fd, ;, 5, 40, 49 pfsyaoku futrlane prfhrac, <<o:PP Of. >5/9005 (hfvlroclot rlhugatjfo

tf kjvjkl rlspfosjijgjty iltwlloakcjojstratjvl glvlgs), >9„>>

Prakeao, C., 4>prloatag narl, <„4. ^ll agsf cjkwjvls

1>4 Joklx





Y

ratjfoagl fd stuky, 14„1:rlnfcclokatjfos. ^ll pfgjny

rlnfcclokatjfosrlnrujtclot aok caoahlclot fd elagte

wfrmdfrnl, ;, 1<, 91rlcftl aok uoklrslrvlk arlas, ;. ^ll agsf

klpgfyclot pfgjnjlsdacjgy prantjnl peysjnjaos prfvjkjoh

lclrhlony fistltrjn narl jo, <caokatfry slrvjnl jo. ^ll caokatfry

slrvjnl plrjfk

oursls aok cjkwjvls as elagteprfvjklrs jo, 11, 18pfgjny rlnfcclokatjfos dfr, 10„11

rurag vs. uriao kjstrjiutjfo, xj, ;nrlatjfo fd ‗rurag pjplgjol– fd

prfvjklrs, :kuag prantjnl davfrjoh uriao

slttjohs, ;9lxpaosjfo fd rurag prjcary narl as dfnus

fd elagte narl klgjvlry, ;1cjkwjvls, ;<„;4, ;<t , <1, <>„<;, <>t

peysjnjaos, ;9„;;, ;>t , <1, <>t quagjty nfovlrhlonl, 10:, 110 d utjgjzatjfo pattlros, lddlnt fd jonrlasjoh

oucilr fd prjvatl peysjnjaos,44„48, 44t

^

ârkbuoaoj, Ojoa, xjjslgd-clkjnatjfo ratls, <5, <5t sfnjflnfofcjn status

quagjty nfovlrhlonl aok, 10:„10utjgjzatjfo fd elagte slrvjnls aok, 5,<:t , 40, 41t , 49, 119, 11>„91t

sfrtjoh fd patjlots, 10, 44^parrfw, Y., 4>, 45o5strunturl fd stuky, 99„9>ûcatra

nefjnl fd prfvjklr, 41t nfvlrahl fd rlhjfo, <<o<efspjtag kjstrjiutjfo, <9 d jopatjlot vs. futpatjlot utjgjzatjfo, <:t

cjkwjdl kjstrjiutjfo, ;<, ;<t , <>, <>t peysjnjao kjstrjiutjfo, ;>„;;,

;>t , ;8, <1, <>t prjvatl peysjnjao utjgjzatjfo, 4> pusmlscas kjstrjiutjfo, ;8, ;5t , <9 d quagjty nfovlrhlonl, 108„:, 105 d utjgjzatjfo ratls, <5, <5t

suppgy fd elagte danjgjtjls aok elagteprantjtjfolrs, >„<, 99, ;1„<4

neagglohls dfr, 9neaohl jo (1::4„9004), ;9„;8

cjkwjvls, ;<„;4oursls, ;4„;8peysjnjaos, ;9„;;, ;>t

klpgfyclot pfgjnjls, >>„>;hgfiag nfcparjsfos fd suppgy tf

jonfcl, 94, 98 d pgaoojoh dfr ollks, >;„><pfgjny rlnfcclokatjfos dfr, 5„11prjvatl elagte slrvjnls. ^ll prjvatl

elagte slrvjnlspuigjn elagte danjgjtjls, neaohl jo

(1::4„9008), <1 pusmlscas aok pustu, neaohl jo staddjoh

(1::8„9008), ;8„<0, ;8t ûrvly fd Tjggahl Pftlotjag (PFKL^), 18,

15, 1:, <<o>, ::cjkwjvls, ;<oursls, ;4peysjnjaos, ;9

ûsloas (oatjfoag efuslefgk survly) 9000kata, 4>, 48o9, 45o5, ::„100

ûyaeakj, A., 4>, 45o5

[

tltaous jccuojzatjfos, 8, 89, 8;trakjtjfoag elaglrs, 41t , 4<trajojoh. ^ll lkunatjfo aok quagjty fd

elagte wfrmdfrnl trajojohtuilrnugfsjs trlatclot slrvjnls, 8, 8;, 8<

\

uoklrslrvlk arlas. ^ll rlcftl aokuoklrslrvlk arlas

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prjvatl elagte slrvjnls, ;, 5, 40„4<,41t , 4;t , 111„91, 11;t

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vannjols aok jccuojzatjfos, 8, 89, 8;vjggahl cjkwjdl prfhrac. ^ll Ijkao Kj

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zlrf-hrfwte pfgjny, >8o;

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[el Xfrgk Iaom js nfccjttlk tf prlslrvjoh

lokaohlrlk dfrlsts aok oaturag rlsfurnls.

[el Fddjnl fd tel Puigjselr eas nefslo

tf prjot Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd

Elagte ^lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja fo rlnynglk

paplr wjte <0 plrnlot pfst-nfosuclr wastl,

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Jojtjatjvl, a ofoprfdjt prfhrac suppfrtjoh

puigjselrs jo usjoh djilr teat js oft sfurnlk

drfc lokaohlrlk dfrlsts. Dfr cfrl jodfrca-

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lqujvaglot fd

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wastl watlr

• :5 pfuoks fd

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Fvlr tel past klnakl, Jokfolsja eas jcpglclotlk sjhojfinaot elagte slntfr rldfrcs teat

jongukl klnlotragjzjoh rlspfosjijgjtjls dfr slrvjnl klgjvlry, klsjhojoh jonlotjvls dfr elagte

prfvjklrs, jonrlasjoh tel suppgy fd cjkwjvls jo rlcftl arlas, aok aoagyzjoh klcfhrapejn

aok lpjklcjfgfhjnag traosjtjfos nausjoh neaohls jo tel pattlros fd kjslasl prlvaglonl.

Djoaonjag prftlntjfo ahajost natastrfpejn lxplokjturls eas jcprfvlk suistaotjaggy, aok

glhjsgatjfo eas illo loantlk tf jcprfvl tel quagjty fd peysjnjao trajojoh aok patjlot narl.

Klspjtl tel prfhrlss, suistaotjag neagglohls rlcajo aok jongukl nfcparatjvlgy gfw

rlsfurnls dfr tel elagte slntfr, gjcjtatjfos jo tel suppgy fd prfvjklrs at tel prjcary aok

efspjtag glvlgs, joldfinjlot payclot systlcs, sefrtnfcjohs jo tel quagjty fd catlroag aok

nejgk aok akugt narl, ganm fd fvlrsjhet aok lddlntjvl gjnlosjoh jo ao lxpaokjoh prjvatl elagte

slntfr, aok jolddlntjvl pgaoojoh dfr aok rlnrujtclot aok rltlotjfo fd elagte wfrmlrs.

Hjvlo tel sgfw panl jo jcprfvjoh elagte futnfcls aok gjcjtlk lvjklonl gjomjoh elagte

plrdfrcaonl aok tel elagte wfrmdfrnl, tel ollk tf caml cfrl jodfrcatjfo avajgaigl

aifut past lxplrjlonls tf jodfrc duturl pfgjny neaohls js prlssjoh. Dlw stukjls eavl illo

uoklrtamlo tf clasurl tel antuag jcpant fd tel rldfrcs aok tel rlcajojoh neagglohls.

Olw Josjhets jotf tel Prfvjsjfo fd Elagte ̂ lrvjnls jo Jokfolsja2 A Elagte Xfrmdfrnl ̂ tuky

ilhjos tel prfnlss, prfvjkjoh rlag tjcl lvjklonl-iaslk joputs tf danjgjtatl tel Hfvlroclot

fd Jokfolsja‚s nfcprlelosjvl elagte slntfr rlvjlw. [el autefrs‚ aoagysjs fd paolg kata drfc

efuslefgks aok elagte prfvjklrs wjgg assjst tel hfvlroclot‚s asslssclot fd tel jcpant fd

e g e m d gj j k j jk j d gj e

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