NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II B.J. COOK

1. Davenham, Cheshire THIS group of thirty-two silver coins of Mary I and Elizabeth I was reported found on farmland near Davenham, Cheshire, by Mr C. Bailey in August 2000.1 Mr Bailey was metal-detecting on ploughland with the permission of the landowner. The coins were found in the sub-soil at a depth of about eighteen inches. Three of the coins were found stuck together, but the rest were scattered over approximately twenty square feet. The find was reported to the Cheshire coroner via Stephen Penny, curator of Salt Museum, of Cheshire Museums Service. A report on the coins was submitted to the coroner by the British Museum, on the basis of which the coins were declared to be Treasure at an inquest on 15 December 2000. The hoard was then acquired by Cheshire Museums Service.

Davenham is a small village in the Hundred of Northwich. The coins consisted of just two denominations, twenty-nine shillings (one of Philip and Mary, and the rest of Elizabeth), and three groats (one of Mary and two of Elizabeth).2 The absence of any coins datable to the period 1561—82 is the result of this denomination selection, since no shillings or groats were produced in these years. If the find is categorised as essentially a group of shillings, the coins present fairly reflect the relative outputs of this denomination throughout Elizabeth's reign. The face value of the group was the round figure of thirty shillings. The latest coin present dates to 1601-2. There would be one further issue of shillings under Elizabeth, dating to 1602-3, which is not represented in the find, nor are the early issues of James I. Since the latter are not notably rare, it would be tempting to surmise that the group was deposited around 1603-4, perhaps even at the time of the queen's death. However, the size of the find would not in fact make such a suggestion overwhelm-ingly likely, since coins of James formed only a relatively small proportion of the currency well into his reign. There were, for example, just three coins of James among the fifty-seven coins of the Barrow Gurney hoard, deposited after 1605-6.3

The Cheshire findspot might be worth noting, since hoards from this county are not frequent things. The only other one in the area from the sixteenth and pre-Civil War seventeenth century appears to be the quite similar Mickle Trafford hoard.4 This had thirty-eight coins, all sixpences bar one shilling, hence a face value of 19s. 6d., and with the latest coin dating to 1594. Thus, it was a largely single-denomination silver hoard, of a similar sort of value, deposited within a decade or so of Davenham. Whereas Mickle Trafford is a little north-east of Chester, towards the Mersey, Davenham is further east, on the outskirts of Northwich. Dolley noted the frequent com-plaints in Cheshire about the depredations of soldiers en route for Ireland in the late Elizabethan period, which might have inspired a habit of the concealment of relatively small sums by the locals, if such an inducement was especially needed.

The shillings in the hoard have an average weight of 5.72 g (95 per cent of the standard). There is hardly any published metrological information for late Elizabethan hoards to give this context. This would certainly be a reasonably good level for Elizabethan shillings in early to mid seven-teenth-century hoards, although most of these are, inevitably, from the 1640s.5

1 The hoard was briefly noted in the Treasure Annual Report 2000, no. 285, p. 130. 2 For comments on the role of coins of Mary in later currency, particularly her groats, see B J. Cook, 'Recent Tudor hoards', BNJ

64(1994), at pp. 79-80. 1 B.J. Cook, 'Four seventeenth century treasure troves', BNJ 60 (1990), at pp. 87-8. 4 R.H. Dolley and G. Webster, 'An 1895 find of Elizabethan silver coins', BNJ 27 (1955), 93-4. 5 See Appendix in B.J. Cook, 'New hoards from seventeenth century England'. BNJ 69 (1999), at pp. 171-2.

96 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II CATALOGUE

Mary alone (1553-4) Groat 1. im pomegranate

No. Weight (g) 1 1.64

Philip and Mary (1554-8) Shilling 2. full titles, undated, XI I

5.4

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Shilling 3-10. cross crosslets (1560-1)

8 6.02 6.14 5.83 4.8 5.46

11-17. martlet (1560-1) 5.93 5.95 5.94

7 5.73 5.76 5.71 5.82 5.34

18-20. escallop (1584/5-87) 21. crescent (1587-89/90) 22. hand (1589/90-91/2) 23-4. tun (1591/2-94) 25-8. woolpack (1594-95/6) 29-30. 1 (1601-2)

5.91 6.02 3 5.61 6.02 6.32 1 5.3 1 6.02 2 4.66 5.63 4 5.8 5.71 5.5 5.54 2 5.64 5.95

Groat 31. cross crosslet 32. martlet

1.69 1.48 (damaged)

2. Kingston Deverill, Wilts. A group of 169 coins was reported found at Kingston Deverill on 15 March 2000 by Ms V. MacRae and Messrs D. Stratton and B. Read.6 They were delivered to the British Museum on 20 June. They were catalogued, and, since no museum had an interest in their acquisition, the find was disclaimed by the Secretary of State on 8 August, and returned to its finders. In 2002 Ms MacRae and Mr Read recovered a further five coins from the site of the original find, which were similarly recorded and disclaimed.

Kingston Deverill is about 4 kilometres north-east of Mere, a village on chalkland, with limited agricultural potential, and distinctly poor in the seventeenth century. All told, the finds consisted of 172 official English silver coins from the reigns of Mary I, Elizabeth I and James I, along with two Spanish coins of Ferdinand and Isabella. They can be summarised as follows:

1 shilling of Philip and Mary (1554-8) 40 shillings and 96 sixpences of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 22 shillings and 11 sixpences of James I (1603-25) 2 1-reales in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain (issued 1497-c. 1520s) The Kingston Deverill coins clearly represent a selected body of material, since they consist

mostly of two denominations (shillings and sixpences), and lack both the high value gold coinage, and the plentiful lower denominations of the time. In this it is, of course, typical of early seventeenth-century hoards. The latest coin present dates to 1605, and it is likely that the group was deposited in, or within a few years of, this date. The face value of the English coins at the time was £5 lSs.

The presence of the Spanish coins is a noteworthy feature of the find, though there are several other examples of Jacobean and Civil War hoards in which such coins have a presence: for exam-ple, the hoard of fifty-nine coins from Barrow Gurney, Avon, itself probably deposited in 1605, which also contained two 1-real pieces.7 It is possible that the links between Bristol and Ireland,

6 Treasure Annual Report 2000, no. 286, p. 130. 7 Cook, as in n. 3, pp. 87-8

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II where Spanish silver played an important part in the currency, may account for the appearance of such coins in the south-west of England. Barrow Gurney is, of course, in the immediate environs of Bristol, but while Kingston Deverill is much further inland, it is not far from a significant route, the road from Bristol and Bath to Salisbury, further to the east. Another recent Jacobean hoard, dating to c.l620, also included a real of Ferdinand and Isabella among its 164 coins, but this came from London.8

The average weight of the coins is quite high, with the sixpences of Elizabeth the only element pulling it down a little. This is another feature which has close parallels with the Barrow Gurney hoard, though the Elizabethan sixpences there were rather better. These two hoards might appear to suggest that the silver currency of the west was in quite a good state in the early Jacobean period, even allowing for the possibility of selection in the creation of the hoards. Neither is, after all, a particularly large assemblage of coins. Nevertheless, the possible impact of selection should not be ignored, bearing in mind the poorer level of the Bull Wharf hoard, deposited c. 1613—5.9

Weight summary (g)

Shillings Sixpences

1 2 3 1 2 3

Elizabeth 1561 5.81 10 96.5 1561-83 2.82 74 93.7 1583-1603 6.06 30 100.7 2.81 24 93.4 whole reign 6.0 40 99.7 2.82 98 93.7

James I 5.92 22 98.3 2.97 10 98.7

CATALOGUE ENGLAND Philip and Mary (1554-8) No. Weight (g) 1. Shilling English titles 1554 1 6.0

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Shilling 2. lis (1558-60) 1 5.68 3-5. cross crosslet (1560-1) 3 5.73 5.85 5.84 6-11. martlet (1560-1) 6 5.96 5.76 5.43 5.98

5.99 12-13. bell (1582/3-83) 2 6.07 6.05 14-18. A (1583-84/5) 5 5.9 6.11 5.87 5.84 19-22. escallop (1584/5-87) 4 6.4 6.23 6.24 5.81 23-4. crescent (1587-89/90) 2 6.42 6.01 25-7. hand (1589/90-91/2) 3 6.12 6.31 6.18 28-31. tun (1591/2-94) 4 5.9 6.02 5.79 5.93 32-5. woolpack (1594-95/6) 4 6.04 5.92 6.11 5.87 36-9. key (1595/6-97/8) 4 6.17 6.23 6.12 6.07 40-1. 2(1602-3) 2 5.82 6.06

Sixpence 42-4. pheon (1561-5) 1561 3 2.84 2.64 2.72 45-8. 1562 4 2.37 2.81 2.81 2.86 49. 1564 1 2.67 50. 1565 1 2.84 51-6. portcullis (1565-65/6) 1566 6 2.77 2.72 2.79 2.57

2.74

8 G.Williams, 'A Jacobean silver hoard from Bull's Warf, London', BNJ 67 (1997), 105-8. 9 See Appendix in Cook, as in n. 5, pp. 171-2.

98 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II No. Weight (g)

57-60. coronet (1567-70) 1567 4 2.76 2.82 2.76 3.0 61-2. 1568 2 2.57 2.78 63-8. 1569 6 2.98 2.8 3.03 2.76

2.92 69. 1570 1 2.73 70-4. castle (1570-2) 1571 5 2.86 2.89 3.0 2.88 75-81. ermine (1572-3) 1572 7 2.76 2.75 2.82 3.0

2.81 2.85 82-4. 1573 3 3.02 2.92 3.06 85-6. acorn (1573-4) 1573 2 2.99 2.97 87-8. eglantine (1574-8) 1574 2 2.95 3.01 89-91. 1575 3 3.14 2.96 2.87 92. 1576 1 3.08 93-7. plain cross (1578-80) 1578 5 2.92 2.92 2.93 2.88 98-100. 1579 3 3.2 2.78 2.73 101. 157- 1 2.67 102-3. 1580 2 2.77 3.05 104-7. long cross (1580-1) 1580 4 2.82 2.89 3.04 3.03 108-10. 1581 3 2.74 3.03 2.79 111-13. sword (1581-82/3) 1582 3 3.04 2.88 2.95 114. bell (1582/3-83) 1582 1 2.93 115. escallop (1584/5-87) 1585 1 3.12 116-17. crescent (1587-89/90) 1587 2 2.79 2.7 118-19. 1589 2 3.04 2.98 120-2. hand (1589/90-91/2) 1590 3 3.0 3.04 2.98 123-4. 1591 2 2.97 3.16 125. 1592 1 2.94 126-8. tun (1591/2-94) 1593 3 3.0 3.01 2.8 129-34. woolpack (1594-95/6) 1594 6 2.78 2.77 2.72 2.75

3.29 135. 1595 1 2.81 136-7. 2(1602-3) 1602 2 2.96 3.07

James I (1603-25) First Coinage (1603-4) Shilling 138. 139-41. 142-5.

Sixpence 146. 147. 148.

1st bust 2nd bust 2nd bust

1st bust 2nd bust

thistle (1603-4) thistle lis (1604)

thistle thistle lis

1603 1604 1604

Second Coinage (1604-19) 3rd bust lis (1604-5)

Shilling 149-54.

155-7. 158. 159-62.

Sixpence 163-4. 165-7. 168-71. 172.

rose (1605-6) illegible

4th bust rose

3rd bust lis

4th bust rose rose

SPAIN 173^1. Ferdinand and Isabella

1604 1605 1605 1605

real

5.92 5.94 5.77

3.09 3.17 3.18

6.02 5.85 6.03 5.82 5.98

3.17 2.7 2.83 2.64

2.08

5.89 5.8

5.94

5.76

6.05

3.0 3.05 2.92

2.17

5.73 5.97

2.54

2.84 2.98

2.72

2.77

6.03

6.02 5.76

6.08

5.9 5.79

2.64 (damaged) 3.04 2.82

6.13

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II 3. Thorncombe, Dorset This find of ten coins was made on Gribb Farm, Thorncombe, south-east of Chard, towards the coast at Lyme Regis, over a period of several months, between August 1999 and January 2000.'° The finder, Mr R. Beer, was using a metal-detector on pasture. The coins were mostly recovered from an area of about ten feet in diameter, at a depth of six to nine inches. There were no other surface finds made in the vicinity. Mr Beer reported his find to Claire Pinder, Senior Archaeologist for Dorset County Council, who notified the West Dorset coroner. The coins were recorded at the British Museum and were subsequently disclaimed by the Secretary of State, once it was estab-lished that no museum had an interest in acquiring the coins. They were then returned to the finder.

The coins consisted of eight shillings and two sixpences, with a face value of nine shillings in total. The latest coins are of the triangle-in-circle initial mark, issued 1641-3, adding another to the forty or so known hoards that conclude in this way. Given its small size, one might not feel much inclination to link such a hoard to the events of the Civil War, perhaps viewing it as more in line with a group of small-scale hoards of the period sometimes found in surviving buildings. These include the Preston Candover, Hampshire, find of fourteen coins (face value 10s. 6d.) found under a cottage hearth, which also concluded with triangle-in-circle, and two other Dorset hoards, this time with initial mark (P), one from nearby Askerwell (Bridport), of twenty-five coins (£1 Is. 9d.), found under the thatch of a cottage, and, the other from further west near Wimborne Minster, at Sturminster Marshall, of fifteen coins (17s. 6d.).u

However, since all these finds come from the period c. 1642-4, it would probably be wrong to ignore the particular circumstances of the county at that time. In 1642 Dorset was relatively quiet, under parliamentary control, but in the aftermath of the royalist successes of 1643, culminating in the capture of Bristol in the summer, matters were to change dramatically. Dorset lay between the royalist strongholds of the south-west and Oxfordshire, and the king's cause would be aided immeasurably if the county was secure for him. Thus, it was not surprising that at this time of suc-cess, royalist troops, under Prince Maurice, came into the county with this end in view. They secured Dorchester without opposition, and then moved to take Weymouth by 9 August after a short fight. The royalists had effectively established control of the bulk of the county in a short space of time, but matters did not go all their way for long. The coastal parliamentary garrisons in Poole and Lyme Regis, to the east and west of Weymouth and Dorchester, proved tough nuts to crack, and held out against sieges during much of 1643-4.12

Against the background of this military manoeuvring, there was much local disruption, since Prince Maurice's soldiers became notorious for plundering and robbery across much of the county. The concealment of even small hoards is understandable in this very troubled context, and it is noticeable that Thorncombe and Askerwell are both in the vicinity of besieged Lyme (espe-cially since Maurice's troops approached from Weymouth to the east), while Sturminster is close to Poole. Apart from these small hoards, there are two hoards from Dorset of possibly significant size, though both are very poorly recorded. Of these, the Fontmell hoard comes from near Shaftsbury, towards the Wiltshire area of military activity, leaving just a hoard of 'a great number' of coins from Weymouth/Melcombe Regis to represent coastal Dorset: there is no evidence for the date of the latter hoard, but the period of Maurice's capture and plunder of the town would seem quite likely.13

10 Treasure Annual Report 2000, no. 288, p. 131. 11 E. Besly, English Civil War Coin Hoards, British Museum Occasional Paper no. 51 (London, 1987), at p. 5 for Sturminster

Marshall; p. 49 for Askerwell; and p. 84 (D22) for Preston Candover. 12 R. Bayley, The Great Civil War in Dorset (Taunton, 1910), pp. 99-106. 13 Besly, as inn. 11, pp. 101 (K20) and 110 (K79).

100 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II It may be useful to compare the metrology of small groups of coins such as this to that of larger

hoards of the period.14 With a mean weight of 5.69 g, the three Elizabeth shillings are, at 94.5 per cent of standard, of about the same level as such coins in larger hoards such as Wortwell, Dersingham and Wroughton, while the four Charles I shillings, at 5.74 g, are relatively a little light, though still 95 per cent of the standard, as against the 97 per cent of Dersingham and 98 per cent of Wortwell.15 A similar small find from Monwode Lea, Warwickshire, to initial mark (R), had three shillings of Charles I with a mean weight of 5.84, 97 per cent of standard.16 It may be that, when more cases of this type of coin find are recorded, it will become clear that hoard coins of the Civil War period are normally representative of the denominations in regular currency, pointing up more sharply the nature of more unusual hoards such as Ryhall, with its large batch of mint-fresh die duplicates.17

CATALOGUE

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Shilling 1. cross crosslet (1560-1) 2-3. tun (1591/2-94)

No. 1 2

Weight (g) 5.81 5.76 5.49

James I First Coinage Shilling 4. bust 2 lis (1604)

Sixpence 5. bust 2 thistle 1604

Charles I Shilling 6. anchor (1628-9) N2229 7. star (1640-1) 8-9. triangle-in-circle (1641-3)

Sixpence 10. tun (1636-8) N2242

5.82 5.97 5.74

2.87

5.64

2.37

5.44

4. Tidenham, Gloucestershire This hoard of 119 coins was reported found at Tidenham, Gloucestershire on 20 August 1999 by Mr M.T. Meakin.18 Mr Meakin was metal-detecting just inside a small copse, near to a trackway, with the permission of the owner of the land. The coins were located a few inches below the sur-face, one indeed actually on the surface, mostly within about four square feet of each other. There were no other artefacts in the vicinity. A report on the find was prepared at the British Museum and collated with one by Sue Byrne, archaeology officer of Gloucester City Museum. The hoard was declared to by Treasure by the Gloucester coroner at an inquest on 14 January 2000. The hoard was then acquired by Chepstow Museum.

The coins are all official English issues from the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I, and can be summarized as follow:

14 See E. Besly and M. Cowell, 'The metrology of the English Civil War coinages of Charles I', BNJ 61 (1991), at pp. 65-70, though this concentrates on the higher silver denominations.

15 See Appendix in Cook, as in n. 5, pp. 171-2. 16 Far a brief list, see Treasure Annual Report 1998-1999, no. 366, p. 142. The hoard was listed by Sara Wear of Warwickshire

Museum. 17 T.H.McK. Clough and B.J. Cook, 'The 1987 Ryhall treasure trove', BNJ 58 (1988), 96-101. 18 Treasure Annual Report 1998-1999, no. 363, p. 140.

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II 15 shillings and 34 sixpences of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1 half-crown, 12 shillings and 10 sixpences of James I (1603-25) 1 gold unite, 10 half-crowns, 30 shillings and 6 sixpences of Charles I (1625-49)

The face value of the hoard when deposited was £5 4s. 6d. The single gold coin present, a unite of Charles I, represents a significant proportion of the value of the hoard. The presence of one or two gold coins amongst the silver is occasionally a feature of hoards of the Civil War: Besly noted six-teen principally silver hoards with a small gold component out of the 103 hoards he recorded.19 Tidenham can be compared to Harlaxton (a double-crown of James I, and 141 silver coins), Water Orton (a laurel of James I and twenty-five silver coins), Thorpe Hall (a laurel of James I and 2,678 silver coins), Whitchurch ( a laurel and half-laurel of James I, a unite of Charles I and thirty-nine silver coins) and Orston (a unite and laurel of James I, and 1,411 silver coins), all hoards conclud-ing with the triangle-in-circle initial mark.20

The latest coins in the Tidenham hoard are the six half-crowns and four shillings of the triangle-in-circle initial mark (1641-3), and the two royalist mint pieces dated 1642. The Shrewsbury shilling would have been struck between the opening of the mint in early October, and before the end of December 1642, when Thomas Bushell's mint left the city, though, as the coin is one of those with an Aberystwyth obverse die, it was presumably earlier rather than later within this period. The Oxford half-crown would have been struck between the arrival of Bushell at Oxford in January 1643 and the change of year from 1642 to 1643 in March. It would seem a reasonable supposition, therefore, that the Tidenham hoard was concealed in the course of 1643.

Tidenham is a village 3 km north-east of Chepstow, about 1 km from the west bank of the Severn. It lies only about 7-8 km from Bristol, south of Chepstow and across the river, but was part of a very different world. In the winter of 1642-3 central Gloucestershire was dominated by the parliamentary interest, focused on Gloucester itself and the Vales. However, the county was very divided, and Tidenham lay in the Forest Division, dominated by the Forest of Dean. This area, mostly royal forest, was controlled by royalist gentry for most of the period. However, it had been marked by tensions in the 1630s, since its burgeoning iron industry provided an opportunity during the time of Charles I's personal rule for the king's agents to use ancient forest laws to squeeze money from the new industry. There were periodic clashes and riots, until an agreement was reached in 1640, whereby the attempts to enforce the forest laws were abandoned in exchange for an initial payment and subsequent annual income from the leading (though very unpopular) figure in the area, Sir John Wintour of Lydney, a Catholic courtier, who was in effect farming the Forest and local industry from the king.21

Once the Civil War had begun, Wintour and his allies kept control of the Forest Division for the king, despite some inroads from Gloucester in the summer of 1642. Meanwhile, the parliamentary Gloucestershire men under Colonel Essex advanced to occupy Bristol in December 1642, despite the city's frantic attempts to remain neutral.22 The destruction of Sir William Waller's parliamen-tary army at Roundway Down on 13 July 1643 opened Bristol and west Gloucestershire to royal-ist advances, and later in the month Prince Rupert took Bristol, which would remain in royalist hands until autumn 1645, after Naseby. He went on to besiege Gloucester, though it held out in what parliamentary propaganda presented as a heroic resistance. There was some division within the royalist effort, with the lead in the west initially taken by the sheriff, Throckmorton, while his rival Wintour remained in the background until September 1643, when he became governor of Lydney and took full control of the Forest Division, and its revenues, which he used to set up gar-risons to hold down the Forest of Dean, though neither he, nor Throckmorton before him, could completely seal it off from parliamentary raiding.23

19 Besly, as in n. 11, p. 53. 20 Besly, as in n. 11, pp. 82-6. 21 A.R. Warmington, Civil War, Interregnum and Restoration in Gloucestershire 1640-1672 (Royal Historical Society, 1997), pp.

17-19. 22 R McGrath, 'Bristol and the Civil War', in The English Civil Wars: Local Aspects, edited by R.C. Richardson (Stroud, 1997).

pp. 91-128 23 Warmington, as in n. 21, pp. 42-51.

102 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II In the light of this background, the presence of two royalist coins amongst the Tidenham pieces

may suggest a deposit date for the hoard in or soon after the summer or early autumn of 1643, when Rupert's advance secured royalist dominance in Bristol and the Berkeley area as well as in the Forest Division, giving the latter clear access to royalist supply lines and resources, while the parliamentarians were somewhat boxed in around Gloucester during its siege. The siege of Gloucester was perhaps an even more direct factor in other Gloucestershire hoards of this date: especially the Painswick hoard.24 The motives of the depositor cannot be recovered, though it is a possibility that he or she was avoiding the levy collectors of the newly active and locally domi-nant Sir James Wintour, or the demands of one of his garrisons, since Tidenham seems somewhat too deep in the Forest to be vulnerable to parliamentary raids quite so far down the west bank of the Severn. The relatively low average weights of the coins, compared to other hoards of the early 1640s, may be a reflection of the comparatively out-of-the-way nature of the Forest area.

Weight summary (g)

Halfcrowns Shillings Sixpences

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Elizabeth 1561 5.18 5 86.1 1561-83 2.53 22 84.1 1583-1603 5.28 10 87.7 2.67 12 88.7 whole reign 5.25 15 87.2 2.58 34 85.7

James I 5.42 12 90 2.59 10 86

Charles I 14.61 10 97.4 5.83 30 96.8 2.82 6 93.7

CATALOGUE Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Shilling No. Weight (g) 1. cross crosslet (1560-1) 1 4.62 2-5. martlet (1560-1) 4 5.59 5.5 6. bell (1582/3-83) 1 5.73 7. A (1583-84/5) 1 5.44 8. hand (1589/90-91/2) 1 4.51 9-13. tun (1591/2-94) 5 5.37 4.9 14-15. woolpack (1594-95/6) 2 4.96 5.71

Sixpence 16. pheon (1561-5) 1562 1 2.64 17. 1564 1 2.64 18-19. coronet (1567-70) 1567 2 2.06 2.62 20-1. 1568 2 2.21 2.42 22. 1569 1 2.7 23-6. castle (1570-2) 1571 4 2.64 2.35 27. ermine (1572-3) 157- 1 2.41 28. 1573 1 2.38 29. illegible 1573 1 2.66 30. acorn (1573-4) 1573 1 2.74 31. eglantine (1574-8) 1575 1 2.57 32-3. plain cross (1578-80) 1578 2 2.45 2.57 34. sword (1581-82/3) 1581 1 2.76 35-6. bell (1582/3-83) 1582 2 2.04 2.71 37. 1583 1 2.76 38. A (1583-84/5) 1583 1 2.68 39. 1584 1 2.65 40. escallop (1584/5-87) 1584 1 2.65 41. hand (1589/90-91/2) 158- 1 2.79 42. tun (1591/2-94) 1592 1 2.77 43-4. woolpack (1594-5/6) 1594 2 2.62 2.65 45. 1595 1 2.53 46. key (1595/6-97/8) 1596 1 2.74

5.5 4.69

5.8 5.61 4.72

2.6 2.7

1 D.F. Allen and R.H.M. Dolley, 'Painwick treasure trove (1941)', BNJ 21 (1955), 219-20.

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II No. Weight (g)

47. 2(1602-3) 1602 1 2.7 48-9. illegible 2 2.69 2.62

James I (1603-25) First coinage (1603-4) Shilling 50-2. 2nd bust lis (1604) 3 5.06 5.37 5.51 53-4. illegible 2 5.37 5.21

Sixpence 55. 1st bust thistle (1603-4) 1603 1 2.58 57. 2nd bust thistle 1604 1 2.41 57-8. 2nd bust ? 1604 2 2.8 2.55

Second coinage (1604-19) Half-crown 59. lis (1604-5) 1 14.75

Shilling 60. 3rd bust lis 1 5.55 61-2. rose (1605-6) 2 5.5 5.51 63. 4th bust rose 1 5.58 64. escallop (1606-7) 1 5.46 65-6. 5th bust coronet (1607-9) 2 5.32 5.59

Sixpence 67-8. 3rd bust lis 1604 2 2.68 2.69 69. rose1605 1 2.61 70. 4th bust rose 1605 1 2.76 71. grapes(1607)1607 1 2.53 72. coronet (1607-9) 1608 1 2.36

Charles I (1625-49) Tower mint Gold 73. unite lis (1625) 1 8.97

Silver Half-crown 14. group I I plume (1630-1) N2205 1 14.57 75. harp (1632-3) N2207 1 14.5 76.

group I I I triangle (1639-40) N2212 1 14.62 77-82.

group I V triangle-in-circle (1641-3) 6 14.65 14.54 14.47 15 14.45

Shilling 83-4. group D harp (1632-3) N2223 2 5.7 5.65 85. portcullis (1633-4) N2223 1 5.73 86-7. crown (1635-6) N2225 2 5.84 5.74 88-93. tun (1636-8) N2225 6 5.84 5.87 5.74 5.63

5.72 94-5. group E tun N2228 2 5.74 5.92 96-9. anchor (1638-9) N2229 4 6.06 5.87 5.49 5.64 100-1. triangle (1639-40) N2229 2 5.82 5.75 102-3. group F star (1640-1) N2231 2 6.24 6.03 104-7. triangle-in-circle (1641-3) 4 5.91 5.88 5.92 6.19 108-11. illegible 4 5.68 5.98 6.01 5.72

Sixpence 112. group B 113. group D 114-15. 116. group E 117.

Oxford mint 118. Half-crown

Shrewsbury mint 119. Shilling

14.77

5.8

cross calvary (1625-6) 1625 crown (1635-6) tun (1636-8) tun N2243 anchor(1638-9)

N2411 1642

2.83 2.93 2.87 3.0 2.59

14.48

i.t

Aberystwyth obv. (book) 1642 1 5.7

104 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II 5. Low Hill, Wolverhampton This find of eighty-three coins was made at Low Hill, Wolverhampton, in February 1999.25 The finders were Messrs R. McBride and T. Treacey, who were digging a trench to lay new storm water sewers for Wolverhampton Council when they made their discovery. The coins were discov-ered about a metre below the surface in what one of the finders described as a 'golden layer' of soil. Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council was the owner of site. The coins were ini-tially identified by David Symons of the Birmingham City Museum, and were declared to be Treasure by the West Midlands coroner at an inquest on 1 March 2000. Wolverhampton Art Gallery initially acquired twenty-six of the coins, and subsequently they also received the remain-der of the coins by agreement between the finders and Wolverhampton Council. Summary list of the hoard.

1 groat of Henry VIII (1509-47) 1 sixpence of Philip and Mary (1554-8) 14 shillings and 21 sixpences of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 9 shillings and 7 sixpences of James I (1603-25) 12 half-crowns, 13 shillings and 4 sixpences of Charles I (1625-49), Tower mint 1 halfcrown of Charles I, Oxford mint

The face value of the hoard when deposited was £3 8s. Ad. The only slightly odd coin to find present is the groat of Henry VIII, still surviving from the

English currency predating the onset of the Great Debasement in 1544. A few hoards do demon-strate that a very small quantity of fine silver, virtually always groats, of Henry VII and Henry VIII did maintain itself in seventeenth century currency. There was, for example a single groat of Henry VIII amongst the 1,582 coins of the Breckenborough hoard.26

The hoard ends weakly, the latest coin present being a single sixpence of initial mark (P), probably struck in the period April 1643-March 1644: as Besly has pointed out, such a weak ending can be normal for hoards to the (P) mark, for example Breckenborough, Wyke, and Thorpe Willoughby.27 However, the Tower coins as a whole do not end particularly weakly, since the triangle-in-circle component is reasonably high (over 20 per cent of the Charles I Tower coins, against just over 12 per cent in Breckenborough and 8 per cent in Wyke).28 Though significantly smaller, its profile is similar to that of other (P) period hoards such Caunton, Totnes and Taunton.29

Wolverhampton was a venue of significant activity in 1642-3. The king and Prince Rupert stayed there on 15 October 1642, in the run-up to the battle of Edgehill on 23 October. The town remained under royalist control thereafter, and Rupert visited again early in 1643 en route to Lichfield, aggressively recruiting: he threatened to 'hang, draw and quarter anyone between the ages of sixteen and sixty who did not choose to fight for their king'. After the royalist defeat at the battle of Hopton Heath in March 1643, a parliamentary force under Sir William Brereton entered Wolverhampton, without opposition, the royalist commander Thomas Leveson decamping for Dudley Castle, leaving his property to be looted by the newcomers. The parliamentarians did not establish permanent control of Wolverhampton, however, and Prince Rupert was to stay there again in his way to Naseby in May 1645.30

It may seem likely that the parliamentary incursion of spring 1643 prepared the path for the arrival soon thereafter of some (P) marked coins, and a deposit date for the hoard of summer 1643 might be envisioned. The metrological profile of the hoard is entirely typical of finds of the (P) mark.

25 Treasure Annual Report 1998-1999, no. 364. 26 Besly , as in n. 11, p. 9. 27 Besly, as in n. 11, pp. 6, 33 28 Besly, as in n. 11, p. 6. 25 For Caunton, see Cook, as in n. 3, 91-6; for Totnes, Cook, as in n. 5, 151-4; for Taunton, S.C. Minnitt, 'Civil War coin hoard

from Taunton', Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society Proceedings 125 (1981), 121-3. 30 Information from K. Farley, 'Charles I and the first Civil War', www.localhistoiy.scit.wlv.ac.uk.

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II Weight summary

Halfcrowns Shillings Sixpences

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Elizabeth 11561 4.91 6 81.6 1561-83 2.8 17 93 1583-1603 5.7 8 94.7 2.69 4 89.4 whole reign 5.36 14 89 2.78 21 92.4

James I 5.63 9 93.5 2.7 7 89.7

Charles I 14.81 13 98.7 5.82 13 96.8 2.9 4 96.4

CATALOGUE Henry VIII (1509-47) Second Coinage (1529-44) Groat 1. lis

No. 1

Weight (g) 2.62

Philip and Mary (1554-8) Sixpence 2. English titles, date illegible 1 2.73

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Shilling 3-4. cross crosslet (1560-1) 2 5.6 5-7. martlet (1560-1) 3 5.72 8. illegible (1558-61) 1 2.99 9. bell (1582/3-83) 1 5.76 10-12. A (1583-84/5) 6.2 13-14. escallop (1584/5-87) 5.79 15. woolpack (1594-95/6) 1 5.44 16. key (1595/6-97/8) 1 5.87

Sixpence 17. pheon(1561-5) 1562 1 2.86 18. 1564 1 2.81 19. 1565 1 2.68 20. rose (1565-65/6) 156- 1 2.7 21. portcullis (1565/6-66/7) 1566 1 2.18 22. coronet (1567-70) 1567 1 2.62 23. 1568 1 2.7 24. 1569 1 3.86 25. castle (1570-2) 1571 1 2.61 26. ermine (1572-3) 1572 1 2.19 27. eglantine (1574-8) 1573 1 2.87 28. 1576 1 2.71 29-30. plain cross (1578-80) 1578 2.85 31-2. long cross (1580-1) 1580 2.81 33. sword (1581-82/3) 1582 1 2.69 34. woolpack (1594-95/6) 1594 1 2.82 35. cypher (1600-1) 1600 1 2.58 36. 1 (1601-2) 1601 1 2.51 37. 2 (1602-3) 1602 1 2.83

James I (1603-25) First Coinage (1603-4) Shilling 38. 2nd bust thistle (1603-4) 1 5.47 39. lis (1604) 1 5.48 40. illegible 1 4.95

5.05 5.65

5.77 5.16

4.47

5.58

2.84 3.57

106 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND I I

Sixpence No. Weight (g) 41-2. 2nd bust lis 1604 2 2.82 2.57

Second Coinage (1604-19) Shilling 43. 2nd bust lis (1605) 1 5.9 44-5. 3rd bust lis 2 5.88 5.45 46. rose (1605-6) 1 5.92 47. 4th bust rose 1 5.67 48. 4th bust? illegible 1 5.94

Sixpence 49. 3rd bust lis 1604 1 2.89 50. 1605 1 2.37 51. rose 1605 1 2.96 52. 4th bust coronet (1607-9)160- 1 2.56

Third Coinage (1619-25) Sixpence 53. 6th bust illegible 16- 1 2.71

Charles I (1625-49) Tower Mint Half-crown 54. group I I plume (1630-1) 1 14.38 55. harp (1632-3) 1 14.76 56-7. group I I I tun (1636-8) N2209 2 14.92 14.84 58. star (1640-1) N221 1 14.54 59-61. group IV star N2214 3 15.19 14.7 62-5. triangle-in-circle (1641-3) 4 15.35 15.1

Shilling 66. group C plume (1630-1) 1 5.89 67. group D harp (1632-3) 1 5.87 68. crown(1635-6) 1 6.02 69-71. tun (1636-8) N2225 3 6.14 5.95 72. group E tun N2227 1 5.53 73. anchor (1638-9) N2229 1 5.81 74. triangle (1639-40) N2230/2 1 5.67 75. group F triangle N2231 1 6.02 76. star (1640-1) 1 5.97 77-8. triangle-in-circle (1641-3) 2 6.15 4.99

Sixpence 79. group D bell (1634-5) 1 2.67 80. crown (1635-6) 1 2.95 81. tun (1636-8) 1 2.86 82. group F (P) (1643-4) 1 3.11

Oxford Mint 84. Half-crown pellet 1642 N2408 1 14.7

6. Abbotsham, Devon This hoard of 435 coins was discovered at Abbotsham, Devon on 1 August 2001.31 The find was discovered on 21 July 2001 by Ms T. Prouse and Mr T. Fishleigh at Abbotsham. Mr Fishleigh was a builder engaged in digging a trench for new foundations of an existing cob wall of stables, at a farmhouse. Ms Prouse is the owner of the property and assisted in the recovery of the coins. The coins were encountered with their container, a glazed pot with a handle, in clay about ten inches

31 Treasure Annual Report 2001, forthcoming. Some details of the find, including excerpts from the British Museum report, were published in Treasure Hunting (August, 2002), pp. 38-40.

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II below the surface outside the existing stable wall.32 Ms Prouse described the coins as 'being so tightly packed together that they looked like wire mesh'.33 The find was reported to the coroner and the Museum of Barnstaple and North Devon, which took custody of it. It was transported, via the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, to the British Museum, where a report was prepared on the coins. It was declared to be Treasure at an inquest at Barnstaple on 27 February 2002. The hoard has been acquired by Bideford Museum. Summary list

1 shilling and 1 sixpence of Edward VI (1547-1553) 5 shillings, 1 sixpence and 5 groats of Mary (1553-8) 30 shillings, 149 sixpences, 4 groats and 2 threepences of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 1 unite, 2 half-crowns and 2 laurels (gold), 25 shillings and 18 sixpences (silver) of James I (1603-25) 1 unite and 3 crowns (gold), 25 half-crowns, 111 shillings and 30 sixpences (silver) of Charles I (1625-49), Tower mint 1 half-crown and 1 shilling of Charles I, Civil War mints 5 shillings of the Commonwealth (1649-60) 7 shillings and 3 sixpences of James I's Irish coinage 2 8-reales of Philip IV of Spain (1621-65), Spanish-American mints The Abbotsham hoard is another example of that relatively rare bird, the Commonwealth hoard.

Since Commonwealth issues were demonetised and ordered to be returned to the mint for recoin-ing at the Restoration of Charles II, they rarely figure except in those relatively scarce hoards deposited in the 1650s. (The recoinage of Commonwealth pieces was announced on 7 September 1661 and was largely completed by late summer 1662.)34 Since Scottish and Irish issues formed a regular, if small, proportion of the English currency of this period, it is perhaps not surprising for a West Country hoard to contain an Irish element, but not a Scottish one. The two Spanish-American coins in the group are a type of coin not frequently found in mid seventeenth-century hoards, but there have been some cases (e.g. in a c. 1644 hoard from Barton, Lanes), and docu-mentary sources of the period also refer to their presence.35 Both of them are issues of Philip IV, one from Potosi, and the other from Mexico. However, the latter had spent some time in Brazil, since it carries a countermark of a crown and '480' (i.e. 480 reis), applied there in the period 1643-52, after the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain, since Spanish coins ini-tially provided the bulk of the local currency, and would have to continue in use for a few years (albeit with a 20 per cent enhancement in value) until a Portuguese coinage was restored.36 It can stand perhaps as an early sign of the trade links between England and Portugal which were to be so significant in the following decades.

The face value of the English and Irish silver coins in the mid seventeenth century was £17 125. IQfed. (Irish shillings and sixpences were valued at 9d. and 4\d. respectively). Spanish pieces of eight (8-reales) were valued at 4s. 8d. in the 1640s, and, assuming a similar level in the 1650s, they would add 9s. to the value, giving a silver total of £18 Is. 10id. The early gold of James I had been revalued in 1611, and a lighter weight coin introduced in 1619, coin of the two stan-dards circulating together at different valuations. Taking this into account, the total value of the gold present in this find was £5 2s. 6d. Thus, overall, the face value of the find when deposited was £23 4s. 4id.

32 The pot will be published by John Allan of the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. 33 Quoted in the Western Morning News, 28 February 2002. 34 For a discussion of the Commonwealth demonetisation, see Cook, as in n. 5, p. 158. 35 Besly, as in n. 11, p. 64, and p. 87 (E3). 36 J.R. de Mey, Les contremarques sur les monnaies (Brussels, 1982), p. 44, no. 271.

108 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II Abbotsham is, and was, a small village in Shebbear Hundred, and lies near the Neck, the end of

the river Taw, between Bideford (on a branch of the river mouth, about 2 km to the east) and Barnstaple Bay (about the same distance to the west), with Lundy Island beyond it in the distance. Westward Ho lies about 3 km to the north. Abbotsham stands at the only landward end of a tongue of land surrounded on the other three sides by the Bay and branches of the mouth of the Taw. Apart from Bideford, Barnstaple is the most substantial town in the area.

The presence of gold coins makes Abbotsham something of a novelty. Its nine gold coins provide nearly twenty-two per cent of its face value. Only one other Commonwealth hoard is recorded as containing gold, the Long Crendon, Bucks., hoard of 1885, which contained 210 gold and 846 silver coins, with a face value of about £179 (the gold coins provided over three-quarters of this face value).37 This hoard is regarded as a Commonwealth one by virtue of a single coin, a halfcrown, of unspecified date. It may thus just preempt Abbotsham's potential claim to be the earliest known Commonwealth hoard. Otherwise, the hoard can be compared to the Tregwynt hoard, deposited perhaps in 1648, with thirty-three gold coins amounting to 46.6 per cent of its face value,38 and the Breckenborough hoard, deposited in 1644, with thirty gold coins (about a quarter of the face value).39 The Abbotsham gold coins reflect these other cases, if on a small scale, in the mixture of coins of the two standards: i.e. three from James I's Second Coinage, and six from his lighter Third Coinage and Charles I's issues. The heavier gold unites of James I, known often at this time as 'jacobuses', seem to have retained a popu-larity and status throughout the Interregnum. Bulstrode Whitelocke, a prominent member of the regime, was happy to use them as formal gifts to officials of the Swedish court when lead-ing the Commonwealth's embassy to Queen Christina in 1653-4.40 In appearance the Abbotsham gold coins at first made a poor impression, being stained and discoloured, perhaps a consequence of their long burial at a coastal site. Their weight, however, is very good, and more than a match for the larger gold coin groups already mentioned. Most are 99-100 per cent of standard, with just two below this level: one halfcrown at 96.8 per cent and a crown at 98.7 per cent.

Two of the shillings of Charles I in the hoard are worthy of special note. One is an example of Nicholas Briot's early hammered coinage, initial mark anchor (no. 416). The second is a clipped coin which is a mule of a Tower obverse with a Briot hammered coinage reverse, initial mark tri-angle (no. 320).41

The latest coins in the hoard are two of the Commonwealth issues, shillings of 1653. There are only a few recorded hoards with which to compare this find: in fact there are really just three sub-stantial ones to be considered. One, the Blackfriars Bridge hoard, dates to around 1660 and is very different in character from Abbotsham, being from London, and with a very high proportion of new coin.42 The other two, however, are quite similar in content, and, apparently, in date, both to each other and to Abbotsham. Each closes with coins of 1655, and has Commonwealth coins pres-ent in small quantities: two per cent of the 660 coins of the Stainton-by-Langworth, Lines., hoard; and nine per cent of the Laughton, Sussex, hoard of 524 coins (mostly half-crowns, and thus heav-ily skewed to issues of Charles I and the Commonwealth) 43 The Commonwealth coins present in the current find represent slightly over one per cent of the content. Because mid-Commonwealth mint output was quite limited, one cannot assume that the latest coins present in the Abbotsham find mean that the hoard was deposited in the year of their issue, 1653. It is perhaps plausible to regard Abbotsham as the earliest significant Commonwealth hoard on record, but the mid 1650s is probably as close as one can reasonably suggest as the deposit date for all three of these hoards.

37 C.F. Keary, 'Find of coins at Long Crendon (Bucks.)', NC 3rd series, 5 (1885), 333-8. 38 E. Besly, 'A Civil War hoard from Tregwynt, Pembrokeshire', BNJ 68 (1999), 119-36. 39 Besly, as in n. 11, pp. 6-16. 40 B. Whitelocke, A Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the Years 1653 and 1654, new edition by H. Reeve (London, 1855), ii.

p. 275. 41 Thanks are due to the keen eye of Michael Sharp for spotting these two pieces. For the mule especially, see M.B. Sharp, 'The

Tower shillings of Charles I and their influence on the Aberystwyth issue', BNJ Al (1977), 102-13, at p. 111. 42 Cook, as in n. 5, pp. 157-67. 43 J.P.C. Kent, 'Hoard reports 16th-20th centuries', BNJ 37 (1968), at pp. 141-2.

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II The find includes no obvious counterfeits among its silver component, but there is a sub-

stantial quantity of visibly clipped coin present. The overall average weights of the silver coins confirm that that this section of the hoard was noticeably sub-standard in comparison both to the gold coins present, and to other silver hoards from the late 1640s to the 1680s.44 For exam-ple, its sixpences of Elizabeth I are, at 82.4 per cent of standard, the lightest on record with the exception of the water-damaged Blackfriars Bridge find (81.7 per cent of standard) and the 1685 Broadwoodwidger hoard (82.3 per cent of standard). The only find with lighter shillings of Charles I is the Chancery Court deposit from the 1690s: the Abbotsham coins are 92.3 per cent of standard, and the Chancery ones are 91.3 per cent. The halfcrowns of Charles I, at 96.7 per cent of standard, are the only silver coins in the hoard to stand up well to the evidence of other finds.

The Abbotsham hoard is notable in a number of ways. It is one of just two Commonwealth finds to include gold coins, here around a fifth of its face value. It is one of the earliest Commonwealth finds on record, only Long Crendon perhaps being earlier. Though its gold coins are good quality, the state of its silver contents is relatively poor: the comparison with Broadwoodwidger may be significant, since the latter is, of course, also a Devon find, from fur-ther south towards Launceton. One may wonder if they are a fair reflection of a consistently poor quality in the silver currency of the far West Country in the later seventeenth century.45

Weight summary Groat Sixpence

1 2 3 1 2 3

Mary 1.04 5 2.18 1 72.4

Elizabeth I 1561 1.02 4 70.5 1561-82 2.49 111 82.7 1582-1603 2.61 32 86.7 Whole reign 2.48 149 82.4

James I 2.72 18 90.4

Charles I 2.68 30 89

Shillings Halfcrowns

1 2 3

Mary 5.27 5 87.5

Elizabeth I 1561 5.2 11 86.4 1581-1603 5.02 19 83.4 Whole reign 5.11 30 84.9

James I 5.35 25 88.9

Charles I 5.56 111 92.3

Commonwealth 5.7 5 94.7

44 Cook, as in n. 5, Appendix, pp. 171-2. 45 The lack of metrological information on the 1,884 coins of the Crediton hoard, dep. 1683, is regrettable in this context: see H.

Grueber, 'A find of coins at Crediton. N. Devon', NC. 3rd series, 17 (1897), 159-72. It might be relevant that Grueber says of the coins 'by far the greater number are in very poor condition', though the estimated total weight of the hoard, 'about 19flbs', would, if valid, in fact translate into a fairly good average of 96.6% of standard. However, this figure, as well as being very rough and approximate, also includes a group of coins of Charles II, hammered and milled, so would not be seriously comparable.

110 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II CATALOGUE

* = clearly clipped coins t = damaged coins t = bent coins

Edward VI Third Period (1550-3) Shilling 1. tun (1551-3)

Sixpence 2. tun

No. Weight (g) 1 5.24

2.71

Mary (1553-4) Groat 3-6. pomegranate

Philip and Mary (1554-8) Shilling 7-8. Full titles 1554 9. Full titles, undated 10-11. English titles, date illegible

Sixpence 12. English titles 1557

Groat 13.

0.91* 0.94 0.98t 1.22

5.5 5.55 4.9 5.52$ 4.89*

2.18

lis 1.16

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Shilling 14-21. cross crosslet (15 60-1)

22-4. martlet (1560-1) 25-30. A (1583-84/5)

31. crescent (1587-89/90) 32. hand (1589/90-91/2) 33-5. tun (1591/2-94) 36-9. woolpack (1594-95/6) 40. key (1595/6-97/8) 41-2. ?, REG1 43. details illegible

Sixpence

3 6

1 1 3 4 1 2 1

6.24 5.37 5.46 4.63* 4.62* 4.55* 5.32 5.74 5.82* 4.92* 3.65f 3.69*

5.18 5.37 4.71* 5.14*

5.91 5.76*

4.42*

5.68 4.69* 5.54 5.88

5.63* 4.72*

5.12 3.85*

6.03 5.68

3.83*

44-5. pheon (1561-5) 1561 2 2.7 2.27 46-8. 1562 3 2.57 2.51* 2.42 49-50. 1563 2 2.54 2.3* 51-4. 1564 4 1.87* 2.49 2.1* 2.43 55. 1565 1 2.68 56-61. date illegible 6 2.49

O 1 1 *

2.34 2.56 2.12:

62-4. rose (1565-65/6) 1565 3 Z. 11 ^ 2.2* 2.37 2.71

65. 156- 1 2.23* 66-9. portcullis (1565/6-66/7) 1566 4 2.57 2.76 2.17* 2.48 70. 156- 1 2.62 71. portcullis or lion 1566 1 2.56 72-4. lion (1566/7-67) 1567 3 2.67 2.8 2.43* 75. lion or coronet 1567 1 1.93*

2.32*

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II 76-8. coronet (1567-70) 79-83. 84-93.

94-5. 96. 97-9. castle (1570-2) 100-5.

106. 107.

108-17. ermine (1572-3)

118-19. 120-2. acorn (1573-4) 123-6. eglantine (1574-8) 127-30. 131-2. 133. 134-8. plain cross (1578-80) 139-40. 141. 142-6. 147. 148. im illegible 149-50. long cross (1580-1) 151-2. sword (1581-82/3) 153. bell (1582/3-83) 154. 155-8. A (1583-84/5) 159. 160. A or escallop 161. escallop (1584/5-87) 162. crescent (1587-89/90) 163. hand (1589/90-91/2) 164. 165-7. 168. 169-70. tun (1591/2-94) 171-6. 177. 178. woolpack (1594-5/6) 179-80. key (1595/6-97/8) 181. 182. key or anchor 183. anchor (1597/8-1600) 184. 1 (1601-2) 185. 186. 2(1602-3) 187-91. illegible 192. Milled star (1560-66/7)

Groat 193-6. cross crosslet Threepence 197-8. illegible

James I (1603-25) First coinage (1603-4) Shilling 199. 2nd bust 200-3. 2nd bust 204. illegible

No. Weight (g) 1567 3 2.65 2.76 2.01* 1568 5 2.62 2.23 2.66 2.4* 2.18* 1569 10 2.82 2.82 2.53 2.43 2.69

2.66t 2.86 2.43* 2.34* 1.85 1570 2 2.27 2.06* date illegible 1 2.31 1570 3 2.82 2.66 2.41* 1571 6 2.44

2.29* 2.44 2.62 2.7 2.45*

1572 1 2.34* 157- 1 2.36* 1572 10 2.65 2.45 2.73 2.58 2.56

2.58 2.66 2.7 2.53f 2.39* 1573 2 2.64 1.93* 1573 3 2.72 2.6 2.12* 1574 4 2.59 2.7 2.59 2.7 1575 4 2.43 2.5 2.13* 2.6 1576 2 2.8 2.75 157- 1 2.43 1578 5 2.97 2.49 2.73 2.67 2.1* 1579 2 2.59 2.65 1580 over 79 1 3.28 1580 5 2.83 2.6 2.51 2.4 2.31 1 5 — 1 2.44 157- 1 2.78 1580 2 2.76 2.29 1582 2 2.66 2.14* 1582 1 2.41 1583 1 2.64 1583 4 2.42* 2.7 2.84 2.6 1584 1 2.74 1584 1 2.04* 1585 1 2.42 1589 1 2.69 1589 1 2.76 1590 1 2.83 1591 3 2.64 2.62 2.21* date illegible 1 2.87 1592 2 2.53 2.65 1593 6 2.52

2.31* 2.36 2.88 2.7 2.76

1594 1 2.56* 1594 1 2.79 1596 2 2.74 2.47* 1597 1 2.67 1598 1 2.57 1599 1 2.66 1601 1 2.86 1602 1 2.6 1602 1 2.58

5 1.52* 1.03* 1.53* 1.15 0.9* 1562 1 2.47

4 1.0 0.98 1.21 0.9

2 0.8 0.75

thistle (1603-4) 1 5.87 lis (1604) 4 5.44 5.63 5.66 5.5

1 4.77*

112 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II Sixpence No. Weight (g) 205. 1st bust thistle (1603-4) 1603 1 2.71 206-7. 2nd bust thistle 1604 2 2.47f 2.64* 208-9. 2nd bust lis 1604 2 2.8 2.42*

Second coinage (1604-19) Gold 210. unite 5th bust tun (1615-16) 1 9.98 211. half-crown 1 st bust escallop (1606-7) 1 1.21 212 5th bust cinquefoil (1613-15) 1 1.25

Silver Shilling 213-16. 3rd bust lis (1604-5) 4 5.61 5.73 5.2* 217-19. rose (1605-6) 3 5.59 5.61 5.68 220-2. 4th bust rose 3 5.6 5.71 4.93* 223. escallop (1606-7) 1 5.73 224-6. illegible 3 4.95* 4.88* 4.71* 227. 5th bust key (1609-10) 1 5.29* 228-9. tun (1615-16) 2 4.81* 4.7*

Sixpence 230. 3rd bust lis 1604 1 2.57* 231. rose 1605 1 2.67 232-3. lis or rose 1605 2 2.74 2.58 234. 3rd or 4th bust ? 160- 1 1.91* 235. 4th bust escallop 1606 1 2.5* 236. 1607 1 2.46* 237. coronet (1607-9) 1608 1 2.55

Third coinage (1619-25) Gold 238-9. Laurel 3rd bust rose (1620-1) 2 9.16 9.01

Silver Shilling 240-1. 6th bust lis (1623-4) 2 5.68 5.58

Sixpence 242-3. rose (1620-1) 1621 2 2.79 2.79 244. thistle (1621-3) 1623 1 2.33 245. lis 1623 1 2.68 246. trefoil (1624) 1624 1 2.64

Charles I (1625-49) Tower mint Gold Unite 247. group B heart (1629-30) N2148 1 9.15

Crown 248. group A lis (1625) N2180 1 2.27 249. group C rose N2184 1 2.25 250. group D triangle-in-circle N2185 1 2.27

Silver Half-crown 251. group HI bell (1634-5) N2209 1 14.75 252. tun (1636-8) N2209 1 14.68 253-4. triangle (1639-40) N2212 2 14.86 14.25 255. triangle-in-circle (1641-3) N2211 1 14.23 256-63. group IV triangle-in-circle N2214 8 14.74 14.31

14.91 11.06 264-8. group I I I (P) (1643-4) N2213 5 14.09 14.15

14.82 7.78* 14.02

14.01 14.24

14.68 14.38

NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II

group V

group A group B group C group D

269-70. 271-2. 273-5.

Shilling 276. 277. 278. 279-82. 283-5. 286-91.

292-7.

298. 299-310.

311-15. 316-17. 318. 319. 320. group F 321-4. 325-36.

337-54.

355-66.

367-8. 369-74.

375-8. 379-82. 383.

384-5. group G

Sixpence 386. group C 387. group D 388. 389-90. 391-6.

397-8. 399. group E 400-3 404. 405. 406. group F 407-10. 411. 412-13. 414. 415.

Nicholas Briot's Coinage Hammered issue (1638-9) 416.

No. Weight (g) (P) or (R) N1213 2 14.54 14.44 ( R ) (1644-5) 2 14.02 14.91 sun (1645-6) 3 15.13 14.17 14.68

lis (1625) N2216 1 5.6 castle (1627-8) N2220 1 4.91f rose (1631-2) N2222 1 4.59* harp (1632-3) N2223 4 5.58 5.89 5.45 5.5 portcullis (1633-4) N2223 3 5.99 5.66 5.63 bell (1634-5) N2225 6 5.6 5.63 5.57 5.56

4.24* crown (1635-6) N2225 6 5.77 5.61 5.55 5.5

5.3 crown N2226 1 5.69 tun (1636-8) N2225 12 5.98 5.84 5.83 5.74

5.69 5.37* 5.29 5.09* 4.55* 4.37*

anchor N2229 5 5.86 5.78 5.66 5.32 triangle (1639-40) N2229 2 5.93 5.63

? N2229 1 4.06* triangle N2229/2308 (Briot) 1 4.71* triangle obv N2231, rev E 1 5.59 triangle N2231 4 5.74 5.63 5.58 5.25 star (1640-1) N2231 12 5.94 5.92 5.86 5.84

5.81 5.7 5.68 5.63 5.54 5.51

triangle-in-circle N2231 18 6.12 6.04 6.02 6.02 5.91 5.93 5.88 5.87 5.73 5.62 5.57 5.54 5.3 5.09* 4.94*

(P) N2231 12 6.08 6.04 5.93 5.9 5.88 5.66 5.61 5.56 5.24* 4.52*

(R) N2231 2 5.77 5.45 eye(1645) N2231 6 5.9 5.77 5.7 5.64

5.3 sun (1645-6) N2232 4 5.67 5.64 5.56 5.42 ? N2231 4 6.06 5.77 5.66 5.38 9 1 5.17* sun N2233 2 5.7 5.67

rose N2239 1 2.63 harp (1632-3) N2240 1 2.43

? N2240 1 2.49 bell (1634-5) N2241 2 2.69 2.89 tun N2241 6 2.99 2.76 2.67 2.66

2.46 7 N2241 2 2.89 2.69 tun N2243 1 2.62 anchor(1638-9) N2244 4 2.79 2.78 2.62 2.55 triangle (1639-40) N2245 1 2.73

? 1 2.79 triangle N2246 1 2.07* triangle-in-circle N2246 4 3.07 2.87 2.79 2.3* (P) or (R) N2246 1 2.86

? N2246 2 2.68 2.5 (R) N2247 1 2.45

? N2247 1 2.96

5.19

5.46*

5.83 5.56

5.92 5.73 5.43

5.88 5.53

5.42

anchor(1638-9) N2308 5.5

114 NEW HOARDS FROM SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND II Aberystwyth mint 417. half-crown

Bristol mint 418. shilling

Commonwealth (1649-60) Shilling 419. 420. 421-2. 423.

IRELAND

book (1638-42)

B

N2326

N2498/1

1651 1652 1653 1-

No. Weight (g) 1 13.1

1 5.78

5.56 5.89 5.89 5.62 5.53

James I First Coinage (1603-4) 424-9. shilling bell

Second Coinage (1604-7) 430. shilling escallop 431-3. sixpence martlet

SPAIN

4.13 4.04$ 3.88$ 3.71$ 3.48 3.05*

3.51* 1.97 1.73 1.64

Philip IV (1621-65) 434. 8-reales 435. 8-reales

Potosi Mexico, c/m Brazil

25.8 26.24