New and what archaeology and gene/cs might contributemnytud.arts.unideb.hu/tananyag/tortszocl/nichols_johanna... · 2018. 9. 25. · A diachronic linguis/c geography for Uralic and

Adiachroniclinguis/cgeographyforUralicandwhatarchaeologyandgene/csmightcontributeJohannaNichols [email protected],BerkeleyLinguis?cConvergenceLaboratory,HigherSchoolofEconomics,MoscowUniversityofHelsinki

Linguis(cs,Archaeology,&Gene(cs2:TheoriginandexpansionsofUralic-speakingpopula(onsMPI-SHH,Jena Nov.29-Dec.1,2017

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Introduc(onCausAlt Person Complexity POS Other Corpus Conclusions

Previousslide:TheUralmountains.Ques?ons:

DidspeakersofProto-Uraliceverseethesemountains?hearaboutthem?

Ifso,fromeastorwest?

Andfromhomeorondistanttravels?Likelyanswertoall:Yes.

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Issues

DatefortheUralicdispersal;fortheFinno-UgricdispersalLoca?onofUralichomeland;Finno-UgrichomelandCause(s)andmechanism(s)oftheUralicspreadOutlineofargument:LanguagemovementtrajectoriesonandaroundtheEurasiansteppeTheFurRoadUralictypology,Indo-EuropeancontactsProto-UralicandProto-Finno-Ugricinspaceand?meContacts

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Generaltrendsoflanguagespreadanddistribu/oninEurasia

TheEurasiansteppeisaspreadzoneAccre?onzonesatthesteppeperipheryNorthwardspreadsfromthesteppe-forestinterface

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Introduc-onFurRoad PrUtypology IEcontacts Volga-FiU Conclusions

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TheEurasiansteppespreadzone

Dominantspreaddirec?oneasttowest--fromtheBronzeAgeon.Earlier,morecomplex;domes?ca?onfron?erspreadW>EfromWsteppe.

Easttowest:Iranian,Turkic(severallanguageseach),Mongolic


Northwardspreads

Acrosstheen?reforest-steppeecotone,languagesspreadnorth:Germanic,Saami,Finnic,Permian,Khanty,Samoyedic,Yeniseian,Turkic,Tungusic

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Turkiclanguages.Sakha/Yakut(red)representsanorthwardspread.

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hip-//www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Turkic.html


hips://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linguis?c_map_of_the_Uralic_languages.png

Uraliclanguages Dashedline:FormersouthernlimitofUralic;compactlyUralictothenorth.S?ppledoval:approximateformerrangeofex?nctSouthernSamoyedic.Northwardspreads:Saami;Finnic;Permic;Khanty;Samoyedic

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Accre?onzones(a.k.a.residualzones)

Airactorloca?ons:languagesentermoreokenthantheyleave;moreokensurvivethanokengoex?nct;undergocontactbutnotmuchshik.Minimalspreadinginsidethearea.Result:diverseandoldlanguagepopula?ons.


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Accre?onzones,cont.

Languagesmovein;rarelymoveout.

Caucasus:Nospreadsout.Balkan:Nospreadsout(sincetheoriginalspreadofagriculture).ECircum-Bal?c:OnlySaami-Finnic(northwardspread)MiddleVolga:MaybePermicnorthwardspread(iffromnearby)UpperYenisei:Samoyedicnorthwardspread;Yeniseiannorthwardspread

Center-of-gravityillusion:

Distantsistersfromdistantpartsofthecatchmentzoneendupintheaccre?onzone(apile-up).Examples:

AllfourbranchesofIranianrepresentedinCentralAsianMountains(Edelman1968)

BothTurkicbranchesarefoundintheMiddleVolgaarea(Chuvash,Tatar)SeveralIEbranchesinBalkanpeninsulaAllBal?clanguagesintheECircum-Bal?carea


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Summaryonaccre?onzones

Theymaylooklikecentersofphylogene?cgravity,butthesearesecondaryaccumula?ons.Placingaproto-homelandinanaccre?onzoneisriskyandrequiresverystrongargumenta?on

(muchstrongerargumentthanmerephylogene?cdiversityinthearea)Especiallyriskywhenthataccre?onzoneisattheedgeofamajorspreadzone


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userSticky NoteTehát a finnugor nyelvek keletkezési helye nem az erdő zóna, hanem a sztyeppe!

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TheFurRoad(Barfield2009)

InthenorthernU.S.-southernCanada,extensivetradenetworksalongrivers

archaeologically(near-)invisibleprobablyaccountsforatleastsomeoftheAlgonquianspreadback-and-forthdominanceofCreeandOjibweinprotohistoricaland

historical?mesamajortradeitem:Plainsbuffalohides

IntheEurasianforest-steppezonenorthofthewesternandcentralsteppe,FurRoadranalongthemajoreast-westrivers.Economicmechanism:FursfromnorthernforeststradedtoEuropeanandsteppewealthy.Traders,tradingposts,tradecoloniesalongtherivers.

Majortradehubsatconfluenceswithnorth-flowingrivers.Tradelanguagespreadalongrivers,andwasadoptedbyhuntersclosestto

tradingposts.Gradualnorthwardspread.Likelymechanism:localchiefs'daughtersmarryrichtraders (aswithFrenchfurfranchisesinNorthAmerica)

Barfield2009;Ives2003,2006,others;Nichols&Rhodesinpress

Introduc(onFurRoad PrUtypology IEcontacts Volga-FiU Conclusions

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Uralic languages Dashed line: Former southern limit of Uralic. Compactly Uralic to thenorth.S?ppledoval:approximateformerrangeofex?nctSouthernSamoyedic.


Uraliclanguages Bluesolidline:FurRoad.

userSticky NoteA "finnugor" őshazát a mai Tuva környékére teszi!


Uraliclanguages Circles:approximatebranchhomelands

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TheFurRoadTheonlyEurasianlanguagefamilywhosespreadcouldhavecomeasaFurRoadtradelanguageisUralic.


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userSticky NoteEz esetben a sztyeppe határon szélesen elterjedt nyelvről beszélünk, melyről észak felé váltak le az egyes alágak. Nem lehetséges, hogy a magyar a sztyeppén maradt fősodort képviseli?

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Arenorthwardspreadsinevitable?(Arespreadstohigherla?tudesinevitable?)

NottheruleinNorthAmerica.

Athabaskan SouthwardAlgonquian PredominantlyeastwardSiouan westtoPlainsSalish Radial(north,south,inland)Chinookan Upriver(east)"Penu?an"families Westandsouth

NottheruleinAfrica,SouthAmerica*PartlyinAustralia*

*Forwhatit'sworth;cone-shapedgeographiesmustaffectspreadtrajectories


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WhynorthwardonlyinEurasia?

Furtrade,fromnorthernforeststosteppeandEurope(alsoamber,metals,finishedmetalitemseast-west)vs.Buffalohidetrade,PlainstoelsewhereBarfield2009;Ives2003,2007,others


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Proto-Uralictypologicalgeography

Typologically,Proto-Uralicclusterswiththe(greater)PacificRimpopula?onoflanguage

Highcausa?va?on,inflec?onalperson,fairlyhighPOSflexibility,head-final,…andProto-Indo-Europeanclusterswith(whatcanbeextrapolatedto)thewesternEurasianpopula?on(andbothPUandPIEbelongtothenorthernEurasianlinguis?cpopula?on)

Nichols2007,2017


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Anexample(oneofseveraltypologicalvariableswiththisdistribu?on)

Realiza?onofthecausa?vealterna?on

'sitdown' 'seat,have/let/makesit'

Spanish sentar=se sentar (decausa?vizing) seat=REFL seat

Ingush wa-xou wa-xoa-d.u (causa?vizing) down-sit down-sit-CAUS

(blue=relevantderiva?onalmorphology)

Thesearetwoofseveralpossiblepaiernsofderiva?on.Grünthal&Nichols2017,Grünthaletal.inprogress,Nicholsetal.2004,…,Nedjalkov1969


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0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

Causa/

ve

Noncausa/ve

Percentderived:Noncausa/vexcausa/ve(animate):(mostly)WEurasia

Uralic

Slavic

Bal?c

Germanic

Romance

Indo-Iranian


NB:Branchsistersclustertogether.UralicverydifferentfromEuropeanbranches,similaronlytoIndo-Iranian(100%languageattoplekisHindi).

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0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

Causa/

ve

Noncausa/ve

Percentderived:Noncausa/vexcausa/ve(animate):(mostly)Siberia

Uralic

Turkic

Mongolic

Tungusic

Paleosiberian


NB:UralicfitswellintoSiberianlanguages.

userSticky NoteMivel a "finnugor őshaza" ebben a modellben közvetlenül szomszédos a török nyelvek "őshazájával, ez jól magyarázná a magyar-török nyelvi párhuzamokat is.

Causa?vealterna?on:Con?nentalmeanpercentcausa?vized.Lek:allcon?nents;right:N.hemisphere.Mean±1sd.

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0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Africa EuropeNAsia S-SEA NG-Oc Austr WNAm

ENAm CAm SAm 0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Europe NAsia S-SEA WNAm ENAm CAm

Distribu?on:Fortescue1998.AUTOTYPcon?nentbreakdown(Nicholsetal.2013)

Distribu/on:PeakatNorthPacificRim.


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Anotherexample:Inflec?onalperson(theextenttowhichthecategoryofpersonbehaveslikeinflec?onalmorphology,vs.likelexicalitems)

R²=0.17

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

-90 0 90 180 270 360

%In

flec/on

alperson

Longitude

Inflec/onalpersonxlongitude:World(N=256)


Europe,Africa Asia,NewGuinea-Americas Oceania,Australia

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R²=0.17

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

-90 0 90 180 270 360

%In

flec/on

alperson

Longitude

Inflec/onalpersonxlongitude:World(N=256)

Whattolookforinthesegraphs:Trendlineslope.Isthereacline?R2number:Strengthofcorrela?on.0-0.5none0.10weak0.15moderate0.20strong

(Lineartrendline.Correla?oncoefficientis0.412.)


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R²=0.47

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

-90 0 90 180 270 360

%In

flec/on

alperson

Longitude

Inflec/onalpersonxlongitude:Northernhemisphereabove40°(N=88)


Strongglobalclineacrossen?rehigher-la?tudeNorthernHemisphere.

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R²=0.12

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

-90 0 90 180 270 360

%In

flec/on

alperson

Longitude

Inflec/onalpersonxlongitude:Northernhemispherebelow40°(N=45)


Moderateclineacrossnorthernlowerla?tudes.

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R²=0.00

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

-90 0 90 180 270 360

%In

flec/on

alperson

Longitude

Inflec/onalpersonxlongitude:Southerncon/nents(N=110)


Noclineacrossthesoutherncon?nents(Africa,NG-Australia,S.America).(Nosurprise;noconnec?onsamongthem.)

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Inflec?onalperson:Con?nentalmeans(±1sd).Lek,allcon?nents(N=255);right,northernhemisphereonly.

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

AfricaEuropeNAsia S-SEANG-Oc AustrWNAmENAmCAm SAm0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

Europe NAsia S-SEA WNAm ENAm CAm

Distribu/on:E-Wclineoveren/reNorthernHemisphere.


PIE(red)andProto-Uralic(turquoise)Reconstructedtypologicalvaluesatapproximatehomelands(Dniepr,Urals)

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R²=0.47

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

-90 0 90 180 270 360

%In

flec/on

alperson

Longitude

Inflec/onalpersonxlongitude:Northernhemisphereabove40°(N=88)

PIEisatthetypologicalmeanforlanguagestoitswest.PUisnearthemeanforlanguagestoitseast.Likewiseformanyothervariables.


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WhatAfanasievo*tellsusaboutSamoyedicandearlyIE

3earlyeastwardoutpostsofIE,inchronologicalorder:

Afanasievo(upperYenisei)(fromYamnayaculture) Languageunknown,materialcultureearlyIEAndronovo(NEUrals,NKazakhstan)(maybefromAbashevo) Proto-Indo-IraniantoearlyIndo-IranianTocharian(TarimBasin)(entryrouteanddateunknown) IAMC(InnerAsianMountainCorridor;Frache|)entryroutenotimpossible IsolatebranchofIE

GiventhemobilityoftheIEfron?er,andofpastoralcultures,noreasontoequateTocharianwithAfanasievojustbecausebothareeasternoutliers.

2Pre-TocharianwordsinProto-Samoyed(Janhunen1983),butnoreasontoassumetheywereborroweddirectlyfromanadjacentneighbor;bothmayhavespreadwidely.

Conclusion:Proto-SamoyedicwasprobablysomewhereinorneartheMinusinskBasin.Pre-Tocharianwasinfluen?al,orasourceoftradeitems,inthevicinity.

*Afanasievo:veryYamnaya-likepre-AndronovositeinMinusinskbasin.Somehowthissocietyleapfroggedacrosstheen?recentralsteppewhileitwass?lloccupiedbyhunter-gatherers.


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WhattheProto-/earlyIndo-IranianloansintoProto-/earlyFinno-Ugrictellus

I-IwordsvarychronologicallyfromProto-I-ItoearlyIndicandearlyIranian.DifferentlydistributedoverthedifferentFinno-Ugricbranches.NoneinSamoyedic.Conclusion:I-Iinfluencecon?nuedoversome?meandaffectedageographicallydispersedsetofearlyFinno-Ugricdialects(branchancestors)unevenly.Likelyinterpreta?on:Finno-Ugricdialectsextendedoverasizablestretchofthenorthernfron?erofIranianspeech.

IranianexpandedveryrapidlyfromNEKazakhstantotheen?recentralsteppeandeasternpartofthewesternsteppe.Longnorthernfron?erforIranian.

Holopainenc.2018


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ThemiddleVolgaandlaterFinno-Ugricchronology Poli?calmap,reflec?ngUraliclanguagerangesfairlywell


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ThemiddleVolgaandlaterFinno-Ugricchronology

Pre-mid1stcenturyCE:VariousFinno-Ugrictribes(andlanguagesordialects)inthearea.BulgarseilementsfromlowerVolgabegin7thcentury.MariunderBulgarinfuenceby8thcentury.PowerfulBulgarstate,9thcenturyMari-Bulgarintensecontact,someabsorp?onofMarigroupsbyTatar-Bashkirinfluencefrom13thcenturyonMovementsofindigenouspeopleunderpressurefromBulgars,Tatars,Russia

MarimovestorightbankofVolga;laterMeadowMariemigra?oneastwardProto-Mordvinmovestocurrentloca?on(fromprobablyclosertotheVolga)

Conclusions:TherewasmorethanoneFinno-Ugrictribe(andlanguage?)intheareaintheearlyindigenouspopula?on.Chuvash(Bulgar)absorbedmorethanoneofthem.Possiblyevenwholeaddi?onalbranchesofFinno-Ugricinthisaccre?onzone.

Johanson2000


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userSticky NoteLám-lám, a nyelvészeknél is használható fogalom a "finnugor törzs/nép"

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userSticky NoteHa ez igaz, akkor a csuvas-magyar megfelelések nem magyar átvételek a bolgár-törökből, hanem inkább fordítva.

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TheFurRoadisthekeytothewholemodel

1.Earlymovementsonandnearthesteppe:

Nooveralldirec?onality Domes?catefron?ersspreadfromWsteppe,CentralAsia,NWChinaBeelineleapstodistantairac?vesites Informedbyinforma?onaboutgeographicallydistantplacesofinterest, andtravelroutesMovementintoaccre?onzones,languagebuildupsthere

2.EarliestUralic:Samoyediceastwardmovementisconsistentwithgeneralpre-Bronze-Agemovements:bidirec?onal,soeastwardispossible.3.Proto-Uralic:

Pre-Proto-Uralicoriginatedsomewhereinorneartheforest-steppeecotone (likelyincludingtheUralmineraldepositsandmetallodes)Pre-Proto-UralicenterstheFurRoadeconomy,becomesthetradelanguage --atsomepointin?meandspaceProto-Uralichasalinearrangeandanexpandingbidirec?onalfron?er AncestralSamoyedicattheeasternfron?er


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TheFurRoadaskey,cont.

4.Proto-Finno-Ugric

WideE-Wdistribu?onfromN.Kazakhstantowesternforest-steppe Notpoint-likeinspace,perhapsneverpoint-like ContactwithIndo-Iranian:northernKazakhstantoNERussia, Indo-Iraniandialectdiversity,oversomestretchof?me Sothiscontactepisodewasnotpoint-likein?meorspace

5.UralicbranchspreadsTradingposts,tradecolonies(orsimilar;notop?malterminology) broughtpris?ne,conserva?veearlyUralicfartotheeastandwestLocalspreadsfromtradingpoststoindigenouspopula?ons

Likelymechanism:intermarriage;bothindigenousandtraderspousesfrompowerfulfamilies.Likelylanguageoutcome:bilingualism,goodcommandofbothlanguages.Noappreciabledecomplexifica?onofUralic.

6.Expectedgene?cprofileUralicsignaturestrongestwherePre-Proto-UralicenteredtheFurRoadStrong(butnotunmixed)allalongtheFurRoad(maybenowpushednorth)Progressivelyweakertothenorth,andlocallymoremixed.


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userSticky NoteEz a leglogikusabb modell, mivel a kis népsűrűségű erdőzóna nyelv átvevő kell legyen a nagyobb népsűrűségű déli zónától nem pedig fordítva.

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TheFurRoadaskey,cont.

7.Expectedarchaeologicalsignature

Mostlyinvisible.Tradingpostsandcanoesmaybevisible.RawmaterialsmoveNtoS(andStoN?);value-addedtradeitemsE-WTechnologicalinnova?onsspreadrapidlyE-WalongFurRoad;thenN

8.Falsifyingandsuppor?ngthispictureLinguis?cs: Decomplexifica?on(ifany)tothenorthandalongsmallerrivers –butreallynoreasontoassumerapidshikanddecomplexifica?on Localcontactinfluenceespeciallytonorth Conserva?veProto-UralicprofilefartoEandW(andingeneral)Archaeology: Hypothesesaboutdirec?onalityoftechnologicalinnova?ons,raw

materialflow,tradeitemflow,culturalcontacts Evidenceofwealth(importantdriveroftradeinluxuries,e.g.furs)Gene?cs:DetectableUralicsignaturewithalongE-Wtrajectory,shorterand

steeperS>Ntrajectory,andmaybeamoreconcentratedcenter (Lactosetolerancepartoftheearlysignal??)


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userSticky NotePavel Flegontov archeogenetikai előadása erről szólt! Azzal zárta, hogy szerinte a sztyeppe első hulláma uráli (nyugat szibériai)-európai admixet mutat, és csak a későbbi hullámokban terjed a török komponens.

Thanks!NSF9222294KoneFounda?onRussianAcademicExcellenceProject5-100johanna@berkeley.edu

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References Barfield,Thomas.2009.Introduc?on:Fron?ersandborderdynamics.BryanK.HanksandKatherynM.

Linduff,ed.,SocialComplexityinPrehistoricEurasia:Monuments,Metals,andMobility,235-240.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.

Fortescue,Michael.1998.LanguageRela(onsacrossBeringStrait.LondonandNewYork:Cassell.Grünthal,RihoandJohannaNichols.Inpress.Transi?vizing/detransi?vizingtypologyandlanguagefamily

history.LinguaPosnaniensis58:2:Ives,JohnW.2003.Alberta,Athapaskans,andApacheanorigins.JackW.BrinkandJohnF.Dormaar,ed.,

ArchaeologyinAlberta:Aviewfromthenewmillennium,MedicineHat,Alberta:ArchaeologicalSocietyofAlberta.

Ives,JohnW.2007.ReviewofAthapaskanmigra?ons.R.G.MatsonandMar?nP.R.Magne,ed.,TheArchaeologyofEagleLake,Bri(shColumbia,Tucson:UniversityofArizonaPress.

Janhunen,Juha.1983.OnearlyIndo-European-Samoyedcontacts.ed.,SymposiumsaeculareSocieta(sfenno-ugricae,115-128.Helsinki:Finno-UgricSociety.

Johanson,Lars.2000.Linguis?cconvergenceintheVolgaarea.DickyG.Gilbers,JohnNerbonneandJosSchaeken,ed.,LanguagesinContact,165-178.Amsterdam:Rodopi.

Nedjalkov,V.P.1969.Nekotoryeverojatnostnyeuniversaliivglagol’nomslovoobrazovanii.F.Vardul’,ed.,Jazykovyeuniversaliiilingvis(cheskaja(pologija,106-114.Moscow:Nauka.

Nichols,Johanna.2007.AtypologicalgeographyforIndo-European.KarleneJones-Bley,Mar?nE.Huld,AngelaDellaVolpeandMiriamRobbinsDexter,ed.,Proceedingsofthe18thAnnualUCLAIndo-EuropeanConference,191-211.Washington,DC:Ins?tutefortheStudyofMan.

Nichols,Johanna.Inpress.Personasaninflec?onalcategory.Linguis(icTypology21:3:Nichols,Johanna,DavidA.PetersonandJonathanBarnes.2004.Transi?vizinganddetransi?vizing

languages.Linguis(cTypology8:2:149-211.Nichols,JohannaandRichardA.Rhodes.Inpress.Vectorsoflanguagespreadatthecentralsteppe

periphery:Finno-Ugricascatalystlanguage.Bri(shArchaeologicalReports(Interna(onalSeries)


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New and what archaeology and gene/cs might contributemnytud.arts.unideb.hu/tananyag/tortszocl/nichols_johanna... · 2018. 9. 25. · A diachronic linguis/c geography for Uralic and