Neaples, 31.08.2016

Boglárka Janurik & Zsófia Schön

Why do two Uralic languages (Surgut Khanty and Erzya)

use different code-switching strategies?

49th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea

2/19

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Code-Switching Types in Surgut Khantyand Erzya Mordvin

3. Summary

1.1 Surgut Khanty and Erzya Mordvin1.2 Corpora and Informants

2.1 Muysken’s Typology2.2 Insertion 2.3 Alternation 2.4 Congruent Lexicalisation

2.5 Differences in the Two Corpora

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1.1 Surgut Khanty and Erzya Mordvin

Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin

• Spoken in North-West Siberia Mordvin Republic, diaspora

• Spoken by ca. 3000 ca. 260000 speakers

• Literacy since 1959 since the 1920s

• Finno-Ugric Ob-Ugric Mordvinic branch

•

• Word Order

• Gender

• Tempora

agglutinative agglutinative

SOV SVO

non non

• Number SG-DU-PL SG-PL

PST-PRS-FUT PST1-PST2-PRS-FUT

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1.2 Corpora and Informants

Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin

• Informants 12 11

• Sound Material 01:53:54 01:59:03

- Interview

- Narrative

01:04:21

00:51:23

- Pensioner

- School-educated

3

85

6

00:57:01

01:02:02

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2.1 Muysken’s (2000) typology

• differentiation between code-switching and code-mixing

• structural analysis and sociolinguistic factors

• code-mixing: “refers to all cases where lexical itemsand grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence” (Muysken 2000: 1)

• three main types of code-mixing:- insertion- alternation

- congruent lexicalization

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• material (lexical items or entire constituents) from one language is inserted into a structure from the other language

2.2.1 Insertion

(Muysken 2000: 7)

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‘Later I became the main engineer, later the manager.’

2.2.2 Insertion

Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty(1) ɐːtʲɛ-m tərəm-∅-∅

die-PST-3SGfather-SG<1SG

sʲemdʲesʲatvtorojseventy-second

god-nəyear-LOC

ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin(2) mejlʲe

later

glavn-ɨmmain-INSTR.SG

inʒenʲer-omengineer-INSTR.SG

mejlʲelater

dʲirʲektor-ommanager-INSTR.SG

karm-inʲbecome-PST.1SG

‘My father died in 1972.’

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2.2.3 Insertion: Similarities

Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty and and and and ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin

• Particles: vot ‘well’, toʒe ‘also’, uʒe ‘already’, etc.• Utterance modifiers: znatɕit ‘it means’, naprimʲer ‘e.g.’,

navʲerno ‘maybe’, etc.• Adverbs: bɨstro ‘quickly’, prosto ‘simply’, etc.• Conjunctions: kogda ‘when’, jesli ‘if’, etc.

• Nouns:(3) qoɬtəqɑtɬ ɒːɬ pɐːn

month-TRNS

mesʲats-ɣə ji-ɬ-∅

tomorrow year and become-PRS-3SG

‘He becomes tomorrow one and a half year old.’

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2.3.1 Alternation

• long and internally complex stretches (Backus 2015: 32)

• pragmatic functions of the switch, e.g. repetition

• “each language stretch […] has its own language-specific syntax and morphology, with neither languageproviding an overall structural frame for the utterance”

(Deuchar 2006)

(Muysken 2000: 7)

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2.3.2 Alternation

Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty(4) mɐː

1SG

tot

there

topp

only

ɐːjuβi

Ajuwi

tɑj-t-ojəm

call-PRS-PASS.1SG

nɐːβəm-tə-nə

speak-PTCP.PRS-LOC

etothis

proɕːeeasier

tɕemthan

lʲudmʲilaLyudmila

nʲikolajevnaNikolaevna

‘They just call me Ajuwi there when they talk to me.This is easier than Lyudmila Nikolaevna.’

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2.3.3 Alternation

ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin

(5) mon1SG

jeʒenʲedʲelʲnoweekly

sɨnstthem

navʲeʃa-juvisit-PRS.1SG

osobennoespecially

tʲenʲa-m

ehr-SG<1SG

jalaks-om

little.brother-SG<1SG

votwell

tak-ielike.this-PL

pirog-ipastry-PL

‘It is not far from here, 25 kilometers, but I visit themevery week, especially my brother. That’s how it is.’

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• “where two languages jointly provide the grammatical structure of the clause, and the vocabulary comes from both languages” (Muysken 2000: 122)

2.4.1 Congruent Lexicalization

(Muysken 2000: 8)

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2.4.2 Congruent Lexicalization

ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin(6) kolmotsʲe-sʲ

third-DET.SG

unʲivʲersʲitʲet

university

zakontɕi-la

finish-PST.F

vana

well

dva

two

god-a

year-GEN.SG

kavto

two

ije-tʲ

year-PL

koda

how

‘The third one graduated from university, well, two years, two years ago.’

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2.5.1 Differences in the two corpora

• switch between subject and predicate is possible, but:- Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty:

- ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin:

Russian pronoun + Surgut Khanty verb

Surgut Khanty pronoun + Russian verb

Erzya Mordvin pronoun + Russian verb

‘They [two] come often.’

(7) onʲi

3PL

əjəkkə

often

joɣtəɣ-t-əɣən

come-PRS-3DU

(8) mezʲe

what

tɨnʲ

2PL

xotʲi-tʲe

want-2PL

kevkstnʲ-ems

ask.question-INF

‘What do you want to ask?’

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2.5.2 Differences in the two corpora

• gender agreement - Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty:

- ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin:

missing, only in alternations

mixed constructions

(9) noməs

memory

tɑj-təɣ

have-PTCP.NEG

jiɣ-∅-əm

become-PST-1SG

i

and

vsʲo

all

pozabɨ-la

forget-PST.F

‘My memory failed me, and I forgot everything.’

(10) sazor-om

younger.sister-SG<1SG

‘My younger sister wanted to come with me everywhere.’

son

3SG

vʲezdʲe

everywhere

marto-n

with-1SG

xotʲe-la

want-PST.F

molʲ-ems

go-INF

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3.1 Summary

• typologically similar languages

• similar sociolinguistic situation

(Deuchar 2006: 615)

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3.2 Summary

• But! Surgut Khantys do not integrate Russian elements intotheir language, they switch completely to Russian

• One-word insertions are common in both corpora

• In case of longer Russian switches:

- in Surgut Surgut Surgut Surgut KhantyKhantyKhantyKhanty: alternation occurs- in ErzyaErzyaErzyaErzya MordvinMordvinMordvinMordvin: longer insertions or congruent lexicalisation

• Congruent lexicalisation in missing from Surgut Khantyaltogether

• Erzya Mordvin has been converging with Russian for a longer time, established bilingualism

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Auer, Peter (1999). From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects. Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. The International Journal of Bilingualism 3(4): 309–332.

Deuchar, Margaret (2006). Minority language survival: Code-mixing in Welsh. In:James Cohen, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, 621–624.

Muysken, Pieter (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Myers-Scotton, Carol (2002). Contact linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Stell, Gerald and Kofi Yakpo (eds.) (2015). Code-switching between structural and sociolinguistic perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Winford, Donald (2003). An introduction to contact linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell

Mahootian, Shahrzad (2006). Code switching and mixing. In: Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of language and linguistcs. 2nd edition. Amsterdam, etc.: Elsevier, 511–527.

References

Backus, Ad (2015). A usage-based approach to code-switching: The need for reconciling structure and function. In: Gerald Stell and Kofi Yakpo (eds.) Code-switching between structural and sociolinguistic perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 19–38.

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Thank you for your attention!