Neutrino detectors

Basic features: 1) Very small cross-sections of interactions → very big volumes of detectors 2) Very effective shielding → underground detectors, underwater, under ice

Detector types: 1) Radiochemical detectors

2) Detectors of Cherenkov radiation

3) Scintillation detectors

4) Detectors based on neutrino scattering on electrons

Neutrino detector KAMLAND at Japan Underwater neutrino detectorANTARES

Kamiokande

Radiochemical detectors

For example: νe + 37Cl → 37Ar + e-

νe + 71Ga → 71Ge + e-

For neutrinos with lower energy. Inverse beta decay process:

Scheme of gallium experiment – separation of produced germanium

Chlorine experiment of R. Davise

Impossibility of neutrino energydetermination (only threshold)

Measurement cycle: 1) Taking of data 2) Radiochemical analysis

Detectors making use of scintillation or Cherenkov radiation

Vessel: 1) Walls are covered by photomultipliers 2) Filled by liquid (liquid scintillator)

Scintillation detector LSND Kamoikande detector – Cherenkov phenomenais used

Detector KAMLAND

Heavy water – reaction of neutrinos with deuteron:

Photomultiplier of KAMLAND detector

Detector KAMLAND

Reaction of all neutrinos and antineutrinos:Reaction of only electronneutrinos:

(liquid scintillator)

IceCube (AMANDA) – neutrino detector under ice

200 TeV e candidate

Detector set-up built up on South pole

Photomultipliers are sentunder ice

Detection of Cherenkov radiation produced by electrons, muons and tauons produced by reactions of high energy neutrinos

Neutrino scattering on electron

Possibility to detect also neutrinos with very low energy

Noise suppression → liquid helium (superfluid) → very low temperature (~ 10 mK)

Microcalorimetry of very small temperature changes

Low neutrino energy ~ keV → low electron energy

Ionization, scintillation, phonons, rotons – are detected by sapphire or silicon wafer – absorber → control of temperature

capture of „drifting electrons – „electron bubble“ in superfluid and superconductive liquid moves in controlledway in electric field

Proposal of HERON experiment(high of 6 m)