Neurobiology I Bio 334 - IISER Pune › ~raghav › pdfs › neurobiology1 › ...Neurobiology I – Bio 334 Suhita Nadkarni ([email protected]) Raghav Rajan ([email protected])

Neurobiology I – Bio 334

Suhita Nadkarni ([email protected])

Raghav Rajan ([email protected])

Monday – 10:30 – 11:25 am

Thursday – 2:30 – 3:25pm

01st August 2013 1 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of

Neuroscience

mailto:[email protected]

What is neurobiology?

• Scientific study of the nervous system

(Wikipedia)

• Many different sub-areas and sub-

categories


Neuroscience

Why study neurobiology?

Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joy, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears

- Hippocrates (400 BC)

If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we’d be so simple that we couldn’t

- Ian Stewart (mathematician)

01st August 2013 3

Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

History of Neuroscience

• Gives an interesting perspective


Neuroscience

Early neurosurgery - Trephination or

Trepannation – as early as 6500 BC

• Skulls discovered in France had holes in them (about 40/120)

• To treat injuries, migraines, epilepsy, etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanning


Neuroscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanning

Ancient Egyptians did not consider the

brain important

• Yet, early references to the brain by

them in 1700 B.C.

• Possibly by Imhotep (Mummy fame!),

great Egyptian surgeon

• References in the Edwin-Smith surgical

papyrus of patients

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html


Neuroscience


Case 6: A gaping wound in the head, fracture of the skull

and opening of the meninges. This case describes the:

1.Convolutions of the brain - the author of the papyrus

describes these "like those corrugations which form molten

copper." This most likely refers to the wrinkled appearance

of the brain created by the gyri and sulci of the brain.

"Corrugations" of the Brain

2.Meninges (coverings of the brain) - described as the

membrane enveloping the brain.

"Membrane" enveloping the Brain

3.Cerebrospinal fluid - described as the fluid in the interior

of the head.

"Fluid" in the Interior of the Head

Case 6 was "An ailment not to be treated." http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html


Neuroscience


Ancient Greeks divided in their opinion

• Mind-body dualism

• The mind and body are separate

• What is mind? No matter. What is matter?

Never mind. – George Berkeley (Irish philosopher)


Neuroscience

Brain or cephalocentric hypothesis

started around ~550 B.C.

• Pythagorus, Alcmaeon of Croton

• Studied vision

• Concluded that the eyes are light bearing

paths to the brain

• Eyes have light (phospenes) and water

(dissection)

01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of

Neuroscience 9

http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html


Hippocrates – theory of humors

• Human beings have a soul and a body

• Body made up of 4 substances or humors

• Balance of the humors is important for good

health


Neuroscience 10

http://www.hormones.gr/17/article/article.html

http://www.hormones.gr/17/article/article.html

Hippocrates like Alcmaeon believed the

brain to be the seat of intelligence

• Seat of intelligence

• Controller of senses, emotion,

movement, etc…. (the works)

• Correctly diagnosed epilepsy, etc. as

disorders of the brain

• Also recognised that paralysis occurred on

the side opposite to the side with damage


Neuroscience 11

http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf




Aristotle turns the clock back – “learning

by heart”

• Heart is the seat of intelligence

• Brain, lungs are all for cooling the

heart

• REASONS

– Heart develops first

– Is present in all organisms

– Is connected to all senses


Neuroscience 12





Galen – puts us back on course

• Very interesting observations

• Sensory fibres – softer – for sensory experience

• Motor fibres - firmer – for action

• Similarly – cerebrum is soft and so is sensory

• Cerebellum – hard – must control motor function

• Cerebrum – soft, can be moulded – must therefore store memories

• Three lefts make a right and A few wrongs can also make a right!


Neuroscience 13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html

http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Evolution/Unit10Background/GalenPhysio.html


Brain and nerves – part of a larger plumbing

system controlled by the pineal gland

• Animal spirit

(liquid + air)

• Brain a large clot

of phlegm

• Described

ventricles in great

detail


Neuroscience 14



http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann_Areas.jpg

Cell doctrine – ventricles and intelligence

• Nemesius and St. Augustine (130 – 200 A.D.)

• Anterior ventricle – “common sense”

• Middle ventricle – action

• Posterior ventricle - memory


Neuroscience 15





Andreas Vesalius, using anatomy

discredited the ventricular theory

• Other

mammals like

the ass have

the same

organisation

• Ventricles

store animal

spirits


Neuroscience 16


Descartes – Pineal gland controls all the

plumbing

• Small filaments that

can be controlled by

external stimuli


Neuroscience 17


Pineal gland controls sleep and waking by

controlling the flow of animal spirits


Neuroscience 18


A lot of careful anatomy, observations of

white matter, gray matter, etc.


Neuroscience 19

Luigi Galvani - bioelectricity


Neuroscience 20

http://electricityrit.blogspot.in/2783/02/frog-legs-galvanis-research-into.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani

http://electricityrit.blogspot.in/2783/02/frog-legs-galvanis-research-into.html









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani

Localization of function within the brain -

Phrenology

• Frafz Josef Gall

• Bumps on the head related to various functions


Neuroscience 21

http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html

http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/phrenology.htm



Purkinje cells – described by Purkinje


Neuroscience 22

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Purkinje

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell



Flourens – uniform function throughout

brain

• Through ablations suggested that the

whole brain was equivalent


Neuroscience 23

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html

Broca – localized function returns

Wernicke supports idea

• Broca’s aphasia – patient could only say

“Tan”

• Wernicke’s aphasia – patient spoke

nonsense


Neuroscience 24


Localization set in stone – Broadmann

areas


Neuroscience 25

http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann_Areas.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

Golgi and Cajal – the neuron doctrine –

Nobel prize in 1906


Neuroscience 26

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal

Penfield – homunculus – Grandmother cell


Neuroscience 27


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield

http://teddysratlab.blogspot.in/2011/07/curious-things-we-learned-from-epilepsy.html





And now – Karl Deisseroth – optogenetics

Science fiction becomes reality


Neuroscience 28

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Neurobiology I Bio 334 - IISER Pune › ~raghav › pdfs › neurobiology1 › ...Neurobiology I – Bio 334 Suhita Nadkarni ([email protected]) Raghav Rajan ([email protected])