Neuro Review Exam 1

7/31/2019 Neuro Review Exam 1

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1

What were 2 main divisions of Nervous System, and what structures did they consist of?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

CNS - Brain and Spinal cord

PNS - Nerves Everywhere Else

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What are the Subdivisions of the PNS? and what are their functions?

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

SNS - Conveys information from organs and tissues to the brain and from CNS to muscles

ANS - Regulates organ and tissue activity

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What are the Subdivisions of the ANS? and what are their functions?

Sympathetic Branch and the Parasympathetic Branch

SB - Arousal (Fight or Flight)

PSB - opposite of SB, relaxation, (relax and digest)

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What are the two main cell types in the Nervous system?

Neurons and Glial cells

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What are 3 ways neurons can be classified?

Form, Function, and Flow of Information

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Forms of Neurons

Unipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

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Functions of Neurons

sensory

motor

interneuron

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Flow of Information for neurons

afferent - towards Central Nervous System

efferent - away from Central Nervous System

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What are the 3 protective layers between skull & brain called?

the meninges


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dura mater - thick outer layer

arachnoid - blood vessels

pia - overlies all of outer brain

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How is the cerebral cortex organized?

into lobes which are named for the bones that are around them

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What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what are their primary functions?

Frontal - abstract thinking/planning, physical behavior

Occipital - sight

Parietal - touch, joint and muscle movements

Temporal - sounds

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Neuropsychological Research Methods

Brain Damage

Correlation of brain anatomy and behavior

Activity of brain during behavior

Stimulation of brain


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6 types of brain injury

Tumor

Stroke

Infection

Neurotoxin

Closed-head trauma

Genetic Factors

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What are the major functions of the ventrices and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Reduce pressure on brain (act as cushioning) and waste removal

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3 major divisions of the brain

forebrain

Midbrain

hindbrain

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ventrices within the brain divisions

forebrain- lateral, and third


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midbrain - cerebral aqueduct

hindbrain - fourth

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subdivisions of the major divisions

forebrain - telencephelon, diencephelon

midbrain - mesencephelon

hindbrain - metecephelon, myelincephelon

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what are the structures in the telencephelon? and what are their primary functions?

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala

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What are the structures in the diencephelon? and what are their primary functions?

Thalamus and the hypothalamus

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Medulla

controls vital reflexes (ie. breathing, heart rate)

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cranial nerves


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allow medulla to control sensations from the head, movements of the head, and many

parasympathetic outputs

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12 Cranial Nerves

1. olfactory: sensory (smell)2. Optic: sensory (vision)3. Oculomotor: sensory (eye muscle) & motor (eye movement & pupil constriction)4. Trochlear: sensory (eye muscle) & motor (eye movement)5. Trigeminal: sensory (skin of face nose, mouth) & motor (chewing & swallowing); a severe

pain disorder is trigeminal neuralgia

6. Abducens: sensory (sensations from eye movements feedback) & motor (eye movement)

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12 Cranial Nerves (Cont.)

7. Facial: sensory (taste from front of tonguepart you can see when you stick it out) & motor

(facial expressions, crying, salivation)

8. Statoacoustic: sensory (hearing, equilibrium)


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9. Glosso: sensory (taste from back of tongue & throat) & motor (swallowing, salivation & throat

movement of speech)

10. Vagus: sensory (taste, sensation from neck) & motor (larynx control, parasymp nerves to

heart & viscera)

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12 Cranial Nerves (Final)

11. Accessory: motor (head & shoulder movement)

12. Hypoglo: sensory (tongue) & motor (tongue movement)

note that the vagus (10.) is the only one that transmits information from regions well away from

the head (all other nerves are influencing or sensing activities in the head and neck)

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Major Arteries Supplying blood to the brain

Anterior, Middle, Posterior Cerebral Arteries

Basilar Artery

Left and Right Vertebral Arteries

Internal Cartoid Artery

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Which arteries supply blood to each lobe?


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Lateral Surface - Always Middle Cerebral Artery except occipital

Medial Surface - Anterior (Frontal and Parietal), middle and posterior (Temporal lobe)

Inferior Surface - Middle and Anterior (Frontal), Posterior (Temporal)

Occipital - All surfaces supplied by the posterior artery

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Neuro Review Exam 1