Networking Notes Modified

7/29/2019 Networking Notes Modified

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Advance Networking (N+)

Introduction to networking

A network is a group of interconnected systems that share services and interact through

a communications link. So, for a network to exist there must be two or more individual

systems with something to share, like data. And, in order for these individual systems to

share, they must be connected through some type of physical pathway or transmissionmedium.

Benefit of Networking

Time saving

Cost effective

Sharing resources and information

Networking Requirements

A. Cables

TP (twisted pairs) :- A type of communications transmission cable in which

two individually insulated wires are twisted around each other to reduce

induction (thus interference) from one wire to the other. The pair may be

surrounded by a shield, insulating jacket or additional pairs of wires.

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Co-axial:- It is a cable consisting of an inner conductor, surrounded by a

tubular insulating layer typically made from a flexible material with a high

dielectric constant, all of which is then surrounded by another conductive layer

(typically of fine woven wire for flexibility, or of a thin metallic foil), and then

finally covered again with a thin insulating layer on the outside. The termcoaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing the same

geometric axis. Coaxial cables are often used as a transmission line for radio

frequency signals

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Optical fiber:- An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more

optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with

plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment

where the cable will be deployed.

B. Adaptors

Network interface card (NIC):- A network interface card (NIC) is a

computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can beconnected to a network. Personal computers and workstations on a local area

network (LAN) typically contain a network interface card specifically designed

for the LAN transmission technology, such as Ethernet orToken Ring. Network

interface cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. Most

home and portable computers connect to the Internet through as-needed dial-up

connection. The modem provides the connection interface to the Internet

service provider.

L AN Adaptor

LAN card

Hardware card

C. Protocols

TCP/IP

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Apple talk

Net BEUT

IPX/SPN

D. Services

Types of network

A) LAN (Local Area Network)

B) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Category of Network

A) Peer to Peer (Network Group)

B) Client / Server (Domain and Work Group)

Peer to Peer: Peer to Peer is that type of Networking in which all the

computers are in the equal power. There is no dedicated server and no

hierarchical structure.

Work Group: - It is the logical grouping of the Network computers that share

resources such as files, printers folders etc.

Client server:- It is the standard model of Networking which contain

hierarchical structure, It works in Domain environment

Domain:- It is also a logical grouping of Network computers that share the

central directory, Data base, User accounts, and security information for the

Domain

Networking Devices

Switch: - On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from

the physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incomingmessage frame which output port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area

packet-switched network such as the Internet, a switch determines from the IP

address in eachpacket which output port to use for the next part of its trip to the

intended destination.

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Hub: - A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are

commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports.

When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all

segments of the LAN can see all packets.

Modem:- A modem modulates outgoing digital signals from a computer or

other digital device to analog signals for a conventional copper twisted pair

telephone line and demodulates the incoming analog signal and converts it to a

digital signal for the digital device.

Router:- Router is the device which is used to facilitate communication

between different networks. It examines the packet to travel. A router knows

the entire path to all of the segments on the network by accessing information

stored in the routing table.

Network interface card (NIC) : It is the expansion card which is fitted on themotherboard of the PC and used for the internet or network connectivity.

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Network Topology

What is a Topology?

The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and

other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology

which is the method used to pass information between workstations

Main Types of Physical Topologies

The following sections discuss the physical topologies used in networks and other

related topics.

1. Linear Bus

A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminatorat each end (See

fig. 1). All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear

cable. Ethernet and Local Talknetworks use a linear bus topology.

Fig. 1. Linear Bus topology

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Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.

Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

2. Star

A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals)

connected directly to a central networkhub orconcentrator

Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing to its

destination. The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network.

It also acts as a repeaterfor the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted

pair cable; however, it can also be used with coaxial cable orfiber optic cable.

Fig. 2. Star topology

Advantages of a Star Topology

Easy to install and wire.

No disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices.

Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

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Disadvantages of a Star Topology

Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.

More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the

concentrators.

The protocols used with star configurations are usually Ethernet orLocal Talk. Token

Ring uses a similar topology, called the star-wired ring.

3. Tree

A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of

groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable (See

fig. 3). Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable

schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

Fig. 3. Tree topology

Advantages of a Tree Topology

Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology

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Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.

More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

Considerations When Choosing a Topology:

Money. A linear bus network may be the least expensive way to install a

network; you do not have to purchase concentrators.

Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses shorter lengths of cable.

Future growth. With a star topology, expanding a network is easily done by

adding another concentrator.

Cable type. The most common cable in schools is unshielded twisted pair, which

is most often used with star topologies.

Summary Chart:

Physical

Topology

Common CableCommon

Protocol

Linear Bus Twisted Pair, Coaxial, FiberEthernet Local

Talk

Star Twisted Pair, FiberEthernet Local

Talk

Star-Wired Ring Twisted Pair Token Ring

Tree Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber Ethernet

TCP/IP utilities

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IP address:- IP address is an unique address on the network which facilitate

communication between different machine over network. It is important that no two

machines on the same network have same IP.

Subnet mask:- It is the physical segment of the network which determine how many

host and how many network ID are there in the IP address.

Gateway:- A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to another

network. On the Internet, a node or stopping point can be either a gateway node or a

host (end-point) node. Both the computers of Internet users and the computers that

serve pages to users are host nodes. The computers that control traffic within your

company's network or at your local Internet service provider (ISP) are gateway nodes.

Static and dynamic IP setting

Static IP:- It is the process of assigning the IP address to the client manually going on

each computers on the network. If there are say 100 computers in a network then in

static IP addressing method it is required for the system administrator to manually

configure the IP address on all the machines without duplication

Advantages of static IP addressing

No need of much effective skilled manpower

Cost effective for small network

Disadvantages of static IP addressing

More chances of duplication of IP address

Time consuming

Administrator have to remember all the IP address on each machine

How to assign static IP ?

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Go in Run

Type command ncpa.cpl and the click ok

Click the properties of Local Area Connection

In general Tab select Internet protocol(TCP/IP)and then click the properties

Put the check on put the following IP address

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Give IP, Subnet mask, Default gateway, DNS name and Alternate DNS name

click on ok and ok

OR

Double click on network icon on the task bar

In general Tab click on properties

In general Tab select Internet protocol(TCP/IP)and then click the properties

Put the check on put the following IP address Give IP, Subnet mask, Default gateway, DNS name and Alternate DNS name

click on ok and ok

DHCP:- "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an IP standard designed to

reduce the complexity of administering IP address configurations." - Microsoft's

definition. A DHCP server would be set up with the appropriate settings for a given

network. Such settings would include a set of fundamental parameters such as the

gateway, DNS, subnet masks, and a range of IP addresses. Using DHCP on a network

means administrators don't need to configure these settings individually for each client

on the network. The DHCP would automatically distribute them to the clients itself.

.

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The above diagram displays a simple structure consisting of a DHCP server and a

number of client computers on a network.

The DHCP Server itself contains an IP Address Database which holds all the IP

addresses available for distribution. If the client (a member of the network with a

Windows 2000 Professional/XP operating system, for example) has "obtain an IP

address automatically" enabled in TCP/IP settings, then it is able to receive an IP

address from the DHCP server.

Advantages of DHCP

It prevents duplication of IP address since the Ip are assigned automatically by

DHCP server.

It is not necessary to record the IP addresses that are assigned to the systems.

It is easy to assign the IP address to all the clients in a large network since the

administrative head is low.

How to create DHCP server?

Go in Run and type appwizcpl and press Enter

Click on Add/Remove windows components

Select Networking services

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Click on Detail Put the check on DHCP

Clickok -ok -Next- finish

Again go in Run type dhcpmgmt.msc and press enter

Right click on fully Qualified Domain Name

Click on New scope

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Click on Next

Give any name

Click on Next

Give IP range (start and end)

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Length (By default length is of 8 days but we can make it up to 999 days)

Click on Next

Give exclusion range (That can be used for reservation)

Click on Next

Specify the lease duration like Time ( Hours, Minutes)

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Click on Next

We should choose "Yes" in two conditions

1. When we have Router, because Router IP should go in the default gateway

option

2. When we want to give default gateway, IP, alternate DNS IP to the client

3. We should choose "NO" when we want to give only IP and subnet mask to

client

Give your computer IP

Click on Add

Click on Next

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Again give your computer IP

Click on add

Click on Next

Click on Yes

Click on Next

ClickFinished

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Again double click on fully qualified Domain name and authorized

Refresh it (Refresh is must)

How to get Automatic IP from DHCP server?

For Windows XP: Click on the Start button.

Click on Control Panel.

Click on the Network Connections icon.

Right click on the Local Area Connection icon.

Select Properties from the menu.

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Double click on the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) entry.

Configure as Follows:

ClickObtain an IP address automatically

ClickObtain DNS server address automatically

How to check weather the IP is static or automatic?

Click on the Start button.

Click on Control Panel.

Click on the Network Connections icon.

Right click on the Local Area Connection icon.

Select Properties from the menu. Double click on the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) entry.

Advanced... in the bottom right corner

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1. IP Settings tab

You should see DHCP Enabled below the IP address column and blank below on

Default Gateways.

2. DNS tab

In "DNS server addresses, in order to use:" you should see blank in the white

box

The following lines should be marked or checked:

Append primary and connection specific DNS suffixes

Append parent suffixes of the primary DNS suffix

3. WINS tab

Below in WINS addresses, in order of use:, it should be a white box

The following lines should be checked or marked:

Enable LMHOSTS lookup

Use NetBIOS setting from the DHCP server

4. Options tab

Under Optional settings, Click on IP security and then click on Properties

Make sure does not use IPSEC is marked then clickOK

Click on TCP/IP filtering and then click on Properties

Make sure Enable TCP/IP Filtering (All adapters) is NOT marked and Permit

All is marked on 3 columns.

Then clickOK.

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Requirements for installing Windows 2003 Server Enterprise Edition

Component Requirement

Computer

and

processor

133-MHz or faster processor for x86-based PCs; 733-MHz for Itanium-based PCs; up to eight processorssupported on either the 32-bit or the 64-bit version

Memory 128 MB of RAM minimum required; maximum: 32 GBfor x86-based PCs with the 32-bit version and 64 GBfor Itanium-based PCs with the 64-bit version

Hard disk 1.5 GB of available hard-disk space for x86-basedPCs; 2 GB for Itanium-based PCs; additional space isrequired if installing over a network

Drive CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive

Display VGA or hardware that supports console redirectionrequired

Other Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition, 64-bit

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Component Requirement

version is compatible only with 64-bit Intel Itanium-

based systems and cannot install on 32-bit systems

How to install windows 2003 server?

Insert windows 2003 server CD in CD-ROM drive and restart your computer

Press F2 and del forBIOS setup

Go to boot option

Select CD-ROM as first boot device

Press F10

Pres any key when it is asked

Press A to install Windows 2003 Server Enterprise Edition

Press Enter forInstallation

Press F8 to Accept agreement

If it contain Windows before, It will show this message

1. Press Esc to install new Windows

2. Press Rto repair the exiting Windows

Press Esc to install new Windows

Press C to create new partition

Format the created partition NTFS Quick format

Press Enter on the new created partition and follow the instructions.

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Requirements for creating Domain

Server Windows

NTFS Partition

TCP/IP address Adequate Disk space for the directory (1 GB recommended)

How to create Domain?

Go in Run

Type dcpromo

Click on Ok

Press Next

Press Next

Select 1st option

Click on Next

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Put check on Domain in a new forest

Give Domain name like Ashok.com

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Press Next

Press Next

Press Next

Select 2nd option

Press Next

Press Next

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Don't give password because it is the Active Directory password it means when you

restore Your Active Directory Back up then it will ask for password

Press Next

(At this time it will ask CD to configure DNS, when you insert CD into CD-ROM it

will configure DNS forward look up Zone)

Wait till the process finished. After the process finished restart you computer.

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How to Remove Domain?

Go in Run

Type dcpromo and press Enter

Press Next

Press OK

Put the Check

Press Next

How to Create Member?

Give IP of Server in DNS of Client

Press Windows + Pause Break key to go on my computer properties

Click on Computer Name tab

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Click on Change

Give Name ofDomain like A.com

Press Enter

It will ask for user name and password then give name like Administrator

and Administrator's password

Click on ok

Again click on ok

Clickyes to reboot.

How to create user in Domain?

Go in Run

Type dsa.msc through this command Active Directory wizard will open

Click on Domain name

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Right click on User container

Click on New

Click on User

Give name of the user, you want to make

Press Next

Give password

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This option will come when you create user

1. User must change password on next login : If you select this option then

user have to change password next time when he login

2. Password never expire: If you select this option then password will

never expire

3. User cannot change password: If you select this option then use cannot

change his password

4. Account is disabled: If you select this option then user cannot login.

This option is selected when user is going out of station.

select any one or the required options.

Press Next

Press Next

Click on Finished

By default user can not login on the Domain controllerbut can login on the

local computer. If you want user to login on Domain Controller then do this

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Click on Start Button

Click on Programs

Click on Domain Controller Security Policy

Click on Local Policies

Click on User Right Assignment

Double click on Allow Logon on Locally

Click on Add

Click on Advance

Click on Find Now

Select User

ClickOK

ClickOK

ClickOK

Close all wizard

Go in Run

Type gpupdate /force

Group Account

Group Account is the collection of user account. There are mainly two types of group

Accounts

Security Group:- On security Group you can assign permission to gain

access to resource.

Distribution Group:-It is created only at that time when we have to send

mail to all the users in the group at a time.

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There are three types of group scope

Global:- (a) Member can come from only local domain

(b) member can access resources in any domain

Domain Local:- (a)member can come from any Domain (b)Member can access resources only on local domain

Universal :- (a) Member cane come from any domain

(b) Member can access the resources in any domain

How to create Group?

Go in Run

Type dsa.msc and press Enter

Right click on uses name folder

Click on new

Click on group

Give name of the group

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Choose the group type and scope

Click on ok

How to add a new user in group?

Double click on group Click on member

Click on add

Click on Advance

Click on find now

Click on add user

Click on Next

Click on Next

Click on finished

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After this run the command gpupdate /force

Organizational Unit (OU)

Organizational Unit is a container in which you can put user account, group account and

other OU. You can also put group policies on OU.

How to create OU?

Go in Run

Type dsa.msc and press Enter

Right click on domain name

Click on new

Click on organizational unit

Give name

click on ok

How to create user in OU?

Right click on OU

Click on New

Click on user

Provide information

Click on next

Provide password

Click on next

Click on finished

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Group policies:- Group policies is the collection of computer and user configuration

settings that define how to program network system work for users and computers.

We can do following things with group policies

Configure user's desktop.

Configure local security on the computer

Install application

Run start-up/shut-down or logon/logoff scripts

Configure internet explorer settings

Redirect special folders etc.

How to put group policies on OU?

Right click on OU Click on Properties

Click on group policies

Click on new

Select new group policies

Click on edit

If you want to put group policy on computer then choose computer configuration

If you want to put group policy on the user then choose user configuration

Click on Administrative template

Double click on system

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Double click on security option and follow the instruction

How to hide drive for user?

Go on OU's properties

Click on group policy tab

Click on edit

Double click on Administrative templates under user configuration

Click on windows component

Double click on window explorer

Click on hide these drives

Select restrict all drives

Click on apply

Click on ok

Run the command gpupdate /forceIf you want to see the drive then go in run and enter the drive name.

Do the same steps to prevent to access to the drive but double click on prevent access

drives?

If you hide the drive for user then user can access it through the run.

How to run calculator on user's logon time?

Right click on OU

Click on Properties

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Click on Group policy

Click on new

Click on edit

Click on administrative templates

Double Click on system

Click on log on

Select run these program of user log on

Click on enable

Click on show

Click on add

Type calc.exe

Click on ok

After this run the command gpupdate /force

IIS (Internet information Service)

It is the software service that support web site creation, configuration and management

along with other internet function. IIS include Network News Transfer Protocol

(NNTP), File transfer Protocol (FTP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

NNTP: This protocol is used to distribute and post mail or message on the

internet SMTP: This protocol is used to send mail over internet.

POP: This protocol is used to down load mail

How to Create IIS?

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Create a folder in "c" drive

Run the command appwiz.cpl

Click on add / remove windows components

Click on application server

Click on detail

Click on IIS

Click on ok

Click on ok

Click on next

Click on finished

After this

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Click on start

Click on administrative tools

Click on IIS

Right click on new web site folder

Click on next

Give name

Click on next

Give your own IP

Select Folder which you have created earlier

Put check on read, write and brows

Click on next

Click on finished

How to Launch the HTML page?

Create html page and paste it into http (web site) directory

Open notepad

HI SOFT-TECH BOYS! HOW R U?

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Save it as A.html in the folder which you have created earlier in the "c" drive.

How to Access the web site on a client side?

Open internet explorer

Type http:\\ (IP of the server or fully qualified domain name )

If you want to the site from the name then you should give the DNS address in the

client site.

Remote Desktop

This is a process through which we can connect to multiple computers which are at

remote places.

How to access multiple desktop through remote desktop?

Click on start

click on Administrative tools

click on Remote desktop

Right click on Remote desktop

Click on Add new connection

Provide IP and open another desktop

Click on new wizard from here

Note: to access another pcGo to start> programs>administrative tools>remote desktop>action>new windows from

here.

How to enable remote desktop?

Go on my computer properties

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Click on remote tab

Put the check on allow remote assistance

Click on ok

Click on apply

Click on ok

How to access desktop of other computer?

Go in run

Type mstsc

Click on ok

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Provide the IP of that computer which you want to access.

By default you cannot copy, paste from remote desktop connection but if you wan to

copy and paste from remote desktop connection then do this

Go in run

Type mstsc

Click on options

Click on local resourses

Put the check on disk drives

Click on connect

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Domain Name System (DNS)

This DNS is the integral part of the of client server communication in IP network. DNS

is distributed data base that is used in IP network to translate or to resolve name to IP

and vice versa.

There are two zones in DNS

Forward lookup zone: It is the request to map the a name to IP address

there is the most common type of lookup and is used to locate a server's IP

address so that connection can be made.

Reverse lookup zone: It is the request to map the IP address to name

commonly used when you know the IP.

How to create forward lookup zone?

Go in run

Type irrsmgmt.msc

Right click n forward lookup

Click on new zone

Click on next

Select Primary

Click on next

Click on next

Give yourdomain name

Click on next

Click on next

Click on next

Click on next

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Click on finished

After this

Right click on new created zone

Click on new host

Give name of your computer

Give IP of your computer

Click on add host

Click on ok

Click on done

How to test forward lookup zone?

Go in run>type: ping (name of your computer)

If it shows the IP then it is ok

Note: By default when we create domain then it ask us to configure DNS then we insert

CD and then DNS forward lookup zone is configured automatically

How to create reverse lookup zone?

Go in run

Type dnsmgmt.msc

Right click on reverse lookup zone

Click on New zone

Click on primary

Click on next

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Give your computer subnet

Click on next

Click on next

Click on finished

Right click on subnet

Click on new

Click on PTR

Give your computer IP

Click on brows

Double click on computer name

Double click on Reverse lookup zone

Double click on Domain name folder

Select yourcomputer name

Click on ok

Click on apply

Click on ok

How to test reverse lookup zone?

Go in run>cmd>nslookup (your computer ip)

If it shows your computer name then it is ok

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How to resolve name to IP of the other computer?

Go in run

Type dnsmgmt.msc

Right click on domain name folder underforward lookup zone

Click on new host

Give name of the other computer

Give IP of the other computer

Click on add

Click on close

How to resolve IP to name of other computer?

Go in run

Type dnsmgmt.msc

Right click on the subnet under reverse lookup zone

Click on new

Click on PTR

Give IP of the other computer

Click on brows

Double click on computer name

Double click on forward look up zone

Double click on domain name folder

Select other computer name

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Click on ok

Click on apply

Click on ok

Backup

Back up is the utilities thorough which we can recover the last data which was lost

accidentally or by any other cause.

There are five types of backup

1. Normal Backup: It takes the backup of all the files and folders regardless

of the archive bit. The archive bit is always cleared to indicate that all files

have to be taken backup all the times.2. Copy backup: It is similar to normal back up which takes the backup of

all files and folders but the archives is not cleared.

3. Differential backup: It creates the backup for all the files and folders that

are changed since the last backup.

4. Incremental backup: It creates the backup of all the files and folders that

are changed since the most recent backup.

5. Daily backup: This back up is made on modification date. If the file is

modified that day it is taken backup.

Description Pros Cons

full backup A complete set of allfiles you wish to backup. Think of this asyour 'reference set'.

You only need performa full backupoccasionally.

Provides a completecopy of all your data;makes it easy to locatefiles which need

restoring.

Takes a long time andthe most space onbackup media;redundant backups

created, as most filesremain static.

incrementalbackup

A backup of those fileswhich have changedsince the last backup ofany type.

Uses the lease time andspace as only those fileschanged since the lastbackup are copied; lets

Makes the job of restoring files fiddly, asyou have to reinstallthe last full backup

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you back up multipleversions of the samefile.

first, then allsubsequentincremental backups inthe correct order; alsomakes it hard to locate

a particular file in thebackup set.

differentialbackup

A backup of those fileswhich have changessince the last fullbackup. Should beperformed at regularintervals.

Takes up less time andspace than a fullbackup; provides formore efficientrestoration thanincremental backups.

Redundant informationstored, because eachbackup stores much ofthe same informationplus the latestinformation added orcreated since the lastfull backup.

Subsequent differentialbackups take longerand longer as morefiles are changed.

How to take the backup?

Click on start

click on programs

Click on accessories

Click on system tools

Click on backup

Then the wizard below will open

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Click on the advance mode

Then the new wizard will open

Click on backup wizard [advanced]

Click on next

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Select any one out of three options

Click on next

Select the files and folders for which you want to take backup

Click on next

Select the place where you want to save the backup

Click on next

Click on finished

How to restore the backup?

Click onrun

Type ntbackup

Click on restore wizard [advance]

Click on next

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Select the backup file as shown in the above figure

Click on next

Click on finished

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Documents

Networking Notes Modified