Nepal EST Strategy 2015-2040 National Sustainable ...€¦ · 17-20 Nov 2015, Kathmandu. Plenary Session 2: Dedicated Nepal Plenary Session ... Haphazard urban development and settlement

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Nepal EST Strategy 2015-2040

National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal [Draft]

At the request of Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport, Government of Nepal this Strategy has been prepared with the technical assistance from UNCRD. The background papers for the strategies were prepared by Dr. Surya R Acharya, Kamal Pande, Glynda Bathan and Robert Earley. Earlier drafts were discussed in two consultative workshops organized for stakeholders’ feedbacks in Kathmandu.

Intergovernmental Ninth Regional Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Forum in Asia

17-20 Nov 2015, KathmanduPlenary Session 2: Dedicated Nepal Plenary Session

Surya Raj ACHARYA, PhDPresident, Institute for Development andPolicy Studies (IDPS)Visiting Faculty, Institute of Eng, Tribhuvan [email protected]

Contents2

1. Background 2. Vision, Objectives, Targets and

Indicators3. Transport Trends, Status and Issues4. Challenges and Opportunities5. Strategic Perspective for Nepal6. Strategic components and Actions

Background

• Government of Nepal has realized importance and relevance of Sustainable Transport

• At the request of Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport, Government of Nepal, National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) for Nepal has been prepared with the technical assistance from UNCRD.

• The Strategy is built on some initiatives already taken and will serve as a umbrella strategy for Transport sector in Nepal.

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Different dimensions of Sustainable Transport (ST)

Economic Environmental Social 1. Accessibility2. Transport costs3. Productivity4. Congestion5. Mobility6. Employment7. Comfortability8. Profitability9. Energy efficiency10. Public subsidy11. Load factor12. System reliability13. Multimodality14. Connectivity15. Energy security

1. Local emissions2. GHG emissions3. Pass-km per capita4. Fuel consumption5. Fuel quality6. Ecological impacts7. Soil/water pollution8. Noise and wastes9. Transport use of arable land10. Per capita travel11. Transit mode share12. Resource exploitation13. Soil erosion14. Landslide hazards15. Climate resiliency

1. Traffic safety2. Accessibility3. Inclusiveness4. Affordability5. Gender 6. Universal access7. Resettlement8. Poverty reduction9. Road use parity10. Participatory11. Impact on heritage12. Security13. Fitness/health14. Livability15. Spatial separation

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Contents5

1. Background and conceptual framework

2. Vision, Objectives, Targets and Indicators

3. Transport Trends, Status and Issues4. Challenges and Opportunities5. Strategic Perspective for Nepal6. Strategic components and Actions

• Urban Transport• Intercity Transport

VisionThe Vision for National ST Strategy (2015-2040)

“Developing a transport system that is efficient, accessible, people-centric, affordable, reliable, safe, inclusive, environmental friendly, and climate/disaster resilient”

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Objectives, Targets & IndicatorsEconomic Dimension

7Objectives Targets/Indicators• Efficiency in investment

and service operation• Reasonable IRR and profitability• Operating cost per vehicle km • Energy consumption per pass-km• Unit cost per pass-km; large public transport vehicles

• Improved accessibility • Minimize time to road head (ICT, RT); • % Coverage of public transport (UT); Walkability

• Higher mobility • Average travel speed in city area (30 km/hr) (UT)• Average travel speed for ICT (general highway 50 km/hr;

Exp ways 80 km/hr; railway ###km/hr)

• Affordable transport services

• ICT/RT- fare per Km as % of per capita income• UT- daily commuting cost as % of per capita income

• Reliable transport services • Provision of schedule services (% of delay)

• Leveraging transport for poverty reduction

• Degree of labor intensive technology• % of investment in backward areas

ICT: Intercity Transport; UT: Urban Transport; RT: Rural Transport; #: to be completed

Objectives, Targets & IndicatorsEnvironmental Dimension

8Objectives Targets/Indicators• Sustainable use of natural

resources and nature conservation

• Minimize use of arable land for infrastructure• Minimize impacts on ecological resources

(ICT, RT)

• Minimize local pollution and noise effects (UT)

• Minimize car/motor cycle ownership (#/population)

• Mode share of public transport (#%)

• Minimize CO2 emissions from transport

• Per capita CO2 from transport sector• CO2 emission per pass-km (## g CO2)

• Climate/disaster resiliency of transport infrastructure

• Adapt infrastructure to climate and other disasters; ability to recover service


Objectives, Targets & IndicatorsSocial Dimension

9Objectives Targets/Indicators• Improve transport safety

and security• Reduced traffic accidents (# per vehicle, # per

vehicle-km)• Reduced incidence of travel related crimes

• Ensure inclusiveness of transport system

• % of public transport coverage; % of NMT

• % of disabled friendly infrastructure and barrier-free vehicles

• Ensure gender equity in transport services

• % of women-only public transport vehicles; % of reserved seats for women

• Minimize social impacts of transport development

• Minimize degree of community separation due to transport routes; minimize accidents

• Integrate transport and public health

• Minimize local pollution• Share of NMT modes in total trips


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Transportation Network11

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Road Network Length 201512

Black topped Gravel Fair

Weather Total

Km % Km % Km % Km

Strategic Road Network (SRN)

11,349 42 6,192 23 9,394 35 26,935

Local Road Network (LRN)

1,697 3 12,548 24 38,898 73 53,143

Data Source: Economic Survey 2015

Vehicle Population in Nepal(as of March 2015)

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Data source: Economic Survey

Trend of diesel/petrol consumption

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Data source: Economic Survey

Proposed railway network15

Mode Share in Kathmandu Valley

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GDP per capita ($PPP) versus per capita emission from Transport sector17

Emissions path of for Nepal?

Data source: IEA (2012)

Chronological list of major policy initiative targeting vehicular emissions

1991: Banned diesel three wheelers registration. 1994: Emission standards for in-use vehicles1999: Banned three wheelers operated by diesel1999: Subsidies for electric vehicles. 2000: Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard EURO I. 2000: Stopped two stroke registration 2001: Announced the ban of 20 years old vehicle, but not implemented. 2001: National Transport Policy 2003: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 2004: Two stroke three wheelers banned from operation 2009: National indoor air quality standard and implementation guideline 2012: EURO III standard

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Road accident trend19

Data source: MoPIT (2013)

Contents20





Driving Factors for transport sector

1. Economic growth and restructuring2. Change in the regional development patterns3. Rapid urbanization4. Increasing demand for transport (all purpose)5. Increasing demand for fossil fuel; energy

security6. Climate change and disaster agenda

(mitigation/adaptation/resilience)7. Introduction of new technology in transport

sector8 Low carbon and inclusive transport

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Public Investment in transport 1975-2013

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Data source: Nepal Rastra Bank

Challenges

1. Inadequate transport investment2. Weak project designing/implementation capacity3. Decoupling economic growth and motorization 4. Haphazard urban development and settlement

patterns5. Maintaining environmental and safety standards in

urban areas and low-cost rural roads6. Changing behavior for modal shift (private to public,

non-motorized modes) safe driving7. Improving regulation (entry, exit, route permit, fare)

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Opportunities

1. Possibility of achieving more appropriate spatial form2. Real prospect of developing integrated transport

system3. Public transport is still dominant mode- just need to

maintain4. Good prospect for commercial viability of public

transport 5. Appropriate geography for railway transport

6. Real prospect of zero emission transport (rail and electric vehicles): hydropower generated electricity

7. Prospect of building climate/disaster resilient transport system in the aftermath of recent EQ

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Strategic Perspective for Sustainable Transport in Nepal

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Foundation: Appropriate physical form• Infrastructure for sustainable

modes• Appropriate spatial structure• Climate/disaster resilliency

Econ

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Envi

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Sustainable Transport System

Source: Author’s sketch

Institutional measures• Regulation, standards• Incentives, subsidies• Operational coordination

Investment for sustainable modes and facilities

Integrated planning

Policy drivers

Contents27



3. Transport Trends, Status and Issues4. Challenges and Opportunities5. Strategic Perspective for Nepal6. Strategic Components and Actions

Strategic Components and Actions

1. Planning for coordinated/integrated transport system

2. Investment for infrastructure and new technologies

3. Building climate/disaster resilient transport system

4. Travel demand management (TDM)5. Environmental and social safeguards6. Alternative funding and financing for

transport7 Capacity building and institutional reform

28 Components

Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport

1. Planning for coordinated/integrated transport system National transport network and regional development Regional connectivity; extended metropolitan areas

Transport and urban structure Compact and smart cities Transit oriented development (TOD)

Rural accessibility and settlement planning Agriculture development, tourism, livelihood

Hierarchical and integrated transport system Transfer stations/facilities, parking places

29 Highlights

Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport2. Investment for infrastructure and new technologies Roads, railways and non-motorized transport Acquiring right-of-ways at an early stage Timely/effective maintenance

Electrification of transport system Electric railways and ropeways Electric vehicles (buses, cars, 3W, 2W)

ITS and ‘smart’ buses High capacity and low floor buses, smart card,

GPS

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Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport3. Building climate/disaster resilient transport system Network planning with redundancies Design standards to cope with disasters Variable standards by hierarchy/criticality

Construction materials/methods Innovative approaches for slope stabilization Bio-engineering and other methods

‘Engineered’ rural roads Facilities/preparedness for quick restoration

31 Highlights

Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport4. Travel Demand Management (TDM) Reduce travel demand (total or by time) Land-use and transport coordination Pricing transport to reflect real social cost Staggered working/school hours; Tele-

commuting Modal shift from private to public modes ‘Unattractive’ private modes (‘push’ factor) ‘ Attractive’ public modes (‘pull’ factor)

32 Highlights

Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport5. Environmental and social safeguards Review guidelines for environmental/social

assessment Regulation on polluting/aging vehicles Clean/alternative fuels Improved emission/safety standards of vehicles Compliance monitoring of vehicle maintenance Provision of safety audit for infrastructure and

vehicles Regulation on driving license and driving behavior

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Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport6. Alternative funding and financing Public Private Partnership (PPP) Provision of toll and other user’s charges Earmarking fuel tax and vehicle tax for transport fund Use of value-capture (capture real-estate gains) Property tax for infrastructure fund Special taxes to fund specific transport infrastructure

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Strategic Components and ActionsUrban, Intercity and Rural Transport

7. Capacity building and institutional reform Capacity of public/private organizations for project

planning/design/implementation Establishment of transport database (including OD

surveys) Restructure transport regulatory institutions and

reform regulatory provisions for transport services. Rationalize/reform public transport system including

taxi market based on competitive market principles and fair return to investors

Establish a transport research institute

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Sumup

1. This draft is prepared with the premise that the concept of Sustainable Transport (ST) provides more comprehensive framework to achieve synergy between ‘sectoral’ and other sustainability goals.

2. The National Sustainable Transport Strategy (NSTS) is built on various policy initiatives taken various government agencies in transport related areas.

3. Following the due process, the Government of Nepal will consider the Strategy for official adoption.

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Thank you!37

Documents

Nepal EST Strategy 2015-2040 National Sustainable ...€¦ · 17-20 Nov 2015, Kathmandu. Plenary Session 2: Dedicated Nepal Plenary Session ... Haphazard urban development and settlement