8/8/2019 Nelson Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela Was Born July 18

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Nelson Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela was born July 18, 1918, near Umtata in Transkei, on the

Eastern Cape of South Africa, into the royal family of the Thembu. After his father, the principal

councilor to the Acting Paramount Chief of Thembuland, died in 1927, young Rolihlahla became the

Chief's foster son, and was groomed to become a ruling member of the tribe. It is clear from the

lightness of Mandela's skin and his Hottentot features that there is a lineage that goes back to the

very roots of the very first Dutch settlers and the Hottentots of the Cape. It is also clear that Mandela

would have used the coins of Strachan and Co in his youth.

From an early age, Mandela learned the grim reality of apartheid, South Africa's system of segregationand oppression. The injustices he witnessed and cases that were presented before the Chief's courthad a profound effect on the young man, who decided to become a lawyer. He entered Fort HareUniversity, from which he was expelled in 1940 for leading a strike with friend Oliver Tambo. Hemoved to Johannesburg, where he finished his degree by correspondence. He eventually obtained hislaw degree from the University of South Africa, and entered the arena of politics by joining the AfricanNational Congress (ANC), a black nationalist movement, in 1942. the beginning of change

In 1944, Mandela, along with Tambo, helped form the ANC Youth League, which called for radical

African Nationalism grounded in the principle of national self-determination. In 1947, Mandela waselected to the Secretaryship of the Youth League, which came to dominate the ANC by 1948.Discrimination against the majority black South African population was written into law following thevictory of the National Party, whose membership was dominated by the white settlers of Dutchdescent known as Afrikaners, in the 1948 election.

In 1949, Mandela was elected to the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the ANC, and namedPresident of the Youth League the following year.

In 1952, Mandela traveled throughout South Africa recruiting volunteers for a major civil-disobediencecampaign. He was arrested and convicted for organizing the campaign, and was confined toJohannesburg for six months. During this time he passed his bar exam, and soon founded SouthAfrica's first black law partnership with Tambo. Mandela was also the brains behind the "M-Plan"(named for him), which organized the ANC members into a nationwide underground network.Throughout the 1950s, Mandela was the victim of many forms of repression. He was banned, arrestedand imprisoned.

From 1956 to 1961, he was one of the accused in the Treason Trial, whichcame at a huge cost to his legal practice and his political work. Following theSharpeville Massacre in 1960, the ANC was outlawed. Mandela was acquittedin 1961, after which he went underground and formed the ANC's military wing,Umkhonto we Sizwe (The Spear of the Nation). He became the unit'scommander-in-chief.

8/8/2019 Nelson Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela Was Born July 18

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In 1962, Mandela left the country unlawfully and traveled abroad for several months. Upon his return,he was charged with illegal exit from the country and incitement to strike, for which he was sentencedto five years in prison with hard labor.

In 1963, several leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, and Mandela wasbrought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government with violence. On June 12,1964, eight of the accused ANC leaders, including Mandela, were sentenced to life in prison. years ofimprisonment Mandela was sent to the notorious Robben Island Prison, a maximum security jail nearCape Town. His reputation grew during his years of imprisonment as he became viewed as SouthAfrica's most significant black leader, as well as a symbol for equal rights, justice and resistanceagainst apartheid. While in prison, Mandela refused to compromise his political beliefs in order toobtain his freedom. He stated that "only free men can negotiate. Prisoners cannot enter intocontracts."

In April 1982, Mandela was moved to Pollsmoor Prison on the mainland.

In December 1988, he was transferred to Victor Verster Prison, from where he was eventuallyreleased in February 1990, after nearly 27 years of incarceration. Following his release, Mandelawasted no time resuming his life's work: the dismantling of the vicious system of apartheid. Afterbeing banned for decades, the first national conference of the ANC was held inside South Africa in

1991. Mandela was elected president of the ANC, while lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo,became the organization's national chairperson. Mandela played a key role in the negotiations thatwould end apartheid in his country.

In 1993, he and South African President F.W. de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize. Mandelaaccepted the honor on behalf of all South Africans who suffered and sacrificed so much through theyears in order to bring peace to the land. making history

In May 1994, at the age of 75, Mandela won the first all-race election in South Africa. He became thefirst elected black president of his country, effectively putting an end to the apartheid regime.

On December 10, 1996, Mandela signed the country's new constitution, which included extensivehuman rights and anti-discrimination guarantees. Mandela stepped down as president in June 1999.

Upon his retirement, he said he intended to enjoy the peace and freedom that took him a lifetime toachieve. He returned to his native Eastern Cape village to spend time with his third wife (whom hemarried in 1998) and grandchildren, and write his memoirs. Despite his plans to enjoy some welldeserved downtime, Mr. Mandela has continued to keep a busy schedule since his retirement. Hetravels overseas frequently, and has mediated peace efforts in such nations as Burundi. He remainsthe most respected and revered man in his native South Africa, having played a major role intransforming his country from a tyrannical regime to a free and democratic nation.