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NEESR-GC: Seismic Risk Management for Port Systems. Glenn J. Rix Georgia Institute of Technology. U.S. Waterborne Trade. Introduction Systems View Experimental Simulation Numerical Simulation Port Operations EOT EAB Impacts. Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2004). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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NEESR-GC: Seismic Risk Management for Port Systems
Glenn J. RixGeorgia Institute of Technology
400
500
600
700
800
900
1990 2003
$ B
illion
U.S. Waterborne Trade
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2004)
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
U.S. Waterborne Trade
28.4
40.9
26.4
4.3
21.8
77.5
0.4 0.30
20
40
60
80
100
Land Water Air Other
Per
cent
ValueWeight
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2004)
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Seattle (4%)
Oakland (5%)
Los Angeles (20%)
Long Beach (16%)
Houston (5%)
Top 10 U.S. Container Ports
Tacoma (4%)
Savannah (5%)Charleston (6%)
Norfolk (5%)
New York (13%)
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2006)
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Seattle
Oakland
Los Angeles
Long Beach
Houston
Seismic Hazard
Tacoma
SavannahCharleston
Norfolk
New York
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Current Practice “Minimal damage” and “no downtime” for
ground motions with 50% probability of exceedance in 50 years
“Repairable/controllable damage” and “acceptable downtime” for ground motions with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years
Vaguely defined performance requirements Focus is on individual components No direct consideration of business
interruption losses Based on arbitrary ground motion probabilities,
not loss probabilities
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
VisionThe performance of the port system rather than its individual components should be the basis of choosing among seismic risk mitigation options. Because of the complexity of the port system, this approach requires civil engineering, logistics, risk analysis, and behavioral decision disciplines to implement.
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
University of Washington
Project Team
Decision Research, Inc.
University of California - Davis
Seismic Systems &Engineering Consultants, Inc
University of SouthernCalifornia
Universityof Illinois
Universityof Texas
Georgia Tech
DrexelUniversity
MIT
Civil EngineeringLogisticsRisk and Decision Analysis
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Project Team Geotechnical
– Ross Boulanger– Patricia Gallagher– Ellen Rathje– Glenn Rix– Andrew Whittle
Structural– Reggie DesRoches– Jim LaFave– Dawn Lehman– Roberto Leon– Charles Roeder
Soil-Structure Interaction– Dominic Assimaki– Eduardo Kausel
Logistics– Alan Erera
Risk and Decision Analysis– Ann Bostrom– Robin Gregory– Craig Taylor– Stu Werner
Project Coordinator– Tanya Blackwell
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Project Team Geotechnical
– Ross Boulanger– Patricia Gallagher– Ellen Rathje– Glenn Rix– Andrew Whittle
Structural– Reggie DesRoches– Jim LaFave– Dawn Lehman– Roberto Leon– Charles Roeder
Soil-Structure Interaction– Dominic Assimaki– Eduardo Kausel
Logistics– Alan Erera
Risk and Decision Analysis– Ann Bostrom– Robin Gregory– Craig Taylor– Stu Werner
Project Coordinator– Tanya Blackwell
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Port SystemIntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Port Stakeholders Port owners and managers Terminal operators Ocean carriers Intermodal transportation providers Supply chain dependents Employee unions Finance and insurance providers Government agencies Public
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Multiple Decision Perspectives
Source: Linstone (1984)
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Risk Management Framework Define the decision problem and gather
information on the port system Elicit stakeholder objectives and define
alternatives Evaluate the component and systems-
level performance of each alternative Present the results in a manner to
enhance stakeholder comprehension, clarify underlying choices, and address tradeoffs
Iterate
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Experimental Simulations
Liquefaction
Soil-structureinteraction
Crane response
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Soil Improvement Methods Prefabricated
vertical drains– Low cost means to
suppress or dissipate excess pore pressure
Colloidal silica grouting– Environmentally
benign material with low initial viscosity, controllable gel time, and long-term mechanical stability
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Soil Improvement Methods Less disruptive than other soil improvement
methods; well suited to developed sites Able to treat areas inaccessible via
conventional techniques Opportunity to investigate drainage and
stiffening as compared with densification as mechanisms to mitigate liquefaction
Evaluated via a full-scale field test at the Port of Seattle using NEES@UTexas and centrifuge tests at NEES@UCDavis
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Pile-Deck ConnectionsIntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Pile Configurations Steel batter piles - greater ductility and
repairability Vertical pre-cast concrete piles with
unbonded dowels - greater ductility Pre-cast deck construction - efficient
construction and repair Evaluated via full-scale tests at
NEES@UIUC
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Container CranesIntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Container Cranes Ductile moment connections and
bracing systems Technologies to accommodate large
ground displacements due to liquefaction
Isolation systems Tie down systems Evaluated via large-scale tests at
NEES@Buffalo
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Numerical Simulation Compute the response of geotechnical,
structural, and soil-structure systems for existing and remediated/retrofitted conditions as a standalone tool and integrated with experimental simulations– Soil-foundation-structure interface nonlinearities– Large, liquefaction-induced ground displacements– Scattering and diffraction in heterogeneous media– Diffraction in 2D and 3D topographic configurations– Coupled longitudinal, transverse, and torsional
responses
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Numerical Simulation Simplified analyses
– p-y curves for piles derived via pushover (i.e., static) analyses
Simplified dynamic analyses– Equivalent stiffness of embedded pile
derived via cyclic loading simulations applied at the pile-deck connection
Dynamic analyses– Finite element modeling of soil-structure
systemSource: PIANC (2001)
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Numerical Simulation Simplified analyses
– p-y curves for piles derived via pushover (i.e., static) analyses
Simplified dynamic analyses– Equivalent stiffness of embedded pile derived via
cyclic loading simulations applied at the pile-deck connection
Dynamic analyses via macroelements– Macroelements developed via numerical simulations
and validated via experimental simulations Dynamic analyses
– Finite element modeling of soil-structure system
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Port Operations Develop models to estimate system
performance (e.g., container throughput) given the state of operational components– Rapid evaluation– Integration within the risk management
framework Why not just simulate?
– Requires enumerating a large number of possible component damage states and simulating system performance for each
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Port Operations Develop real-time operational decision support
tools to improve port system performance given restricted operational resources– Existing operational models are not equipped to:
• Handle dynamic and stochastic information• Integrate decisions for multiple port components• Solve large-scale problems faced by modern ports
– Real-time systems optimization has the potential to dramatically improve decisions made in response to natural hazards as well as terrorist incidents
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
K-12 Hosting a teacher from
Westlake High School via the Georgia Intern-Fellowships for Teachers (GIFT) Program and an RET supplement
Hosting 6 Westlake students for summer research (sponsored by the Siemens Foundation)
Develop term projects using NEES tele-presence capabilities
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
HBCU-REU Program Target students at
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Participate in NEES research and enrichment activities
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Minority Postdoctoral Fellowships Increase under-represented groups in
academia Research experience Faculty mentoring Student advising Leverage the AGEP program
Dr. Mark LewisDr. Sam Graham
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Industrial Fellowship Program 1-2 week in-
residence experience at a partner institution
Knowledge exchange
Facilitate technology transfer
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Executive Advisory Board Tom Armstrong, Georgia Ports
Authority Susumu Iai, Kyoto University Michael Jordan, Liftech Consultants,
Inc. Tom LaBasco, Port of Oakland Dick Wittkop, Moffat and Nichol Port of Seattle representative
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Impacts Innovative soil remediation techniques
well suited for port facilities Improved pile configurations and pile-
deck connections that are more ductile and repair-friendly
Improved crane design and retrofit techniques to reduce damage from large ground deformations
Numerical simulation using macroelements to fill the gap between simple and complex analysis methods
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Impacts Logistics models to link the condition of
port facilities with system performance Real-time decision support to optimize
port operations following a disruptive event
Formal research on stakeholder participation and behavioral decision making to integrate value-focused decision research with research on perception and understanding of seismic risks
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Impacts A seismic risk management framework
that uses the performance of the port system rather than its individual components as the basis for choosing among risk mitigation options
An EOT program that addresses the lack of under-represented groups in the STEM areas with K-12 through postdoctoral programs
IntroductionSystems ViewExperimental SimulationNumerical SimulationPort OperationsEOTEABImpacts
Acknowledgements National Science Foundation
(Award No. CMS-0530478) NEESinc and NEESit Siemens Foundation Port of Seattle Georgia Ports Authority U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command NILEX Corporation Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute of
ASCE U.S. Government Accountability Office
VisionThis project integrates civil engineering, logistics, risk analysis, and behavioral decision disciplines to develop a seismic risk mitigation framework that uses the performance of the port system rather than its individual components as the basis of choosing among risk mitigation options.
Soil Improvement MethodsPrefabricated vertical drains and colloidal silica
grouting: Less disruptive Able to treat areas inaccessible via
conventional techniques Opportunity to investigate drainage and
stiffening vis-à-vis densification as mechanisms to mitigate liquefaction
Evaluated via a full-scale field test at the Port of Seattle using NEES@UTexas and centrifuge tests at NEES@UCDavis
Payload Projects Researchers with external funding Researchers without funding (e.g.,
prediction “competitions”) EAB and stakeholder-funded projects Industry-funded projects (e.g., other soil
improvement techniques)
Numerical Simulation
Simplified Analyses
Simplified Dynamic Analyses
Dynamic Analyses
Earth retaining structures
Empirical and pseudo-static methods
Newmark methods and charts based on parametric studies
FEM/FDMLinear, equivalent linear, or non-linear analyses2D/3DPile-
Supported Wharves
Response spectrum method
Pushover analysis and response spectrum methods
Cranes
Source: PIANC (2001)
Numerical Simulation
Simplified Analyses
Simplified Dynamic Analyses
Dynamic Analyses via
Macroelements
Dynamic Analyses
Earth retaining structures
Empirical and pseudo-static methods
Newmark methods and charts based on parametric studies
Macroelements are derived by integrating material behavior of a locally affected volume and concentrating the global stress-strain response at the soil-structure interface
FEM/FDMLinear, equivalent linear, or non-linear analyses2D/3DPile-
Supported Wharves
Response spectrum method
Pushover analysis and response spectrum methods
Cranes
Risk Management Framework Acceptable risk procedure Value-focused thinking Socio-technical systems approach Structured deliberation and targeted
analysis Risk communication and perception
Risk Management Framework Define the decision problem and gather information on the port
system including stakeholders, physical infrastructure, and operational data
Elicit stakeholder objectives, define explicit systems-level performance measures and attributes, and define alternative means to achieve them
Evaluate the component and systems-level performance (i.e., consequences) of each alternative means including uncertainties
Present the results in a manner to enhance stakeholder comprehension, clarify underlying choices, and explicitly address tradeoffs
Iterate
Education, Outreach, and Training K-12 outreach programs Research Experience for
Undergraduates (REU) program targeted at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU)
Minority post-doctoral fellowships Industrial fellowship program