Neem Biodiesel by Bashas

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE

CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH NEEM BIODIESEL

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

MOHIDEEN BASHA.NMOHAMED AZARUDEEN.N.S

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi)

SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KARIAPATTANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2009

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ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE

CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE WITH NEEM BIODIESEL”

is the bonafide work of

Mohideen Basha.N 91705114046

Mohamed Azarudeen.N.S 91705114042

Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

K.ARUN BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.E., (Ph.D) Dr.P.SEENI KANNAN, M.E.,Ph.D.Sr.LECTURER PROF, DEAN & HOD

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG., DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG., SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYPULLOOR, KARIAPATTI. PULLOOR, KARIAPATTI. .

Project Viva-Voce held on ………...................................

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INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our earnest great fullness to our Honorable Chairman Mr. S. Mohamed Jaleel, B.Sc., B.L., for his encouragement extended to us undertakes this project work.

We thank our Honorable CEO Mr.S.M.Seeni Mohaideen, MBA., our Director-Administration Mrs.S.M.Nilofer Fathima, B.E., and our Director-Research Ms.S.M.Nazia Fathima, B.E., for their moral support to undertake this project work.

We thank our Principal Dr. A.Senthil Kumar, M.E., Ph.D., and our Vice Principal Dr.G.D.Siva Kumar, M.E., Ph.D., for providing all facilities for the completion of the project.

We wish to extend our gratitude and grateful ness to our Head of the Department Dr.P.Seeni Kannan, M.E., Ph.D., for his excellent guidance to complete our project proficiently.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide Mr.K.ARUN BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.E., (Ph.D.) for his admirable guidance and suggestions throughout this project work.

Finally, we thank and feel a deep sense of gratitude to our Parents, Staff, Technical Employees and Friends of SIT for their help, and support to do this project work.

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ABSTRACT

Energy demand for developing countries is a major concern for governments

due to drastic increase in per capatia energy consumption. Scientists and

technologists are working hard on different energy sources such as wind,

tidal, solar, and bio-energy etc to meet our present and future energy needs.

Among the renewable energy sources available, bio-energy gains a lot of

importance due its several advantages over others. Vegetable oils are

produced from numerous oil seeds crops. Though all vegetable oils have

sufficient energy content, they require chemical processing to assure safe use

in internal combustion engines. Some of these vegetable oils have already

been used as substitutes for diesel fuels however; some problems are

identified on its long term usage. These vegetable oils can be converted into

fatty acids alkyl esters or biodiesel and they are used safely in internal

combustion(IC) diesel engines. This project deals with preparation of

biodiesel from Neem by transesterification process and also the performance

characteristics of the biodiesel blend diesel on a direct injection into four

stroke single cylinder diesel engine are evaluated. The results show that

thermal efficiency of these blended biodiesel is similar to that of diesel.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.

I ABSTRACT IV

II LIST OF FIGURES VII

III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VIII

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CURRENT SCENARIO 1

2. INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINES

2.1 INTRODUCTION 3

2.2 CLASSIFICATION 4

2.3 CONSTRUCTION 6

2.4 OPERATING CYCLES 9

2.5 ALTERNATE AVAILABLE 10

2.6 THE BEST ALTERNATE 12

3. BIODIESEL

3.1 INTRODUCTION 13

3.2 TYPES OF BIO DIESEL 14

3.3 NEEM OIL 15

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 EXTRACTION 24

4.2 FILTRATION 24

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4.3 OIL TEST 24

4.4 PRE HEATING 24

4.5 TRANSESTERIFICATION 25

4.6 SETTLING 27

4.7 WATER WASHING 27

4.8 BIODIESEL EXTRACTION 28

4.9 BLENDING 29

5. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

5.1 ENGINE SPECIFICATION 30

5.2 PERFOMANCE OR LOAD TEST 31

6. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 39

7. CONCLUSION 41

8. REFERENCES 42

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF I.C.ENGINE 6

2.2 OTTO CYCLE 9

2.3 DIESEL CYCLE 9

3.1 NEEM PLANT 15

3.2 NEEM SEEDS 16

4.1 FLOW CHART FOR BIO DIESEL

PREPARATION

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4.2 WATER WASHING 28

5.1 FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 30

5.2 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR T.F.C 33

5.3 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR F.P 34

5.4 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR I.P 35

5.5 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR B.E 36

5.6 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR I.E 37

5.7 COMPARISON GRAPH FOR M.E 38

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

T.F.C - Total Fuel Consumption

S.F.C - Specific Fuel Consumption

I.P - Indicated Power

F.P - Fuel Power

B.P - Brake Power

B.E - Brake Thermal Efficiency

I.E - Indicated Thermal Efficiency

M.E - Mechanical Efficiency

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CHAPTER 1

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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Dr. Rudolf diesel actually invented the diesel engine to run on a myriad of

fuels including coal dust suspended in water, heavy mineral oil and

vegetable oil. Dr. Diesel’s first engine experiments were catastrophic

failures. But by the time he showed his engine at the world exhibition in

Paris in 1900, his engine was running on 100% Peanut oil. In 1911 he stated

“The Diesel Engine can be fed with vegetable oils and would help

considerably in the development of the countries which uses it.” In 1912,

Diesel said “The Use of Vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem

insignificant today. But such oils may become in course of time as important

as the petroleum and the coal tar product of the present time.” Since

Dr.Diesel’s untimely death 1913, his engine has been modified to run on the

polluting petroleum fuel, we now know it as Diesel.

1.1 CURRENT SCENARIO:

Today, millions of people depend on automobiles as their main source

of transportation. Automobiles are the most efficient and convenient way to

travel when compared to other modes of transportation. Unfortunately, most

of the automobiles use fossil fuel. The internal combustion engines consume

the gasoline which releases carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons

and carbon dioxide. These chemicals cause air pollution, acid rain and the

build up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This results in the

destruction of our precious ozone layer. In addition to these disastrous

effects to the environment, gasoline is a finite energy source. Therefore,

another efficient and cheap energy source needs to be found quickly.Idealy

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this energy source should be unlimited in its supply and also environment

friendly.

1. Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves

are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek

alternative energy sources now.

2. The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil fuels, viz.

Petroleum, in politically unstable regions of the world.

3. The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the

risk of global warming.

4. All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today

make at best marginal contributions to energy production. At present

roughly two thirds of the oil imported in India is devoted to transportation.

By supplementing oil, India can reduce dependence on foreign oil and foster

development of local, more environmentally, friendly energy sources.

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CHAPTER 2

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INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGININE

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINES

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

In Internal Combustion engines, the combustion of fuel in the

presence of air takes place inside the cylinder and the products of

combustion directly act on the piston to develop power. Internal combustion

engines are further classified as petrol engines, diesel engines and gas

engines according to the type of fuel used. These are commonly used for

road vehicles, locomotives and for several industrial applications. In case of

External combustion engines, the combustion of fuel takes place outside the

cylinder as in the case of steam engines. The other examples of external

combustion engines are hot air engines, steam turbines and closed gas

turbines. In external combustion engines, first the heat of combustion is

transferred to the working fluid outside the cylinder and then the fluid is

expanded to develop power. Internal combustion engines offer some special

advantages over external combustion engines in the smaller power range.

1. Thermal efficiency is high.

2. The power developed per unit weight of engine is high.

3. Starting is easy and quick.

4. It offers greater mechanical simplicity.

5. It requires less space.

6. The capital cost is low.

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2.2 CLASSIFICATION:

The internal combustion engines are classified according to:

1. CYCLE OF OPERATION:

The Cycle of Operations are again subdivided into the following groups:

Otto Cycle

Diesel Cycle

Dual Cycle

2. STROKE:

The strokes are divided into the following groups:

Two Stroke engine: In two stroke cycle engines, there is one power

stroke for every two strokes or one rotation of the crankshaft.

Four Stroke engine: In four stroke cycle engines, there is one power

stroke for every four strokes or two rotations of the crankshaft.

3. FUEL USED:

On the basis of fuel used, the engines are classified as:

Petrol Engines

Diesel Engines

Gas Engines

4. METHOD OF IGNITION:

On this basis, the engines are divided into the following classes:

Spark Ignition Engines

Compression Ignition Engines

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5. METHOD OF COOLING:

On this basis these are classified into two main groups:

Air cooled engines

Water cooled Engines

6. METHOD OF GOVERNING:

Based on method of governing the engines are divided into the following:

Quantity Governing

Quality Governing

Hit and Miss Governing

7. USE OF ENGINE:

The engines are further classified as:

Stationary Engines

Automobile Engines or engines for road vehicles

Marine Engines

Aero Engines

Locomotive Engines.

8. ARRANGEMENTS OF CYLINDERS:

Based on Arrangements of cylinders an engine may be classified as given

below:

Incline Engines

V type

Opposed Piston Engines

Radial Engines

Rotary Engines.

2.3 CONSTRUCTION:

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The Arrangements of different parts for 4 stroke engine are illustrated

in the sketch.

.

FIGURE 2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF IC ENGINE

(a) CYLINDER HEAD:

The cylinder head closes one end of the cylinder. It houses the inlet

and exhaust valves through which the charge is taken inside the cylinder and

burned gases are exhausted to the atmosphere from the cylinder. Cylinder

head is usually cast as one piece and bolted to the top of the cylinder.

Asbestos gaskets are provided between the cylinder and cylinder head to

obtain a gas tight joint. The material used for the cylinder head is cast iron.

(b) CYLINDER:

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The cylinder of an I.C. Engine is considered as the main body of the

engine in which piston reciprocates to develop power. It has to withstand

very high pressures and temperatures because there is direct combustion

inside the cylinder. Therefore, the material used should be such that it can

retain strength at high temperatures, should be good conductor of heat and

should resist rapid wear and tear due to reciprocating parts. Generally

ordinary cast iron is used, but sleeves or liners are inserted into the cylinders

which can be replaced when worn out. Liners are generally made up of

Nickel chrome iron.

(c) PISTON AND PISTON RINGS:

The functions of the piston are to compress the charge during

compression stroke and to transmit the gas force to the connecting rod and

then to the crank during power stroke. The pistons of IC engines are usually

made of aluminum alloy. In few cases, cast iron pistons are used. Aluminum

alloy has the advantage of higher thermal conductivity and lower specific

gravity.

The piston rings are housed in the circumferential grooves provided

on the outer surface of the piston. It gives gas tight fitting between the piston

and the cylinder and prevents leakage of high pressure gases. These are

made up of special grade cast iron. This material retains its elastic property

even at very high temperature. The upper piston rings are called

compression rings and the lower piston rings are called the oiling or oil

control rings.

(d) CONNECTING ROD:

It is usually a steel forging of circular, rectangular, I, T, H section and

is highly polished for increases endurance strength. Its small end forms a

hinge and pin joint with the piston and its big end is connected to the crank

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pin. In large engines, it has a passage for the transfer of lubricating oil from

the big end bearing to small end bearing (gudgeon pin).

(e) CRANK AND CRANKSHAFT:

Both crank and crankshaft are steel forgings machined to a smooth

finish. Crankshaft is supported in main bearings and has a heavy wheel

called flywheel fixed at one end, to even out the fluctuations of torque. The

power required for any useful purpose is taken from crankshaft only. The

crankshaft is the backbone of the engine.

(f) PISTON PIN OR WRIST PIN:

The piston pin provides the bearing for the oscillating small end of the

connecting rod.

(g) INLET VALVE:

This valve controls the admission of the charge into the petrol engine

or air into the diesel engine during suction stroke of the engine.

(h) EXHAUST VALVE:

The removal of the exhaust gases after doing work on the piston is

done by this valve.

(i) PUSH ROD AND ROCKER ARM:

The motion of the cam is transmitted to the valve through the push rod

and rocker arm. These links together are also known as valve gear.

2.2 OPERATING CYCLES:

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FIGURE 2.2 OTTO CYCLE

1-2 – Isentropic Compression

2-3 – Heat Addition at constant Volume

3-4 – Isentropic Expansion

4-1 – Heat Removal at Constant Volume Process

FIGURE 2.3 DIESEL CYCLE

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1-2 – Isentropic Compression

2-3 – Heat Addition at constant Volume

3-4 – Isentropic Expansion

4-1 – Heat Removal at Constant Volume Process

2.5 ALTERNATE AVAILABLE:

Many alternates have been considered. For example, researchers have

attempted to power cars by the use of batteries and solar power. However,

since batteries operate on a stored amount of energy, it has a limited range

typically around 100 miles. The batteries are also very large since it

consumes over 17 times as much weight as gasoline tanks. Solar powered

cars are limited to its use on sunny days. On cloudy days and at night, the

cars operate on batteries. Therefore, solar powered cars have a driving range

of approximate 135 miles. As a result, the best alternate to gasoline is the

fuel cell. Fuel cell systems produce emissions and they contain no moving

parts. Fuel cells are also 3 times more efficient than the internal combustion

engines; most fuel cells utilize hydrogen, a renewable resource. The use of

fuel cells will decrease our dependence on the finite amount of fossil fuels. It

will also spur economic growth in the world. The various alternatives that

are available in the present environment are being categorized and discussed

below.

Solar Powered Automobiles,

Biodiesel Powered Automobiles,

Fuel Cell Powered Automobiles,

Electrical(Battery) Powered Automobiles

SOLAR POWERED AUTOMOBILES:

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Solar cars are now been widely developed in various countries. But

those cars are now only in research and development stage and it will take

more time to get into roads. Moreover the solar cars are limited to day time

and it needs some external arrangement to be done on that in order to drive

the vehicles in the night. So it is highly difficult to overcome those

drawbacks at the present economy.

FUEL CELL POWERED AUTOMOBILES:

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen fuel

and oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat and water. Fuel cells

operate without combustion and so they are virtually pollution free. Since

the fuel is converted directly to electricity, fuel cells can operate at much

higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more

electricity from the same amount of fuel. The fuel cell itself has no moving

parts making it a quiet and reliable source of power. A fuel cell is similar to

battery, both of which convert chemical energy directly into electricity.

However, a fuel cell never needs to be recharged as does the battery. The

fundamental difference between fuel cells and batteries is that a fuel cell is

only an energy conversion device, whereas batteries are both energy storage

and conversion devices. Rather the disadvantage of fuel cell is its economy.

The cost of a fuel cell car is very high when compared to that of the

conventional cars. So it is not suitable for a developing country like India to

invest a huge amount of money in manufacturing those cars.

ELECTRICAL POWERED AUTOMOBILES:

An electrical powered automobile is a car which is powered by means

of a battery. This battery must then be recharged frequently in order to avoid

the stoppage of automobile at intermittent Position. Moreover the battery

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cars are limited to distance and it is not suitable for long distances and

overrun travels.

2.6 THE BEST ALTERNATE:

After analyzing the draw backs of the best alternate may lies in the

throat of biodiesel powered automobiles. The Biodiesel powered

automobiles are the vehicle which does not require any modifications in the

conventional IC engines. These engines are powered by Biodiesel in the

form of blended diesel instead of diesel. By injecting these biodiesel into the

IC engine, the pollutants that cause environmental degradation are reduced.

Moreover the cost of biodiesel is also reduced when compared to the

conventional diesel. These biodiesel also have friendly relation with the

environment. Biodiesel productions at various parts of the country also

encourage the rural development and provide employment to rural peoples.

So owing to the above said advantages, biodiesel will be the best alternate

which suits for India. India being a tropical country and an agricultural

dependant country, biodiesel will play a vital role in alternate fuels.

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CHAPTER 3

BIODIESEL

CHAPTER3

23

BIODIESEL

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Biodiesel refers to a diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived from

biological sources. Though derived from biological sources, it is a processed

fuel that can be readily used in diesel engine vehicles, which distinguishes

biodiesel from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils

(WVO) used as fuels in some modified diesel vehicles. Biodiesel refers to

alkyl esters made from the transesterification of both vegetable oils and

animal fats. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non toxic, and has significantly

fewer emissions than petroleum based diesel when burned. Biodiesel

functions in current diesel engines, and can supplement fossil fuels as the

world's primary transport energy source. Biodiesel can be distributed using

today's infrastructure, and its use and production are increasing rapidly. Fuel

stations are beginning to make biodiesel available to consumers, and a

growing number of transport fleets use it as an additive in their fuel.

Biodiesel is generally more expensive to purchase than petroleum diesel, but

can be made at home for much cheaper than either. This differential may

diminish due to economies of scale, the rising cost of petroleum and

government tax subsidies. Biodiesel is a light to dark yellow liquid. It is

practically immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapour

pressure.

Typical methyl ester biodiesel has a flash point of 260 °C (534 °F),

making it rather non-flammable. Biodiesel has a density of 0.91 g/cm³, less

than that of water. Biodiesel uncontaminated with starting material can be

regarded as non toxic. Biodiesel has a viscosity similar to petrodiesel, the

industrial term for diesel produced from petroleum. It can be used as an

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additive informulations of diesel to increase the lubricity of pure Ultra Low

Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel. Much of the world uses a system known as the

"B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix, in contrast to the

"BA" or "E" system used for ethanol mixes. For example, fuel containing

20% biodiesel is labeled B20 rather the remaining 80% diesel. Pure

biodiesel is referred to as B100.

3.2 TYPES OF BIODIESEL:

There are various types of oils that can be transesterified into a

biodiesel. Some of them are listed below.

Edible oils

Coconut Oil

Corn Oil

Cotton seed Oil

Palm Oil

Soybean Oil

Sunflower Oil

Rapeseed Oil

Inedible Oils

Neem Oil or VanErand or Ratanjyot

Pongamia Oil

Polanga Oil

Algae Oil

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THE BEST ONE:

Biodiesel is being manufactured in a number of Developed countries,

who depend on Developing countries for supply of raw oil. Due to this,

Neem oil is suddenly in Limelight.

3.3 NEEM OIL:

The plantation and down stream processing is going to provide large

scale opportunities for poorer sections of society. In arid desert places in

Rajasthan in India, there are large plantations of these, which prove that it

can grow well in desert lands. References are found in Ayurved (Indian

Medicinal Practice) about Neem. Plenty of information is available in it,

especially about its medicinal value. Now it is gaining popularity as a sturdy

bush which can grow in scanty rain fall areas, and providing rich dividends

as raw material for Bio Fuels. Hence it is found that the best one that suits

Indian subcontinent might be the NEEM both in case of plantation and

implementation in Diesel engines.

NEEM PLANT:

FIGURE 3.1 NEEM PLANT

In jungle its trunk can be 150 mm in thickness, but in plantation it can

be only 50 to 60 mm. On fully grown trunk and branches, there are layers of

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darker color. These peel out if we rub on it. If trunk, branches or leaves are

cut off white latex flows down the tree.

SEEDS:

FIGURE 3.2 NEEM SEEDS

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:

Most parts of tropical and sub-tropical areas are ideal for Neem

Plantation. These can grow in areas where rainfall is at least 500 mm.

However these can grow in desert areas around towns, which can be watered

by domestic waste water from towns around these plantations. It can also

grow in drought prone areas and where rainfall is scanty. In such areas, the

seed production is less. The plant germinates in hot and humid atmosphere.

As temperature starts dropping it blooms with flowers and fruits grow in

winter. It can not tolerate very harsh winter or fog. At the time of start of

flowering, atmosphere should be dry with bright sunshine.

LIFE OF PLANT:

Neem can bear fruits for 75 years. It can withstand drought for 3

consecutive years. If the soil is bad and if rainfall is unreliable, these plants

need to be watered for first 2 to 3 years. Later on it can survive.

SOIL:

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Neem tree can grow in soft, rocky, sloping soils along a mountain as

well as medium fertile lands. These can be grown along canals, water

streams, boundaries of crop fields, along the roads, along railway lines. In

short, the least fertile lands are best for this plant. However, fertile lands in

which water does not accumulate can also be used for Neem Plantations.

Highly fertile black cotton soils, which can hold water and alkaline soils are

not good for Neem Plantations. Once the roots penetrate deeper, Neem can

tolerate acidic or salty soils. The soil productivity and fertility is low in the

initial stage. It needs to be improved by compost fertilizer, cow dung and

other fertilizers. Some micro nutrients are also helpful in improving

productivity.

SOILS THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED:

Soils that should be avoided are those containing 10 to 40% sand, 60

to 90% normal soil. These are black in color, hold water and cracks are

found in these soils in summer.

MOUNTAIN SLOPES:

The roots of Neem plants are shallow in the beginning, hence these

can grow in cracks of rocky mountain slopes.

pH OF SOIL:

The pH of soil is an important consideration for the survival of the

plant. Some soils are highly acidic due to accumulation of salts. Some soils

are alkaline due to calcium and aluminum deposits in the soil. It should be

ideally 5.5 to 6.5.

PRE PLANTATION ACTIVITIES:

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The entire land should be fenced before plantation. Stones lying

around can be used to create a wall around the plot. Considering the slope of

land, flow of water streams, small walls should be erected along to the

contours. On top of this dead fencing, a live fence is created by growing

plants of cactus varieties. Though plantation can be done without any

cleaning activities, but it is advisable to partly clean up the area. Tall trees

can be left as it is. All small shrubs and bushes on the soil should be cut

above the roots. It stops soil erosion. The left over roots eventually die and

provide green manure or composting fertilizer.

INTER CROPS:

The soil should be tilled and it should be porous. Inter crops are

planted in these lands for first 3 to 4 years. All weeds and fungus should be

completely rooted out.

PERIOD FOR PLANTATION:

Days in June and July, at the onset of monsoon rains in India, are the

ideal period for Neem Plantation. Land should be tilled in the months of

April and May, and all dry vegetation should be burnt and destroyed before

plantation.

QUALITY OF SEED:

Good quality seeds of attractive color should be selected for

germination. For this purpose, good quality fruits should be collected in the

months of September or October and these should be dried in shade for 3 to

4 days, after de pulping. It should then be soaked in water for 4 days.

QUANTITY OF SEEDS:

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A good seed is one which gives out oil if pressed by nail. Cracked,

scratched or infected seed should not be used for germination. 5 to 6 kgs of

seeds are enough for plantation in one hectare of land.

PLANTS FROM BRANCHES:

1. Plantation from Branches: 500 to 1000 mm long branches can be used

for plantation. These are planted on the onset of monsoon rains.

2. Plants grown from such branches can yield 50 fruits in 8 months time.

Method for Plantation in Plastic Bags:

Good quality seeds are planted in poly-ethylene bags having size of

70 mm x 100 mm. A good soil mix is prepared by mixing 1 Kg of filtered

sand and 2 kgs of compost. Some insecticide and Weedicide is then sprayed

on it.

SOIL FOR FILLING BAGS:

While filling the bags, top 20 to 30 mm is not filled. That portion is

folded, which gives a good strength to the bag. Each bag should be filled

with soil enriched by 500 Gms of cow dung, 100 Gms of 7:10:5 NPK and

400 Gms compost fertilizer. 2 seeds should be planted 50 to 60 mm deep in

each bag. After a month, the weaker plant of the two is eliminated.

Pits of standard sizes are dug initially, based on the slope of land,

availability of water, quality of soil. Pits of 300 x 300 mm and 300 deep are

dug in square formation. The distance between the two pits is 2 meters. It

can be less in poor soils. A layer of dry leaves is spread at the bottom up to

about 50 mm and insecticide is sprayed on it. Along with the compost

fertilizer and cow dung, 20 Gms of urea, 120 Gms of single super phosphate

and 16 Gms of potassium nitrate is added in each pit.

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NUTRIENTS FOR PITS:

In the initial phase of growth, roots grow very rapidly and try to

penetrate in soil to suck nutrients from the soil. For this the pits should be

filled with good, fertile soil. Initial growth is very important, and hence

nutrients should be provided from time to time in initial years.

FERTILIZER:

If soil is poor in nutrients, the pit should be filled with excess compost

fertilizer and cow dung. The requirement of chemical fertilizers per hectare

per year is 50 kgs of urea + 300 kgs of single super phosphate + 40 kgs of

potassium nitrate.

MAINTANANCE OF SOIL:

All the weeds should be removed around the plant. Initially for 3 to 4

months, land should be tilled 2 or 3 times for every 20 days, to remove

weeds. 10 Gms of urea should be mixed in the soil, for each plant, one

month after plantation. Later, it should be repeated after 1 and half month.

The soil between two plants, should be tilled lightly, and should not be tilled

deep. Branches of neem, that have dried up should be cut and disposed off.

Branches that have grown improperly or those leaning down should also be

removed.

COVERING THE SOIL:

Some natural materials can be used to cover the land between the two

plants. This can be husk, small branches, stocks of rice and wheat etc. This

reduces evaporation of water from the soil.

MAINTANANCE OF PLANTS:

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The rising top of the tree should be cut once the tree is 1 meter tall.

This will lead to branching of the tree. More the branches, more the

production of fruits and seeds. Every year branches grow near the base, and

these should be removed and replanted elsewhere. It is very important to cut

the tree in time and keep it in proper shape. The plants should be cut in

proper way, so that these will grow like umbrella. Care should be taken from

the beginning. Normally Neem can naturally flower only once a year, but

with modern techniques it can be forced to flower Twice or Thrice a year.

To do this watering of the plants is stopped for a period. During this period

half the leaves are shed by the tree. Water supply is restarted at this point

and tree starts flowering again. When watering is started again, the quantity

of water is increased slowly day by day and NPK fertilizers are provided.

Normally, flowering takes place after 21 days.

FERTILZERS:

In case of regular plantation, organic and chemical fertilizers should

be provided in proper quantity as per the age of the tree. NPK ratio should

be 46:48:24 kgs per hectare. As the roots grow longer, fertilizers are applied

away from the base of the tree.

WATER MANAGEMENT:

Plants get the nutrients from soil as water solution. Hence its

successful growth depends on water content of soil, or timely watering of the

plants. In the initial stages it is sensitive and hence, water should be

provided as per the requirement. Timetable for poorer soils is every 5 to 6

days, medium soils 7 to 10 days, and good soils every 10 to 12 days.

DRIP IRRIGATION:

32

For plantations, it is necessary to erect small boulder check dams, to

create small and big water bodies. This water can be used after the monsoon.

Drip irrigation is more important to enhance the yield. Through this

controlled amount of water and fertilizer can be provided all the time. With

drip irrigation, 3 crops can be obtained in a year. In monsoon the trees

bloom and flowering and bearing of fruits can be achieved with rain water.

Water should wet only the area under the tree and rest should be dry. Hence

initially requirement of water is very small. If monsoon rain is at regular

interval of few days, rain water is sufficient for it.

PLUCKING OF FRUITS:

Fruits should be plucked at appropriate time and in appropriate

manner. Plucking time is generally at the end of December or beginning of

January. All the fruits on tree are not ready for plucking and only ripe one

should be plucked. Latex drops down from the point of plucking of fruit and

care should be taken that it should not fall on body.

33

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

The Biodiesel can be extracted by the following process:

34

FIGURE 4.1 FLOW CHART FOR BIODIESEL PREPARATION

4.1 EXTRACTION:

The seeds are dried and oil is extracted in mills. During extraction

care should be taken so that no water or jaggery is added to the seeds which

35

are usually done to increase ease of extraction. Adding the water will

decrease the quality of the biodiesel and jaggery will increase the carbon

content.

4.2 FILTRATION:

To remove the visible impurities the primary filtration is done using

mesh and then the secondary filtration is done using filter paper for removal

of micro impurities.

4.3 OIL TEST:

• Before the oil is esterified it is to be tested for fat content.

• All bio oils are tri glyceric esters of higher long chains fatty acids.

• Fat is to be removed if it is present in greater amount.

• Titration is done with 0.2 g of oil+ 2.5 ml from (10ml methanol+10ml

Di-ethyl-ether) mixture in conical flask and NaOH in Burette.

• Phenolphthalein is used as indicator.

• Fat > 5 – two stage esterification

• Fat < 5 – single stage esterification.

• Fat = Mol.Wt. of the titrant x molarity of the titrant x titration value

Wt. of oil used

Fat = 40x0.1x0.2 = 4

0.2

Fat < 5 - single stage esterification

4.4 PRE HEATING:

Moisture is removed by heating the oil to 110 °C.

Oil is taken in glass beaker preferably conical flask.

It is then heated in electric heater along with slow speed stirring.

4.5 TRANSESTERIFICATION:

36

In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging

the alkoxy group of an ester by another alcohol. These reactions are often

catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base.

Conversion of vegetable oil into fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) H H │ │H ─ C ─ C=O + ROH →H ─ C ─ C=O + CH3OH

│ │ │ │ H O ─ CH3 H O ─ R

Methyl Acetate + Alcohol → Alkyl Ester + Methanol

Transesterification is the process of using a methanol in the presence

of catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide [NAOH], to chemically break the

molecule of raw vegetable oil into methyl ester of renewable oil with

glycerol as byproduct. The methyl esterification of vegetable oil or biodiesel

is very similar to diesel oil. Chemical transesterification means taking a

triglyceride molecule, or complex fatty acid, neutralizing the free fatty acid,

removing glycerin and creating an alcohol ester. This is accomplished by

adding methanol, the entire mixture then settles. Glycerin is left at the

bottom and methyl ester is bounded in the top, the resulting biodiesel when

used directly as diesel fuel will bear up to 75% cleaner than diesel fuel.

EQUIPMENTS:

Conical flask.

Thermometer.

Electrical weighing machine measure out NaOH, or in a pinch use a

metric teaspoon measure.

One Litre volume measure and something to measure out 250ml of

methanol.

37

Funnel.

Electrical heater cum Stirrer to heat and there by stir the oil.

CAUTION:

Methanol is a flammable liquid that can be absorbed through skin, by

inhalation, or consumption. It can cause blindness and death if care is

not taken. The vapors are very harmful to human beings, so care

should be taken while doing transesterification. Cartridge based

respirators will not filter out methanol.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can cause severe burns and death. Long

sleeve shirt, full shoes and trousers are recommended, no shorts or

sandals.

Wear chemical proof gloves, apron, and eye protection.

Always have running water available to wash off any splashes but be

careful not to allow any water into any steps of this procedure.

The boiling point of Methanol is 65 °C. So the process should be

carried within 60 °C.

INGREDIENTS:

One litre oil.

250 ml methanol.

Container of NaOH which is our catalyst. Typically used to clean out

sinks and drains.

MAKING THE BIODIESEL:

Initially say for example 100 ml of oil is heated to 110 °C in order to

remove the moisture content that is present in the oil.

Then it is allowed to cool to 50-60 °C

0.4 g of NaOH is dissolved in 10 ml of CH3OH which forms the

solution.

38

Take the mixture of methanol/NaOH (commonly called methoxide)

and pour into the oil using the funnel.

Remove funnel.

Temperature is maintained

Observe the oil change colour from a "Light Chocolate milk to a rich,

darker brown." Then, as if by magic, within 10 minutes the by

product (commonly referred to as glycerin) starts to settle out and

form an increasing layer on the bottom of the bottle.

Within an hour, most of the glycerol will be settled out. This is

referred to as separation.

The biodiesel will be very cloudy, and it will take a day or two more

for it to clear. Typically the bottom glycerin layer is about the same

or a bit more than the amount of methanol used.

4.6 SETTLING:

The esterified oil is then transferred to Dr.Peppers apparatus and left

for settling for at least 8 hrs. The setup is not to be disturbed during

settling

4.7 WATER WASHING: The glycerol formed is removed and distilled water is added to the

apparatus and this water settles at the bottom carrying all the impurities.

Water with impurities is then removed and this process is repeated

for 3 to 4 times ensuring pure biodiesel.

Now the residue that is present in the Dr.Pepper apparatus is called

Biodiesel.

39

It is then further heated to 110 °C to remove water poured during

washing.

FIGURE 4.2 WATER WASHING

4.8 BIODIESEL EXTRACTION:

Thus after finishing the transesterification and the water washing

methods, pure biodiesel as well as the byproduct glycerin will be extracted

from the Dr.Pepper bottle. Thus the biodiesel that is extracted out is

separately stored in an air tight bottle so that it would not have any adverse

effects.

4.9 BLENDING:

40

Blending is the process of mixing the biodiesel and diesel at a proper

ratio. This blending can be ordinarily done with the help of a flask and

volume measures. The exact proportion of oil and the diesel are separately

mixed in a flask and are followed by a constant stirring. This stirring ensures

proper mixing of bio oil and the diesel. Various combination of oil i.e. B20,

B25, B30 are prepared.

41

CHAPTER 5

PERFORMANCE ANAL CHAPTER 5

PERFPRMANCE ANALYSIS

42

5.1ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

The picture below shows the engine where the entire analysis was

carried out is the Kirloskar Four Stroke Diesel engine. The Specifications of

this engine is

MAKE: KIRLOSKAR OIL ENGNIES LTD.

MODEL: AV 1

OUTPUT: 3.7 KW

POWER: 5 BHP

SPEED: 1500 RPM

FIGURE 5.1 FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

43

5.2PERFORMANCE TEST:

The readings are taken from the above engine by performing

load test.

TESTING WITH DIESEL:

For comparison purpose we need to perform the performance test with

diesel.

With no change the test is performed using the diesel as usual.

The engine is run at constant speed and the time taken for 10 cc of oil

consumption is determined using stop watch for various load conditions

at constant speed of 1500 rpm and the readings are tabulated as follows.

PREPARATION OF B20:

B20 states that the mixture consists of 20% biodiesel and the

remaining 80% diesel.

This mixture is stirred properly in order to ensure that the oil is mixed

properly with the diesel.

This mixture is injected into the engine cylinder and performance test

is conducted for the various loading conditions.




PREPARATION OF B25:

44










PREPARATION OF B30:








consumption is determined using stop watch for various load conditions at

constant speed of 1500 rpm and the readings are tabulated as follows.

45

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 2 4 6 8Load in Kg

To

tal C

on

sum

pti

on

of

oil

in s

ec Diesel

B20

B25

B30

FIGURE 5.2 COMPARISON OF TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTIONWITH LOAD

From the graph it is clear that the time taken for oil consumption increases

with increase in percentage of bio diesel blended with diesel. This is due to

increase in viscosity of the blended oil. As the viscosity increases the flow

gets slower. But it can be seen that the time for diesel and B20 are more or

less equal than when compared to B25 and B30.

46

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8Load in Kg

Fu

el P

ow

er

in K

g/K

w h

r Diesel

B20

B25

B30

FIGURE 5.3 EFFECT OF FUEL POWER FOR VARYING LOADS

The fuel power comparison graph shows that the fuel power for blended

mixtures is less than diesel as the calorific value is less for bio diesel than

diesel but as the percentage of bio diesel is minimum in B20 its fuel power

is equivalent to that of diesel.

47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 2 4 6 8Load in Kg

Ind

ica

ted

Po

we

r in

KW

Diesel

B20

B25

B30

FIGURE 5.4 EFFECT OF INDICATED POWER FOR VARYING LOADS

The indicated power is the power actually developed by the engine cylinder.

From the graph in figure 5.5 it is clear that the indicated power developed by

B20, B25 and B30 are certainly less than diesel, but when compare for

example at 4 Kg load the value for diesel is 4.232 KW and 3.482 KW,

3.232 KW and 2.732 KW for B20, B25 and B30 respectively. It is clear that

though the values are less, B20 is appreciably nearer to diesel when compare

to B25 and B30.

48

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8

Load in Kg

Bra

ke T

her

mal

Eff

icie

ncy

in %

Diesel

B20

B25

B30

FIGURE 5.5 EFFECT OF BRAKE THERMAL EFFECIENCY ON VARYING LOAD

Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of heat equivalent to one kilowatt hour

to the heat in fuel per Brake power hour. It is also known as Overall Thermal

Efficiency of the engine. it is clear that there is appreciably no much

difference in Brake thermal efficiency among diesel and blended diesel oil.

49

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 2 4 6 8

Load in Kg

Ind

icat

ed T

her

mal

Eff

icie

ncy

Diesel

B20

B25

B30

FIGURE 5.6 EFFECT OF INDICATED THERMAL EFFECIENCY ON VARYING LOAD

Indicated Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of heat equivalent to one kilowatt

hour to the heat in fuel per Indicated power hour. Numerically Indicated

power is the summation of Brake power and Friction power.

Friction Power is obtained from plotting the graph between Brake

power and Total Fuel Consumption. The Friction Power gets decreased with

increase in percentage of biodiesel which causes fall in Indicated Thermal

Efficiency .

50

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6 8

Load in Kg

Mec

han

ical

Eff

icie

ncy

in %

Diesel

B20

B25

B30

FIGURE 5.7 EFFECT OF MECHANICAL EFFECIENCY ON VARYING LOAD

Mechanical Efficiency is less than Indicated Thermal Efficiency as

some Mechanical Power is lost as Frictional Power. It is already known that

the Friction Power gets decreased with increase in percentage of bio diesel

which causes rise in Mechanical Efficiency .

51

CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

52

CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Many researchers had concentrated highly on emission when dealing

with biodiesel and confirmed that biodiesel are always better in terms of

pollution control rather than fossil fuels. Here it has been concentrated in

terms of oils ability i.e. performance as a blend with diesel and comparisons

are made for various proportions of biodiesel (B20, B25 and B30). India

being an agricultural country, the energy from bio sectors will be highly

beneficial for both plantation as well as transportation. Thus Neem oil

blended biodiesel will be a highly beneficial fuel in terms of both economy

as well as fuel independence because this Neem oil will be easily available

as long as air and water are available in the earth.

The results clearly portray that the B20 Neem oil blended biodiesel

generates power similar to that of diesel when compared with B25 and B30.

And hence it may be confirmed that B20 proportion is safer and advisable

than B25 and B30. These analysis ware carried out in a four stroke single

cylinder diesel engine. Even when performing the test it was found that the

engine was not in its usual way when running at B30 fuel. Moreover this

Neem oil will cost lesser compared to that of the diesel and also the

plantation and generation of oil is much cheaper and simple, when compared

53

to that of the diesel extraction. This plantation and generation of oil from

seeds will provide ample opportunities for the rural people.

Another solution may be given as maintaining the engine in its usual

way and with the biodiesel separately stored in a reservoir may be injected in

intervals i.e. starting the engine with diesel as usual and in between injecting

the blend fuel by maintaining a specific, separate mixing vessel. The

percentage may be gradually increased but which again results in additional

cost.

The results show that, Neem oil blended biodiesel will be a good

substitute and it could replace diesel in future.

54

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

55

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Requirement of energy is increasing in all contexts. Starting from

industrial revolution till now because of the globalized economy, new

invention of machines, with a great leap in technology the necessity of

energy is only increasing. The increase in technology and new

industrialization and modernization not only increase the production rate but

also it effects environment. Its greatly rely on fossil fuels such as petrol and

diesel. This a major concern for not only environmentalists but also to each

and every individual.

Experts say that the availability of these depleting will last only for

some decades and so it is necessary to find other means of power sources

which could last longer, economical and environmentally viable.

Though it is possible to use biodiesel with alteration in engine due to

variation in flash point, fire point and viscosity, there are lakhs and lakhs of

engines are present in current world as locomotives and are mainly used by

the farmers. Altering them may take long time but this blended product

could save money and provides employment also.

56

CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES

57

CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES

1. Biodiesel Basics and Beyond: A Comprehensive Guide to

Production and Use for the Home and Farm by William H

Kemp

2. Thermal engineering by R.K.Rajput

3. Thermal engineering by R.S.Khurmi, J.K.Guptha

58

Documents

Neem Biodiesel by Bashas