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NEED What are GHG’s IPCC UCS CO2 graph - paleo Temp graph - paleo Pfaff plan. OUTLINE. To show the direct relationship between engine emissions and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere---- and global warming. To relate the science to the society To provide courses of action. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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NEED
What are GHG’sIPCCUCS
CO2 graph - paleoTemp graph - paleo
Pfaff plan.
OUTLINE
• To show the direct relationship between engine emissions and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere---- and global warming.
• To relate the science to the society• To provide courses of action.
The Planet
The Engine
winter winter
summer summer
CO2 Level
Season
HappyPlanet !
REGULAR BREATHING
The real planet we live on
CO2, ppm(parts per million)
Year1958 2004
315
375
Where does the CO2 come from?
GASOLINE OR COAL OR NATURAL GAS ALWAYS PRODUCES
CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER WHEN BURNED IN AIR
Other products too, in very small amounts.
Burning hydrocarbon fuels MUST produce CO2 and water
In different units:
1 gallon of gas produces 18 lbs (8kg) of carbon dioxide
RULE OF THUMB: 1 MILE ~ 1/2 POUND OF CO2.
CO2 stays in the atmosphere for about 100 years, so it adds up.
Let’s calculate:
1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide
IF 800 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY
How many kg of CO2 are produced per year?
Let’s calculate:
1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide
IF 800 MILLION VEHICLES IN THE WORLD BURN 2 GALLONS EACH PER DAY
= 800 x 106 x 2 x 8 x 365= 4672000 x 106 ≈ 5 x 1012 kg
Total kg of CO2
Let’s calculate:
1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide
So 5 x 1012 kg (5 billion tons) of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year, just from cars and trucks.
IS THAT A BIG NUMBER?
Our Atmosphere is very Thin
The Atmosphere • The atmosphere of the earth is mainly
Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by volume.• Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only
around 0.038%
Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?
The Atmosphere • The atmosphere of the earth is mainly
Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) by volume.• Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only
around 0.038%
Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?A. 0.038x10-2 = 380 x 10-6 = 380 ppm
The Atmosphere Carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is only
around 0.038%
Q. How many parts per million is 0.038%?A. 0.038x10-2 = 380 x 10-6 = 380 ppm
CO2, ppm
Year1958 2004
315
375
Mass of the Atmosphere is 5.2 thousand trillion tons
F ma
5.2 1018 Kg
5.2 1018Kg
5.2 1018Kg
5.2 1018Kg
5.2 1018 Kg
So pA = matm gSo matm = pA/g = p (4πR2)/g = 5.2 x1018 kg
Let’s calculate:
1 gallon of gas produces 8 kg of carbon dioxide
Vehicles add 5 x 1012 kg of CO2 into the atmosphere each year.
IS THAT A BIG NUMBER?
Mass of atmosphere = 5.2 x1018 kg
i.e. One part of CO2 per million parts of atmospheric mass per year.(in volume units it is nearly 0.7 ppmv/yr)
This is for vehicles only (add power plants etc. and it comes to around 2 ppmv/yr)
mass of co2 entering atmospheremass of atmosphere
51012
5.21018 10 6
CO2
YEAR
CO2 and Temperature
temperature
Carbon dioxide
Easy to understandMuch harder to understand
The State of Our Global TemperatureThe 10 warmest years have all occurred since 1994
GreenhouseGases
The State of Our Atmosphere
Data from IPCC1000 1200 1400 1600 1800Year
750
1750
260
360
250
310
CH4 (ppb)
CO2
(ppm)
N2O(ppb)
2000
Figure SPM.1
CO2 and Temperature
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX VS. ENERGY USE
From A Pasternack LLNL Rep. No. UCLR-ID 140773 (Oct. 2000)
Carbon dioxide Information center CDIAC.ORNL.GOV
INDIA CO2 EMISSIONS
INDIA CO2/capita
US CO2/capita
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
US CO2 emissions
Carbon dioxide Information Center cdiac.ornl.gov
• Carbon emissions are related to:
• Population (N)• amount of carbon to make a unit of
energy (C/E)• energy usage per unit of GDP (E/GDP)• GDP/capita (GDP/N)
Kaya Identity
C N GDPN
EGDP
CE
N = populationGDP = Gross Domestic Product E = energy usageC=carbon into the atmosphere
N
GDP/N
E/GDP
C/E
Kaya Identity:
Hoffert et al“Nature” V.39529 Oct. 1998
C
x
x
x
=
CO2 and global warming are due to:
Population increase (demography, geography,economics,sociology,psychology,history….)
Increase in standard of living (development,sociology,economics,business,engineering
,government………… )
The amount of carbon we use to produce the energy(engineering,
chemistry,physics,materials science…….)
The energy usage per unit of GDP(business, economics,engineering,operations
research……..)
MORE INFO: Google
1. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
2. UCS (Union of Concerned Scientists)
3. Tom Pfaff’s Sustainability Calculus Page
4. State of the Planet course, Cornell
5. Institute for the Environment, Berkeley
ACTION
1.Internalization
2.Education/Research
3.Outreach
4.Involvement with policy
5. Examine Tradition
IPCC2007