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of islands in the South Pacific. Samoa had afine harbor that could serve as a naval base

and commercial port. Germany and GreatBritain also realized the value of the harbor.As a result, the three nations competed forcontrol of the islands.

In 1889, a military clash seemed verylikely. German ships had fired upon Samoanvillages that were friendly to the Americans.For months, German and American sailorseyed each other nervously from their war¬ships. Then, just as tensions were at theirhighest, a powerful storm struck and sankships of both countries.

Later, the three nations arranged apeaceful settlement. The United States andGermany divided Samoa, while Britain re¬ceived territories elsewhere in the Pacific.The people of Samoa, meanwhile, had littlesay in the matter. The United States haddemonstrated that it would assert its powerin the Pacific Ocean.

Annexing HawaiiAnother territory that had long inter¬

ested the United States was Hawaii. Hawaii

is a chain of eight large islands and morethan 100 smaller islands. They are located inthe Pacific Ocean, about 2,400 miles (3,800km) southwest of California. The islandshave rich soil, a warm climate, and plenty ofrainfall. These conditions make it possible togrow crops all year round.

About 2,000 years ago, people from Poly¬nesia—islands in the Central and South

Pacific—first settled Hawaii. Europeans andAmericans first learned about Hawaii in

1778. That year, a British sea captain, JamesCook, stopped at the islands for water on hisway to China. In the early 1800s, Americanships bound for China began stopping inHawaii, and a few American sailors andtraders settled there.

Missionaries and plantersIn 1820, the first American missionaries

arrived. Their goal was to convert the Hawai-ians to Christianity. The missionaries andother Americans advised the rulers of Hawaii

from the 18303 on. Americans also helpedwrite Hawaii's first constitution in 1840.

Liliuokalan!'jpioqrajJnlier^uth;U!uolalarJ,wasyducatedbyan[\-:;\,•j^Ariirfcan m[s^nary:^e'also toured. thakr^,',o't:yZUmtedStates and EtJmpeyfis qu^n ofHawai'lr-^.S'fiowBver^'she'w6ri<edt6'reduce foreign^ ^-t^ftSiinfluence Jiyjier^ountr^icijiwr did "^^^^J^^l^Liliu'okalani oppose'American Jn-'<' '»J:I,tiii;£.,*^nuenco (n Havtam-CS'C^^'

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By the mid-1800s, Ameri¬cans had set up large sugarplantations in Hawaii. The planters wantedcheap labor. They brought thousands ofworkers from China, Korea, the Philippines,and Japan. By 1900, one fourth of Hawaii'spopulation had been bom in Japan.

As the sugar industry grew, so did thepower of American planters. In 1887, theyforced the Hawaiian Ipng, Kalakaua, to ac¬cept a new constitution. It reduced the king'spower and increased the planters' influence.

Planters stage a revoltIn 1891, Kalakaua died, and his sister

Liliuokalani (lih lee oo oh kah lah nee)came to the throne. The new queen cherishedHawaiian independence and deeply resentedthe growing power of American planters. She

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>iographyANSWERLiliuokalani rejeaed the new con¬stitution and tried to limit the;.-influence of American planters..

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Each figure is cutting up a piece ofCiiina for special trading privilegesfor his ovyn country.

After Reading Have studentscreate a graphic organizer withcolumns labeled: Time, Place. Rea¬son for Expansion, Method ofExpansion, Benefit to the U.S. After.they complete this chart of U.S.expansion across the Pacific, askthem to write a series of what,where, when, why, and how ques¬tions and answers. Use students'questions for an oral class quiz.

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550 •Chapter 21

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'Putting His Foot Down,' Uncle Sawholds a copy of the treaty that put theOpen Door Policy Into effect Thefigures holding scissors represent deftto rlgh^ Gemiany, Italy, Britain, Austria(background), Rus^, and France,•k Why ara th« figuret holdingscissors?

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therefore rejected the new constitution. Shehoped to reduce the influence and privilegesof foreign merchants.

In early 1893, the American planters re¬belled against the queen's attempt to limittheir power. The American ambassadorcalled for United States marines to land onHawaii and protect American lives. In fact,the marines helped topple the queen.

Faced with American guns, Liliuokalanigave up her throne. However, she wrote aprotest to the United States government:

^^ I, Liliuokidani,... do herebysolemnly protest against any and allacts done against myself and theconstitutional Government of theHawaiian Kingdom....

I yield to the superior force of theUnited States of America, whose[ambassador]... has caused UnitedStates troops to be landed [onHawaii]....

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Liliuokalani later sued the United States gov¬ernment for losses totaling $450,000. Thelawsuit was unsuccessful. However, theHawaiian territorial govemment granted her apension of $4,000 per year and allowed hersome income from a sugar plemtation.

Now, to avoid any collision of armedforces and perhaps the loss of life, Ido this under protest, and impelledby said force, yield my authority. W

A United States territory\^^th Liliuokalani gone, the planters

quickly set up a republic and asked theUnited States to annex Hawaii. A debateraged in Congress for months. PresidentGrover Cleveland blocked moves to take overthe islands. 'Our interference in the Hawai¬ian Revolution of 1893 was disgraceful," helater said. "I am ashamed of the whole affair.*

Congress finally annexed Hawaii in 1898,after Cleveland left oHice. Two years later,Hawaii became a United States territory. In1959, Hawaii became the fiftieth state.

Rivalry in CliinaBy acquiring Hawaii and Samoa, the

United States gained important footholds inthe Pacific. Still, the United States was alatecomer in the race for Pacific and Asianterritoiy. Britain, Germany, Japan, and othernations were already competing for coloniesin Asia. Rivalry among the industrial nationswas especially fierce in China.

China had once been the most advancedempire in the world. However, years of dvilwar had weakened the empire. In addition,China had failed to industrialize as other

550 • Chapter 21

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