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CLASS SUBJECT UNIT CHAPTERXI BIOLOGY 1The Living world

Biological ClassificationPlant KingdomAnimal Kingdom

2 Morphology of Flowering PlantsAnatomy Of Flowering PlantsStructural Organisations in Animals

3 Cell-The Unit of lifeBiomoleculesCell Cycle & Cell division

4 Transport in plantsMineral NutritionPhotosynthesis in Higher plantsRespiration In PlantsPlant Growth & Development

5 Digestion & AbsorptionBreathing & Exchange of GasesBody fluids & CirculationExcretory Products & their EliminationLocomotion & MovementNuetral Control & CoordinationChemical Coordination & Integration

XII 6 Reproduction in OrganismsSexual reproduction in Flowering Plants

Human reproductionReproductive Health7 Principles of Inheritance & Variation

Molecular Basis of InheritanceEvolution

8 Human Health & DiseasesStrategies for enhancement in food ProductionMicrobes in Human welfare

9 Biotechnology - Principles & ProcessesBiotechnology & it's Application

10 Organisms & Population

EcosystemsBiodiversity & ConservationEnvironmental Issues

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Class Subject UnitXI Chemistry 1

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Chapter Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 11.1 Importance of Chemistry 11.2 Nature of Matter 21.3 Properties of Matter and their Measurement 41.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 8

1.5 Laws of Chemical Combinations 111.6 Daltons Atomic Theory 131.7 Atomic and Molecular Masses 131.8 Mole concept and Molar Masses 151.9 Percentage Composition 151.10 Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations 17 Structure of Atom 262.1 Sub-atomic Particles 272.2 Atomic Models 292.3 Developments Leading to the Bohrs Model of Atom 342.4 Bohrs Model for Hydrogen Atom 42

2.5 Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 462.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom 49 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 703.1 Why do we need to Classify Elements ? 703.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification 713.3 Modern Periodic Law and the present form of the Periodic Table 753.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number > 100 753.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table 783.6 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: 79s, p, d, f-Blocks

3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements 82Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 964.1 Kssel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding 974.2 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond 1024.3 Bond Parameters 1034.4 The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 1084.5 Valence Bond Theory 1134.6 Hybridisation 1164.7 Molecular Orbital Theory 1214.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 1254.9 Hydrogen Bonding 127

States of Matter 1325.1 Intermolecular Forces 1335.2 Thermal Energy 1355.3 Intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interactions 1355.4 The Gaseous State 1355.5 The Gas Laws 1365.6 Ideal Gas Equation 1415.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 1435.8 Behaviour of real gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour 144

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5.9 Liquifaction of Gases 1475.10 Liquid State 149 Thermodynamics 1546.1 Thermodynamic State 1556.2 Applications 1586.3 Measurement of U and H: Calorimetry 163

6.4 Enthalpy Change, rH of a Reaction 1646.5 Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions 1706.6 Spontaneity 1746.7 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium 179Equilibrium 1857.1 Equilibrium in Physical Processes 1867.2 Equilibrium in Chemical Processes Dynamic Equilibrium 1897.3 Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant 1917.4 Homogeneous Equilibria 1947.5 Heterogeneous equilibria 1977.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants 1987.7 Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, 201Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G7.8 Factors Affecting Equilibria 2017.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution 2057.10 Acids, Bases and Salts 2067.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases 2097.12 Buffer Solutions 2197.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts 220 Redox Reactions 255

8.1 Classical Idea of Redox Reactions-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 2558.2 Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions 2578.3 Oxidation Number 2598.4 Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes 269 Hydrogen 2769.1 Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table 2769.2 Dihydrogen, H29.3 Preparation of Dihydrogen, H29.4 Properties of Dihydrogen 2789.5 Hydrides 2809.6 Water 281

9.7 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)9.8 Heavy Water, (D2O)9.9 Dihydrogen as a Fuel 286 The s-Block Elements 29110.1 Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals 29210.2 General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals 29510.3 Anomalous Properties of Lithium 29610.4 Some Important Compounds of Sodium 29610.5 Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium 298

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10.6 Group 2 Elements : Alkaline Earth Metals 29810.7 General Characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals 30110.8 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium 30210.9 Some Important Compounds of Calcium 30210.10 Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium 304 The p-Block Elements 307

11.1 Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family 30911.2 Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron 31211.3 Some Important Compounds of Boron 31211.4 Uses of Boron and Aluminium and their Compounds 31411.5 Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family 31411.6 Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon 31711.7 Allotropes of Carbon 31711.8 Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon 319 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles and Techniques 32612.1 General Introduction 32612.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds 32712.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds 32812.4 Classification of Organic Compounds 33112.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 33212.6 Isomerism 34012.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism 34112.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds 34812.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds 35412.10 Quantitative Analysis 355 Hydrocarbons 36513.1 Classification 365

13.2 Alkanes 36613.3 Alkenes 37613.4 Alkynes 38413.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbon 38813.6 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity 395 Environmental Chemistry 39814.1 Environmental Pollution 39814.2 Atmospheric Pollution 39914.3 Water Pollution 40614.4 Soil Pollution 40814.5 Industrial Waste 409

14.6 Strategies to control Environmental Pollution 41014.7 Green Chemistry 410

The Solid State 11.1 General Characteristics of Solid State 21.2 Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 21.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids 41.4 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells 71.5 Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell 10

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1.6 Close-Packed Structures 121.7 Packing Efficiency 181.8 Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions 201.9 Imperfections in Solids 221.10 Electrical Properties 241.11 Magnetic Properties 27

Solutions 332.1 Types of Solutions 332.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions 342.3 Solubility 372.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions 412.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions 452.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 472.7 Abnormal Molar Masses 55Electrochemistry 633.1 Electrochemical Cells 643.2 Galvanic Cells 653.3 Nernst Equation 683.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 733.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis 833.6 Batteries 863.7 Fuel Cells 883.8 Corrosion 89Chemical Kinetics 934.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction 944.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction 984.3 Integrated Rate Equations 103

4.4 Pseudo First Order Reaction 1104.5 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction 1114.6 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions 115 Surface Chemistry 1215.1 Adsorption 1225.2 Catalysis 1275.3 Colloids 1345.4 Classification of Colloids 1345.5 Emulsions 1435.6 Colloids Around Us 143 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of

Elements 1476.1 Occurrence of Metals 1486.2 Concentration of Ores 1486.3 Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore 1506.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 1516.5 Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy 1576.6 Oxidation Reduction 1586.7 Refining 1596.8 Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron 162

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The p-Block Elements 1657.1 Group 15 Elements 1657.2 Dinitrogen 1697.3 Ammonia 1707.4 Oxides of Nitrogen 1727.5 Nitric Acid 173

7.6 Phosphorus Allotropic Forms 1757.7 Phosphine 1767.8 Phosphorus Halides 1777.9 Oxoacids of Phosphorus 1787.10 Group 16 Elements 1807.11 Dioxygen 1847.12 Simple Oxides 1857.13 Ozone 1857.14 Sulphur Allotropic Forms 1877.15 Sulphur Dioxide 1887.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur 1897.17 Sulphuric Acid 1897.18 Group 17 Elements 1927.19 Chlorine 1977.20 Hydrogen Chloride 1987.21 Oxoacids of Halogens 1997.22 Interhalogen Compounds 2007.23 Group 18 Elements 202 The d-and f-Block Elements 2098.1 Position in the Periodic Table 2108.2 Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements 210

8.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements ( d-Block) 2128.4 Some important Compounds of Transition Elements 2248.5 The Lanthanoids 2278.6 The Actinoids 2308.7 Some Applications of d-and f-Block Elements 232Coordination Compounds 2379.1 Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds 2379.2 Definition of Some Important Terms Pertaining to 240Coordination Compounds9.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 2419.4 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 244

9.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds 2479.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls 2549.7 Stability of Coordination Compounds 2559.8 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds 256Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 28110.1 Classification 28210.2 Nomenclature 28310.3 Nature of CX Bond 28510.4 Methods of Preparation 286

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10.5 Physical Properties 28910.6 Chemical Reactions 29110.7 Polyhalogen Compounds 308Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 31511.1 Classification 31611.2 Nomenclature 317

11.3 Structures of Functional Groups 32011.4 Alcohols and Phenols 32111.5 Some Commercially Important Alcohols 33611.6 Ethers 337Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 34912.1 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group 35012.2 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 35312.3 Physical Properties 35712.4 Chemical Reactions 35812.5 Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 36512.6 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group 36612.7 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 36712.8 Physical Properties 37112.9 Chemical Reactions 37112.10 Uses of Carboxylic Acids 376Amines 38113.1 Structure of Amines 38113.2 Classification 38213.3 Nomenclature 38213.4 Preparation of Amines 38413.5 Physical Properties 387

13.6 Chemical Reactions 38813.7 Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts 39613.8 Physical Properties 39713.9 Chemical Reactions 39713.10 Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds398 Biomolecules 40314.1 Carbohydrates 40314.2 Proteins 41214.3 Enzymes 41714.4 Vitamins 41714.5 Nucleic Acids 419

Polymers 42515.1 Classification of Polymers 42615.2 Types of Polymerisation 42815.3 Molecular Mass of Polymers 43515.4 Biodegradable Polymers 43515.5 Polymers of Commercial Importance 436 Chemistry in Everyday Life 43916.1 Drugs and their Classification 43916.2 Drug-Target Interaction 440

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16.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs 44316.4 Chemicals in Food 44916.5 Cleansing Agents 450

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Class Subject UnitXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI Physics

XI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI Physics

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XI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI Physics

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XI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXI PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII Physics

XII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII Physics

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XII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII Physics

XII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII PhysicsXII Physics



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ChapterPHYSICAL WORLD1.1 What is physics ? 11.2 Scope and excitement of physics 21.3 Physics, technology and society 51.4 Fundamental forces in nature 6

1.5 Nature of physical laws 10UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS2.1 Introduction 162.2 The international system of units 162.3 Measurement of length 182.4 Measurement of mass 212.5 Measurement of time 222.6 Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement 222.7 Significant figures 272.8 Dimensions of physical quantities 312.9 Dimensional formulae and dimensional equations 312.10 Dimensional analysis and its applications 32MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE3.1 Introduction 393.2 Position, path length and displacement 393.3 Average velocity and average speed 423.4 Instantaneous velocity and speed 433.5 Acceleration 453.6 Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion 473.7 Relative velocity 51MOTION IN A PLANE

4.1 Introduction 654.2 Scalars and vectors 654.3 Multiplication of vectors by real numbers 674.4 Addition and subtraction of vectors graphical method 674.5 Resolution of vectors 694.6 Vector addition analytical method 714.7 Motion in a plane 724.8 Motion in a plane with constant acceleration 754.9 Relative velocity in two dimensions 764.10 Projectile motion 774.11 Uniform circular motion 79LAWS OF MOTION5.1 Introduction 895.2 Aristotles fallacy 905.3 The law of inertia 905.4 Newtons first law of motion 915.5 Newtons second law of motion 935.6 Newtons third law of motion 965.7 Conservation of momentum 98

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5.8 Equilibrium of a particle 995.9 Common forces in mechanics 1005.10 Circular motion 1045.11 Solving problems in mechanics 105WORK, ENERGY AND POWER6.1 Introduction 114

6.2 Notions of work and kinetic energy : The work-energy theorem 1166.3 Work 1166.4 Kinetic energy 1176.5 Work done by a variable force 1186.6 The work-energy theorem for a variable force 1196.7 The concept of potential energy 1206.8 The conservation of mechanical energy 1216.9 The potential energy of a spring 1236.10 Various forms of energy : the law of conservation of energy 1266.11 Power 1286.12 Collisions 129SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION7.1 Introduction 1417.2 Centre of mass 1447.3 Motion of centre of mass 1487.4 Linear momentum of a system of particles 1497.5 Vector product of two vectors 1507.6 Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity 1527.7 Torque and angular momentum 1547.8 Equilibrium of a rigid body 1587.9 Moment of inertia 163

7.10 Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes 1647.11 Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis 1677.12 Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis 1697.13 Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis 1717.14 Rolling motion 173GRAVITATION8.1 Introduction 1838.2 Keplers laws 1848.3 Universal law of gravitation 1858.4 The gravitational constant 1898.5 Acceleration due to gravity of the earth 1898.6 Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth 1908.7 Gravitational potential energy 1918.8 Escape speed 1938.9 Earth satellite 1948.10 Energy of an orbiting satellite 1958.11 Geostationary and polar satellites 1968.12 Weightlessness 197MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

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9.1 Introduction 2319.2 Elastic behaviour of solids 2329.3 Stress and strain 2329.4 Hookes law 2349.5 Stress-strain curve 2349.6 Elastic moduli 235

9.7 Applications of elastic behaviour of materials 240MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS10.1 Introduction 24610.2 Pressure 24610.3 Streamline flow 25310.4 Bernoullis principle 25410.5 Viscosity 25810.6 Reynolds number 26010.7 Surface tension 261THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER11.1 Introduction 27411.2 Temperature and heat 27411.3 Measurement of temperature 27511.4 Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature 27511.5 Thermal expansion 27611.6 Specific heat capacity 28011.7 Calorimetry 28111.8 Change of state 28211.9 Heat transfer 28611.10 Newtons law of cooling 290THERMODYNAMICS

12.1 Introduction 29812.2 Thermal equilibrium 29912.3 Zeroth law of thermodynamics 30012.4 Heat, internal energy and work 30012.5 First law of thermodynamics 30212.6 Specific heat capacity 30312.7 Thermodynamic state variables and equation of state 30412.8 Thermodynamic processes 30512.9 Heat engines 30812.10 Refrigerators and heat pumps 30812.11 Second law of thermodynamics 309

12.12 Reversible and irreversible processes 31012.13 Carnot engine 311KINETIC THEORY13.1 Introduction 31813.2 Molecular nature of matter 31813.3 Behaviour of gases 32013.4 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas 32313.5 Law of equipartition of energy 32713.6 Specific heat capacity 328

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13.7 Mean free path 330OSCILLATIONS14.1 Introduction 33614.2 Periodic and oscilatory motions 33714.3 Simple harmonic motion 33914.4 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion 341

14.5 Velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion 34314.6 Force law for simple harmonic motion 34414.7 Energy in simple harmonic motion 34514.8 Some systems executing Simple Harmonic Motion 34714.9 Damped simple harmonic motion 35014.10 Forced oscillations and resonance 352WAVES15.1 Introduction 36315.2 Transverse and longitudinal waves 36515.3 Displacement relation in a progressive wave 36615.4 The speed of a travelling wave 36915.5 The principle of superposition of waves 37215.6 Reflection of waves 37415.7 Beats 37815.8 Doppler effect 380

ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS1.1 Introduction 11.2 Electric Charges 11.3 Conductors and Insulators 51.4 Charging by Induction 6

1.5 Basic Properties of Electric Charge 81.6 Coulombs Law 101.7 Forces between Multiple Charges 151.8 Electric Field 181.9 Electric Field Lines 231.10 Electric Flux 251.11 Electric Dipole 271.12 Dipole in a Uniform External Field 311.13 Continuous Charge Distribution 321.14 Gausss Law 331.15 Application of Gausss Law 37

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE2.1 Introduction 512.2 Electrostatic Potential 532.3 Potential due to a Point Charge 542.4 Potential due to an Electric Dipole 552.5 Potential due to a System of Charges 572.6 Equipotential Surfaces 602.7 Potential Energy of a System of Charges 612.8 Potential Energy in an External Field 64

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2.9 Electrostatics of Conductors 672.10 Dielectrics and Polarisation 712.11 Capacitors and Capacitance 732.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor 742.13 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance 752.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 80

2.16 Van de Graaff Generator 83CURRENT ELECTRICITY3.1 Introduction 933.2 Electric Current 933.3 Electric Currents in Conductors 943.4 Ohms law 953.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity 973.6 Limitations of Ohms Law 1013.7 Resistivity of various Materials 1013.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity 1033.9 Electrical Energy, Power 1053.10 Combination of Resistors Series and Parallel 1073.11 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance 1103.12 Cells in Series and in Parallel 1133.13 Kirchhoffs Laws 1153.14 Wheatstone Bridge 1183.15 Meter Bridge 1203.16 Potentiometer 122MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM4.1 Introduction 1324.2 Magnetic Force 133

4.3 Motion in a Magnetic Field 1374.4 Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields 1404.5 Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law 1434.6 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop 1454.7 Amperes Circuital Law 1474.8 The Solenoid and the Toroid 1504.9 Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere 1544.10 Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole 1574.11 The Moving Coil Galvanometer 163MAGNETISM AND MATTER5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 The Bar Magnet 1745.4 The Earths Magnetism 1855.5 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity 1895.6 Magnetic Properties of Materials 1915.7 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets 195ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION6.1 Introduction 2046.2 The Experiments of Faraday and Henry 2056.3 Magnetic Flux 206

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6.4 Faradays Law of Induction 2076.5 Lenzs Law and Conservation of Energy 2106.6 Motional Electromotive Force 2126.7 Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study 2156.8 Eddy Currents 2186.9 Inductance 219

6.10 AC Generator 224ALTERNATING CURRENT7.1 Introduction 2337.2 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor 2347.3 Representation of AC Current and Voltage byRotating Vectors Phasors 2377.4 AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor 2377.5 AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor 2417.6 AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit 2447.7 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor 2527.8 LC Oscillations 2557.9 Transformers 259ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES8.1 Introduction 2698.2 Displacement Current 2708.3 Electromagnetic Waves 2748.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 2808.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 280RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS9.1 Introduction 3099.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310

9.3 Refraction 3169.4 Total Internal Reflection 3199.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 3239.6 Refraction through a Prism 3309.7 Dispersion by a Prism 3329.8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 3339.9 Optical Instruments 335WAVE OPTICS10.1 Introduction 35110.2 Huygens Principle 35310.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle 355

10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 36010.5 Interference of Light Waves and Youngs Experiment 36210.6 Diffraction 36710.7 Polarisation 376DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER11.1 Introduction 38611.2 Electron Emission 38711.3 Photoelectric Effect 38811.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389

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11.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 39311.6 Einsteins Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 39311.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 39511.8 Wave Nature of Matter 39811.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403ATOMS

12.1 Introduction 41412.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherfords Nuclear Model of Atom 41512.3 Atomic Spectra 42012.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 42212.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 42812.6 DE Broglies Explanation of Bohrs Second Postulate of Quantisation 430NUCLEI13.1 Introduction 43813.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 43813.3 Size of the Nucleus 44113.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy 44213.5 Nuclear Force 44513.6 Radioactivity 44613.7 Nuclear Energy 451SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS14.1 Introduction 46714.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 46814.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 47214.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 47414.5 p-n Junction 47814.6 Semiconductor diode 479

14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 48314.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 48514.9 Junction Transistor 49014.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 50114.11 Integrated Circuits 505COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS15.1 Introduction 51315.2 Elements of a Communication System 51315.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems 51515.4 Bandwidth of Signals 51715.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium 518

15.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 51915.8 Amplitude Modulation 52415.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave 52515.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave 526

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Class Subject UnitXI Mathematics 1

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Chapter Sets 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sets and their Representations 11.3 The Empty Set 51.4 Finite and Infinite Sets 6

1.5 Equal Sets 71.6 Subsets 91.7 Power Set 121.8 Universal Set 121.9 Venn Diagrams 131.10 Operations on Sets 141.11 Complement of a Set 181.12 Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets 21 Relations and Functions 302.1 Introduction 302.2 Cartesian Product of Sets 302.3 Relations 342.4 Functions 36Trigonometric Functions 493.1 Introduction 493.2 Angles 493.3 Trigonometric Functions 553.4 Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of Two Angles 633.5 Trigonometric Equations 74 Principle of Mathematical Induction 864.1 Introduction 86

4.2 Motivation 874.3 The Principle of Mathematical Induction 88 NCERT Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 975.1 Introduction 975.2 Complex Numbers 975.3 Algebra of Complex Numbers 985.4 The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number 1025.5 Argand Plane and Polar Representation 1045.6 Quadratic Equations 108Linear Inequalities 1166.1 Introduction 116

6.2 Inequalities 1166.3 Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities in One Variableand their Graphical Representation 1186.4 Graphical Solution of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 1236.5 Solution of System of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 127 Permutations and Combinations 1347.1 Introduction 1347.2 Fundamental Principle of Counting 1347.3 Permutations 138

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7.4 Combinations 148Binomial Theorem 1608.1 Introduction 1608.2 Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Indices 1608.3 General and Middle Terms 167 Sequences and Series 177

9.1 Introduction 1779.2 Sequences 1779.3 Series 1799.4 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) 1819.5 Geometric Progression (G.P.) 1869.6 Relationship Between A.M. and G.M. 1919.7 Sum to n terms of Special Series 194Straight Lines 20310.1 Introduction 20310.2 Slope of a Line 20410.3 Various Forms of the Equation of a Line 21210.4 General Equation of a Line 22010.5 Distance of a Point From a Line 225 NCERTConic Sections 23611.1 Introduction 23611.2 Sections of a Cone 23611.3 Circle 23911.4 Parabola 24211.5 Ellipse 24711.6 Hyperbola 255 Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry 268

12.1 Introduction 26812.2 Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in 3 D space12.3 Coordinates of a Point in Space 26912.4 Distance between Two Points 27112.5 Section Formula 273Limits and Derivatives 28113.1 Introduction 28113.2 Intuitive Idea of Derivatives 28113.3 Limits 28413.4 Limits of Trigonometric Functions 29813.5 Derivatives 303

Mathematical Reasoning 32114.1 Introduction 32114.2 Statements 32114.3 New Statements from Old 32414.4 Special Words/Phrases 32914.5 Implications 33514.6 Validating Statements 339Statistics 34715.1 Introduction 347

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15.2 Measures of Dispersion 34915.3 Range 34915.4 Mean Deviation 34915.5 Variance and Standard Deviation 36115.6 Analysis of Frequency DistributionsProbability 383

16.1 Introduction 38316.2 Random Experiments 38416.3 Event 38716.4 Axiomatic Approach to Probability 394

Relations and Functions 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Relations 21.3 Types of Functions 71.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function 121.5 Binary Operations 19Inverse Trigonometric Functions 332.1 Introduction 332.2 Basic Concepts 332.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 42 Matrices 563.1 Introduction 563.2 Matrix 563.3 Types of Matrices 613.4 Operations on Matrices 653.5 Transpose of a Matrix 83

3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices 853.7 Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix 903.8 Invertible Matrices 91Determinants 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Determinant 1034.3 Properties of Determinants 1094.4 Area of a Triangle 1214.5 Minors and Cofactors 1234.6 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix 1264.7 Applications of Determinants and Matrices 133

Introduction 1475.2 Continuity 1475.3 Differentiability 1615.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 1705.5 Logarithmic Differentiation 1745.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms 1795.7 Second Order Derivative 1815.8 Mean Value Theorem 184 Application of Derivatives 194

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6.1 Introduction 1946.2 Rate of Change of Quantities 1946.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 1996.4 Tangents and Normals 2066.5 Approximations 2136.6 Maxima and Minima 216

Integrals 2877.1 Introduction 2887.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation 2887.3 Methods of Integration 3007.4 Integrals of some Particular Functions 3077.5 Integration by Partial Fractions 3167.6 Integration by Parts 3237.7 Definite Integral 3317.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 3347.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution 3387.10 Some Properties of Definite Integrals 341 Application of Integrals 3598.1 Introduction 3598.2 Area under Simple Curves 3598.3 Area between Two Curves 366Differential Equations 3799.1 Introduction 3799.2 Basic Concepts 3799.3 General and Particular Solutions of a 383Differential Equation9.4 Formation of a Differential Equation whose General Solution is Given385

9.5 Methods of Solving First order, First Degree 391Differential EquationsVector Algebra 42410.1 Introduction 42410.2 Some Basic Concepts 42410.3 Types of Vectors 42710.4 Addition of Vectors 42910.6 Product of Two Vectors 441 Three Dimensional Geometry 46311.1 Introduction 46311.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line 463

11.3 Equation of a Line in Space 46811.4 Angle between Two Lines 47111.5 Shortest Distance between Two Lines 47311.6 Plane 47911.7 Coplanarity of Two Lines 48711.8 Angle between Two Planes 48811.9 Distance of a Point from a Plane 49011.10 Angle between a Line and a Plane 492Linear Programming 504

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12.1 Introduction 50412.2 Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation 50512.3 Different Types of Linear Programming Problems 514 Probability 53113.1 Introduction 53113.2 Conditional Probability 531

13.3 Multiplication Theorem on Probability 54013.4 Independent Events 54213.5 Bayes' Theorem 54813.6 Random Variables and its Probability Distributions 55713.7 Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution 572

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Ncert-(Xi & Xii)