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NCA Group Ratings. Ranked Least Important in 21 st Century. Ranked Most Important in 21 st Century. NCA Credo. Group Rankings. NCA Group Ratings. Lowest Ranked for Use / Enforcement. Highest Ranked for Use/Enforcement. NCA Credo. Group Ratings. Ethics & Moral Reasoning. Chapter 3. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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NCA Group RatingsRanked Most
Important in 21st Century
Ranked Least Important in 21st
Century
NCA
Cred
o
Group Rankings
NCA Group RatingsHighest Ranked
for Use/Enforcement
Lowest Ranked for Use / Enforcement
NCA
Cred
o
Group Ratings
Ethics & Moral Reasoning
Chapter 3
Moral ReasoningO Systematic approach
O Structured logical arguments
O Three areas of knowledge and skill needed:O Moral contextO Philosophical foundationO Critical thinking
Context of Moral Reasoning
O ContextO Decision makingO Cultural environmentO Economic Impact
ConfuciusO “Equilibrium and
harmony”O “Equilibrium
(chung) is the great root from which grow all human actings in the world. And. . . Harmony (yung) is the universal path” (Four Books, Vol. 1, 1.4, 1.5)
Philosophical FoundationsO Ancient Greece
provides moral sense
O Socratic dialogue
Socrates
O The RepublicO Athenian DemocracyO Reason and WisdomO Higher moral “good”O One should never do
wrong in return, nor mistreat any man, no matter how one has been mistreated by him.” (Crito, 49c)
Plato
O Virtue EthicsO Golden MeanO Character O Evil
Aristotle
Example of the finding the mean:Social Drinking
Excess Middle Ground Deficiency
Overdoing Virtue Underdoing
Care-Based EthicsO Foundation of world’s major religionsO Golden Rule
O Judaism: What is hated unto you, do not to your friend (Talmud)O Christianity: 1And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye
also to them likewise. (Luke 6:31)O Buddhism: Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find
hurtful.(Udanavarga 5:18)O Hinduism: One should never do that to another which one
regards as injurious to one’s own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Other behavior is due to selfish desires.(Anusasana Parva, CXIII, Verse 8)
O Islam: “None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.” (An-Nawawi's Forty Hadith 13,56)
O Bahai: Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself.(Bahá'u'lláh[35][36])
Kant and Moral DutyO “Act on that maxim which you will to
become a universal law”O Categorical Imperative
O Moral BehaviorO Deontological Ethics
O AbsolutistO Concrete and predictableO Short-coming: dilemma between two
equal principles
UtilitarianismO John Stuart Mills & Jeremy Betham
O Mills: “Seek the greatest happiness for the aggregate whole.”
O Consequence over EthicsO Happiness O Benefit versus Harm
O Teleological BaseO Positive results matterO Egoists
Social ContractO Enlightenment Period
O Reason & science O Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean
Jacque RousseauO Ethical norms respected if society
agrees
Rawl’s Veil of Ignorance
O John Rawl, A Theory of JusticeO Utilitarianism
O Fairness is fundamental idea in concept of justice
O Cases of fairnessO Easy = arithmetic fairness O Veil of Ignorance
O Uses “original position” to determine outcomesO Two primary principles formulated “behind
the veil”
Behind the veil
Feminist EthicsO Critiques traditional theories O Public versus private domains
RelativismO Bertrand Russell & John DeweyO Progressivism
O Moral agents determine right and wrong based on individual perspectives and values
O Situationists
Deontological Theory of Moral Reasoning
O (Duty-Based)O Deon = DutyO AbsolutistO Non – consequentialist
O Judges morality of action based on action’s adherence to rules that bind you to duty
O Disregards consequencesO Individual motives are importantO People should be treated with respect
Contemporary Deontology
O Duty-based with exceptionsO “Principle of Permissible Harm”
O Frances KammO Relies heavily on categorical
imperativeO Allows considered case judgments
Teleological TheoriesO Consequentialist O Looks for positive results over right
or wrongO Minimize injury to others O Procedure for addressing moral
dilemmaO Extremes
O Egoists Utilitarian
Critical ThinkingO Basis of moral reasoningO Consists of:
O KnowledgeO Ability to identify problemsO Identify all relevant information O Identify all assumptionsO Evaluate alternatives and make
decisions
SAD FormulaO S = Situational definitionO A = analysis of situation, application
of moral theoriesO D = Decision or ethical judgement
Situational Definition
• Description of Facts• Identify conflicting values or principles• Statement of ethical issue.
Analysis
• debate relative importance of conflicting values or principles• consider possibility of external factors• consider: "what do we usually do?"• consider duties to you, colleagues, sources, advertisers, society• Discussion of applicable theories
Decision
• make final decision• justify final decision based on likely criticism from detractors and
support with moral theory
