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Computer Hardware Servicing NC2 Reviewer
Occupational Health and Safety
While Working Along With Pcs Computer equipment can be dangerous, and you or others can
be injured or even killed if you dont follow proper safety guidelines when working along PCs. The
following are some precautionary measures to take before working with any computer equipment:
1. Wear shoes with non-conductive rubber soles to help reduce the chance of being shocked or seriously
injured in an electrical accident.
2. Do not work on components that are plugged into their power source.
3. Do not remove expansion cards from a computer when it is turned on.
4. Remove all jewelry when working inside any computer related equipment.
5. Be sure not to mix electronic components and water.
6. Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit.
7. Always pull the cable connector on the handle and not on the cable itself.
8. Use only rubber shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor
9. Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable connector.
10. Always power off and unplug the computer before working on it.
11. Take away any liquid such as mineral water or drinks near your working area or near computers.
12. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are recognized.
13. Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with organization OHS procedures
and practice.
14. Hazard/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified to minimize or
eliminate risk to coworkers, workplace and environment.
15. Take necessary precautions to protect the component of the computer from damaged cause by
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD).
16. Hold the components by edges and do not touch the ICs.
17. Read and follow instruction on the manual carefully.
18. Do not use excessive force if things dont quite slip into place.
19. When possible, try to avoid working in carpeted areas. Carpeting greatly increases static buildup
within your body.
20. Always use an anti-static wrist strap when working on a computer (except when working on
monitors
21. Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered peripherals while you are
working on it.
22. Always grasp a metal part of the computer chassis with your bare hand before you touch anything
inside. Do this even if you are wearing an anti-static wristband.
23. Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge. Don't touch the pins
or other connectors.
24. Never plug an ATX power supply into AC power unless it is connected either to a computer's
motherboard or to a dummy test load.
25. Always use a UL-approved surge protector or an Uninterruptible Power Supply that incorporates
surge and spike protection.
26. Never eat, drink, or smoke while working on a computer.
Parts of the Mother Board
BIOS or Basic Input Output System
A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test (POST).This self
test ensures that the computer has all of the necessary parts and functionality needed to
successfully start itself, such as use of memory, a keyboard and other parts. If errors are
detected during the test, the BIOS instruct the computer to give a code that reveals the problem.
Computer Error codes are typically a series of beeps heard shortly after startup.
Carbon MetalOxideSemiconductor (CMOS) - is a technology for making integrated circuits.
CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital
logic circuits.
CMOS Battery - Is a button cell battery that gives power to CMOS so that the Bios setting is
retain when the PC is turn off.
Chipset - Refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard: the NORTHBRIDGE and the
SOUTHBRIDGE.Thenorthbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially main
memory and graphics controllers.
The Southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA). In many
modern chipsets, the Southbridge actually contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such
as Ethernet, USB, and audio devices. A chipset is usually designed to work with a specific
family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and
external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance. Types of Processor Sockets or Slots
PGA Processor Slot
A CPU socket or CPU slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board
(PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). CPU socket structure is
largely dependent on the packaging of the CPU it is designed to house.
SLOT TYPE CPU slot - are single-edged connectors similar to expansion slots, into which a
PCB holding a processor is inserted. Slotted CPU packages offered two advantages: L2 cache
memory size could be packaged with the CPU rather than the motherboard and processor
insertion and removal was often easier.
Land grid array (LGA) - packages have started to supplant PGA with most modern CPU designs using
this scheme. The term LGA "socket" is actually a bit of a misnomer. With LGA sockets, the socket
contains pins that make contact with pads or lands on the bottom of the processor package.
Types of Memory Socket or Slot
Memory Socket or Slot - is commonly refers to the slot in a motherboard were the extended memory
modules are installed.
SIMM (Single-inline-memory module) slot, 72 pins
DIMM (Dual-inline-memory modules) slot. SDR (Single Data Rate) DIMM slot. 168 edge contacts.
DDR (Dual/Double Data Rate) DIMM slot. 184 edge contacts (DDR 1)
DDR (Dual/Double Data Rate) DIMM slot. 240 edge contacts (DDR 2 / 3)
SODIMM (SO-DIMM is short for Small Outline DIMM ) Slot A 72-pin and 144-pin configuration.
SO-DIMMs are commonly utilized in laptop computers.
Computer System Expansion Slots
PCI - Slot
PCI SLOT - Peripheral Component Interconnect is a specification that defines a 32-bit data bus interface.
PCI is a standard widely used by expansion card manufacturers.
AGP - Slot
AGP SLOT - Accelerated Graphics Port, also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP it
is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard,
primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. AGP controller is only capable of
controlling a single device.
AMR SLOT - Audio Modem Riser, Is a riser card that supports sound or modem function.
ACR SLOT - Advance Communication Riser, this type of slot is for communication and audio subsystem.
The slot supports modem, audio, LAN, and Home Phone line Networking Alliance (HPNA) or Home
Networking cards.
CNR SLOT - Communications network riser, this connector supports specially designed network, audio,
or modem riser cards, main processing is done through software and controlled by the motherboards
system chipset.
PCI - Express
PCI E - is a computer expansion card interface format introduced by Intel in 2004. It was designed to
replace the general purpose PCI expansion bus.
PCIe 1.1 (the most common version as of 2007) each lane carries 250 MB/s.
PCIe 2.0 doubles the bus standard's bandwidth from 2.5 Gbit/s to 5 Gbit/s, meaning a x32
connector can transfer data at up to 16 GB/s in each direction.
PCI Express 3.0 will carry a bit rate of 8 giga transfers per second.
IDE CONTROLLER - Integrated Drive
Electronics, Parallel ATA (PATA) is an
interface standard for the connection of storage
devices such as hard disks, solid-state drives,
and CD-ROM drives in computers. It uses the
underlying AT Attachment and AT Attachment
Packet Interface (ATA/ATAPI) standards
IDE - Controller
FDD - Controller
FDD CONTROLLER - Floppy Disk Drive, an onboard floppy drive controller which make your Floppy
Disk Drive operational.
SATA CONTROLLER - Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment is a computer bus primarily designed for
transfer of data between a computer and storage devices
(like hard disk drives or optical drives).
Types of Power Supply Terminal
ATX - Power Connector
These connectors are for power supply, the power supply plugs are designed to fit these connectors in
only one orientation.
AT / ATX
Auxiliary power
SATA - Controller
FRONT PANEL CONNECTOR / SYSTEM PANEL CONNECTOR - This connector attaches the
switches and indicators.
Labeled and PatternFront Panel Connectors
Power switch (PWRSW) power-on the system unit
Reset switch (RESET) Resets the system unit
Power / System LED The system power LED lights up when system is powered up / Power indicator
Hard disk drive LED (HDDLED) The HDD LED lights up(Blinks) during harddisk activity.
INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS
I/O Ports are type of interface which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with the system unit so the
peripheral can send data to or receive information from the computer.
Keyboard / mouse
Monitors, projector
Printers, flatbed scanner
External storage devices, external modems
Headsets, microphones, game pads
I/O Ports
PS2 PORT - Personal system 2, are based on IBM Micro Channel Architecture, it is a 6-pin
connector.This type of architecture transfers data through a 16-bit or 32-bit bus.
Keyboard
Mouse
LPT PORT or PARALLEL PORT - Line Printer Port, This is a 25-pin port that connects a parallel
printer, a flatbed scanner and used as a communication link for null modem cables.
SERIAL PORT or COM PORT - is a logical device name used by to designate the computer serial ports.
A 9-pin connector used by pointing devices, modems, and infrared modules can be connected to COM
ports.
USB PORT - Universal Serial Bus, a 4-pin serial cable bus that allows up to 127 plug-n-play computer
peripherals. This allows attaching or detaching of peripherals while the host is in operation. Supports
synchronous and asynchronous transfer types over the same set of wires up to 12Mbit/sec. USB 2.0
provides 40 times the transfer rate compared to USB 1.0 and competes with the 1394 standard.As of
today we now have USB 3.0.
GAME/MIDI PORT - This connector supports a Joystick or a Game Pad for playing games, and MIDI
Devices for playing or editing audio files.
LAN PORT - Used for Networking
AUDIO/SOUND port - Used for sound output, Line inputs and Microphone inputs
Identifying Memory Module
Memory Module - A device that are used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.
Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information.
Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered.
Types of Memory Module
30 Pin and 72 Pin SIMM Module
DIMM - SDRAM Single Data Rate
DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR2 and DDR3
SO-DIMM (Small outline dual in-line memory module)SO-DIMMs are a smaller alternative to a DIMM, being roughly half the size of regular DIMMs. used in systems which have space restrictions such as notebooks. 72 Pin SODIMM
100 Pin Firmware SODIMM (32 bit data transfer rate)
144 Pin EDO SODIMM (64 bit data transfer rate)
DDR333 200-Pin SODIMM Memory (64 bit data transfer rate)
PC3200 DDR400 200-pin SODIMM (64 bit data transfer rate)
Identifying Expansion Module Cards
Expansion Card - Is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a motherboard
to add additional functionality to a computer system. One edge of the expansion card holds the contacts
(the edge connector) that fit exactly into the slot.
AGP Supported Video Card PCI-Express Supported Video Card
Video cards or VGA Cards - The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send
graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor or projector.
Sound Card
Sound card - Is a computer expansion card that
facilitates the input and output of audio signals
to and from a computer under control of
computer programs. Many computers have
sound capabilities built in, while others require
additional expansion cards to provide for audio
capability.
NIC Card
NIC (Network interface card) - A network
interface card, more commonly referred to as a
NIC, is a device that allows computers to be
joined together in a LAN, or local area network.
Networked computers communicate with each
other using a given protocol or agreed-upon
language for transmitting data packets between
the different machines, known as nodes.
Learning about central processing unit is also part of the TESDA NC II Computer Servicing exam. So it is
advisable to learn about these things.
Processors
Central Processing Unit - Is a complete
computation engine that is fabricated on a single
chip. Interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer. Processors
contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU), this two components work together to
perform processing operations.
Dual-Processor
Dual-processor (DP) - systems are those that
contain two separate physical computer
processors in the same chassis. In dual-
processor systems, the two processors can
either be located on the same motherboard or
on separate boards.
Dual Core Configuration
Dual-core configuration - an integrated circuit
(IC) contains two complete computer
processors. Usually, the two identical
processors are manufactured so they reside
side-by-side on the same die, each with its own
path to the system front-side bus.
Dual core Processor features: Hyper-Threading Technology: Enables you to run multiple demanding applications at the same
time.
Intel Extended Memory 64 Technology: Provides flexibility for future applications that support
both 32-bit and 64-bit computing.
Dual-Core: Two physical cores in one processor support better system responsiveness and multi-
tasking capability than a comparable single core processor.
Acronyms
CPU Central Processing Unit
SATA Serial Advance Technology Attachment
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
PS2 Personal System 2
USB Universal Serial BUS
CNR Communication and Networking Riser
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
LAN Local Area Network
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
Learn About Storage Devices
Storage device - is a hardware device designed to write and read information. There are two types
of storage devices used in computers; a 'primary storage' device and a 'secondary storage' device.
Storage Media - It is where the storage device records (write) and retrieves (read) the data, instructions
and information for future use.
LED Light Emitting Diode
Examples of Storage and Media Devices
Harddisk Devices and USB Thumb Drive
Optical Device
3.5 Floppy Device
Examples of Input and Output Devices What is an Input Devices - An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instruction into a computer.
Examples of Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Image/Object scanner
Microphone
Joysticks, Game pads
PC video camera
Digital camera
Bar code scanner
Biometric scanner
Input Devices
What is an Output Devices - An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
Examples of Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speaker
ASEEMBLE SYSTEM UNIT
Proper assembling procedure:
-Prepare the computer case (Install power supply, I/O shield and spacers)
Install drives (DVD, Floppy and HDD)
Install the CPU, fan, heat sink and memory module on the motherboard
Install the motherboard into the casing and expansion cards
Install the cablings (Power connectors, FDD Connector, IDE/SATA Connector, USB headers and
system panel header).
Attach the monitor, keyboard, mouse and plug into a power source.
Troubleshoot if necessary Assemble and install network connection
BIOS Boot
BIOS (Basic Input Output Subsystem) is a programmable chip that controls how information is
passed to various devices in the computer system. A typical method to access the BIOS
settings screen is to press ESC, F1, F2, F8 or F10 during the boot sequence.
BIOS settings allow you to run a boot sequence from a floppy drive, a hard drive, a CD-ROM
drive or an external device. You may configure the order that your computer searches these
physical devices for the boot sequence.
The first device in the order list has the first boot priority. For example, to boot from a CD-
ROM drive instead of a hard drive, place the CD-ROM drive ahead of the hard drive in priority.
Before you set boot priority for a USB device, plug the device into a USB port.
To specify the boot sequence:
1. Start the computer and press ESC, F1, F2, F8 or F10 during the initial startup screen.
Depending on the BIOS manufacturer, a menu may appear.
2. Choose to enter BIOS setup. The BIOS setup utility page appears.
3. Use the arrow keys to select the BOOT tab. System devices appear in order of priority.
4. To give a CD or DVD drive boot sequence priority over the hard drive, move it to the first
position in the list.
5. To give a USB device boot sequence priority over the hard drive, do the following:
o Move the hard drive device to the top of the boot sequence list.
o Expand the hard drive device to display all hard drives.
o Move the USB device to the top of the list of hard drives.
6. Save and exit the BIOS setup utility.
7. The computer will restart with the changed settings.
Boot Priority Options
Some computer manufacturers allow you to select the device that contains the boot sequence
from a special device selection menu. The example below uses a Dell system board.
To set boot priority using a device selection menu:
1. When the computer starts to boot up, after the manufacturer's ID screen, press F12 several
times. The device selection menu appears.
2. Use the up and down arrows to select CD-ROM or an USB Flash Drive.
3. To boot from the selected device, press ENTER.
Networking
(IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating
in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
Sharing a printer requires a few steps. First, on the computer that the printer is plugged in to, follow
these steps.
To turn on file and printer sharing
1. Open Advanced sharing settings by clicking the Start button , and then clicking Control Panel.
In the search box, typenetwork, click Network and Sharing Center, and then, in the left pane,
click Change advanced sharing settings.
2. Click the chevron to expand the current network profile.
3. If printer sharing is off, under File and printer sharing, select turn on file and printer sharing,
and then click save changes. If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation,
type the password or provide confirmation.
Now you need to share the printer itself.
To share your printer
1. Open Devices and Printers by clicking the Start button , and then, on the Start menu,
clicking Devices and Printers.
2. Right-click the printer you want to share, and then click Printer properties.
3. Click the Sharing tab, and select the Share this printer check box.
Other people on your network can now connect to this printer. All they need to do is add a network
printer (your printer) to their computers.
T568B Straight Through
On the left hand side are devices that use straight-through cable and on the right hand side are devices
that use crossover cables.
These are the devices that use a straight-through cable:
Switch Router
Switch PC
Switch Server
Hub PC
Hub Server
These are the devices that use a crossover cable:
Switch Switch
Switch Hub
Hub Hub
Router Router
Router PC
Router Server
PC PC
But nowadays the standard is becoming obsolete due to the fact that Auto-MDIX (automatic medium
dependent interface crossover) technology on devices grows with each device that supports it. This
means that ports do not need to know what type of cable is used when you connect two devices.
Parts of the Mother BoardBIOS or Basic Input Output SystemTypes of Processor Sockets or SlotsTypes of Memory Socket or SlotComputer System Expansion SlotsTypes of Power Supply TerminalINPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) PORTSIdentifying Memory ModuleTypes of Memory ModuleIdentifying Expansion Module CardsDual core Processor features:Learn About Storage DevicesExamples of Storage and Media DevicesExamples of Input and Output DevicesExamples of Input DevicesExamples of Output DevicesBIOS BootBoot Priority OptionsTo turn on file and printer sharingTo share your printer