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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
HUMAN CAPITAL SPILLOVERS IN MANUFACTURING:EVIDENCE FROM PLANT-LEVEL PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS
Enrico Moretti
Working Paper 9316http://www.nber.org/papers/w9316
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138October 2002
I am indebted to Dan Ackerberg, Michael Ash, Sandy Black, David Card, Janet Currie, Robert Dekle, PaulDevereux, Joe Hotz, Phillip Leslie, David Levine, Darren Lubotsky, Marco Manacorda, Charles Mullin andseminar participants at Berkeley and USC for useful comments on this and previous drafts. The research inthis paper was conducted while the author was a Census Bureau research associate at the California CensusResearch Data Center. Research results and conclusions expressed are those of the author and do notnecessarily indicate concurrence by the Bureau of Census. This paper has been screened to ensure that noconfidential data is revealed. A previous version of this paper circulated under the title: “Workers’ Education,Externalities and Technology Adoption: Evidence From Plant-Level Production Functions”, CLE WorkingPaper 21, November 1999. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those ofthe National Bureau of Economic Research.
© 2002 by Enrico Moretti. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, maybe quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
Human Capital Spillovers in Manufacturing:Evidence From Plant-Level Production FunctionsEnrico MorettiNBER Working Paper No. 9316October 2002JEL No. J0, I2, O4
ABSTRACT
I assess the magnitude of human capital spillovers in US cities by estimating plant-level productionfunctions. I use a unique firm–worker matched dataset, obtained by combining the Census ofManufacturers with the Census of Population. After controlling for a plant’s own human capital,plant fixed effects, and industry–specific and state specific transitory shocks, I find that the outputof plants located in cities that experience large increases in the share of college graduates rises morethan the output of smaller plants located in cities that experience small increases in the share ofcollege graduates. Several specification tests indicate that the estimated effect is unlikely to becompletely spurious. First, within a city, spillovers between plants that rarely interact are zero,while spillovers between plants that often interact are significant. Second, density of physical capitalin a city outside a plant has no effect on a plant’s productivity. Third, most of the estimatedspillover comes from high-tech plants. For low-tech plants, the spillover is virtually zero. Theestimated productivity differences between cities with high and low levels of human capital matchremarkably well differences in labor costs between cities and high and low level of human capital.Consistent with a model that includes both standard general equilibrium forces and spillovers, theproductivity gains generated by human capital spillover are offset by increased labor costs.
Enrico MorettiDepartment of EconomicsUCLA405 Hilgard AvenueLos Angeles, CA 90095-1477and [email protected]
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