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    Employment social affairs

    European Commission

    Equalitybet

    weenwomen

    andmen

    Equality for women and men

    European Community acts

    ImageBank

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    SALES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS

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    Equality for women and men

    European Community Acts

    Equality for women and men

    European CommissionDirectorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities

    Unit G.1

    Manuscript completed in September 2005

    Employment social affairs

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    If you are interested in receiving the electronic newsletter "ESmail" from the European Commission's Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, please send an e-mail to [email protected]

    The newsletter is published on a regular basis in English, French and German.

    Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers

    to your questions about the European Union

    Freephone number (*):00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11

    (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.

    A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu).

    Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

    Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006

    ISBN 92-894-9662-2

    European Communities, 2006Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

    Printed in Belgium

    PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER

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    Foreword

    Equality between women and men is a fundamental principle of the European Union, enshrined

    in the Treaty and in European law, and, for several decades now, enforced by the Court of

    Justice. Gender equality contributes to the achievement of the objectives of the Strategy for

    growth and employment.

    The importance of gender equality policy is a result of its being intertwined with the history of

    European integration. As early as 1957, Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome contained a provision

    imposing equal pay for men and women. This has been the force behind the development of a

    considerable body of law. The principle of gender equality has greatly evolved since then. With

    Articles 2, 3, 13 and 141 of the Treaty of Amsterdam, gender equality entered a new phase,

    giving a significant fillip to primary legislation and the Unions ability to act in the field of

    gender equality through the issuing of specific legal bases.

    Equality between women and men is one of the few areas where the progress achieved in law

    has preceded and influenced a radical change in actual behaviour and practice. The many

    directives adopted since the 1970s and the abundant case law of the Court of Justice today form

    a legal framework of real significance.

    Nonetheless, the law is not set in stone. It is constantly evolving. Thirty years of history have

    shaped national laws, and the legislation has led to considerable changes in the Member States,

    such as the ban on all direct discrimination, the introduction of the concept of indirect

    discrimination, which considerably increases the number of potential cases of gender-based

    discrimination, the application of the principle of equal pay to occupational social security

    schemes, the reversal of the burden of proof and clear provisions on remedies in the event of

    discrimination, to give just a few examples.

    Knowledge of the rights conferred by the Community acquis or familiarity with themechanisms ensuring that these rights are observed are not enough. There has to be a greater

    awareness and participation of legal practitioners in this field. This new edition of the European

    Community acts provides a comprehensive, up-to-date picture of the way Community

    legislation has evolved. It contains all the Community legislative acts relating to gender

    equality, as well as other Community acts from the institutions, including recommendations,

    resolutions, communications, conclusions and other texts. In addition to the texts specifically

    aimed at gender equality, this publication also contains certain texts whose main purpose is not

    the promotion of gender equality but which are of particular importance for the fundamental

    rights of women. These texts illustrate gender mainstreaming.

    Ensuring that European gender equality law is an everyday reality is one of the priority tasksof the Union. The major challenge in the coming years will be to make this law more accessible

    and more transparent in order to help civil society, and especially citizens, to use it and avail

    themselves of it.

    Vladimr pidlaEuropean Commissioner forEmployment, Social Affairs

    and Equal Opportunities

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    Table of contents

    A. LEGISLATIVE ACTS ............................................................................................................................. 11

    I. Equal Treatment Legislation.................................................................................................................... 13

    a)EC Treaty .................................................................................................................................................. 15

    Nice Treaty Articles 2, 3 (2), 13 and 141.................................................................................................... 15

    b)Directives ................................................................................................................................................... 17

    Council Directive of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between

    men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services (2004/113/EC)

    OJ L 373, 21.12.2004 .................................................................................................................................... 19

    Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 amending

    Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for

    men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and

    working conditions (2002/73/EC) OJ L 269, 5.10.2002............................................................................. 26

    Council Directive of 15 December 1997 on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination

    based on sex (97/80/EC) OJ L 14, 20.1.1998............................................................................................. 32

    Council Directive of 15 December 1997 amending and extending, to the United Kingdom of

    Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Directive 96/34/EC on the framework agreement on

    parental leave concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC (97/75/EC) OJ L 10, 16.1.1998 ................... 35

    Council Directive of 20 December 1996 amending Directive 86/378/EEC on the

    implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social

    security schemes (96/97/EC) OJ L 46, 17.2.1997 ...................................................................................... 36

    Corrigendum to Council Directive 96/97/EC of 20 December 1996 amending Directive

    86/378/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in

    occupational social security schemes OJ L 151, 18.6.1999........................................................................ 41

    Council Directive of 3 June 1996 on the framework agreement on parental leave concluded

    by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC (96/34/EC) OJ L 145, 19.6.1996 .......................................................... 42

    Council Directive of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage

    improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have

    recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth individual Directive within the meaning of

    Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (92/85/EEC) OJ L 348, 28.11.1992........................................... 48

    Council Directive of 11 December 1986 on the application of the principle of equal treatment

    between men and women engaged in an activity, including agriculture, in a self-employed

    capacity, and on the protection of self-employed women during pregnancy and motherhood

    (86/613/EEC) OJ L 359, 19.12.1986 .......................................................................................................... 56

    Council Directive of 24 July 1986 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatmentfor men and women in occupational social security schemes (86/378/EEC) OJ L 225,

    12.8.1986......................................................................................................................................................... 59

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    Council Directive of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle of

    equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security (79/7/EEC) OJ L 6,

    10.1.1979......................................................................................................................................................... 62

    Council Directive of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal

    treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and

    promotion, and working conditions (76/207/EEC) OJ L 39, 14.2.1976 .................................................... 64

    Council Directive of 10 February 1975 on the approximation of the laws of the Member

    States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women

    (75/117/EEC) OJ L 45, 19.2.1975 .............................................................................................................. 67

    II. Decisions on Community Action Programmes Related to Equality between Women and Men ..... 69

    Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 amending

    Council Decision 2001/51/EC establishing a programme relating to the Community

    framework strategy on gender equality and Decision No 848/2004/EC establishing a

    Community action programme to promote organisations active at European level in the fieldof equality between men and women (1554/2005/EC) OJ L 255, 30.9.2005 ............................................ 71

    Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 establishing a

    Community action programme to promote organisations active at European level in the field

    of equality between men and women (848/2004/EC) OJ L 157, 30.4.2004 and

    corrigendum OJ L 195, 2.6.2004................................................................................................................. 73

    Council Decision of 20 December 2000 establishing a Programme relating to the Community

    framework strategy on gender equality (2001-2005) (2001/51/EC) OJ L 17, 19.1.2001 ......................... 78

    III. Other Legislation Related to Gender Issues ....................................................................................... 87

    a) Gender Mainstreaming in Development Cooperation ............................................................................. 89

    Regulation (EC) No 806/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004

    on promoting gender equality in development cooperation OJ L 143, 30.4.2004...................................... 91

    Council Regulation (EC) No 2836/98 of 22 December 1998 on integrating of gender issues in

    development cooperation OJ L 354, 30.12.1998......................................................................................... 97

    b)Domestic Violence and Trafficking in Human Beings ......................................................................... 103

    Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 adopting a

    programme of Community action (2004 to 2008) to prevent and combat violence against

    children, young people and women and to protect victims and groups at risk (the Daphne II

    programme) (2004/803/EC) OJ L 143, 30.4.2004*.................................................................................. 105

    Council Framework Decision of 19 July 2002 on combating trafficking in human beings

    (2002/629/JHA) OJ L 203, 1.8.2002*....................................................................................................... 113

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    c) Commission Decisions on Gender Balance within Committees and Expert Groups and

    on an Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities................................................................................... 117

    Commission Decision of 19 June 2000 relating to Gender Balance within the Committees and

    Expert Groups established by it (2000/407/EC) OJ L 154, 27.6.2000 ..................................................... 119

    Commission Decision of 19 July 1995 amending Decision 82/43/EEC relating to the setting

    up of an Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (95/420/EC)

    OJ L 249, 17.10.1995 .................................................................................................................................. 121

    Commission Decision of 9 December 1981 relating to the setting up of an Advisory

    Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (82/43/EEC) OJ L 20, 28.1.1982 .................. 125

    B. OTHER COMMUNITY ACTS ............................................................................................................ 129

    I. Council Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 131

    Council Recommendation of 2 December 1996 on the balanced participation of women andmen in the decision-making process (96/694/EC) OJ L 319, 10.12.1996................................................ 133

    Council Recommendation of 31 March 1992 on child care (92/241/EEC) OJ L 123, 8.5.1992............. 138

    Council Recommendation of 13 December 1984 on the promotion of positive action for women

    (84/635/EEC) OJ L 331, 19.12.1984 ........................................................................................................ 141

    II. Commission Recommendations............................................................................................................ 143

    Commission Recommendation of 27 November 1991 on the protection of the dignity of

    women and men at work(92/131/EEC) OJ L 49, 24.2.1992................................................................... 145

    Commission Recommendation of 24 November 1987 on vocational training for women

    (87/567/EEC) OJ L 342, 4.12.1987.......................................................................................................... 153

    III. Council Resolutions.............................................................................................................................. 157

    Council Resolution of 27 November 2003 on equal access to and participation of women and

    men in the knowledge society for growth and innovation OJ C 317, 30.12.2003 ................................... 159

    Council Resolution of 20 October 2003 on initiatives to combat trafficking in human beings,

    in particular women OJ C 260, 29.10.2003*............................................................................................. 162

    Council Resolution of 15 July 2003 on Social and Human Capital Building social and human

    capital in the knowledge society: learning, work, social cohesion and gender OJ C 175,

    24.7.2003....................................................................................................................................................... 164

    Council Resolution of 26 June 2001 on science and society and on women in science

    OJ C 199, 14.7.2001 .................................................................................................................................... 168

    Resolution of the Council and of the Ministers for Employment and Social Policy, meeting

    within the Council of 29 June 2000 on the balanced participation of women and men in

    family and working life OJ C 218, 31.7.2000........................................................................................... 170

    Council Resolution of 20 May 1999 on women and science OJ C 201, 16.7.1999................................. 173

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    Council Resolution of 4 December 1997 concerning the report on the state of women's health

    in the European Community OJ C 394, 30.12.1997 ................................................................................. 175

    Council Resolution of 2 December 1996 on mainstreaming equal opportunities for men and

    women into the European Structural Funds OJ C 386, 20.12.1996.......................................................... 177

    Resolution of the Council and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member

    States, meeting within the Council of 5 October 1995 on the image of women and men

    portrayed in advertising and the media OJ C 296, 10.11.1995................................................................. 180

    Council Resolution of 27 March 1995 on the balanced participation of men and women in

    decision-making OJ C 168, 4.7.1995 ........................................................................................................ 182

    Resolution of the Council and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member

    States, meeting within the Council of 6 December 1994 on equal participation by women in

    an employment-intensive economic growth strategy within the European Union OJ C 368,

    23.12.1994..................................................................................................................................................... 184

    Council Resolution of 22 June 1994 on the promotion of equal opportunities for men andwomen through action by the European Structural Funds OJ C 231, 20.8.1994 ..................................... 188

    Council Resolution of 29 May 1990 on the protection of the dignity of women and men at

    work OJ C 157, 27.6.1990......................................................................................................................... 189

    Council Resolution of 16 December 1988 on the reintegration and late integration of women

    into working life OJ C 333, 28.12.1988.................................................................................................... 191

    Second Council Resolution of 24 July 1986 on the promotion of equal opportunities for

    women OJ C 203, 12.8.1986..................................................................................................................... 193

    Resolution of the Council and of the Ministers for Education, meeting within the Council of

    3 June 1985 containing an action programme on equal opportunities for girls and boys in

    education OJ C 166, 5.7.1985 .................................................................................................................. 195

    Council Resolution of 7 June 1984 on action to combat unemployment amongst women

    OJ C 161, 21.6.1984 ..................................................................................................................................... 199

    Council Resolution of 12 July 1982 on the promotion of equal opportunities for women

    OJ C 186, 21.7.1982 ..................................................................................................................................... 201

    IV. Council Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 203

    Conclusions of the Council and the Ministers of Education meeting within the Council of

    31 May 1990 on the enhanced treatment of equality of educational opportunity for girls and

    boys in the initial and in-service training of teachers OJ C 162, 3.7.1990............................................... 205

    Council Conclusions of 26 May 1987 on protective legislation for women in the Member

    States of the European Community OJ C 178, 7.7.1987 .......................................................................... 206

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    V. Commission Communications1.............................................................................................................. 207

    Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European

    Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Implementation of

    gender mainstreaming in the Structural Funds programming documents 2000-2006

    COM(2002) 748 final .................................................................................................................................. 209

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament

    Programme of Action for the mainstreaming of gender equality in Community Development

    Co-operation COM (2001) 295 final........................................................................................................ 227

    Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic

    and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Towards a Community framework

    strategy on gender equality (2001-2005) COM(2000) 335 final ............................................................. 242

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament for further

    actions in the fight against trafficking in women COM(98) 726 final .................................................... 259

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament ontrafficking in women for the purpose of sexual exploitation COM(96) 567 final................................... 279

    Communication from the Commission of 17 July 1996 'A code of practice on the implementation

    of equal pay for work of equal value for women and men' COM(96) 336 final..................................... 305

    Communication from the Commission of 21 February 1996 'Incorporating equal opportunities

    for women and men into all Community policies and activities COM(96) 67 final ............................... 315

    Explanatory note:

    For ease of reference, the legislative Community acts are listed separately from other non-binding

    Community acts. In both categories the relevant texts are presented in groups corresponding to the dif-

    ferent types of acts. Only the legislative acts are further subdivided by subject-matter. Within the small-

    est categories acts are listed in reverse chronological order, i.e. starting with the document that was

    adopted most recently.

    Note should be taken of the fact that some acts do not have the promotion of gender equality as their

    principal objective but are of particular importance to women's rights and were included for that rea-

    son. These acts are indicated by an asterisk (*) in the list.

    1 Annexes to the Commission Communications are not included in this publication.

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    A. LEGISLATIVE ACTS

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    I. Equal Treatment Legislation

    a) EC Treaty

    b) Directives

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    a) EC Treaty

    Article 2

    The Community shall have as its task, by establishing a common market and an economic and

    monetary union and by implementing common policies or activities referred to in Articles 3 and3a, to promote throughout the Community a harmonious, balanced and sustainable develop-

    ment of economic activities, a high level of employment and of social protection, equality

    between men and women, sustainable and non-inflationary growth, a high degree of competi-

    tiveness and convergence of economic performance, a high level of protection and improve-

    ment of the quality of the environment, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life,

    and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States."

    Article 3

    1. For the purposes set out in Article 2, the activities of the Community shall include, as

    provided in this Treaty and in accordance with the timetable set out therein:

    (a) the prohibition, as between Member States, of customs duties and quantitative restrictions

    on the import and export of goods, and of all other measures having equivalent effect;

    (b) a common commercial policy;

    (c) an internal market characterized by the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles

    to the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital;

    (d) measures concerning the entry and movement of persons as provided for in Title IV;

    (e) a common policy in the sphere of agriculture and fisheries;

    (f) a common policy in the sphere of transport;

    (g) a system ensuring that competition in the internal market is not distorted;

    (h) the approximation of the laws of Member States to the extent required for the functioning

    of the common market;

    (i) the promotion of coordination between employment policies of the Member States with a

    view to enhancing their effectiveness by developing a coordinated strategy for employment;

    (j) a policy in the social sphere comprising a European Social Fund;

    (k) the strengthening of economic and social cohesion;

    (l) a policy in the sphere of the environment;

    (m) the strengthening of the competitiveness of Community industry;

    (n) the promotion of research and technological development;

    (o) encouragement for the establishment and development of trans-European networks;

    (p) a contribution to the attainment of a high level of health protection;

    (q) a contribution to education and training of quality and to the flowering of the cultures of the

    Member States;

    (r) a policy in the sphere of development cooperation;

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    (s) the association of the overseas countries and territories in order to increase trade and pro-

    mote jointly economic and social development;

    (t) a contribution to the strengthening of consumer protection;

    (u) measures in the spheres of energy, civil protection and tourism.

    2. In all the activities referred to in this Article, the Community shall aim to eliminate inequal-ities, and to promote equality, between men and women.

    Article 13

    1. Without prejudice of the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers

    conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the

    Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to

    combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or

    sexual orientation.

    2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, when the Council adopts Community incentive

    measures, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States, tosupport action taken by the Member States in order to contribute to the achievement of the

    objectives referred to in paragraph 1, it shall act in accordance with the procedure referred to

    in Article 251.

    Article 141

    1. Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers

    for equal work or work of equal value is applied.

    2. For the purpose of this Article, "pay" means the ordinary basic or minimum wage or salary

    and any other consideration, whether in cash or in kind, which the worker receives directly or

    indirectly, in respect of his employment, from his employer.

    Equal pay without discrimination based on sex means:

    a) that pay for the same work at piece rates shall be calculated on the basis of the same unit of

    measurement;

    (b) that pay for work at time rates shall be the same for the same job.

    3. The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, and after

    consulting the Economic and Social Committee, shall adopt measures to ensure the application

    of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of

    employment and occupation, including the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of

    equal value.

    4. With a view to ensuring full equality in practice between men and women in working life, the

    principle of equal treatment shall not prevent any Member State from maintaining or adopting

    measures providing for specific advantages in order to make it easier for the under-represented

    sex to pursue a vocational activity or to prevent or compensate for disadvantages in professional

    careers.

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    b) Directives

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    a) Gender Mainstreamingin Development Cooperation

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    b) Domestic Violenceand Trafficking in

    Human Beings

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    c) Commission Decisions onGender Balance within Committees

    and Expert Groupsand on an Advisory Committee

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    I. Council Recommendations

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    II. Commission Recommendations

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    III. Council Resolutions

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    European Commission

    Equality for women and men European Community Acts

    Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

    2006 329 pp. 21 x 29.7 cm

    ISBN 92-894-9662-2