Nazia SadatRD, LDN, MS, MPH

Unit 5 Seminar

Today we will be talking about:

Chapter 5▪ Vitamins▪ Dietary Guidelines

Assignments for the week

Vitamins Essential organic substances

needed daily to perform a specific function in the body

CANNOT be manufactured by the human body▪ MUST be obtained through the diet

The amount needed is very small Essential for growth and

development▪ Deficiency can cause specific

disorders

Digestive process Interact together to enhance absorption

Coenzymes To speed up body reactions

Release energy From biological reactions

Water Soluble Vitamin C Vitamin B complex▪ B1, B2, B6, B12

Folic Acid Biotin Pantothenic Acid

Fat soluble Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K

Function •Essential in formation of collagen, a protein that binds cells together.•Needed to heal wounds build new tissue, and provide strength to supportingtissue.•Absorbs iron, which promotes prothrombin formation.•Helps maintain elasticity of blood vessels and capillaries.•Acts as an antioxidant, protecting the cells from oxidation.•Has a sparing effect on several vitamins, especially A, B, and E.

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 90mg/day•Female: 75mg/day

Sources Broccoli, kale, cabbage, strawberries, papaya, oranges (and juice), lemons, tangerines, cantaloupe, watermelon – only animal source is liver

Deficiency

Scurvy•appetite loss, poor weight gain, rapid breathing, irritability, tenderness and discomfort in legs, swelling over long bones, bleeding (hemorrhaging), and feelings of paralysis

Points •Vitamin C deficiency is rare in developed countries•Can occur in any cases of serious neglect such as psychiatric problems, substanceabuse, advanced age, and lack of knowledge about nutrition.

Function •Releases energy from fat and carbohydrate.•Helps transmits nerve impulses.•Breaks down alcohol.•Promotes better appetite and functioning of the digestive tract

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 1.2mg/day•Female: 1.1mg/day

Sources sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat germ, peanuts, animal sources: liver, kidney, pork

Deficiency

Beri Beri (dry/wet)•Symptoms of dry beriberi include: Difficulty walking, Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower legs, Mental confusion/speech difficulties, Tingling•Symptoms of wet beriberi include: Awakening at night short of breath, Increased heart rate, Shortness of breath with activity, Swelling of the lower legs

Points •If there is a deficiency in one of the B vitamins, there will be deficiencies in theothers.•The B vitamins function together, excess of one creates greater need for theothers.

Function •Releases energy from fat, carbohydrate, and protein.•Essential for healthy skin and growth.•Promotes visual health.

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 1.3mg/day•Female: 1.1mg/day

Sources Milk, cheese, wheat germ, yeast, liver and kidney

Deficiency

lesions around the mouth and nose, hair loss, scaly skin, failure to thrive (children), light sensitivity, clouding of the cornea of the eye, weight loss, Glossitis

Points •If a deficiency occurs, multiple B vitamins are given because of their interrelationships.•Before riboflavin is absorbed it must be phosphorylated (combined withphosphorus). Both are found in milk and cheeses.

Function •Forms reactions that break down and rebuild amino acids.•Produces antibodies and red blood cells.•Aids functioning of the nervous system and regeneration of nerve tissue.•Changes one fatty acid into another.

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 1.3mg/day•Female: 1.3mg/day

Sources Yeast, sunflower seeds, wheat germ, wheat bran, avocado, bananaAnimal source: liver

Deficiency

Anemia, lesions, vomiting, decrease antibody production

Points •Involved in conversions and catabolism of all the amino acids.•B6 deficiencies occur almost entirely in wealthy, developed countries.

Function •Aids proper formation of red blood cells.•Part of the RNA-DNA nucleic acids; is therefore essential for normal functionof all body cells.•Bone marrow formation.•Used in folacin metabolism.•Prevention of anemia

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 2.4 ug/day•Female: 2.4 ug/day

Sources Animal products are the main food sources: clams/oysters, organ meats, eggs, shrimp, chicken, pork, hot dogs

Deficiency

Glossitis, anorexia, weakness, weight loss, mental and nervous symptoms

Points •Deficiency common on strict vegetarians•B12 is made only by microorganisms in the intestines.•Only 30%–70% of what is consumed is absorbed•B12 must bind to the intrinsic factor, which is a protein secreted by the stomach lining.

Function •Synthesizes the nucleic acids (RNADNA).•Essential for breakdown of most of the amino acids.•Necessary for proper formation of red blood cells.

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 400 ug/day•Female: 400 ug/day

Sources liver/kidney, yeast, oranges, green leafy vegetables, asparagus, broccoli, wheat germ

Deficiency

•Macrocytic Anemia: Red blood cells are large and too few and have less Hgb than normal•Megoblastic Anemia: Young red blood cells fail to mature, reduction in white blood cells; also histidine, an amino acid, not utilized

Points •Folic acid deficiency is common in the third trimester of pregnancy; the requirement is six times the normal amount.

Function •Enables eye to adjust to changes in light•Helps maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes as well as the cornea of the eye.•Develops healthy teeth and bones.•Aids reproductive processes.•Synthesizes glycogen in the liver.•Regulates fat metabolism in formation of cholesterol.

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 900 ug/day•Female: 700 ug/day

Sources Liver, eggs, carrots, cantaloupe, sweet potato, winter squash, pumpkin, apricots, broccoli, green pepper, dark green leafy, vegetables

Deficiency

•Night blindness •Keratinization•Xerophthalmia

Points •Very low-fat diets decrease absorption.•Vitamin A must be bound to protein for transport•Xerophathalmia is very common – 1,000,000 children go blind in developed countries

Function The only demonstrated function is as an antioxidant -protects vitamin A and unsaturated fats from destruction-protects RBC/WBC from destruction by preventing oxidation of cell membranes

RDA Adults 19-30•Male: 15 mg/day•Female: 15 mg/day

Sources vegetable oils, margarines, shortenings, sunflower seeds, wheat germ, nutswhole grains.

Deficiency

None observed-Except in premature infants

Points •Does not travel well across placenta of pregnant women•Is usually given with vitamin A when there is a vitamin A deficiency•The role of vitamin E as an antioxidant is being linked to retardation of theaging process

Which do you think is better?Synthetic Vitamins?

Natural Occurring Vitamins?

Fat soluble Stored in the body▪ Mostly in the body fat and organs – liver

Storage can delay deficiency for a few months

Water soluble CANNOT store ▪ Excreted in the urine

Deficiency occurs in a few weeks

Solubility of vitamins is related to retention:~ Water Soluble▪ Use small amounts of cooking water▪ Use the water in gravies and sauces▪ Use shortest cooking time

Fat Soluble▪ Maybe destroyed by▪ Heat▪ Sun drying▪ Dehydration▪ Oxidation – when foods go rancid

Women during pregnancy and lactation Infants Anyone on a diet containing <1000

calories per day Users of oral contraceptives Alcoholics Smokers Strict vegetarians Many senior citizens Persons with certain illnesses Recovering from surgery

Treat clients’ vitamin deficiency diseases by supplying the missing vitamins Proffered is through the diet If intake is not sufficient then use supplements

Be aware that some patients may not be able to take food or medication by mouth

Be aware that most outright deficiency diseases occur among alcoholics, drug abusers, psychiatric patients, the aged, low-income groups, or people on extreme diets.

Be aware that very low-fat diets lead to decreased intake and absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins.

Balance calories to manage weight

Foods and Food Components to reduce

Foods and nutrients to increase

Building healthy eating patterns

Some changes: Enjoy your food, but eat less. Avoid oversized portions. Make half your plate fruits and

vegetables. Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk. Compare sodium in foods like soup,

bread, and frozen meals – and choose the foods with lower numbers.

Drink water instead of sugary drinks.

DB initial post in by Saturday night, before 11:59pm EST

2 response posts before Tuesday 11:59pm EST

Project: Activity 1 (page 64-67)▪ Questions 1-18

Activity 2 (page 73-75)▪ Questions 1-14